Oxy-Fuel Torch Flashback, Welding Fume Inhalation, ndi Arc Eye Triage¶

Kuwotcherera, kuwotcherera, kung'ambika, kudula kwa plasma, ndi kudula kwamafuta a oxy-fuel kumayika ogwira ntchito ku zoopsa zitatu zamakampani nthawi imodzi: mpweya wophulika wothamanga kwambiri, ma oxide achitsulo owopsa ndi mpweya woyaka m'mapapo, ndi cheza champhamvu cha ultraviolet ndi infrared. Mu oxy-acetylene kudula kapena kuwotcherera chotchinga, nsonga yotchinga, payipi ya kinked, kapena kukakamiza kowongolera molakwika kungapangitse kuti lawi lakunja lidumphire cham'mbuyo kupyola nsonga ndi phokoso lalikulu (moto wakumbuyo) ndikupitiriza kuyaka mkati mwa chipinda chosakaniza ndi mphira wa rabara kupita kumagetsi opangidwa ndi gasi. Ngati chiwombankhanga chamkati kapena chakunja chamoto chikuwotcha silinda ya acetylene, mpweya wosasunthika wa acetylene mkati mwake ukhoza kulowa mu kuwonongeka kwamafuta komwe kumatha kuphulitsa silinda yachitsulo ngati bomba lophulika kwambiri ngakhale ma valve akunja atatsekedwa.

Nthawi yomweyo, njira zowotcherera zamagetsi (SMAW stick, GMAW MIG, FCAW flux-core, ndi GTAW TIG) zitsulo zotentha kwambiri, zokutira pamwamba, ndi zosungunulira zamankhwala ku kutentha kopitilira 3,000 mpaka 6,000 digiri Celsius (5,400 mpaka 10,800 madigiri Fahrenheit. Kupuma mpweya wotuluka mkati mwa shopu yopanda mpweya wabwino kapena thanki kumatha kuyambitsa chifuwa chachikulu cha metal fume fever kuchokera ku malata a zinc oxide, chibayo chowopsa chamankhwala komanso kuchedwa kwa pulmonary edema kuchokera ku cadmium fumes kapena phosgene gas (opangidwa powotcherera kuwala kwa UV kapena kutentha kwamphamvu) asphyxiation* kuchokera ku argon kugwirizana mu malo otsika. Ngakhale kuyang'ana kwachidule kwa 2-to-10-sekondi osatetezedwa pamagetsi owotcherera magetsi kumasefukira cornea ndi ma radiation afupipafupi a ultraviolet (UV-C ndi UV-B), kuchititsa kuchedwa kwambiri ** ultraviolet keratitis (diso la arc kapena welder's flash) ** 4 kwa maola 12 pambuyo pake. Podziwa kutseka kwa oxy-fuel flashback mu ndondomeko yeniyeni ya valavu, zindikirani pamene thanki ya acetylene yotentha imafuna kuthamangitsidwa mwamsanga m'malo mogwira ntchito, kusiyanitsa chifuwa chachikulu cha zinc fume fever ndi kuvulala koopsa kwa cadmium kapena phosgene m'mapapo, ndikuwongolera diso lopweteka la arc popanda kuwononga cornea ndi madontho a mankhwala ochititsa munthu kupwetekedwa.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

1. Zimitsani valavu ya okosijeni wa tochi KAYAMBI, kenaka tsekani valavu yamafuta a gasi (acetylene) MNTHAWI YOMWEYO ngati nyali ikulira, kulira mkati mwa chogwirira, kapena kutulutsa utsi wakuda. Kubwerera m'kati kumafunika mpweya wochuluka kuti ukhale woyaka mkati mwa thupi la tochi ndi payipi. Mukatseka mavavu a zogwirira ntchito zonse ziwiri, tsekaninso ma silinda akuluakulu pa matanki onsewo (motsatira koloko) pokhapokha ngati kuli kotetezeka kuti muwafike, ndipo muyike mutu wa nyali wotentha mumtsuko wa madzi opanda mafuta kuti muziziritse.
2. *Chotsani aliyense kumtunda kwa mtunda wa 100 mpaka 300 (mamita 330 mpaka 1,000) ngati silinda ya acetylene ikatentha, kunjenjemera, kuphulika, kapena kugwira moto pa pulagi kapena fusible plug. Osasuntha, kugwedeza, kapena kugogoda pa silinda yotentha ya acetylene; kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala mkati kungapangitse kuti silinda iwonongeke mwamphamvu ngakhale valve itatsekedwa. Imbani nambala yanu yadzidzidzi (911 ku United States ndi Canada, 112 kudutsa European Union, 999 ku United Kingdom) kuti ozimitsa moto athe kuziziritsa thanki kuseri kwa chivundikiro cha konkire kwa maola angapo; fufuzani manambala angozi.
3. Sungani aliyense amene akutsokomola, wozunguzika, kapena kupuma movutikira chifukwa chowotcherera utsi kupita kumpweya watsopano wakunja nthawi yomweyo, NDIPO MUSAMAlowe mu thanki kapena dzenje lomwe chowotcherera cha TIG kapena MIG chagwera. Mipweya yotchinga ya Argon ndi carbon dioxide imakhala yolemera kuposa mpweya ndipo imachotsa mpweya pansi pa akasinja ndi maenje, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akomoke mwadzidzidzi; onani kutsekereza danga kupuma.
4. Fufuzani kuchipatala mwamsanga ngati utsi wowotcherera wachokera ku cadmium-zokutidwa ndi zitsulo, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, beryllium, manganese, kapena zitsulo zotsukidwa ndi chlorinated brake cleaner. (non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema) mpaka maola 12 mpaka 48 pambuyo powonekera, ngakhale wowotcherera akumva bwino atangochoka m'sitolo; onani cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, ndi mpweya wa mafakitale.
5. Chotsani magalasi, khalani m'chipinda chamdima, ikani zonyowa zoziziritsa kukhosi pazikope zotsekeka, ndipo MUSAMAike madontho otsala otsala (proparacaine kapena tetracaine) m'maso kuti muwonetsetse kuwala kwa welder (arc eye). Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oletsa diso kunyumba mobwerezabwereza kumapangitsa kuti diso lichiritsidwe, kuphimba chigoba kumawonjezera chilonda, chilonda, khungu, ndi khungu. onani diso lachilendo chinthu, cornea abrasion, ndi kuwotcherera kung'anima.
6. Slag, spatter, kapena zitsulo zotentha zimayaka pansi pa madzi ozizira othamanga kwa mphindi 20 zathunthu, ndipo chotsani mphete, mawotchi, ndi zovala zofukiza nthawi yomweyo. Ngati sipi yachitsulo yosungunuka igwera mkati mwa nsapato yowotcherera kapena magolovesi, tulutsani nsapato kapena magolovesi mwamsanga musanazizire; osavula zovala zosungunuka zomwe zimasakanikirana ndi khungu lopsa; onani amayaka.

flowchart TD
    Start["Kuwotcherera, Kudula, kapena Oxy-Fuel Emergency"] --> HazardType{"Ndi ngozi yanji yomwe ikuchitika?"}
    HazardType -->|"Oxy-Fuel Torch Pop, Squeal, kapena Hose Fire"| Flashback["1. Tsekani valavu ya TOCH OXYGEN choyamba, kenako valavu ya TORCH FUEL <br/>2. Tsekani mavavu onse a silinda ngati ali otetezeka kuti mufikire<br/>3. Imvani chipolopolo cha silinda ya acetylene ndi dzanja lopanda kanthu"]
    Flashback --> TankHot{"Kodi silinda ya acetylene ikutentha, kuyimba, kapena ikuyaka?"}
    TankHot -->|"Inde: Thanki ndi yotentha / yotentha kapena yoyaka pa valve"| EvacTank["1. OSAsuntha kapena kukhudza silinda ya acetylene<br/>2. Chokani kudera la 100 mpaka 300 m (330 mpaka 1,000 ft) kuseri kwa chivundikiro cholimba<br/>3. Imbani dipatimenti yozimitsa moto (911 / 112 / 999) kuti muziziziritsa patali"]
    TankHot -->|"Ayi: Thanki yazizira ndipo moto wazima"| InspectRig["tochi ozizira m'madzi; kutaya mapaipi oyaka ndikuyang'ana zomangira za flashback musanagwiritsenso ntchito"]
    HazardType -->|"Kupuma kwa Fume, Kuzizira, Chifuwa, kapena Chifuwa Kulimba"| FumeCheck{"Ndi zokutira zachitsulo kapena mankhwala ziti zomwe zidatenthedwa?"}
    FumeCheck -->|"Chlorinated brake cleaner, Cadmium, Stainless, kapena Space Space"| HighRiskFume["ZOWONJEZERA MOYO ZOWONJEZERA ZA MAPAPA:<br/>1. Yendani ku mpweya wabwino ndikupangitsa kuti wovulalayo apume molunjika<br/>2. Imbani 911 / 112 / 999 pamayendedwe apachipatala<br/>3. Yang'anirani maola 24 mpaka 48 kuti muchepetse edema ya m'mapapo"]
    FumeCheck -->|"Tsukani Zitsulo Zagalasi (Zinc) Pokha + Kuzizira Kwambiri Chimfine"| ZincFever["Mwina Fever Metal Fume Fever:<br/>1. Mpweya wabwino, kupumula, kuthira madzi mkamwa, ndi kuchepetsa kutentha thupi<br/>2. Pitani ku ER nthawi yomweyo ngati kupuma movutikira, kupweteka pachifuwa, kapena chifuwa kukukulirakulira"]
    HazardType -->|"Kupweteka Kwambiri kwa Diso, Kukhumudwa Kwambiri, kapena Kung'ambika Pambuyo pa Arc Exposure"| ArcEye["1. Chotsani magalasi ndipo musasisite maso<br/>2. Pumulani m'chipinda chamdima chokhala ndi nsalu yonyowa ozizira pamwamba pa maso otsekedwa<br/>3. MUSAMAgwiritse ntchito madontho oletsa dzanzi kunyumba<br/>4. Onani dokotala wamaso kapena chisamaliro chachangu kuti mupewe chitsulo chokhazikika"]

Oxy-acetylene backfire, flashback yosalekeza, ndi kuwonongeka kwa silinda¶

Kusiyanitsa kuwombera kwakanthawi ndi kubwebweta koopsa kokhazikika¶

Kuwotchera kwamafuta a okosi, kuwotcherera, kuotcha, ndi lawi lamoto kumaphatikiza okosijeni woyengedwa bwino ndi gasi wamafuta (nthawi zambiri **acetylene **, propane, propylene, kapena gasi wachilengedwe) mkati mwachipinda chosanganikirana ndi nyali. Acetylene (\(\text{C}_2\text{H}_2\)) imapanga lawi lotentha kwambiri kuposa gasi wina aliyense wamba, lomwe limafika pafupifupi 3,160 digiri Celsius (5,720 degrees Fahrenheit) likasakanizidwa ndi okosijeni weniweni, chifukwa acetylene ndi kompositi yotentha kwambiri yokhala ndi mphamvu ya kaboni katatu yomwe imaphwanya mphamvu yamankhwala.

Chifukwa kuthamanga kwa lawi lamoto wa oxy-acetylene wosakaniza ndi wothamanga kwambiri, zochitika ziwiri zosiyana zowonongeka zimatha kuchitika ngati kutuluka kwa mpweya kutsika pansi pa liwiro lamoto:

Mchitidwe wadzidzidzi pang'onopang'ono pakuwunikiranso tochi ya oxy-fuel¶

Muuni ukayamba kuwomba kapena kuponya mwaye wandiweyani wakuda kuchokera kunsonga, mumangotsala masekondi 1 mpaka 3 kuti lawi lamkati lisungunuke kudzera mumtundu wamkuwa kapena kuyatsa mapaipi a rabara:

Khwerero 1: Pangani ndondomeko yeniyeni ya valve shutoff¶

1. ** Tsekani vavu ya TORCH OXYGEN choyamba (tembenukani molunjika molunjika):** Oxygen weniweni imadyetsa kuyaka koopsa kwamkati mkati mwa chipinda chosanganikirana cha mkuwa. Kuchotsa mpweya wa okosijeni nthawi yomweyo kumachepetsa kutentha kwa moto ndikuletsa moto wakutsogolo kuti usadye kudzera pa chogwirira cha tochi kapena kuthamanga cham'mbuyo ku payipi. (Kutseka valavu yamafuta poyamba ndikusiya mpweya wothamanga kwambiri kumawomba lawi lobwerera kumbuyo mu payipi yamafuta kapena kudula chogwirira cha mkuwa.)
2. Tsekani valavu ya torCH FUEL-GAS (acetylene) sekondi: Pakangotha mphindi imodzi mutatseka valavu ya okosijeni pa chogwirira cha nyali, tsekani valavu ya acetylene pa chogwirira cha nyali kwathunthu.
3. ** Tsekani ma valavu onse akuluakulu a silinda pa akasinja:** Nthawi yomweyo tsekani valavu ya silinda ya okosijeni ndi valavu ya acetylene cylinder (pogwiritsa ntchito T-wrench yomwe iyenera kukhala pa tsinde la tanki ya acetylene yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wrench).
4. Ziziziritsani thupi la nyali ndikuyang'ana mapaipi: Mavavu onse a thanki akazimitsidwa, ikani nsonga ya tochi yotentha ndikusakaniza mutu mu chidebe cha madzi aukhondo, opanda mafuta. Osawunikiranso nyali pambuyo pa kuwunikira kosalekeza mpaka ma O-rings, mipando, ma hoses, ndi zomangira za flashback zifufuzidwa kapena kusinthidwa.

Khwerero 2: Yang'anani silinda ya acetylene kuti ikuwola ndikuwola¶

Pazovuta zomwe zili pamwamba pa 103 kilopascals (mapaundi 15 pa square inch gauge / 1.03 bar), acetylene yaulere imakhala yosakhazikika pamankhwala ndipo imatha kuphulika chifukwa cha kunjenjemera kapena kutentha ngakhale popanda mpweya. Kusunga acetylene mosamala pafupifupi 1,720 kilopascals (250 psi), silinda ya acetylene imadzaza ndi porous calcium silicate filler mass yodzaza ndi **madzimadzi acetone ** (kapena dimethylformamide), momwe mpweya wa acetylene umasungunuka.

Komabe, ngati flashback ifika pa silinda kapena payipi yakunja yamoto ikuwotcha thanki, acetylene mkati mwa porous mass imayamba **kuwonongeka kotentha kotentha ** kukhala mpweya wa carbon ndi wa hydrogen (\(\text{C}_2\text{H}_2 \rightarrow 2\text{C} +\text{H}_2 +\){Iye). Chemical chain reaction iyi imapangitsa kutentha kwamkati mkati ndi kupanikizika komwe kumafalikira kudzera mu silinda yodzaza mphindi kapena maola mpaka chipolopolo chachitsulo chiphulika mwamphamvu.

Mukangozimitsa flashback kapena kuzimitsa moto wowongolera pang'ono, yang'anani ** cheke cha cylinder chipolopolo chopanda manja**:

1. ** Yandikirani mosamala ndi kukhudza pang'ono phewa lakumtunda ndi mbali za silinda ya acetylene ndi dzanja lanu lopanda kanthu ** (pokhapokha ngati palibe lawi lamoto lomwe likuyaka pa thanki ndipo palibe kuwomba kwa mapulagi otetezeka a fusible).
2. Unikani zizindikiro zochenjeza za kuwonongeka kwa acetylene mkati:
3. Chigoba cha silinda yachitsulo chimamveka ** chofunda kapena chotentha mpaka chopanda kanthu ** paliponse pamtunda wake, kapena utoto umakhala wonyezimira kapena wonyezimira.
4. Silindayo imatulutsa **kugwedezeka kwachitsulo kosawoneka bwino, pinging, kapena mkokomo ** kuchokera mkati.
5. Mapulagi opumira achitsulo pa silinda (opangidwa kuti asungunuke pafupifupi 100 digiri Celsius / 212 madigiri Fahrenheit) asungunuka ndipo akutulutsa jeti yobangula ya gasi kapena lawi lamoto.
6. Utsi kapena fungo lakuthwa ngati adyo kapena fungo losungunulira likutuluka pa valve yotsekedwa kapena pulagi yothandizira.

Khwerero 3: Ngati silinda ya acetylene ikutentha kapena ikuyaka pa valavu, TULUKA MWAMODZI.¶

Ngati silinda ya acetylene ikuwonetsa **chizindikiro chilichonse cha ** cha kutentha, momwe zimachitikira mkati, kapena moto woyaka pa valavu kapena fusible plug yomwe siyimatuluka nthawi yomweyo mukatseka valavu:

1. OSATI kuyesera kusuntha, kupindika, kupendekeka, kapena kunyamula silinda yotentha ya acetylene panja: Ngakhale kugwedezeka pang'ono komwe kumayikidwa pa silinda ya acetylene yomwe ikuwola mkati kumathandizira zomwe zimachitika kudzera pa porous filler ndikuyambitsa kuphulika pompopompo.
2. MUSAMAZImitsa lawi lamoto la jet lomwe likuyaka kuchokera pa pulagi yosungunuka ya fusible pokhapokha ngati gasi angayimitsidwe: Kuzimitsa lawi pomwe acetylene yotentha ikupitilizabe kumadzaza nyumbayo ndi mtambo wophulika wa acetylene-mpweya (woyaka kuchokera ku 2.5% mpaka 81% kukhazikika mumlengalenga).
3. Chotsani anthu onse ogwira ntchito ndi oyandikana nawo mpaka mamita 100 mpaka 300 (mapazi 330 mpaka 1,000) kuseri kwa chivundikiro cholimba: Chotsani nyumbayo, kokani alamu yozimitsa moto, ndi kutseka misewu yolowera.
4. Imbani thandizo ladzidzidzi (911 / 112 / 999) ndikudziwitsa anthu omwe atumiza moto kuti muli ndi silinda ya acetylene yotenthedwa kapena yoyaka: Ozimitsa moto adzagwiritsa ntchito mipukutu yamadzi yopanda ndodo kuchokera kuseri kwa chivundikiro cha konkire kuti kuthira silinda mosalekeza kwa maola ambiri mpaka chipolopolocho chikhale chozizira kwambiri; onani kumeta ubweya wa silinda ya gasi, thanki ya rocketing, ndi kutayikira kwa cryogenic.

Welding fume inhalation: Metal fume fever vs. poizoni wakupha m'mapapo¶

Chifukwa chiyani utsi wonse wowotchera suyambitsa vuto lomwelo lachipatala¶

Lawi lamagetsi lamagetsi kapena lamoto wa oxy-fuel likatenthetsa chitsulo, zokutira, ndi zowononga pamwamba, mpweya wotenthawo umasungunuka mumlengalenga wozizira wamalo ozizira kukhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono tosawoneka bwino (** 0.01 mpaka 1.0 ma micrometer m'mimba mwake**) ting'onoting'ono kuti tilambalale mphuno ndi kumtunda kwa njira yodutsa mpweya ndikuyika mpweya wamkati mkati mwa mpweya wozama. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kutentha kwakukulu kwa ultraviolet ndi kutentha kwa arc kunagawanika mozungulira mpweya wa mumlengalenga ndi nthunzi za mankhwala kukhala mpweya wapoizoni wa pulmonary irritant.

Owotcherera nthawi zambiri amanyalanyaza matenda a pambuyo pakuwotcherera ngati "kungomva kuzizira kwa zinki" kapena "chimfine cha galvie." Pamene mukukoka utsi woyera wa zinc oxide wochokera kuzitsulo zokhala ndi malata kumayambitsa matenda osakhalitsa ngati chimfine (metal fume fever), kutulutsa utsi wambiri wofanana kapena mpweya umayambitsa chibayo chamankhwala owopsa komanso kuchedwa kwa pulmonary edema mkati mwa maola 12 mpaka 48.

Kuyerekeza kwachipatala: Benign metal fume fever vs¶

Thandizo loyamba la pang'onopang'ono pakuwotcherera pokoka mpweya komanso kuwonetsa mpweya¶

1. Tetezani chitetezo cha opulumutsira musanayandikire chowotcherera chomwe chagwa: Ngati wowotchera wagona chikomokere mkati mwa thanki, boiler, chombo cha sitima, ngalande, kapena chipinda chaching'ono chotsekedwa, musathamangire kukachikoka. Madzi oteteza argon opanda mtundu, opanda fungo (omwe ndi 38% olemera kuposa mpweya) maiwe osawoneka pansi ndipo amapangitsa wopulumutsa kukhala chikomokere m'masekondi. Zimitsani ma silinda a gasi ndi gwero la mphamvu zowotcherera kuchokera kunja ngati kuli kotheka, yatsani zowotchera, ndikuyitanitsa chithandizo chadzidzidzi (911 / 112 / 999) kuti mupulumutse zida zodziyimira zokha (SCBA); onani kutsekereza danga kupuma.
2. Sungani wovulalayo kuti apite kumpweya wabwino wakunja nthawi yomweyo: Thandizani wogwira ntchitoyo kutuluka pang'onopang'ono kuchokera m'sitolo kupita kumpweya waukhondo, kapena kutsegula zitseko ndi mazenera onse.
3. Musungeni wovulalayo kuti apume molunjika (kukhala theka): Ngati wogwira ntchitoyo apuma mpweya wa phosgene (kuchokera ku brake cleaner ya chlorinated), cadmium fumes, kapena concentrated nitrogen dioxide, letsani kuchita chilichonse cholimbitsa thupi (musamulole kuti ayende mozungulira kapena kukwera masitepe). Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kumawonjezera kuthamanga kwa mtsempha wa m'mapapo ndi kutayikira kwa capillary, kumathandizira kuchedwa kwa pulmonary edema.
4. Perekani mpweya wowonjezera ngati mwaphunzitsidwa, kapena konzekerani CPR: Masulani makolala othina, majekete owotcherera, ndi malamba. Ngati wovulalayo wakomoka ndipo sakupuma bwinobwino, yambani CPR nthawi yomweyo m'malo otetezeka.
5. Zindikirani chitsulo, ndodo yodzaza, flux, ndi zosungunulira zomwe zikukhudzidwa: Jambulani kapena lembani zitsulo zenizeni (monga malata, 316L zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, kapena ma bolt opukutidwa ndi cadmium), gulu la wowotcherera kapena waya, ndi zosakaniza za chothira mafuta chilichonse kapena chotsukira mabuleki chomwe chagwiritsidwa ntchito. Imbani likulu lanu loyang'anira poyizoni (1-800-222-1222 ku United States) kapena perekani izi kwa dokotala wazadzidzi.
6. Dziwani momwe mungasamalire Fever yotsimikizika, yosavuta ya Zinc Metal Fume Fever mosatetezeka kunyumba (pokhapokha pokhapokha pochotsa poizoni wowopsa):
7. Ngati mukutsimikiza ** 100% yotsimikizika** chowotchereracho chimangotenthetsera chitsulo choyera kapena mkuwa, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zero zosungunulira za chlorinated kapena cadmium alloys, ndipo chimangochedwa kuzizira ngati chimfine, kutentha thupi pang'ono, kulawa kwachitsulo, ndi kuwawa kwa minofu kuyambira maola 3 mpaka 10 mutagwira ntchito kupuma koyenera:
8. Musungeni munthuyo akupumula m'chipinda chofunda mumpweya waukhondo ndikumwetsa madzi amkamwa ambiri (madzi kapena electrolyte solution). *(Zindikirani: Nzeru za anthu zimauza owotcherera kuti amwe mkaka asanawotchere zitsulo kapena akamaliza ndi nthano chabe; **mkaka sumalepheretsa kapena kulepheretsa kuyamwa kwa zinc oxide m'mapapo *, ngakhale kuti madzi abwinobwino amathandizira kuchira.)
9. Zochepetsa kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono (monga acetaminophen/paracetamol kapena ibuprofen, ngati zili zotetezeka kwa munthu aliyense) zimachepetsa kunjenjemera ndi kuwawa kwa thupi mpaka matendawa atha mkati mwa maola 24 mpaka 48.
10. Pitani kuchipatala mwamsanga ngati munthuyo ayamba kupuma movutikira, akupumira, kupweteka pachifuwa, makoswe apinki, kapena kutentha thupi kwa maola 48.

Kuwala kwa Welder (arc diso / ultraviolet photokeratitis) ndi kuvulala kwamaso kotentha¶

Chifukwa chiyani diso la arc limapweteka patadutsa maola ochepa kuwotcherera kutayima¶

Arc yowotcherera yamagetsi imatulutsa cheza cha ultraviolet (UV-C ndi UV-B, 180 mpaka 315 nanometers) yomwe imatengedwa ndi gawo lakunja lowonekera la diso (**the corneal epithelium **). Ngakhale masekondi angapo akuyang'ana pa arc osatetezedwa (kapena kung'anima m'mbali kumawonekera pamakoma owala kapena arc anzako pamene hood yanu ikugwedezeka) imawotcha ndi kupha ma cell a epithelial omwe amaphimba cornea.

Chifukwa khungu la cornea limachita ngati khungu lotenthedwa ndi dzuwa, ultraviolet photokeratitis (diso la arc kapena welder's flash) silimapweteka nthawi yomwe yakhudzidwa. M'malo mwake, ** 4 mpaka maola 12 pambuyo poti kuwotcherera kutha ** (nthawi zambiri kudzutsa chowotcherera pakati pausiku), ma cell owonongeka akunja akunja amatsika, ndikuwonetsetsa malekezero a mitsempha yambiri ya cornea kumaso akuthwanima.

Zizindikiro zapamwamba za welder's flash ndi:

• Kuwotcha kwambiri, kupweteka kowawa mu ** maso onse ** (kapena diso limodzi ngati loyang'ana kumbali) kuyambira ** 4 mpaka maola 12 ** pambuyo powonekera kwa arc.
• Kumveka kwamphamvu komwe mchenga wotentha, grit, kapena magalasi osweka akusisita pansi pa zikope ndi kuphethira kulikonse.
• Kuzindikira kwambiri kuwala (photophobia), kufinya zikope mosadzifunira (blepharospasm), kung'ambika kwamadzi, ndi conjunctiva yofiyira.

Thandizo loyamba la sitepe ndi sitepe la welder's flash (diso la arc) motsutsana ndi thupi lakunja lotentha la slag¶

Nthawi zonse wowotchera akayamba kuwawa m'maso, siyanitsani kuwotcha kwa UV kuchokera ku chitsulo cholowera kapena choyikapo kapena thupi lachilendo:

1. Lowani mchipinda chomwe chili ndi mdima wandiweyani ndi kuvala magalasi amdima ozungulira: Kuunikira kwamkati mkati kumayambitsa kupweteka kwa iris ndi minofu ya ciliary.
2. Sambani m'manja ndikuchotsani ma lens nthawi yomweyo: Siyani magalasi kunja mpaka cornea itachira ndikuyeretsedwa ndi dokotala wamaso kuti mupewe zilonda zam'maso.
3. Yang'anani pang'onopang'ono ngati chitsotso kapena chitsulo chamoto chikapsa popanda kusisita diso:
4. **Ngati ululu unayamba nthawi yomweyo popera, kutsuka mawaya, kapena kudula slag **, kapena muwona kachidontho kakuda kapena dzimbiri pa cornea, musayese kuzitola ndi zomangira, thonje, kapena maginito. Zitsulo zachitsulo zotentha zimasungunuka mu cornea ndikupanga mphete yachitsulo yomwe dokotala wamaso kapena ophthalmologist ayenera kuchotsa pansi pa maikulosikopu yodulidwa; onani diso lachilendo chinthu, cornea abrasion, ndi kuwotcherera kung'anima.
5. **Ngati chidutswa cha gudumu kapena waya chothamanga kwambiri chaboola m'diso **, kapena ngati wophunzirayo akuwoneka ngati misozi, phimbani diso ndi **chishango cholimba choteteza ** (kapena chojambulidwa pa kapu ya pepala pansi) ndi zero kukakamiza padziko lonse lapansi ndikupita kuchipatala mwamsanga; onani kuvulala m'maso.
6. Ikani madontho a m'maso osabala, osateteza (misozi) ndi makatani ozizira:
7. Wiritsani misozi yochita kupanga kuti isasungike pansi pa chikope chomwe chikuthwanima.
8. Pumulani ndi maso onse ali otseka ndipo ikani nsalu yoyera yonyowetsedwa ndi madzi apompopompo pang'onopang'ono pazikope zotsekedwa kwa mphindi 15 mpaka 20 nthawi imodzi. (Musamayike mkaka, chakudya chaiwisi, kapena zakumwa zopanda mbewa zapanyumba m'diso ndi kuwala kwa welder, chifukwa cornea yodetsedwa imakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha matenda a bakiteriya.)
9. Gwiritsirani ntchito mankhwala ochepetsa ululu m'kamwa ndikukonzekera kuwunika kwachipatala: Mankhwala oletsa ululu (monga ibuprofen kapena acetaminophen/paracetamol, ngati ali otetezeka kwa munthuyo) amachepetsa ululu wa mitsempha ya cornea pamene epithelium imachiritsa pa **24 kwa maola 72 **. Funsani dokotala wamaso, ophthalmologist, kapena wachipatala kuti awone m'maso ndi utoto wa fluorescein kuti apewe zitsulo zophatikizika ndikupereka mafuta oletsa maantibayotiki ngati pakufunika kutero.

Zowotcherera zosungunula, matope otentha, ndi kuyatsa kwa zovala¶

Shawa yowotcherera ndi oxy-fuel kudula wogwiritsa ntchito muzitsulo zoyera zotentha ndi slag yosungunuka pa 1,500 digiri Celsius (2,700 degrees Fahrenheit):

1. Spatter yotentha ikugwera mkati mwa nsapato yowotcherera kapena khafu ya gauntlet: Chitsulo chosungunuka chikagwetsa pansi pa khafu yotseguka ya nsapato kapena magolovesi, chimayaka ndi dermis mumasekondi. ** Kung'amba nsapato kapena magolovesi nthawi yomweyo **, kenaka yatsani motowo pansi pa madzi apompopompo ozizira kwa ** mphindi 20 **; onani amayaka.
2. Kuwotchera m'makutu (kuwotcherera m'mutu popanda zotsekera m'makutu): Ngati nsonga yotentha ilowa m'ngalande ya khutu panthawi yowotcherera (kuyambitsa kunjenjemera, kupweteka kwambiri, vertigo, kapena khutu lobowoka), musathire madzi ozizira kapena mafuta m'ngalande ya khutu ndipo musafufuze ndi swabs. Phimbani khutu lakunja ndi chovala chowuma chowuma ndikupita kuchipatala chadzidzidzi kapena makutu, mphuno, ndi mmero (ENT) mwamsanga.
3. Zoyatsira kapena zoyatsira butane: Osanyamula choyatsira chapulasitiki chotayira cha butane m'thumba mukuwotcherera; dontho limodzi la sipitala yotentha limasungunuka mu chipolopolo cha pulasitiki ndikuyatsa moto wa butane. Valani thonje kapena zovala zachikopa zosagwira moto ndi zokhala ndi mathalauza pamwamba pa nsapato zachikopa zopanda zingwe.

Kuwotcherera kwa workshop ndi mndandanda wachitetezo chamafuta a oxy¶

• Zomanga ziwiri za flashback ndi ma valve cheke: Ikani UL/ISO-certified flame-arresting flashback arrestors (kuphatikiza valavu yoyang'ana yosabwerera, chotchinga chamoto cha sintered steel, ndi kutentha kwa kutentha) pazitsulo zonse za oxygen ndi mafuta.
• Lamulo lamphamvu lamphamvu la acetylene regulator (103 kPa / 15 psi): Musayike kukakamiza kwa acetylene regulator kuposa 103 kilopascals (15 psi / 1.03 bar).
• Lamulo lolunjika la silinda ya Acetylene: Sungani ndi kugwiritsa ntchito masilindala a acetylene molunjika (ngati silinda yayala, ikani mowongoka kwa 1 mpaka 2 ola musanagwiritse ntchito kuti acetone wamadzimadzi akhazikike). Tsegulani ma valve opangidwa ndi wrench osapitirira ** ½ mpaka 1.5 kutembenuka ** ndikusiya T-wrench pa tsinde la valve pamene mukugwira ntchito.
• Zosungunulira zosungunulira ziro pafupi ndi malo owotcherera: Letsani zotsuka mabuleki za klorini (tetrachlorethylene, trichlorethylene, methylene chloride) kusitolo iliyonse yowotcherera kapena kudula.
• Nyengo ya mpweya wopopa ndi kupumira: Ikani chivundikiro chautsi mkati mwa 30 mpaka 45 centimita (12 mpaka 18 mainchesi) kuchokera ku nsonga yowotcherera, perani zokutira zokhala ndi malata 2.5 mpaka 5 centimita (1 mpaka 2 mainchesi) kuchokera pamfundoyi musanawotchererane, ndi PAP1 kuvala zotchingira.
• Magalasi oteteza ANSI Z87.1+ a polycarbonate amavalidwa pansi pa hood yowotcherera: Magalasi oteteza chitetezo a polycarbonate oyeretsera amatenga kupitilira 99% ya radiation ya UV, kuteteza maso anu kuti asawanike mwangozi chowotcherera chowotcherera.

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

Panthawi ya oxy-acetylene torch flashback, kodi muyenera kuzimitsa valavu ya oxygen kapena vavu yamafuta a acetylene poyamba?¶

Always turn off the torch oxygen valve first, followed one second later by the torch fuel-gas (acetylene) valve, and then close both main tank valves at the cylinders. While you shut the acetylene valve first during normal flame shutdown to prevent a carbon pop, an active internal flashback is an emergency where the flame is burning backward inside the torch mixing chamber. Pure compressed oxygen feeds that internal fire; shutting the torch oxygen valve first immediately starves the combustion of its oxidizer and stops the flame from melting through the brass handle or blowing into the fuel hose.

Why is using automotive brake cleaner on metal before TIG or MIG welding potentially fatal?¶

Many commercial brake cleaners and degreasers contain chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents such as tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene), trichloroethylene, or methylene chloride. When ultraviolet radiation or extreme heat from a welding arc strikes even trace vapors of these chlorinated solvents, it breaks the chemical bonds apart to form phosgene gas and hydrogen chloride. Phosgene is a lethal pulmonary agent that often causes only mild throat irritation at first, followed 4 to 24 hours later by life-threatening fluid buildup in the lungs (delayed pulmonary edema).

Does wearing clear polycarbonate safety glasses under my welding helmet prevent arc eye if someone strikes an arc next to me?¶

Yes, wearing ANSI Z87.1 or EN 166 rated clear polycarbonate safety glasses underneath your flip-up welding helmet protects against accidental welder's flash (ultraviolet photokeratitis). Polycarbonate plastic naturally absorbs over 99 percent of short-wave and medium-wave ultraviolet radiation (UV-C and UV-B), which are the rays responsible for burning the corneal epithelium. While clear polycarbonate glasses do not block visible light dazzle or infrared heat during continuous active welding, keeping them on stops brief side-flashes and accidental arc strikes from burning your corneas when your hood is raised.

How can I tell the difference between harmless zinc metal fume fever and a dangerous cadmium fume inhalation?¶

In the first 4 to 8 hours after welding, you cannot reliably tell them apart by symptoms alone, because both zinc oxide (from galvanized steel) and cadmium oxide (from cadmium-plated bolts or silver-brazing alloys) initially cause a metallic taste, dry cough, shaking chills, fever, and muscle aches. However, while uncomplicated zinc metal fume fever resolves within 24 to 48 hours without lung damage, cadmium fumes destroy alveolar tissue and progress at 12 to 36 hours into severe chest pain, frothy sputum, and life-threatening pulmonary edema. Anyone who may have heated cadmium or develops shortness of breath or chest tightness must go to an emergency department immediately.

*Bukhuli limapereka chidziwitso chokonzekera mwadzidzidzi ndi chithandizo choyamba cha kuwotcherera, kudula mafuta a oxy-fuel, ndi zochitika zofukiza pa msonkhano ndipo sichilowa m'malo mwa maphunziro ovomerezeka a chitetezo cha mafakitale kapena chithandizo chamankhwala. Ganizirani za kulandira chithandizo choyamba chovomerezeka, CPR, ndi maphunziro otetezedwa kuntchito kuchokera ku Red Cross, St John Ambulance, kapena bungwe lanu lachitetezo cha dziko.

Maupangiri ogwirizana¶

• Diso chinthu chachilendo, cornea abrasion, ndi kuwotcherera kung'anima
• Kuvulala kwamaso ndi kuphulika kwa mankhwala
• Cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, ndi mpweya wa mafakitale
• Kumeta ubweya wa silinda ya gasi, thanki ya rocketing, ndi kutayikira kwa cryogenic
• Kupumira kwa danga m'mabowo, ma silo, ndi akasinja
• Kutentha kwamafuta, mankhwala, ndi magetsi

Magwero afufuzidwa¶

• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, United States): Welding, Cutting, and Brazing Standard (29 CFR 1910.252 / 1910.253), Kulamulira Utsi Woopsa ndi Gasi Panthawi Yowotcherera, ndi Chidziwitso Chowopsa pa Zosungunulira za Chlorinated / Phosgene
• Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom): Kugwira Ntchito Motetezedwa ndi Acetylene (INDG327), Moto ndi Kuphulika Strategy kwa Acetylene Cylinders, ndi Welding Fume Control Guidance (WL3)
• Compressed Gas Association (CGA, United States): Kusamalira Motetezedwa kwa Mipweya Yoponderezedwa mu Mitsuko (CGA P-1) ndi Malangizo Ogwirira Ma Cylinder Acetylene Involved in Fire (CGA SB-4)
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH / CDC, United States): Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards for Zinc Oxide, Cadmium Fume, Phosgene, and Nitrogen Dioxide
• American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO, United States): Clinical Management of Ultraviolet Keratitis (Photokeratitis / Welder's Flash) ndi Zowopsa za Kupweteka Kwambiri Pamutu