RAID 5, RAID 6, kapena ZFS Multiple Drive Drop: Kubwezeretsa Synology Yowonongeka, QNAP, kapena TrueNAS Array Popanda Kuwononga Parity¶

Kumva Synology DiskStation, QNAP TS-series, TrueNAS seva, kapena Linux mdadm seva yosungira imalira mosalekeza popereka lipoti ** Kuwonongeka kwa Voliyumu **, ** Dziwe Lawonongeka / Lolakwika **, kapena ** Magalimoto Angapo Osalumikizidwa ** ndivuto lalikulu losungirako. Pamene galimoto imodzi ikutsika kuchokera ku a RAID 5, Synology Hybrid RAID (SHR-1), kapena ZFS RAIDZ1 dziwe, gululo limayenda ndi zero redundancy (degraded state), kukonzanso midadada yosowa pa ntchentche powerenga diski yotsalayo mofanana. Ngati kuyendetsa kwachiwiri kutsika patatha maola angapo, kapena kuponyera Vuto Losasinthika Lowerenga (URE) pakati pomanganso pa disk yolowa m'malo, masamu a parity amasokonekera ndipo dziwe losungirako limakhala lopanda intaneti kwathunthu. Oyang'anira ochita mantha nthawi zambiri amawononga ma terabytes a data yomwe ingathe kubwezeredwa mumasekondi makumi asanu ndi limodzi otsatira ndikudina **Yambitsani **, ndikupanganso gululo ndi mdadm --create, kapena kukakamiza kukonzanso kwapaintaneti pazida zolephera. Ngati khadi yanu ya hardware RAID controller yokha yafa osati ma disks, sinthani Imfa ya RAID yowongolera khadi, kutengera kasinthidwe kakunja, ndi chifukwa chake simuyenera kuyambitsa ma disks; ngati hard drive ikudina kapena kukana kupota, funsani zovuta pagalimoto kulephera ndi kuchira deta kapena Gulu la NAS RAID lawonongeka, kulephera kwa magalimoto angapo, ndi kuchira kwa ZFS/Btrfs. Ngati kulephera kosungiraku kulepheretsa kujambula kwachipatala (PACS), kutumiza mwadzidzidzi, kapena chitetezo chamoyo, imbani nambala yanu yadzidzidzi yakudera lanu (911 ku United States ndi Canada, 112 ku European Union, 999 ku United Kingdom) kapena onani chikwatu chathu cha manambala angozi.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

1. **IMANI ndipo OSATI KUDANIZA "Yambani," "Pangani Dziwe," "Konzani," kapena thamangani mdadm --create pamayendedwe otsika **: Kudina Initialize mu Synology DSM kapena QNAP QTS, kapena kuthamanga mdadm --create ku Linux, amalemba zilembo zatsopano kwambiri ndikuyamba kutsitsa mikwingwirima pamitundu yonse ya mamembala. Dalaivala yotsika nthawi zambiri imakhalabe 99.99% Mafayilo anu ali osasunthika, omwe amangodziwika kuti ndi osagwirizana ndi kauntala yake.
2. **Yambitsani NAS kapena seva bwino (kapena kukoka mphamvu ngati ikumanganso pamagalimoto odina) kuti muyimitse zowerengera za zochitika **: Sekondi iliyonse gulu limakhala pa intaneti pamalo owonongeka pang'ono, makina ogwiritsira ntchito amawonjezera block block. Update Time ndi Events kauntala pa ma disks omwe atsala pamene disk yomwe yagwetsedwa imakhalabe yowuma pa nambala yakale. Ngati NAS ikuyesera kumanganso makina pagalimoto ndi magawo oyipa, kupitiliza kuwerenga kuti drive imatha kuvula zokutira maginito.head crash).
3. ** Lembani malo aliwonse oyendetsa galimoto ndi chikhomo kapena tepi (Bay 1, Bay 2, Bay 3, Bay 4) musanatsitse thireyi iliyonse**: Pomwe Linux mdadm, LVM2,ndi ZFS kutsatira dongosolo loyendetsa ndi UUID mkati mwa gawo lililonse la superblock, olamulira akale a hardware ndi buku dmsetup kukonzanso matebulo kumafuna dongosolo lenileni la kagawo (0, 1, 2, 3...).
4. Osayesa kuchira, kukakamiza kusonkhanitsa, kapena fsck molunjika pamagalimoto a membala oyamba; sinthani ma drive onse pang'onopang'ono pogwiritsa ntchito ddrescue choyamba: Musanathamangire mdadm --assemble --force kapena zpool import -F, phatikizani membala aliyense disk ku Linux workstation kudzera mwachindunji SATA/SAS (osati mlatho wotsika mtengo wa USB womwe umabisala SMART kapena SCT ERC timeouts) ndikufananiza nazo ddrescue pamayendedwe abwino osungira kapena mafayilo azithunzi.
5. Limbikitsani-sonkhanitsani gulu lopangidwa mokhazikika mu WERENGANI-POKHA (--readonly kapena -o readonly=on): Posonkhanitsa mdadm magulu omwe zowerengera za zochitika zidasokonekera panthawi yomwe ma multi-drive akutsika, amadutsa nthawi zonse --readonly (mdadm --assemble --force --readonly /dev/md0 ...). Mukuwerenga kokha, ngakhalenso mdadm, LVM2, ext4, Btrfs, pa ZFS akhoza kulemba mikwingwirima yofanana kapena kubwerezanso buku lowononga.
6. **Koperani deta yanu yofunikira kwambiri pagalimoto yodziyimira payokha yosunga zosunga zobwezeretsera nthawi yomweyo ikangokhazikitsidwa kuti muwerenge-pokha **: Chotsani zikalata zanu, nkhokwe, makina enieni, ndi zithunzi kupita pagalimoto ina, kenako pukutani ndikuyesa ma disks kuyambira poyambira.

Mtengo wachigamulo: RAID yamagalimoto ambiri ndi ZFS dziwe ladzidzidzi¶

Gwiritsani ntchito tchatichi kuti muwone ngati gulu lanu lidatsika momveka bwino (TLER / ERC mismatch), kulephera kwenikweni kwa magawo ambiri oyipa pama disks pakumanganso, kapena gulu la ZFS (TXG) vuto:

flowchart TD
    Start["RAID 5 / RAID 6 / SHR / ZFS Dziwe Lawonongeka Pambuyo Magalimoto 2+ Agwetsedwa"] --> StopIO["IMIZANI Zomanganso Zonse & Mphamvu Pansi NAS Pompopompo"]
    StopIO --> Label["Lembetsani Thireyi Yamtundu uliwonse ndi Bay Number (Bay 1 to Bay N)"]
    Label --> ConnectLinux["Lumikizani Ma Drives Amembala ku Ubuntu Linux Rescue Host kudzera pa Direct SATA / HBA"]

    ConnectLinux --> CheckSmart["Onani SMART & Metadata Read-Only: smartctl -a / mdadm --examine / zdb -l"]
    CheckSmart --> PhysicalHealth{"Kodi Pali Ma Drives Akudina, Kukana Spin, kapena Kusiya Offline mu dmesg?"}

    PhysicalHealth -->|"Inde: Kulephera Kwamakina / Mutu pa 2+ Drives mu RAID 5"| Cleanroom["Imitsani Ma Disks Amphamvu -> Tumizani ku Cleanroom Data Recovery Lab"]
    PhysicalHealth -->|"Ayi: Ma Drives Onse Amazungulira (Atha Kukhala Ndi Magawo Oyipa Akudikirira kapena Kutha Kwa Nthawi)"| CloneAll["Gwirizanitsani Mamembala Onse Pogwiritsa Ntchito GNU ddrescue (Forward Pass -> Reverse Scrape)"]

    CloneAll --> DisconnectOrig["Lumikizani Ma Drives Oyambirira & Gwirani Ntchito Mokhazikika pa Ma Disks Opangidwa / Zithunzi"]
    DisconnectOrig --> ArrayType{"Ndi Zomangamanga Ziti Zosungira Zomwe Zimagwiritsidwa Ntchito?"}

    ArrayType -->|"Synology DSM (SHR / Classic RAID)"| SynologyFlow["Yang'anani Zochitika kudzera mdadm --examine -> Force-Assemble Read-Only -> Yambitsani LVM2 / Btrfs Read-Only"]
    ArrayType -->|"QNAP QTS (HAL LVM Thin / Thick RAID)"| QnapFlow["Sonkhanitsani mdadm Read-Only -> Yambitsani Gulu la DRBD ngati Lilipo -> Jambulani Ma Superblocks a QNAP LVM2"]
    ArrayType -->|"TrueNAS / ZFS (RAIDZ1 / RAIDZ2 / Mirror)"| ZfsFlow["Thamangani zpool import -d /dev/disk/by-id -> Lowetsani Kuwerenga-Pokha ndi Rollback: zpool import -f -o readonly=on -F"]
    ArrayType -->|"Standard Linux mdadm"| LinuxFlow["Fananizani Zowerengera Zochitika -> Thamangani mdadm --assemble --force --readonly -> Mount Filesystem ndi -o ro, noload"]

Gawo 1: Chifukwa chiyani kukakamiza kumanganso kumawononga deta (The URE ndi Same-Batch Cascade)¶

Kuti mumvetse chifukwa chake kudina **Konzani / Kumanganso ** kapena kusintha galimoto imodzi ndikudikirira maola 36 nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwamtundu uliwonse, muyenera kumvetsetsa momwe kukonzanso kwaparity kumatsitsimutsa ukalamba wamaginito ndi chifukwa chake ma drive apakompyuta amasiya kutuluka m'mipanda ya NAS.

1. Zowona zamasamu za Zolakwa Zosatheka Kuwerenga (UREs) panthawi yomanganso RAID 5 kapena RAIDZ1¶

Mu 4-drive RAID 5 kapena ZFS RAIDZ1 dziwe, data ndi midadada yofanana (P) ali ndi mizere pama diski onse anayi pogwiritsa ntchito Exclusive OR (XOR) kuwerengera (D1 XOR D2 XOR D3 = P). Ngati Drive 2 ifa kwathunthu, gululo limakhala ndi ziro zotsalira. Kuti amangenso Drive 2 pa disk yolowa m'malo yatsopano, NAS iyenera kuwerenga gawo lililonse kuchokera pa byte 0 mpaka kumapeto kwa disk pa Drive 1, Drive 3, ndi Drive 4 pa nthawi imodzi (Reconstructed D2 = D1 XOR D3 XOR P).

Ganizirani zomwe zimachitika ma drive amenewo ali ma hard drive anayi a 12 terabyte (12,000 gigabyte) ogulidwa ku gulu lomwelo lopanga zaka zinayi zapitazo: - Kumanganso ma terabytes 12 kumafuna kuwerenga 36 terabytes (2.88 x 1014 ma bits pawokha) mosalekeza kupitilira maola 24 mpaka 48 pamlingo wokwanira wamafuta ndi makina. - Ma hard drive a Consumer nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi Vuto Losasinthika Lowerenga (URE) tsatanetsatane wa 1 error in 1014 bits (12.5 terabytes), ndipo kukalamba kumapangitsa kuti pakhale zolakwika zobisika (Current_Pending_Sector) m'malo ozizira a disk omwe sanawerengedwe kwa zaka zambiri. - Nthawi yomwe Drive 3 igunda gawo limodzi loyipa la 4 kilobyte (0.004 megabyte) pomwe Drive 2 ikusowabe kapena kumangidwanso theka, XOR equation ili ndi **ziwiri zosadziwika ** (D2 ndi D3).

2. Chifukwa chiyani kompyuta imayendetsa popanda TLER / SCT ERC kuthamangitsidwa kwathunthu pa gawo limodzi loyipa¶

Nawu msampha womwe umayambitsa kugwa koopsa kwa ma drive angapo pa Synology, QNAP, ndi Linux. mdadm:

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| WHY A SINGLE BAD SECTOR DROPS AN ENTIRE DRIVE DURING REBUILD            |
|                                                                         |
| 1. Drive 2 is dead/rebuilding. NAS reads Sector 849,102,400 on Drive 3. |
| 2. Drive 3 hits a weak magnetic spot (Current_Pending_Sector).          |
| 3. Consumer Drive Behavior (No TLER / SCT ERC):                         |
|    - Drive 3 enters deep internal error recovery for 30 to 120 seconds, |
|      stopping all SATA responses while retrying head positioning.       |
| 4. Linux Kernel / NAS Controller Timeout (Default 7 to 30 seconds):     |
|    - Kernel sees Drive 3 unresponsive for >30s -> Issues SATA bus reset |
|    - mdadm assumes Drive 3 is COMPLETELY DEAD and kicks it from array   |
| 5. RESULT: Both Drive 2 and Drive 3 are now marked FAULTY/REMOVED.      |
|    The entire RAID 5 array crashes offline immediately.                 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Zindikirani zomwe zidachitika: **Drive 3 sinafa **. Zatero 99.999999% magawo athanzi komanso magawo 1 kapena 2 okha osawerengeka a 4 kilobyte (8 kilobytes kunja kwa 12 terabytes). Komabe chifukwa mdadm adathamangitsa Drive 3 kuchokera pamndandanda chifukwa cha nthawi yolamula ya masekondi 30, voliyumu yonse ikuwonetsa ngati ** Yawonongeka **. Ngati mungafanane ndi Drive 3 ndi ddrescue (yomwe imalumpha mokongola ma kilobytes 8 a magawo oyipa ndikukopera ma terabytes ena 12) ndikukakamiza-kusonkhanitsa mndandanda wowerengera-okha, mumapezanso pafupifupi 100 peresenti ya mafayilo anu.

3. Chifukwa chiyani simuyenera kuthamanga mdadm --create kapena dinani "Yambani"¶

Gulu likawonongeka, nthano ziwiri zowononga zimafalikira pa intaneti: - Nthano 1: "Panganinso gululo ndi dongosolo lomwelo lagalimoto pogwiritsa ntchito mdadm --create." Ngakhale ndi --assume-clean, Mabaibulo amakono a mdadm kusakhazikika kwa zosiyanasiyana Data Offset ma values kutengera kernel ndi mdadm kumasula (2048 sectors vs 262144 sectors). Pamene mdadm --create akulemba Baibulo latsopano 1.2 superblock pamlingo wolakwika kapena ndi kukula kosagwirizana ndi chunk, imachotsa LVM2 mutu wa voliyumu yakuthupi kapena ext4 superblock kutsogolo kwa voliyumu. - Nthano 2: "Tulutsani choyendetsa chachiwiri chomwe changotsika, lowetsaninso, ndikudina Konzani." Ngati Drive 1 inasiya masiku atatu apitawo (kotero kuti deta yake ndi yachikale masiku 3) ndipo Drive 3 inasiya mphindi 10 zapitazo (kotero kuti deta yake ndi yamakono), kukoka ndikulowetsanso galimoto yolakwika kapena kukakamiza kumanganso ndi Drive 1 yolembedwa kuti "active" ndi Drive 3 yolembedwa kuti "spare" amachititsa kuti date-day-day-day-day-day stale parity mikwingwirima**, kuwononga chikwatu chilichonse ndi fayilo yosinthidwa m'maola 72 apitawa.

Gawo 2: Kuyang'ana ma superblocks ndi Event zowerengera mosamala pagulu lopulumutsa la Linux¶

Kuti mupulumutse gulu lowonongeka la Synology, QNAP, TrueNAS, kapena Linux mosamala, chotsani ma drive onse omwe ali nawo (mutatha kulemba manambala awo a bay) ndikuwaphatikizira ku PC kapena seva yomwe ikuyenda **Ubuntu 22.04 LTS / 24.04 LTS ** (ngakhale yotulutsidwa kuchokera pa ndodo ya Live USB).

Khwerero 1: Ikani zida zopulumutsira zakale ku Ubuntu¶

Tsegulani terminal pamakina anu opulumutsira a Ubuntu ndikuyika zofunikira:

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install -y gddrescue smartmontools mdadm lvm2 btrfs-progs xfsprogs zfsutils-linux

Khwerero 2: Lembani chilembo chilichonse choyendetsa, nambala ya serial, ndi magawo ogawa¶

Lembani zida zonse zolumikizidwa ndi ma serial manambala awo kuti musasokoneze disk yopulumutsa ndi gwero la NAS disk:

lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,MODEL,SERIAL,FSTYPE,TYPE,MOUNTPOINTS

Yang'anani pa tebulo la magawo amtundu wa ** Synology DSM **, ** QNAP **, kapena ** TrueNAS ** galimoto:

Gawo 3: Yang'anani mdadm --examine kuti muwone chifukwa chake gululo lawonongeka (The Event Counter Matrix)¶

Pa Synology, QNAP, kapena Linux mdadm gulu, yang'anani metadata ya RAID pa magawo a data (mwachitsanzo, gawo 3 pa /dev/sdb3, /dev/sdc3, /dev/sdd3, /dev/sde3) popanda kukweza kapena kusintha chilichonse:

sudo mdadm --examine /dev/sd[b-e]3 | grep -E "Filename|Magic|Update Time|Events|Array State|Device Role"

Yerekezerani zotuluka pama drive onse anayi:

/dev/sdb3:
    Update Time : Sat Oct 31 14:12:09 2026
         Events : 482190
   Device Role : Active device 0
   Array State : A.AA ('A' == active, '.' == missing, 'R' == replacing)

/dev/sdc3:
    Update Time : Thu Oct 29 03:44:11 2026
         Events : 479012
   Device Role : Active device 1
   Array State : AAAA ('A' == active, '.' == missing, 'R' == replacing)

/dev/sdd3:
    Update Time : Sat Oct 31 14:12:04 2026
         Events : 482188
   Device Role : Active device 2
   Array State : A.AA ('A' == active, '.' == missing, 'R' == replacing)

/dev/sde3:
    Update Time : Sat Oct 31 14:12:09 2026
         Events : 482190
   Device Role : Active device 3
   Array State : A.AA ('A' == active, '.' == missing, 'R' == replacing)

Werengani mosamala nkhaniyi: 1. /dev/sdc3 (Device Role 1) ali ndi Events chiwerengero cha 479012 kuchokera masiku awiri apitawo (Oct 29). Kuyendetsa kumeneko kudayamba, masiku awiri apitawo, ndipo sikunakhalepo pa intaneti kuyambira pamenepo. 2. /dev/sdb3 (Role 0) ndi/dev/sde3 (Role 3) onse ali nawo Events : 482190 ku 14:12:09. 3. /dev/sdd3 (Role 2) ndi Events : 482188 ku 14:12:04, basi 5 masekondi ndi zochitika 2 kumbuyo ** sdb3 ndi sde3. 4. Mapeto: Muyenera kupanganso gululo pogwiritsa ntchito sdb3 (Role 0), sdd3 (Role 2), ndi sde3 (Role 3) (omwe zowerengera zake zimangosiyanitsidwa ndi nkhupakupa ziwiri), pomwe ** akuchoka sdc3 (Role 1) kunja kwathunthu.

Gawo 3: Konzani galimoto iliyonse pang'onopang'ono ndi GNU ddrescue¶

Asanayambe kuthamanga mdadm --assemble --force kapena zpool import -F, phatikizani pagalimoto iliyonse yofunikira (makamaka yoyendetsa yomwe idatsitsidwa komaliza chifukwa cha magawo oyipa, monga /dev/sdd mu chitsanzo pamwambapa) pagalimoto yopanda kanthu yofanana kapena yokulirapo, kapena kukhala yaiwisi .img wapamwamba pa voliyumu yayikulu yosungirako.

Gawo 1: Chifukwa ddrescue ndi mapfile ndi ovomerezeka¶

Standard dd amachotsa pa gawo loyamba loyipa, kapena ndi conv=noerror,sync imawononga maola ndikugata mitu yake yowerengedwa panjanji yowonongeka pomwe ma megabytes amadzaza ziro a data yabwino yoyandikana nayo. GNU ddrescue amagwira ntchito mwanzeru zamagawo ambiri: 1. Pass 1 (Kukopera gawo): Koperani zigawo zonse zathanzi, zoyankha mwachangu za disk pa liwiro lathunthu lotsatizana (150 MB/s ku 250 MB/s), kulumpha nthawi yomweyo midadada iliyonse yapang'onopang'ono kapena yosawerengeka kuti galimoto isatenthe kapena kufa musanatenge 99.99% data yabwino. 2. Pasi 2 (Gawo lochepetsera): Amawerenga mpaka m'mphepete mwa chipika chilichonse kuchokera kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo (reverse direction) kupatulira malo owonongeka mpaka gawo lenileni la 4 kilobyte hardware. 3. Pass 3 (Scraping phase): Imayesanso magawo omwe awonongeka pang'onopang'ono osakhazikitsanso basi mosayenera.

Gawo 2: Yambitsani magawo a 2 ddrescue clone command¶

Nthawi zonse tchulani mafile (sdd_rescue.map). Ngati gwero lakufa likuduka ndipo likufuna kuzungulira kwamagetsi, ddrescue amawerenga mapfile ndikuyambiranso pomwe adasiyira osawerenganso gawo limodzi lomwe adakopedwa kale:

# Stage 1: Fast forward pass skipping bad/slow blocks immediately (-n = no-scrape)
sudo ddrescue -f -n -b 4096 /dev/sdd /dev/sdh /root/sdd_rescue.map

# Stage 2: Targeted trimming and 3-retry scrape of the skipped bad sectors
sudo ddrescue -f -d -r 3 -b 4096 /dev/sdd /dev/sdh /root/sdd_rescue.map

Gawo 4: Kumanganso Synology DSM (SHR-1 / SHR-2 / Classic RAID), QNAP, ndi Linux mdadm¶

Ma drive anu opangidwa ndi makina (kapena zida zowerengera zokha) zakonzeka ndipo zoyendetsa zoyambira za NAS zatulutsidwa bwino, tsatirani dongosolo lomwe silingawononge papulatifomu yanu.

Chitsanzo A: Linux wamba mdadm kapena Synology Classic RAID (RAID 5 / RAID 6)¶

1. Imani tsankho lililonse md mndandanda womwe Ubuntu atha kuyesa kuyambitsa:

   cat /proc/mdstat
   sudo mdadm --stop /dev/md127
   

2. Kukakamiza-kusonkhanitsa magawo opangidwa (sdb3, sdd3, sde3, kusiya anthu amene anamwalira kalekale sdc3) mu **njira yowerengera-yokha **:

   sudo mdadm --assemble --force --readonly --verbose /dev/md2 /dev/sdb3 /dev/sdd3 /dev/sde3
   

   Onani zotsatira: mdadm adzanena forcing event count in /dev/sdd3(2) from 482188 up to 482190 ndi mdadm: /dev/md2 has been started with 3 drives (out of 4).
3. Tsimikizirani kuti gulu likugwira ntchito ndikulemba chizindikiro (auto-read-only) kapena (read-only):

   cat /proc/mdstat
   

Chitsanzo B: Synology Hybrid RAID (SHR-1 ndi SHR-2) ndi LVM2 ndi Btrfs / ext4¶

Synology's SHR (Synology Hybrid RAID) ndi 100 peresenti ya Linux yokhazikika mdadm + LVM2 (Logical Volume Manager): - Pamene ma drive onse mu dziwe la SHR ali ofanana (mwachitsanzo, ma drive anayi a 8 terabyte), Synology imapanga imodzi. mdadm Gawo la RAID 5 (md2 pagawo 3 la galimoto iliyonse) ndikuyika LVM2 gulu la volume (vg1000 kapena vg1) pamwamba pa md2. - Pamene ma drive mu dziwe la SHR ali ndi makulidwe osakanikirana (mwachitsanzo, ma drive awiri a 8 terabyte ndi ma 16 terabyte ma drive), Synology imapanga ziwiri zosiyana. mdadm magulu: md2 Gawo 5 (8 TB kagawo pamagalimoto onse 4 mu RAID 5) ndi md3 kudutsa Gawo 6 (zotsalira 8 TB kani pama drive awiri a 16 TB mu RAID 1), kenako ndikujowina md2 + md3 mu umodzi LVM2 Gulu la Volume (vg1000).

Kuyika voliyumu ya Synology SHR yowerengedwa pa Ubuntu mutatha kusonkhanitsa mwamphamvu /dev/md2 (ndi /dev/md3 ngati SHR yosakanikirana): 1. Jambulani Magulu Athupi a Synology LVM2 ndi Magulu Awiri:

sudo pvscan
sudo vgscan
sudo lvscan

sudo vgchange -ay /dev/vg1000

sudo mkdir -p /mnt/synology_rescue
sudo mount -t ext4 -o ro,noload /dev/vg1000/lv /mnt/synology_rescue

sudo mkdir -p /mnt/synology_rescue
sudo mount -t btrfs -o ro,norecovery /dev/vg1000/lv /mnt/synology_rescue

sudo mount -t btrfs -o ro,norecovery,usebackuproot /dev/vg1000/lv /mnt/synology_rescue

Nkhani C: Synology DSM 7+ Volume Encryption kapena Shared Folder Encryption (eCryptfs)¶

• Kubisa Chikwatu Chogawana (@sharename@ zikwatu zomwe zili ECRYPTFS_FNEK_ENCRYPTED... mafayilo): Koperani zonse @encrypted_share@ foda kuzimitsa /mnt/synology_rescue choyamba, kenako ndikuyiyika ndikuyilemba pa Ubuntu pogwiritsa ntchito mawu anu achinsinsi a Synology kapena .key wapamwamba:

  sudo apt-get install -y ecryptfs-utils
  sudo mkdir -p /mnt/decrypted_share
  sudo mount -t ecryptfs -o ro /mnt/synology_rescue/@encrypted_share@ /mnt/decrypted_share
  

• DSM 7.2+ Full Volume Encryption (LUKS): Ngati /dev/vg1000/lv ziwonetsero TYPE="crypto_LUKS" mu blkid, tsegulani kuti muwerenge-pokha pogwiritsa ntchito fayilo ya .rkey Fayilo ya Recovery Key idatsitsidwa pomwe voliyumu idapangidwa:

  sudo cryptsetup open --readonly --key-file /path/to/Volume1.rkey /dev/vg1000/lv synology_crypt
  sudo mount -o ro,norecovery /dev/mapper/synology_crypt /mnt/synology_rescue
  

Chithunzi D: QNAP QTS (LVM2 Thin Provisioning ndi DRBD wosanjikiza)¶

Magawo amakono a QNAP NAS (QTS 4.3+ / 5.x) lowetsani mfundo imodzi yamkati DRBD chipangizo (/dev/drbd1) pakati /dev/md1 ndi LVM2 Gulu la Volume (vg1). 1. Choyamba kakamizani kusonkhanitsa magawo a data a QNAP (/dev/sd[b-e]3) kuwerenga kokha /dev/md1:

sudo mdadm --assemble --force --readonly /dev/md1 /dev/sdb3 /dev/sdd3 /dev/sde3

Gawo 5: Kupulumutsa TrueNAS ndi Linux ZFS dziwe (RAIDZ1, RAIDZ2, RAIDZ3)¶

Ngati seva yanu yosungirako ikuyendetsa TrueNAS CORE, TrueNAS SALE, Proxmox VE, kapena Ubuntu ZFS, kuchira sikugwiritsa ntchito mdadm. M'malo mwake, ZFS imaphatikiza woyang'anira voliyumu ndikulemba-pa-kulemba (CoW) mafayilo amapangidwe amodzi omwe amamangidwa mozungulira Uberblocks ndi zotsatizana Magulu Ogulitsa (TXGs).

Khwerero 1: Yang'anani zolemba za 4 ZFS vdev (L0, L1, L2, L3) pa disk iliyonse yopangidwa¶

Gawo lililonse la mamembala a ZFS limasunga makope anayi ofanana a kasinthidwe ka dziwe ndi mndandanda wa 128 ** Uberblocks ** (zolemba ziwiri kutsogolo kwa gawolo, L0 ndi L1, ndi zilembo ziwiri kumapeto kwenikweni, L2 ndi L3). Thamangani zdb -l pagawo lililonse lopangidwa kuti liwone dziwe komanso gulu lodzipereka kwambiri la Transaction Group (txg):

sudo zdb -l /dev/sdb2 | grep -E "name:|state:|txg:|guid:" | head -n 20

Fananizani ndi txg: manambala pama drive onse opangidwa. Monga ngati mdadm's Events kauntala, ngati lita imodzi idasiya mphindi 5 mphamvu isanathe kapena dontho lachiwiri la disk, zake txg adzakhala otsika pang'ono kuposa ma disks otsalawo.

Khwerero 2: Lowetsani dziwe la ZFS mumayendedwe Owerengera Okha (-o readonly=on)¶

Choyamba onani maiwe olowetsedwa popanda kuyika chilichonse kudzera sudo zpool import -d /dev/disk/by-id. Osalowetsamo dziwe la ZFS lowonongeka kapena lotayidwa ndi ma disks ambiri mukamawerenga. Mukatumizidwa kunja ndi -o readonly=on, ZFS siyesa kuyambitsa chiwongolero, sichilemba ma Uberblocks atsopano, ndipo sichingawopsyeze kernel ngati mapu a danga awonongeka (spacemap) amakumana panthawi yogawa:

sudo mkdir -p /mnt/zfs_rescue
sudo zpool import -f -o readonly=on -R /mnt/zfs_rescue tank

Gawo 3: Ngati zpool import amalephera ndi I/O error kapena corrupted data, gwiritsani ntchito TXG Rollback (-F ndi -T)¶

Ngati ma drive awiri adatsika mkati mwa masekondi wina ndi mnzake pakuphulika kwakukulu, Transaction Group yaposachedwa kwambiri (TXG N) akhoza kukhala osakwanira pamizere yotsalayo, pomwe TXG N-1 kapena TXG N-2 (yolembedwa masekondi 5 mpaka 15 m'mbuyomo) ndi 100 peresenti mkati mwa Uberblock ring buffer.

1. Yesani chithunzithunzi chosawonongeka cha dry-run rollback (-F -n):

   sudo zpool import -f -o readonly=on -R /mnt/zfs_rescue -F -n tank
   

   Ngati ZFS ikunena Would be able to return pool to its state as of <timestamp>, yendetsani kubweza kowerengera kokha popanda -n:

   sudo zpool import -f -o readonly=on -R /mnt/zfs_rescue -F tank
   

2. Ngati -F sindingathe kuyikabe ma Uberblocks aposachedwa, lembani manambala a Uberblock TXG akale ndi zdb ndikulowetsa TXG yakale (-T):

   sudo zdb -e -ul /dev/sdb2 | grep -E "Uberblock|txg =|timestamp ="
   

   Sankhani a txg nambala kuyambira 30 mpaka 60 masekondi chisanachitike ngozi (mwachitsanzo, txg = 9481020) ndikulowetsamo dziwe lomwe laundana panthawi yomweyi mumayendedwe owerengera okha:

   sudo zpool import -f -o readonly=on -R /mnt/zfs_rescue -T 9481020 tank
   

Gawo 6: Kutsimikizira pambuyo pochira ndikuletsa kumangidwanso kwamtsogolo¶

Mukamaliza kukopera 100 peresenti ya zomwe mwapeza kuchokera /mnt/synology_rescue kapena /mnt/zfs_rescue pa chandamale chodziyimira pawokha, tsatirani mndandanda wazinthuzi ndi masinthidwe musanabwezeretse NAS yanu:

• Osagula ma drive onse a NAS kuchokera kwa ogulitsa omwewo tsiku lomwelo: Magalimoto ochokera kumalo opangira omwewo amagawana mitu yofananira ndi firmware, zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti alephere pakangotha maola angapo akumanganso. Sakanizani magulu kapena opanga (Seagate IronWolf / Exos, WD Red Plus / Ultrastar, Toshiba N300 / MG).
• Gwiritsani ntchito ma drive a NAS/Enterprise okha ndi TLER / SCT ERC yambitsani (kapena kwezani Linux mdadm Kutha kwa SCSI kwa ma drive apakompyuta): Kwa ma drive ogula mu Linux mdadm, kugwiritsa a udev lamulo kukweza /sys/block/sdX/device/timeout kuchokera 30 masekondi kuti 180 masekondi choncho mdadm amadikirira kukonzanso gawo lamkati m'malo mogwetsa galimotoyo.
• Samukani magulu okhala ndi ma drive akulu kuposa 8 TB kuchokera RAID 5 / SHR-1 / RAIDZ1 ku RAID 6 / SHR-2 / RAIDZ2: Ndi 12 TB ku 24 TB ma drive, nthawi zomanganso za gulu limodzi zimapitilira maola 30, kupanga magawo awiri (RAID 6 / SHR-2 / RAIDZ2) ndikofunikira kuti tipulumuke pagawo loyipa panthawi yakusintha.
• Konzani mwezi uliwonse Data Scrubbing (mdadm check / zpool scrub) ndi Zowonjezera SMART mayeso: Kukolopa pamwezi kukonzanso zolakwika zagawo zobisika (Current_Pending_Sector) pomwe ma drive onse ali pa intaneti.
• **Kumbukirani kuti RAID ndiyopezeka kwambiri, osasunga zosunga zobwezeretsera **: Tsatirani 3-2-1 njira zosunga zobwezeretsera ndi kope lopanda intaneti.

Nambala zangozi zachigawo ndi ndondomeko za bungwe¶

Kuzimitsidwa kosungirako komwe kumakhudza maukonde azachipatala, kulumikizana kwadzidzidzi, kapena zolemba zaumwini zimafunika kuchulukirachulukira:

• United States ndi Canada: Imbani 911 ngati kuwonongeka kosungirako kulepheretsa machitidwe azachipatala (EHR / PACS) kapena kutumiza. Nenani za NAS-chargeted ransomware (DeadBolt, LockBit, Akira) ku CISA (1-844-Say-CISA / cisa.gov/report), FBI IC3 (ic3.gov), kapena Canadian Center for Cyber ​​Security (1-833-CYBER-88).
• United Kingdom: Imbani 999 pazochitika zadzidzidzi zomwe zimakhudza chitetezo cha moyo kapena chisamaliro chachipatala cha NHS. Pansi pa GDPR yaku UK, muwone ngati kutayika kosakhazikika kosasinthika kumafuna kudziwitsa ICO (0303 123 1113) mkati mwa maola 72.
• European Union: Imbani 112 kudera lonse la EU. Mabungwe omwe ali pansi pa NIS2 Directive akuyenera kunena za kutha kwa ntchito ku CSIRT ya dziko lawo mkati mwa maola 24, komanso kutayika kwa data yamunthu kosatha kumayambitsa GDPR Article 33 lipoti mkati mwa maola 72.
• Australia ndi New Zealand: Imbani 000 ku Australia kapena 111 ku New Zealand; nenani zachitukuko kapena zochitika za ransomware NAS ku ACSC (1300 CYBER1) kapena CERT NZ (0800 237 869).
• India ndi Asia-Pacific: Imbani 112 ku India kuti ayankhe mwadzidzidzi; nenani zochitika zosungirako zida ku CERT-In (incident@cert-in.org.in) mkati mwa zenera lovomerezeka la maola 6.

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

Chifukwa chiyani? mdadm --assemble --force kukana kuyambitsa gulu langa la RAID 5 ndi not enough to start the array?¶

Mu 4-drive RAID 5 gulu, osachepera 3 mwa 4 magalimoto ziyenera kuperekedwa kwa mdadm --assemble --force. Thamangani sudo mdadm --examine /dev/sd[a-z]3 kuti muwone chifukwa chake galimoto yachitatu idakanidwa: mwina mwadutsa diski yonse m'malo mwa magawowo (/dev/sdd m'malo mwa /dev/sdd3), chipika chake chachikulu chidalembedwa kuti a Sungani ndi kumangidwanso kosokonekera, kapena makina ophatikizira a Ubuntu adatseka galimoto imodzi kuti isagwire ntchito /dev/md127 chipangizo (run sudo mdadm --stop --scan choyamba, kenako thamanganinso mdadm --assemble --force --readonly).

Bwanji ngati drive idayamba kumangidwanso (Recovery = 12%) galimoto yachiwiri isanatuluke?¶

Ngati Drive 2 ifa, mudayikapo Drive 2, ndi pa 12% kumanganso kupita patsogolo Drive 3 idatsika pa intaneti chifukwa cha gawo loyipa, musagwiritse ntchito 12% -omangidwanso m'malo Drive 2. M'malo mwake, yerekezerani choyambirira Drive 3 ndi drescue. Chifukwa Drive 3 inali yaposachedwa mpaka kumangidwanso kunayima pa 12%, kukakamiza kusonkhanitsa gulu lowerengera pokha pogwiritsa ntchito Drive 1, drescue chojambula cha Drive 3, ndi Drive 4 (kusiya Drive 2 kunja) kumakupatsani mndandanda wosasinthasintha.

Kodi ndingayike ma drive anga a Synology kapena QNAP mu chassis yatsopano ya NAS ngati magetsi a NAS kapena bolodi itafa?¶

Inde, onse Synology (Kusamuka kwa HDDndi QNAP (Direct NAS Migration) sungani kasinthidwe ka RAID pama drive okha. Komabe, ngati ma drive awiri kapena kuposerapo anali atasiya kale (`Volume Crashed`) galimotoyo isanamwalire, musawalowetse mkati mwa NAS chassis yatsopano, chifukwa wizadi yosamukira imatha kutsitsa magawo kapena kuyambitsa kumangidwanso kowononga. Pulumutsani zowerengera zokha pa Ubuntu poyamba.

Kodi ndingadziwe bwanji ngati galimoto yogwetsedwa ndi yotetezeka kuti igwirizane nayo? ddrescue motsutsana ndikufunika labu yoyeretsa?¶

Lumikizani choyendetsa ku SATA, yambitsani, ndikumvetsera kwa masekondi 10 mukuwonera sudo dmesg -w. Ngati galimotoyo ikupanga kugunda monyinyirika, kukwapula, kapena phokoso, imazungulira ndikubwerera pansi, kapena kunena mphamvu ngati 0 B / 4.1 GB mu lsblk ndi, mitu yowerengera / kulemba yalephera mwakuthupi: kudula mphamvu nthawi yomweyo ndikugwiritsa ntchito labu yoyeretsa. Ngati drive imayenda bwino, ikuwonetsa mphamvu yake yonse mkati lsblk ndi, ndi mitengo yokha Current_Pending_Sector kapena zolakwika zakutha, fananizani nazo drescue.

Kodi "RAID 5 Write Hole" ndi chiyani, ndipo amatero bwanji ZFS kapena Btrfs kupewa izi pamene magetsi kuzimitsidwa?¶

Mwachikhalidwe RAID 5 / RAID 6 popanda magazini, kukonzanso mizere kumafuna kulemba chipika cha data ndi chipika chofanana kukhala ma disks awiri nthawi imodzi. Ngati mphamvu ikulephera pakati polemba, deta ndi parity sizikugwirizananso (the Lembani Bowo). ZFS (`RAIDZ`) ndi Btrfs Chotsani bowo lolemba pogwiritsa ntchito Copy-on-Write (`CoW`), kulemba mizere yatsopano iliyonse kukhala midadada yosagwiritsidwa ntchito ndikusintha cholozera cha Uberblock/root pokhapokha mzere wonse uli pa disk.

Kodi ndingagwiritse ntchito dmsetup zokutira kuti muyese magawo a RAID popanda kusintha ma drive opangidwa?¶

Inde, mutha kupanga Copy-on-Write (`CoW`) zokutira pamwamba pa zida zowerengera zokha (`losetup --read-only`) pogwiritsa ntchito Linux dmsetup (`snapshot` target) mothandizidwa ndi mafayilo ochepa mkati /tmp. Aliyense akulemba kuchokera mdadm --assemble --force kapena fsck -y pita mu zotayidwa /tmp pamwamba, kukulolani kuti muyikenso mu sekondi imodzi ngati pakufunika.

Maupangiri ogwirizana¶

• Gulu la NAS RAID lawonongeka, kulephera kwa magalimoto angapo, ndi kuchira kwa ZFS/Btrfs
• Imfa ya RAID yowongolera khadi, kutengera kasinthidwe kakunja, ndi chifukwa chake simuyenera kuyambitsa ma disks
• Zovuta pagalimoto kulephera ndi kuchira deta
• SSD ndi NVMe njira yowerengera mwadzidzidzi, 0% zosungira, ndi TRIM yolepheretsa kupulumutsa
• Mwangozi rm -rf kapena `Shift+Delete' pa Linux, macOS, kapena Windows: kukweranso komweko
• Zosungira zamakompyuta, njira ya 3-2-1, ndi kubwezeretsa masoka
• Nambala zadzidzidzi malinga ndi dziko

Magwero ndi malangizo ovomerezeka¶

• Linux Raid Wiki (raid.wiki.kernel.org) & The Linux Kernel Organization: * Kubwezeretsanso RAID Yolephera Yamapulogalamu (mdadm --assemble --force --readonly ndi Zotsutsana ndi Zochitika)*.
• Free Software Foundation (GNU Project): *GNU ddrescue Buku: Forensic Data Recovery kuchokera Kulephera Media *.
• OpenZFS Documentation (openzfs.github.io): ZFS Pool Import Recovery (zpool import -F, Kuwerenga-Okha Zochokera, ndi zdb Kuyendera).
• Synology Inc.: Synology Knowledge Center: Ndingagwiritse ntchito bwanji PC kuti ndipezenso deta pamene Synology NAS yanga ikulephera (mdadm + LVM2 Kukwera).
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (United States): *Special Publication 800-209: Malangizo a Chitetezo pa Zosungirako Zosungirako *.