Malo Omwe Anasiyidwa M'migodi, Zopanda Malasha Pansi Pansi, ndi Kugwa Mwadzidzidzi¶

Kudutsa madera akale a malasha, chitsulo, lead, zinki, mchere, gypsum, ndi migodi ya golide padziko lonse lapansi, mamiliyoni a nyumba, misewu yayikulu, masukulu, ndi mafamu amakhala pamwamba pomwe **zosiyidwa migodi mobisa ** zofukulidwa pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi 2000 asanakhalepo malamulo amakono opangira mapu kapena kubwezeretsanso migodi. Mosiyana ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali ya miyala yamchere yomwe imasungunuka pang'onopang'ono m'nyengo ya geological, **malo otayidwa ndi mgodi ** amapezeka pamene matabwa a mgodi akuwola, malasha akugwa pansi pa nthaka kapena mizati ya miyala, kapena mitsinje ya migodi yosasunthika bwino imalephera pansi, kugwetsa nyumba, mayadi, ndi misewu pansi pa nthaka 30000000000 * 1000 mamita * 1000000000 * mamita 3000 * 1000 mamita * 30000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 * mamita atatu mumasekondi kapena maola.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, nthaka yosweka pamwamba pa migodi ya malasha ndi miyala yolimba imakhala ngati chumuni yopumira ya mpweya wakupha wa pansi pa nthaka, kuphatikizapo mpweya wakupha "blackdamp" (\(CO_2\) ndi \(N_2\)), zophulika "firedamp" (methane [\(CH_4\)] ndi ramonoxide, monoxide ndi ramoni CO\(, ndi rabhoksi ya carbon**\) , ndi ramon oxide)$ , ndi ramon oxide)\(, ndi rapoizoni wa carbon)*\)** zilowerereni m'zipinda zapansi zomwe mukukhalamo nthawi iliyonse nyengo yotsika kwambiri ikadutsa pamwamba. Bukhuli limapereka malamulo othamangitsira anthu, zizindikiro zoyambira msanga, ndi ndondomeko zotetezera gasi wa migodi zotsimikiziridwa ndi United States Department of the Interior Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE), United States Geological Survey (USGS), Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA), United Kingdom Coal Authority, ndi kafukufuku wa geological state. Kwa masinki osungunula miyala yamchere yachilengedwe, werengani athu sinkholes guide; kwa kayendedwe ka dongo shrinkage maziko, werengani nthaka yadongo yotalikirapo kugwedezeka ndi kugwa kwa chilala.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

1. *Chokani m'nyumba kapena nyumba yanu nthawi yomweyo ngati mumva phokoso lalikulu, kung'ambika, kapena kubuula m'makoma otsatizana ndi zitseko ndi mazenera akutsekedwa mwadzidzidzi, ming'alu yodutsa masitepe ikudutsa pazipupa zowuma kapena zomangira njerwa. Chotsani munthu aliyense ndi chiweto panja komanso 30 mita (mamita 100) kupita pamalo otsimikizika.
2. **Zimitsani valavu yanu yayikulu ya mita ya gasi kapena valavu yapanja ya propane ngati mununkhiza mazira owola (onunkhira a mercaptan), kumva mipope yolira, kapena kuona nthaka ikumira pafupi ndi makoma a nyumba yanu. Chingwe chomengedwa cha gasi chomwe chikutsikira pansi pa maziko osinthika chimayambitsa kuphulika koopsa kwa nyumba. Gwiritsani ntchito wrench yosinthika kuti mutembenuzire valavu yayikulu yotsekera gasi mozungulira kotala kuti thumba likhale lozungulira (lodutsa) ku chitoliro; onani wathu gasi kutayikira mwadzidzidzi kalozera.
3. Osalowa mchipinda chapansi, crawlspace, dzenje lachitsime, kapena m'chipinda chapansi pa migodi ngati mukumva chizungulire, kupuma movutikira, kapena kuwona mpweya wowawa mwadzidzidzi panthawi ya barometer (njira yamkuntho). Mphamvu ya mumlengalenga ikatsika patsogolo pa mvula yamkuntho kapena mphepo yamkuntho, mgodi wapansi panthaka umatulutsa mpweya wambiri, mpweya woipa wowoneka* [\(CO_2\)] ndi nayitrogeni [\(N_2\)] yokhala ndi 2% mpaka 10% ya okosijeni) ndi zophulika methane (\(CH_4\)) mmwamba kudzera m'ming'alu ya maziko m'zipinda zapansi. Kupuma kuwiri kwa dothi lakuda lokhala ndi okosijeni kumapangitsa munthu kukomoka nthawi yomweyo popanda chenjezo lililonse lakutsamwitsidwa; onani kutsekereza danga kupuma.
4. *Chotsani dzenje lililonse lozungulira kumene, ngalande yomira, kapena kutaya mwadzidzidzi madzi a padziwe/mitsinje osachepera mamita 30 (mamita 100) kumbuyo kuchokera m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Musayese kutsekereza dzenje la mgodi lomwe langotsegulidwa kumene kapena kuti shaft igwere nokha potaya dothi, miyala, miyala, kapena konkire m'dzenje ndi thirakitala kapena thirakitala. Kutaya kosapangidwa ndi makina odzaza mgodi wotseguka kumangopaka khosi kapena kumawonjezera kulemera kwake komwe kumayambitsa kugwa kwachiwiri pansi pa thirakitala yanu.
5. Imbani foni nambala yanu yazadzidzi nthawi yomweyo ngati nyumba, msewu, kapena chingwe chawonongeka chiwonongeko, kapena ngati wina agwera m'dzenje. Imbani 911 ku United States ndi Canada, 112 kudutsa European Union, kapena 999 ku United Kingdom (kumene UK Coal Authority imagwiritsanso ntchito maola 24 odzipereka a Coal Mining 8042) fufuzani mndandanda wathu wa Coal Mining Hazard 802 pa 802 802 manambala angozi. Ku United States, nenaninso za kugwa kwa Abandoned Mine Land (AML) Emergency Program** ya dziko lanu kapena federal OSMRE.
6. Ngati mukuyenda kapena kukwera njinga yamtundu wa ATV/dothi m'dziko la migodi yakale, khalani m'njira zodziwika bwino ndipo musalowe m'miyendo yakale ya migodi, mipanda, kapena mipanda yotchingidwa ndi mipanda ("Khalanibe Panja, Khalani ndi Moyo"). Msewu wosiyidwa wa migodi uli ndi madenga ovunda omwe amagwera pakugwedezeka kwa masitepe otsetsereka, masitepe otsetsereka. pansi pamdima wopingasa, timitengo ta dynamite totuluka thukuta (nitroglycerin yonyezimira yomwe imaphulika mukakhudza), ndi matumba a carbon monoxide wakupha ndi blackdamp.

Mabomba osiyidwa komanso tchati chotsatira chadzidzidzi chadzidzidzi¶

Gwiritsani ntchito mtengo wachigamulowu kuti muwunikire kugwa kwa nthaka, kusokonekera kwa kapangidwe kake, kapena kuopsa kwa gasi wapansi panthaka m'madera a migodi ya malasha, zitsulo, ndi nthunzi.

flowchart TD
    Start["Pansi Pansi Pansi Pansi Kapena Malo Anga Akuganiziridwa:<br/>Dzenje Lodzidzimutsa, Kusweka kwa Maziko,<br/>kapena Alamu ya Gasi Pansi pa Chigawo cha Migodi"] --> Type{"Ndi ngozi yanji<br/>imene ikuchitika pompano?"}

    Type -->|"1. DONGA LAKUYA KWAMBIRI<br/>Kugwa kwa Shaft kapena Sinkhole ya Chimney<br/>mu Yard, Street, kapena Field"| PitCollapse["CHIMney / SHAFT COLLAPSE PROTOCOL:<br/>1. Chotsani aliyense >= 30 m (100 ft) mmbuyo kuchokera m'mphepete mwachangu<br/>2. MUSAMAyende m'mphepete (milomo yomwe ili pamwamba pa belu idzameta)<br/>3. Zimitsani mita ya gasi panja & cholumikizira madzi ngati pafupi ndi kugwa<br/>4. Imbani 911/112/999 + bungwe la State Abandoned Mine Land (AML)"]

    Type -->|"2. KUSINTHA KWANYUMBA KAPENA KUKWETEKA<br/>Kubowoleza Pazitseko, Mabotolo Amphamvu Amphamvu,<br/>Ming'alu ya Khoma la Diagonal, Pansi Zopendekeka"| TroughSub["MALO OGWIRITSIRA NTCHITO:<br/>1. Chotsani onse okhala ndi ziweto panja nthawi yomweyo<br/>2. Zimitsani gasi wamkulu / valavu ya propane pa mita yakunja <br/>3. OSATIKULUZA zitseko kapena kung'amba mpaka akatswiri a AML atayang'ana <br/>4. Yang'anirani zida zamadzi osengedwa / zonyansa pansi pa slab"]

    Type -->|"3. GESI WAPASINSO KAPENA CHIZUNGUZWE<br/>Alamu ya CO / Methane, Oyendetsa Oyendetsa Amayatsa,<br/>kapena Kusapuma Panthawi Yopanikizika Kwambiri"| MineGas["KUGWIRITSA NTCHITO KWA GESI WAMINE (BLACKDAMP / FIREDAMP):<br/>1. Tulukani chapansi & nyumba yomweyo; OSATIKULUTSA zosinthira zowunikira <br/>2. Osalowa mchipinda chapansi pomwe wina wagwa (chiwopsezo cha 0% O2)<br/>3. Imbani 911 / Dipatimenti ya Moto kuti muyese 4-gasi mumlengalenga <br/>4. Ikani sub-slab depressurization & ma alarm a gasi ambiri"]

    Type -->|"4. ANAKUMANA NDI OPEN MINE TUNEL<br/>OR SHAFT PANJA<br/>Kuyenda Maulendo, Kusaka, Kapena Kupita Panja"| StayOut["'KHALANI PAMOYO, KHALANI NDI MOYO' LAMULO LA M'munda:<br/>1. Imani nthawi yomweyo; bwererani m'mayendedwe anu enieni <br/>2. Osatsamira mpanda wamitengo kapena kuponyera miyala pansi pazitsulo<br/>3. Osalowa mkati mwa ma horizontal adits (kuda +kuda + kusefukira kwamadzi)<br/>4. Jambulani ma GPS ogwirizanitsa ndikuwonetsa shaft yosasindikizidwa ku BLM / AML / apolisi"]

Njira zinayi zauinjiniya zosiyanitsidwa ndi migodi¶

Malinga ndi akatswiri ofufuza za geotechnical ku US Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE) ndi British Geological Survey, migodi yapansi panthaka imasiya mitundu inayi ya maenje apansi panthaka, iliyonse yomwe imalephera pamtunda mosiyana kwambiri:

1. Chimney / Dzenje ("Pothole Sinkholes" pamwamba pa migodi ya Zipinda ndi mizati)¶

Mwachikhalidwe ** migodi ya zipinda ndi zipilala ** (yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1700 mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900 popanga malasha, miyala ya laimu, gypsum, ndi chitsulo), ochita migodi ankakumba "zipinda" zapansi pamtunda wa mamita 4 mpaka 9 (13 mpaka 30 mapazi) ndikusiya mizati ya malasha osakumbidwa kapena thanthwe kuti agwire denga. - Momwe chimuni chimagwera: Pazaka 50 mpaka 150, madzi apansi panthaka, madzi apansi panthaka, kusinthasintha kwa madzi, komanso mpweya wotulutsa mpweya umafooketsa denga la shale kapena denga la mchenga lomwe lili pakati pa zipilala, makamaka pamene mgodi uli wosakwana 15 mpaka 50 mamita (50 mpaka 165 mapazi) pansi pamwamba pake. - Phanga lokwera mmwamba: Mbali ya denga la mgodiyo ikagwera m'chipinda chothirira madzi kapena chowuma pansi, chopandacho chimasunthira m'mwamba kupyola thanthwe ndi dothi lomwe lili pamwamba pake ngati galasi la ola lomwe likutuluka mumchenga. Potsirizira pake, mvula yamphamvu kapena chipale chofewa chikasefukira pamwamba pa nthaka, udzu kapena msewu umatsika nthawi yomweyo, ndikutsegula chibowo chozungulira kapena chozungulira ** dzenje la 2 mpaka 12 mamita (6.5 mpaka 40 mapazi) m'lifupi ndi 2 mpaka 15 mamita (6.5 mpaka 50 mapazi) * kuya kwake.

2. Mphepete mwa Mtsinje kapena Mtsinje (Kuphwanyidwa kwa Nsanamira kapena Kuboola Msanamira mozama)¶

Pamene migodi ya chipinda ndi mizati yakhala pansi mozama kwambiri (30 mpaka 150+ mamita [100 mpaka 500+ mapazi]), kapena pamene zipilala za malasha zimaphwanyidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi kulemera kwa strata (kapena kukhomerera pansi pa dongo lonyowa pansi pa msoko wa malasha, wotchedwa underttle pamwamba pa miyala), sungani pansi. - Kukhudza kwapamtunda: M'malo mwa dzenje loyima, kukhumudwa kofanana ndi mbale (kugwa kapena mbiya) mamita 30 mpaka 300 (mamita 100 mpaka 1,000) m'lifupi kumatsika ndi 0.3 mpaka 1.5 mamita (1 mpaka 5 mapazi) kwa masiku angapo kapena masabata. - Chifukwa chiyani nyumba zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa khola zimawonongeka kwambiri: Nyumba zomwe zimakhala pansi pomwe pansi pa chitsime chamadzi nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika mopendekera pang'ono. Komabe, nyumba zomwe zimakhala m'mphepete mwa ** zopindika zakunja (zopindika ndi zoponderezana) ** za mbale yomira zimakokedwa mopingasa ndi kupsinjika kwapansi pamphepete mwakunja ndikuphwanyidwa mkati ndi kutsetsereka kwapansi pamtunda wamkati, ndikudula maziko a konkriti pakati ndi misewu yotchinga ndi magesi.

3. Kugwa Kwatsoka Kwambiri Kusiyidwa Mtsinje¶

M'zaka za m'ma 1900 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, mitsinje yambirimbiri ya migodi, mitsinje ya mpweya wolowera mpweya, komanso kukumba mozama ndi manja "mabelu mabelu" (mamita 30 mpaka 300 kuya) "anatsekedwa" kumapeto kwa migodi mwa kuyika mabala akale a njanji kapena njanji. 2 mita pansi pa nthaka ndi dothi ndi udzu pamwamba. - Patapita zaka pafupifupi 100, matabwa okwiriridwawo amawola. Mwini nyumba akutchetcha udzu, mwana akusewera kumbuyo kwa nyumba, kapena galimoto yoyimitsidwa angayambitse kulephera kwadzidzidzi kwa pulagi yamatabwa yovunda, kutsegula phompho loyima, lotchingidwa ndi njerwa kapena lamiyala lozama kwambiri kapena mamita mazana ambiri m'dera lakunja kwatawuni.

4. Highwall Auger Mining Voids¶

M'madera otsetsereka a malasha (monga Appalachia kum'maŵa kwa United States), anthu ogwira ntchito m'migodi nthawi zambiri ankabowola mozungulira kwambiri (mauger a malasha 0.6 mpaka 2 mita m'mimba mwake) kuti abowole maenje opingasa mpaka 60 metres (mamita 200 m'munsi mwa phiri) benchi kumene nyumba ndi misewu inamangidwa pambuyo pake. Pamene malasha amaphwanyidwa pakati pa timabowo, zingwe zolowera pansi ndi m'mphepete mwa phiri zimatseguka pansi pa nyumba zomangidwa m'mphepete mwa benchi.

Kuyerekeza: Natural Karst Sinkholes vs. Pit Mine Subsidence vs. Sag Trough Subsidence vs. Expansive Clay Soil¶

Eni nyumba ndi osintha inshuwaransi nthawi zambiri amasokoneza malo ocheperako ndi ma sinkhole achilengedwe kapena kuchepa kwa dothi lanyengo. Gwiritsani ntchito tebulo lowunikirali kuchokera ku maupangiri aukadaulo a USGS ndi OSMRE kuti muzindikire zomwe zikuwononga katundu wanu.

Kuzindikira zizindikiro zochenjeza za kuchepa kwanga pamalo anu¶

Chimbudzi chisanagwe kapena kugwa kwa chimney kufika pakulephera kwathunthu, kupsinjika kwapansi kumatulutsa siginecha zomveka bwino pabwalo lanu, msewu, ndi maziko:

1. Mkati mwa nyumba yanu¶

• Kumanga nthawi imodzi kwa zitseko ndi mazenera angapo: Khomo limodzi lomata m'nyengo yachilimwe ndi kutupa kwamatabwa. Ngati zitseko zitatu kapena zinayi zamkati ndi zakunja, zitseko za kabati, ndi mazenera otsetsereka mwadzidzidzi akana kutseka kapena kukwapula mkati mwa nthawi yomweyo ya maola 48, maziko a nyumba akusokonekera.
• Masitepe a diagonal "masitepe" amang'ambika mokulirapo kuposa mamilimita 5 ( mainchesi 0.2) amawonekera mwadzidzidzi m'mbali mwa matope a simenti yapansi panthaka, zotsekera njerwa zakunja, kapena ngodya zowuma zamkati zotuluka mmwamba kuchokera m'makona a mawindo ndi zitseko.
• Maphokoso, kuwomba, kapena kuwombera mfuti usiku: Monga maziko a konkriti pamwamba pa mbiya yomira, kupsyinjika kwamphamvu kumalumikizana ndi matope, zomangira zamatabwa, ndi zomangira zomangika zomveka.
• Pansi potsetsereka ndi zinthu zogudubuza: Ikani mwala, mpira wa gofu, kapena mulingo wa mzimu wa kalipentala pa khitchini kapena pansi; Pakupendekeka kwamphamvu, nyumba imatha kupendekeka ndi madigiri 1 mpaka 3 m'masiku ochepa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi asunthike kumbali yolakwika ya mbale zosambira ndi mabafa.

2. Kunja pabwalo ndi msewu wanu¶

• Mitunda yoponderezana ("mabampu othamanga") ndi konkire yomangika: Pakatikati mwa mbiya, pansi pake amafinyidwa mopingasa (compressive strain). Misewu ya konkriti imakankhira mmwamba kukhala ngati chihema cha "V", misewu ya asphalt imamangirira m'mitunda, mipanda yopingasa imaphwanyidwa, ndipo mipanda yolumikizana ndi unyolo imatsika ndikugwa pakati pa nsanamira.
• Kung'ung'udza ndi mipanda yotambasuka pamphepete: Pamphepete mwakunja kwa mbaleyo, nthaka imatambalala (kuvuta kolimba), imakoka ming'alu yotalikirana yotalikirana yotalika masentimita 2 mpaka 15 ( mainchesi 1 mpaka 6) m'lifupi ndi kapinga ndikuzula matabwa kapena mipanda ya waya mpaka itadulidwa.
• Kusintha mwadzidzidzi m'madzi a m'chitsime kapena ngalande zapamtunda: Zitsime zamadzi zomwe zili m'derali zimasanduka zofiirira, kununkhira kwa sulfure, kapena kuuma kotheratu usiku wonse pamene madzi amadzimadzi amathira mwala wong'ambika kumene kulowa mkati mwa mgodi. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, madera omwe ali pakatikati pa bwalo lamadzi amasungunuka mwadzidzidzi kapena kusefukira chifukwa nthaka yatsikira pansi pa ngalande ya mkuntho.

Mpweya wakupha wapansi panthaka: Blackdamp, Firedamp, Whitedamp, ndi Stinkdamp¶

Ngakhale mgodi womwe wasiyidwa pansi pa malo anu sungagwe mwadongosolo, umalumikizana ndi ming'alu yamiyala, zitsime zakale zamadzi zosatsekedwa, ndi ngalande zam'mlengalenga. Akatswiri opanga migodi amaika gasi wakupha wapansi pa nthaka zinayi zosakanikirana zomwe zimasamukira ku zipinda zapansi, zokwawa, ndi ngalande zakukumba:

Chifukwa chiyani kugwa kwamphamvu kwa barometric kumayambitsa mwadzidzidzi gasi wapansi¶

Mgodi wapansi panthaka wosiyidwa uli ndi mamiliyoni a ma cubic metres a mpweya ndi gasi. Amakhala ngati mapapo akuluakulu apansi panthaka olumikizidwa kumtunda kudzera m'mabowo a dothi ndi ma fractures: - Nyengo ya* yothamanga kwambiri** ikakhala pamwamba pa tawuni yanu, kulemera kwa mumlengalenga kumakankhira mpweya wabwino pansi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mipweya yanga isungike pansi kwambiri. - Pamene mkuntho wocheperako (wotsika barometer) uyandikira, mphamvu yakunja ya mumlengalenga imatsika mwachangu. Mpweya wothamanga kwambiri mkati mwa mgodi wapansi panthaka umakulira m'mwamba (kupopa kwa barometric), kukankha zikwi za ma kiyubiki mita opanda okosijeni kudamba (\(CO_2/N_2\)) ndi kuphulika methane (\(CH_4\)) kukwera kupyola m'maenje a sumpu apansi osatsekedwa, ngalande zapansi, ndipo maziko abanja lanu akugona m'kati momwemo. - Chitetezo Chovomerezeka Chapansi M'maboma a Migodi: 1. Ikani ** chowunikira chophatikiza cha Carbon Monoxide (\(CO\)) + Gasi Wophulika (Methane/\(LEL\))** NDI chowunikira cha oxygen chochepa (\(O_2\)) / Carbon Dioxide (\(CO_2\)) m'chipinda chapansi chilichonse chomwe chili pamwamba pa malasha osadziwika bwino. 2. Sindikizani ming'alu yonse ya konkire yapansi ndi flexible polyurethane caulk, ikani chivundikiro chopanda mpweya chopanda mpweya pamwamba pa dzenje lanu lapampopi lapansi, ndipo ngati gasi wanga kapena radon yayikulu yapezeka, khalani ndi kontrakitala wovomerezeka kuti ayike Active Sub-Slab Depressurization System (yofanana ndi chitoliro chochepetsera cha radon chomwe chili pamwamba pa chitoliro chomwe chili pamwamba pa chitoliro chomwe chili pamwamba pa chitoliro chomwe chili pamwamba pa chitoliro chomwe chili pamwamba pake. mzere wa padenga).

Yankho lachangu pang'onopang'ono ngati wina agwera m'dzenje kapena mgodi wamgodi¶

Osadumpha, kukwera chingwe, kapena kutsitsa mnzako m'dzenje lomwe latsegulidwa kumene kapena kutayidwa kwanga kuti apulumutse munthu kapena chiweto. M'mbiri yakale ya MSHA ndi zolemba zopulumutsa moto, oposa theka la imfa zonse zomwe zinasiyidwa m'mitsinje ya mgodi ndi akhoza kukhala opulumutsa omwe amakwera pansi mumdima wosaoneka wakuda ndikudutsa mpweya wakuda wakuda ndi kutuluka pamwamba pa $ 6% ya mpweya wakuda ndi kutuluka pamwamba pa $ <$ <$ . kugwa kwachiwiri kwa kolala yadothi yomwe ikulendewera komwe kumakwirira anthu onse amoyo.

1. ** Imbani 911 / 112 / 999 nthawi yomweyo ** ndipo nenani momveka bwino: * "Munthu wagwera m'malo owonongeka / osiyidwa mgodi wa mgodi; timafunikira Technical High-Angle Confined-Space Rescue ndi Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) ndi kutsetsereka pansi."*
2. Aliyense akhale pamtunda wamamita 15 mpaka 30 (mamita 50 mpaka 100) kuchokera m'mphepete mwa crater yosakhazikika: Kugwedezeka kwagalimoto kapena anthu omwe ayimirira pafupi ndi milomo amagwetsa makoma a dzenje la mabelu omwe ali m'munsimu.
3. Ngati bowolo ndi losazama (\(< 3\text{ meters}\) [\(10\text{ feet}\)]) ndipo muyenera kulankhulana kapena kuponyera mzere patali:
4. Gona chanthete chamimba pa makwerero a matabwa aatali, pepala la plywood, kapena mnjira yolimba yobwerera kuchokera m'mphepete kuti mufalitse kulemera kwanu.
5. Ponyani mapeto a chingwe chomangirira kapena payipi yamunda pansi kwa wovulalayo kuti azimangire pachifuwa chawo kapena kugwiritsitsa ngati pansi pawo patsika mozama, koma musawakokere pamilomo yadothi yomwe ingalowe m'mutu mwawo pokhapokha ngati njira yawo yodutsa mpweya ikumira m'madzi.
6. Ngati muli ndi chowombera masamba kapena chokupizira m'sitolo chokhala ndi payipi yayitali yopindika pamalo olimba, kuwulutsa mpweya wabwino pansi kupita pamalo otseguka kuchokera patali kungathandize kuchotsa udamp wakupha (\(CO_2\)) wophatikizidwa pansi pa dzenje losaya podikirira gulu lopulumutsa anthu ozimitsa moto la SCBA.

Kukonzekera kugwa ndi mndandanda wa Inshuwaransi ya Mine Subsidence¶

Ngati mukukhala kapena mukugula nyumba m'dera lamakono la malasha, zitsulo, miyala yamchere, gypsum, kapena migodi yamchere, malizitsani izi:

• Yang'anani adilesi yanu yakunyumba komwe muli kudera lanu kapena dziko la Underground Mine Map Repository:
• Ku United States: Sakani OSMRE National Mine Map Repository (NMMR) ndi zipata za migodi za GIS (monga Pennsylvania's PASDA / MSI Mine Subsidence Insurance map, Ohio's ODNR Mines of Ohio Viewer, Illinois's ILMINES Kentucky Wiki, Colorado Subsidence, Colorado Subsidence's Mapping CGSal" System, kapena WVAGP yaku West Virginia).
• Ku United Kingdom: Yang'anani UK Coal Authority Interactive Map Viewer kuti muwone momwe malasha anagwirirapo ntchito m'mbuyomu ndi zolemba zamigodi (ma shafts/dits) mkati mwa mita 20 kuchokera panyumba yanu.
• Gulani chitsimikizo cha Inshuwalansi ya Mine Subsidence Inshuwalansi: Nyengo za inshuwaransi za eni nyumba pafupifupi pafupifupi dziko lililonse ndi boma la US mosapita m'mbali KUSIYANA ndi kayendedwe ka nthaka ndi malo okhala mgodi. Komabe, m'madera a migodi ya malasha (monga Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia, Colorado, ndi Insurance Fund* ya boma* ndondomeko zotsika mtengo ($30 mpaka $150 pachaka) zokwana madola 300,000 mpaka $500,000 pokonzanso zomangamanga. Muyenera kugula ndondomeko * isanayambike * kutsika.
• Sinthani zitsulo zolimba kapena zolumikizira zitsulo zapansi panthaka ndi mapaipi osinthika a polyethylene (PE) ndi zolumikizira zoluka zoluka: Komwe chingwe chanu cha gasi, chingwe choyendetsera madzi, ndi paipi ya ngalande zimadutsa khoma lanu la pansi, ndikuyika zingwe zokulirakulira kapena zolumikizira zosinthika zimalepheretsa chitoliro chapakati * 2-inchi* chimalepheretsa chitoliro chapakati * 2 inchi) ndi kuchititsa kuphulika kwa gasi.
• Sungani ngalande zapadenga ndi zothirira pansi zitatalikirana pafupifupi mita 3 (mamita 10) kuchokera pa maziko anu ndipo musamakhetse madzi osambira kapena zotayirira pabwalo limodzi; Kulowetsedwa m'madzi ambiri kumatsuka dothi lolemetsa mpaka ku ming'alu ya migodi yosazama ndikuyambitsa machubu a chimney.

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

Kodi nyumba yanga ingavutike bwanji mwadzidzidzi chifukwa cha mgodi wosiyidwa pomwe mgodi wa malasha pansi pa tawuni yanga udatsekedwa mu 1910?¶

Migodi yosiyidwa ya zipinda ndi zipilala ndi zoopsa zomwe zimachedwetsedwa ndi nthawi. Pamene ogwira ntchito m’migodi ankakumba malasha zaka 80 mpaka 120 zapitazo, anasiya mizati ya malasha ndi matabwa a denga omwe anangopangidwa kuti azikweza denga kwa nthawi yaitali kuti amalize kukumba chigawocho. M'zaka 100 zotsatira, kusinthasintha kwa madzi apansi panthaka, madzi a acidic mumigodi (acid mine drainage), ndi kuchedwetsa kwa mpweya ("spalling") pang'onopang'ono kumawononga m'mphepete mwa mizati ya malasha apansi panthaka ndikusandutsa denga la shale pamwamba pa zipinda kukhala mwala wofewa, wopanda mphamvu. Pamapeto pake, mvula yamkuntho yamvula yamkuntho kapena kusungunuka kwa chipale chofewa kumawonjezera kulemera kokwanira kwa hydrostatic kunthaka yolemetsa kuti ipitirire mphamvu yotsalira ya denga lazaka 100, ndikupangitsa kuti igwe usiku wonse.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa mbiri yakale ya "Chipinda-ndi-Pillar" ndi malo amakono a "Longwall" amigodi?¶

Migodi yakale yazipinda ndi zipilala imasiya zipinda zosanja za zipinda zotseguka ndi mizati ya malasha pansi pa nthaka zomwe zimatha kukhala zokhazikika kwa zaka 20 mpaka 150 zisanalephereke mosayembekezereka kudzera m'maenje adzidzidzi kapena mikwingwirima yapafupi. Kukumba malasha amakono akutali (ochitidwa mozama mamita 150 mpaka 600 [mamita 500 mpaka 2,000]) amagwiritsira ntchito chometa chometa chomata kwambiri chomangira 100 peresenti ya thabwa la malasha la mamita 250 mpaka 450 (mamita 800 mpaka 1,500) m’lifupi pamene zishango za hydraulic zimamangira denga; pamene makina akupita patsogolo, thanthwe la denga kumbuyo kwa zishango limaloledwa mwadala kuti ligwe m'malo opanda kanthu nthawi yomweyo. Chifukwa chake, migodi yautali imapanga chitsime chokonzekera, chodziwikiratu (chomwe chimatsika pamtunda ndi mita imodzi mpaka 1.8) chomwe chimayamba pakadutsa masiku ochepa makinawo adutse pansi ndikumaliza 90 mpaka 95 peresenti ya kukhazikika kwake m'miyezi yowerengeka, ndi kampani yogwira ntchito yogwetsa migodi yomwe imafunikira movomerezeka m'malo ambiri osungira ndi kukonza madzi.

Chifukwa chiyani machesi ndi magetsi oyendetsa ng'anjo adazimitsa mchipinda changa chapansi pomwe mvula yamkuntho isanachitike?¶

Ngati malawi otseguka, machesi, kapena magetsi oyendetsa gasi azima okha m'chipinda chapansi chomwe chamangidwa pamalo okumbidwa, chiwonetseni ngati ngozi yowopsa ndipo tulukani mnyumbamo. Lawi lamoto la hydrocarbon limafuna mpweya wochepera 16 peresenti mumlengalenga kuti ukhale woyaka (mpweya wabwinobwino ndi 20.9 peresenti ya okosijeni). Kuthamanga kwa barometric kutsika kwambiri mphepo yamkuntho isanayambike, mgodi wapansi panthaka umatulutsa mpweya wa "blackdamp" (wosakaniza wa carbon dioxide ndi nayitrogeni) kudutsa m'ming'alu ya maziko ndi maenje osatsekedwa a sump pansi. Ngati mulingo wa okosijeni m'chipinda chanu chapansi watsikira kwambiri kuti muzimitse nyali yoyendetsa ($< 16\%$ $O_2$), the air near the floor can quickly drop below 10 percent oxygen, causing sudden unconsciousness and asphyxiation.

Kodi akatswiri opanga ma geotechnical amakonza bwanji nyumba kapena bwalo pambuyo pa kugwa kwa mgodi wosiyidwa?¶

Osataya zinyalala kapena zinyalala m'dzenje la mgodi; Madzi apansi panthaka amangotsuka dothi lotayirira mpaka m'ngalande zopingasa za migodi zomwe zili m'munsimu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chigwacho chikhale chachikulu. M'malo mwake, mainjiniya a State Abandoned Mine Land (AML) amagwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri zokhazikika: pamiyendo yotseguka kapena kugwa kwa chimney komweko, amakumba mpaka pathanthwe lokhazikika ndikuyika kapu ya konkriti yolimbitsidwa kapena pulagi yamwala (zosefera zopindika za miyala ikuluikulu yokhazikika ndi mwala wophwanyidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi nsalu ya geotextile). Pofuna kuteteza maziko a nyumba pazipinda zotseguka za zipilala ndi zipilala, mainjiniya amabowola zitsime zoyima kuchokera pabwalo kupita kuzipinda zamgodi (zozama mamita 30 mpaka 100) ndi kupopera ma kiyubiki mita masauzande a dongo la ntchentche/masimenti pansi pa nthaka kuti amange mizati yolimba yamiyala yomwe imachirikiza mpaka kalekale.

Magwero afufuzidwa¶

• United States Department of the Interior, Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE): Abandoned Mine Land (AML) Emergency Programme Guidelines, Mine Subsidence Engineering Manual, and National Mine Map Repository.
• United States Geological Survey (USGS): Land Subsidence ku United States (Circular 1182): Underground Mining Subsidence vs. Karst Sinkholes.
• Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA, United States Department of Labor): "Khalani Panja, Khalanibe Amoyo" Kampeni Yotayidwa Yangozi Zamigodi ndi Gasi Wapansi Pansi pa Migodi (Blackdamp, Firedamp, Whitedamp, Stinkdamp) Toxicology.
• United Kingdom Coal Authority and British Geological Survey (BGS): Malangizo Owonongeka kwa Migodi ya Malasha, Ntchito Zopanda Migodi Yopanda Mgodi ndi Kulowetsa Mgodi (Shaft/Bell-Pit) Kutha Kuyankha, ndi Kuchepetsa Gasi M'maboma.
• Department of Environmental Protection (PA DEP) ndi Illinois State Geological Survey (ISGS): Buku la Eni nyumba ku Mine Subsidence, Trough vs. Pit Mechanics, ndi Mine Subsidence Insurance Standards.

Maupangiri ogwirizana¶

• Sinkholes: zizindikiro zochenjeza, kuthawa, ndi kupulumuka
• Nthaka yadongo yotambasuka imagwedezeka, kugwa kwa chilala, ndi kusweka kwa maziko
• Kuwotcha kwa peat pansi pa nthaka, ming'oma ya mizu yofuka, ndi kugwa kwa dzenje la phulusa
• Kupumira kwa malo otsekeka: maenje, ma silo, ndi akasinja
• Kutuluka kwa gasi: momwe mungadziwire ndikuthawa kutayikira kwa gasi kapena propane