Pambuyo pa Moto Wakuthengo Kuwotcha Zipsera Zowonongeka ndi Kuthamangitsidwa Kwa Zinyalala¶

Moto woopsa ukazimitsa, ngozi yadzidzidzi kwa anthu okhala pansi pa mapiri oyaka idangolowa gawo lachiwiri. Kwa zaka ziwiri kapena zisanu moto wolusa kwambiri utachotsa denga la nkhalango, zinyalala, ndi ma netiweki a mizu, malo oyaka motowo amakhala choyambitsa tsitsi. Choipa kwambiri, kutentha kwambiri kwamoto kumatulutsa phula m'nkhalango ndikuziyendetsa pansi masentimita angapo pansi, kumene zimakhazikika mumatope oletsa madzi (hydrophobic) omwe amakhetsa madzi amvula ngati malo oimikapo magalimoto.

Mosiyana ndi kugumuka kwa nthaka komwe kumachitika m'nyengo ya mvula yomwe imafuna masiku amvula kuti igwetse dongo lakuya la m'mphepete mwa phiri, kusefukira kwa zinyalala pambuyo pa moto wolusa kumayambika mkati mwa 5 mpaka mphindi 15 ndi kuphulika kumodzi kochepa kwa mvula yamphamvu kwambiri. Kungoti 7 mpaka 12 millimeters (0.3 mpaka 0.5 mainchesi) mvula yogwa m’mphindi 15 pa chipsera chopsa kwambiri imatha kutulutsa phulusa, matope, matani amitengo, ndi miyala ya nsangalabwi yokulirakulira m’kati mwa matope osakanikirana ndi konkriti. Kuyenda m'zigwa ndikufalikira mosayembekezereka kudera lonseli ** mafani onse ** pa ** 30 mpaka 65 km / h (20 mpaka 40 mph) **, zinyalala zapambuyo pamoto zikuyenda ndikuphwanya nyumba pamaziko awo mumasekondi. Kudziwa chifukwa chake muyenera kuchoka maola ambiri *selo yamvula isanawotchedwe, chifukwa chake matumba amchenga sangathe kuyimitsa matope, komanso momwe mungapulumukire molunjika ngati atatsekeredwa usiku wonse kumapulumutsa miyoyo.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

1. Chokani nthawi yomweyo Pamene Lonjezo la Kusefukira kwa Flash kapena Lamulo Lothamangitsira Zinyalala laperekedwa m'dera lanu lomwe muli ndi zipsera, kutangotsala maola ochepa kuti mvula iyambe. Osadikirira mpaka mvula yamphamvu ikuwomba padenga lanu kuti mutuluke. Zinyalala za pambuyo pa moto wolusa zimayenda mkati mwa mphindi 5 mpaka 10 kuchokera ku mvula yamkuntho yomwe imagunda pamwamba pa phirili, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti miyala ndi matope zimatha kuyenda mumsewu wanu ngakhale mvula yambiri isanafike kunyumba kwanu m'munsi mwa phirilo; onani kugumuka kwa nthaka.
2. Musayesere kuyendetsa galimoto kudutsa msewu wopita ku canyon, matope amtundu wabulauni, kapena kuviika m'madzi otsika pansi pa chilonda chopsa. Zotayira zamoto zimakhala zowuma kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa madzi ndipo zimanyamula miyala yozama ya matani 5 ndi zipika zosongoka zomwe zimasesa magalimoto olemera amasewera ndi zozimitsa moto kuchoka pamilatho nthawi yomweyo.
3. Tamverani phokoso la phokoso la sitima yapamtunda yonyamula katundu, kung'ambika kwa mitengo, kapena kugwedezeka kwa miyala yomwe ikugundana kukwera mtunda. Mukamva kugwedezeka kwapansi pansi kapena kuona mtsinje wouma mwadzidzidzi, mwina mumagwa pang'onopang'ono (kusonyeza kuti pali damu kumtunda) kapena kusanduka matope okhuthala, akuda, otsamwitsidwa ndi phulusa, kutsogolo kumakhala zinyalala.
4. Thamangani kukwera ndi chammbali (kungoyang'ana ku ngalande ya canyon) ngati mutagwidwa panja ndi wapansi. Osathamanga molunjika kutsika kutsogolo kwa zinyalala; slurry ya mwala imayenda pa 10 mpaka 18 metres pa sekondi imodzi (33 mpaka 60 mapazi pa sekondi) ndipo imadutsa wothamanga aliyense. Kwerani pomwepo pakhoma lapafupi la chigwa chotsetsereka kapena m'mbali mwake kutali ndi pakati pa ngalandeyo.
5. Kwerani mpaka pamalo okwera kwambiri, padenga la nyumbayo, kapena padenga lakunja kwa nyumbayo ngati muli m'nyumba usiku. Ngati matope akugunda musanatuluke, **musamangokhala m'chipinda chapansi, chogona chapansi, kapena m'chipinda choyang'ana kuphiri **. Bweretsani nkhwangwa, khwangwala, kapena chida cholemera kuti muthyole denga la denga kuchokera mkati ngati matope akwera, ndikudziyika nokha padenga la nyumba kapena chipinda chachiwiri cham'mbali mwa *leeward (kutsika) * ya nyumbayo.
6. Khalani kutali ndi mayendedwe a canyon pambuyo podutsa mafunde oyamba ndikuyitanira thandizo ladzidzidzi ngati atsekeredwa. Zinyalala zapambuyo pamoto wolusa zimayenda nthawi zonse mu mafunde angapo odziwika bwino olekanitsidwa ndi mphindi 5 mpaka 45 pamene mitengo ya kumtunda ikuphulika; kuphulika kwa miyala yachiwiri kapena yachitatu nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa koyamba. Imbani nambala yanu yazadzidzi (911 ku United States ndi Canada, 112 kudutsa European Union, 999 ku United Kingdom) kapena onani manambala angozi.

Chifukwa chiyani mathithi otenthedwa amatulutsa matope oopsa chifukwa cha kuphulika kwamvula kwakanthawi¶

Moto wolusa ukayaka, eni nyumba ambiri amayang'ana za nyengo yofuna mvula yokwana mamilimita 15 okha ndipo amaganiza kuti palibe vuto lililonse chifukwa chigwa chawo chimatha kupirira mphepo yamkuntho yamamilimita 100 m'nyengo yozizira moto usanayambe. Akatswiri a sayansi ya nthaka ku United States Geological Survey (USGS) ndi mabungwe owopsa padziko lonse lapansi amatsindika kuti moto wolusa umapangitsa kuti madzi asamayende bwino pogwiritsa ntchito njira zinayi:

flowchart TD
    A["Zovala Zamoto Zam'tchire Zazikulu Zamadzi"] --> B["Dothi la Hydrophobic (Lochotsa Madzi) + Kutayika kwa Canopy & Litter"]
    B --> C{"Convective Rain Rain Hits Burn Scar: >6 mm (0.25 mu) mu Mphindi 15?"}
    C -->|"Ayi: Kuthirira pang'ono pang'ono"| D["Phulusa ndi matope osefukira; kuyang'anitsitsa NWS Flash Flood Watches mwatcheru"]
    C -->|"Inde: Mvula yamkuntho yaifupi"| E["Kulowa Kukanika: Masamba amasefukira amabowola ndi bedi la canyon"]
    E --> F["KUYAMBIRA KWA ZINYANJA KUKHALA MU Mphindi 5 MPAKA 15: Matanthwe + Zipika + Phulusa Slurry"]
    F --> G{"Kodi mwasamutsidwa kale kunja kwa Alluvial Fan Zone?"}
    G -->|"Inde"| H["Khalani kunja mpaka zovomerezeka Zomveka; samalani ndi ma pulse ambiri"]
    G -->|"Ayi: Kutsekeredwa m’nyumba kapena m’chigwa chikabangula"| I["Sunthani MWAMODZI kupita Pansi pa 2 kapena Padenga pa Downhill Side (kapena kukwera otsetsereka wapansi)"]

1. Mapangidwe a nthaka ya Hydrophobic (opanda madzi).¶

Singano zamoyo zapaini, masamba a chaparral, zinyalala za bulugamu, ndi mafangasi a m'nthaka zimakhala ndi phula lachilengedwe la hydrophobic (lodana ndi madzi) ndi lipids. Pamoto wakuthengo kumene kutentha kwa dothi kumafika ku 200 mpaka 600 digiri Celsius (400 mpaka 1,100 madigiri Fahrenheit):

1. Zinyalala zomwe zili pamwamba pa nthaka zimapsereza mpaka phulusa labwino kwambiri, pamene phula lomwe lili pansi pake limasanduka nthunzi kukhala mpweya.
2. Mbali ina ya nthunzi wa waxy imasunthira pansi motsatira kutentha kotsetsereka kupita ku dothi lozizira kwambiri la ma centimita 2 mpaka 8 ( mainchesi 1 mpaka 3) pansi pa nthaka.
3. Ukakhudza njere za nthaka yozizirirapo, nthunziwo umafupikitsa ndi kuvala mchenga ndi dothi lililonse mufilimu yosalekeza yomangika ndi mankhwala ya sera yopanda madzi.
4. Pamwamba pa chotchinga ichi pali bulangeti lopyapyala la 2-5-centimeter (1-inchi-2-inchi) la phulusa lamoto wakuthengo ndi chimoto. Mvula ikawomba, phulusa lopyapyalalo limasungunuka pasanathe mphindi zitatu, silingalowerere pansi pa phula la hydrophobic lomwe lili pansi pake, ndipo limatsetsereka m'mbali mwa phiri lonse ngati chipale chonyowa chomwe chikutsetsereka papoto yopendekeka.

2. Hyper-zouma nthaka micropore kusindikiza ndi phulusa kutsekeka¶

Ngakhale kumene phula la hydrophobic limakhala lachigamba, phulusa lowoneka bwino lamoto wamtchire limatsuka m'mabowo adothi lachilengedwe ndi ngalande za nyongolotsi zokhala ndi madontho amvula oyamba, ndikuzimanga ngati simenti yonyowa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, madontho a mvula omwe amagwa mwachindunji kuchokera kumwamba pamtunda wa mamita 9 pamphindi (mamita 30 pa sekondi), osagwedezeka kapena kuchepetsedwa ndi nthambi za mitengo, singano za paini, kapena burashi, nyundo dothi lopanda kanthu mwachindunji (** mvula yamvula ikuphulika **), kuchotsa matani mamiliyoni ambiri a dothi lotayirira.

3. Kuchulukirachulukira kopitilira muyeso motsutsana ndi kugumuka kolowera¶

Kusiyanitsa uku ndiye lingaliro limodzi lofunikira kwambiri pakupulumuka pambuyo pamoto:

4. Momwe mphuno ya mwala imapangidwira ndikuwononga zomanga¶

Pamene phulusa ndi madzi othamanga kwambiri amayenda paphiri lotsetsereka lokhala ngati V, limatenga chilichonse chomwe chakhala mumtsinje wouma kuyambira zaka zana zapitazi: mitengo yoyaka yogwa, miyala yotayirira, ndi miyala ikuluikulu (**kuchulukirachulukira **, komwe kumachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa madziko ndi kakhumi kapena kupitilira apo). Chifukwa cha fizikiki ya njere mkati mwa churning slurry (kinetic sieving), **miyala yayikulu kwambiri yamatani angapo ndi mitengo ikuluikulu yamitengo imakankhidwa molunjika kutsogolo ndi m'mphepete mwa mafunde osuntha , kupanga mphuno yayikulu, yolimba ** yamwala 2 mpaka 6 mita kutalika (6 ft).

Kuseri kwa khoma lamwalali, matope amadzi akukankha ngati pistoni ya hydraulic. Pamene mphuno ya mwalawo ituluka pakamwa pa chigwa cha phirilo kupita ku malo osalala pansi, miyalayo imakhala ngati nkhonya yoswayo imene imaboola molunjika m’makoma a nyumba zogonamo, kuthyola mizati, ndi kusenga milatho pazibowo zawo, pamene matope amadzimadzi kumbuyo kwake amadzaza zipinda mpaka kudenga ndi kukwirira okhalamo.

Kumvetsetsa zoopsa za alluvial fan: chifukwa chiyani kukhala kutali ndi bedi la mtsinje sikuli bwino¶

Anthu ambiri okhala pamtunda wa 200 mpaka 500 (mamita 650 mpaka 1,650) kuchokera kumtsinje wa canyon amakhulupirira kuti ali pachiwopsezo chifukwa kusefukira kwamadzi nthawi zonse kumakhala mkati mwa mtsinje wa konkire kapena bedi laling'ono. Pakutha kwa zinyalala pambuyo pamoto wakuthengo, lingaliro limenelo ndi lakupha chifukwa cha alluvial fan avulsion.

Kodi alluvial fan ndi chiyani ndipo plugging (avulsion) imagwira ntchito bwanji?¶

Pafupifupi dera lililonse la m'mphepete mwa mapiri lomwe limamangidwa m'munsi mwa mapiri limakhala pa apuloni wofatsa, wooneka ngati kondomu wamatope akale otchedwa alluvial fan. Chokupiziracho chinamangidwa zaka masauzande ambiri ndi zinyalala zam'mbuyo zamoto zomwe zidatuluka mkamwa mwa canyon ndikugwetsa miyala yawo.

Pamene zinyalala zamakono zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha pambuyo pa moto wolusa zituluka m'chigwa chotsetsereka kupita kumalo otsetsereka a kumunsi kwa mapiri:

1. Kumangika kwa mlatho mumasekondi 30: Mafunde oyamba a mitengo ikuluikulu yotenthedwa ya mamita 10 (mapazi 33) ndi miyala ya mita 3 (mapazi 10) amafika pa mlatho woyamba wapafupi ndi mlatho kapena njira yolowera mkuntho. Chifukwa kanjirako kanangopangidwira madzi amvula abwino, miyala ndi matabwa nthawi yomweyo zimapanikizana potsegula, ndikutseka ngalandeyo ndi 100 peresenti kutseka.
2. Kudumpha nthawi yomweyo (kugwedezeka): M'mphindi zochepa chabe, mamiliyoni otsatirawa malita amatope ndi miyala ikuluikulu pamwamba pa mlatho wotsekedwa ndi kulumpha kuchokera pamtsinje (avulsion), misewu yokhotakhota, misewu yopita, ndi ma cul-de-sacs mtunda wa theka la kilomita kulowa mumsewu wawukulu watsopano.
3. Kugawanika kwa lobe kosayembekezereka: Pamene miyala yamwala imagwera pa nthaka yathyathyathya, imapanga madamu nthawi yomweyo omwe amapatutsa mafunde otsatirawa 45 mpaka 90 madigiri kumanzere kapena kumanja kudutsa nyumba zomwe zinali zisanasefukirepo m'mbiri yolembedwa.

Kuwerenga zowona kuti mvula ikugwa komanso mamapu owopsa pambuyo pamoto¶

Nyengo yamvula isanakwane mvula yamkuntho isanayambike, mabungwe adziko lapansi a geological ndi nyengo (monga gulu la USGS Post-Fire Debris-Flow Hazard Assessment ndi National Weather Service ku United States, kapena akuluakulu aboma achitetezo amtundu wofananira) amafalitsa kuwunika kwadzidzidzi kwachiwopsezo chachikulu chilichonse.

Kuchuluka kwa mvula (I15 ndi I60)¶

Kuyenda kwa zinyalala pambuyo pa moto kumayendetsedwa ndi kugwa kwamvula kwakanthawi kochepa (momwe kumabvumba mwamphamvu pakadutsa mphindi 15), osati kuchuluka kwa namondwe wa maola 24:

• Kufikira kwamphamvu kwamvula kwa mphindi 15 (I15): Pa chilonda chatsopano cha Chaka 1 chotentha kwambiri chokhala ndi otsetsereka (>23 mpaka 30 madigiri), mvula ya mphindi 15 yofanana ndi 16 mpaka 24 millimeters pa ola (0.6 mpaka 0.95 mainchesi pa ola), kutanthauza **4 mpaka 6 mamilimita 5 mvula kugwa 0.2 mamilimita 0. Zenera la mphindi 15 **, nthawi zambiri limakwanira kuyambitsa matope owopsa ndi zinyalala.
• Chifukwa chiyani mabingu opindika ndi mitsinje ya mumlengalenga ndi omwe akupha kwambiri: Mphepo yamkuntho imatha kugwetsa mvula yamamilimita 3 ( mainchesi 0.12) pa ola tsiku lonse osayambitsa slide. Komabe, ngati mvula yopapatiza ** yopapatiza yozizira yakutsogolo (NCFR)** kapena cell mkuntho wopindika ikadutsa pamwamba pa phiri nthawi ya 3:00 AM ndikugwetsa mvula ya mamilimita 10 (0.4 mainchesi) mumphindi 12, dambo lonselo limatha kulephera nthawi imodzi mumdima anthu akagona.

Zaka 2 mpaka 5 za nthawi yobwezeretsa madzi¶

Kodi chilonda chamoto chimakhalabe chowopsa mpaka liti pamene moto wazima?

Kusamuka kwa mphepo yamkuntho isanakhale ndi mndandanda wakukonzekera kwa anthu okhala ndi zipsera¶

Ngati nyumba yanu ikukhala mkati kapena motsetsereka kwa madzi otenthedwa (pakati pa 1 mpaka 5 kilomita / 0.6 mpaka 3 mailosi kuchokera m'munsi mwa mapiri m'mphepete mwa ngalande kapena fan fan), tsatirani izi nyengo yamvula isanayambe:

• Chongani mapu ovomerezeka a malo anu a Post-Fire Debris Flow Hazard: Lumikizanani ndi ofesi yoyang'anira zadzidzidzi m'boma lanu, bungwe loyang'anira chitetezo cha boma, kapena tsamba la kafukufuku wa geological kuti mutsimikizire ngati msewu wanu uli m'malo osefukira ndi zinyalala kapena njira yotsatsira zinyalala.
• Lembetsani kulowa mu Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA) ndi kuyimbanso mafoni a m'manja-911: Sungani foni yanu yam'manja kuti idutse "Musasokoneze" kapena "Kugona Kwambiri" kuti mupewe zidziwitso zadzidzidzi ndi National Weather Service **Machenjezo a Chigumula ndi "Zowoneka bwino" kapena "Zowonongeka * zilizonse zosokoneza usiku"
• Gulani zosunga zobwezeretsera za batri ya NOAA Weather Radio (kapena wailesi yapadziko lonse yowulutsa zadzidzidzi) yokhala ndi alamu yaphokoso: nsanja zam'manja za m'zitunda zowotchedwa zamapiri nthawi zambiri zimataya mphamvu zosunga zobwezeretsera kapena mizere yawo ya fiber-optic imaduka ndi kugwa kwamatope koyamba.
• Mvetserani kuti zikwama zamchenga ndi njanji zimangopatutsa matope osaya: Mukayika zikwama zamchenga kapena makoma okhotakhota pamalo anu, alondoleni pamalo osaya 30-to-45-degree diagonal kuti mutsogolere matope osaya kuzungulira m'makona a nyumbayo kulowera msewu m'malo momanga dziwe lathyathyathya la madigiri 90, lomwe limadutsa panjira yanu. Osadalira matumba amchenga m'malo mochoka pa Chenjezo la Zinyalala Zofiira/Zovomerezeka.
• Zida zopulumutsira zoyimirira pamalo anu apamwamba kapena m'chipinda cham'mwamba: Ngati mvula yamkuntho pakati pausiku iyambitsa zinyalala mosachenjezedwa musananyamuke, sungani *nkhwangwa ya ozimitsa moto kapena chotchinga cholemera, macheka a batire, nyali zowala kwambiri, mluzu, zofunda zaubweya wotentha, ndi chofunda choyamba chothandizira padenga lanu amatha kubowola padenga ngati matope adzaza pansanjika yoyamba.

Zoyenera kuchita ngati atatsekeredwa m'nyumba kapena mgalimoto panthawi ya zinyalala¶

Mukamva mkokomo wa zinyalala zomwe zikuyandikira kapena matope akuyamba kugunda khoma la nyumba yanu, muli ndi mphindi zosakwana 30 kuti muchitepo kanthu:

Mkati mwa nyumba: choyimirira ndi chotsika¶

1. Nyamukani nthawi yomweyo: Limbikirani mpaka pansanjika yachiwiri kapena yachitatu, kapena kukwera m'chipinda chapamwamba kapena panja pamwamba pa denga. M'nyumba yansanjika imodzi yopanda chipinda chachiwiri, kwerani pazipinda zolimba za kukhitchini, zida zazitali zazitali, kapena molunjika kudzera padenga lolowera padenga lolowera padenga.
2. Khalani ku mbali ya DOWNHILL (leeward) yanyumbayo: Osabisala m'chipinda chomwe chili moyang'anizana ndi malo otsetsereka kapena canyon. Makoma a mapiri amakoka mwachindunji, kuphwanyidwa kwa miyala ndi makungwa a mitengo; kusunthira ku zipinda zakutali zotsika kumayika chimango chonse cha nyumbayo pakati pa inu ndi mphuno ya mwala.
3. Osalowa mchipinda chapansi kapena garaja yapansi panthaka: Zipinda zapansi zimadzaza ndi matope amadzimadzi ngati simenti mumasekondi 10, kutsekereza anthu okhalamo ndi ziro thumba la mpweya ndi kuphwanya zitseko zotsekedwa ndi matani amatope a hydrostatic.
4. Yang'anani pakutha kwa gasi ndi mawaya otsika: Zinyalala zimasenga mita za gasi wachilengedwe kuchokera pakhoma lakunja kwa nyumba ndikugwetsa ma transformer amphamvu kwambiri. Musayatse machesi kapena makandulo; gwiritsani ntchito nyali za LED.

Pambuyo pakuyenda kwa zinyalala kugunda: kupulumutsa ena ndikupewa mafunde achiwiri¶

• MUSAMAYANDILE matope atsopano, otaya zinyalala: Matope omwe angoikidwa kumene amakhala ngati mchenga wa thixotropic**: matope opyapyala ouma amatha kupangika pamwamba pasanathe ola limodzi, pomwe matopewo otalika masentimita 30 (ma mainchesi 12) pansi amakhala ngati matope ozama mpaka mita 3 (mamita 10). Kuponda m'matope atsopano kumapangitsa kuti opulumutsawo amire pachifuwa chawo ndikulephera kuyenda pomwe miyala ina yamwala ikukwera m'chigwacho.
• Dikirani kuti kuzungulira kwa mafunde ambiri kuthe: Pitirizani kuyang'ana ndikumvetsera mukukwera kuchokera pamalo okwera. Perekani chithandizo choyamba kwa anthu okhudzidwa omwe angathe kuwafikira kuchokera padenga lolimba, malo okwera osasunthika, kapena kudzera pamatabwa/makwerero otetezedwa m'mphepete mwake.
• Chiritsani opulumuka chifukwa cha kuvulala kophwanyidwa, hypothermia, ndi kutentha kwa phulusa: Ozunzidwa omwe amachotsedwa mumatope ozizirira m'nyengo yozizira amayamba kuyika moyo wawo pachiwopsezo. hypothermia, crush syndrome, ndi chibayo chofuna kupuma pokoka madzi aphulusa amoto wamtchire amatope. Tsukani matope m'maso ndi m'kamwa ndi madzi oyera, kulungani munthuyo m'mabulangete owuma otentha, ndikudikirira kukwera kwa helikopita kapena magulu ofufuza ndi kupulumutsa anthu m'tauni.

Kutsekeka kwa magalimoto, ma rock-ravel rockfalls, ndi mabeseni a zinyalala zamatauni¶

Pafupi ndi malo okhala pa mafani a alluvial, madera amoto pambuyo pa moto wolusa amakhala ndi zoopsa zambiri, zomwe zikupitilira kwa anthu omwe amayendetsa misewu yayikulu yamapiri, oyenda m'njira za canyon, ndi malo omwe ali moyandikana ndi malo owongolera kusefukira kwamadzi.

1. Miyala yowuma mvula isanagwe¶

Simufunikanso mvula yamkuntho kuti chipsera chatsopano chokwirira msewu waukulu wamapiri. M'nyengo yachilimwe chonse ndi m'dzinja patangotha moto wolusa, njira yachilengedwe yotchedwa dry ravel imachitika mosalekeza pamapiri otsetsereka kuposa madigiri 30:

• Momwe umagwirira ntchito mowuma: Kwa zaka zambiri moto usanayambike, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, miyala, ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayenda kumtunda tinkagwidwa ndi kusungidwa m'malo mwake ndi tsinde lamitengo, udzu, ndi mizu yamitengo yamoyo (kupanga matera ang'onoang'ono otchedwa "madamu a zomera" kuseri kwa chitsamba chilichonse). Moto wolusa ukayaka tsinde ndi mizu yake yosazamayo kukhala phulusa, matani mamiliyoni ambiri a miyala, zinyalala, ndi miyala yaukulu wa mpira amasiya kugwira ntchito.
• Mitsinje yoyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu yokoka: Yoyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu yokoka, kufutukuka/kuchepa kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku, ndi kamphepo kayeziyezi ka masana, miyala yowuma ndi phulusa limawoloka paphiri lopserera ngati mchenga muola la ola, ndikuwunjika mkatikati mwa mitsinje youma ndikusefukira m'misewu yayikulu yamapiri.
• Pamagalimoto otetezeka m'makonde owuma: Osayimitsa kapena kuyimitsa galimoto yanu pansi pa msewu wotsetsereka, womwe wadetsedwa kumene kuti mujambule zithunzi. Yang'anani miyala ya nkhonya ikugwera pa phula, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatsogolera kutulutsidwa kwa mwala wokulirapo pambuyo poti mizu yoyaka yamitengo yomwe ili ndi thanthwe itasiya.

2. Zoyenera kuchita ngati galimoto yanu itagwidwa mumsewu waukulu wa canyon pa nthawi ya mvula itagwa¶

Misewu ikuluikulu yamapiri yodutsa m'zigwa zowotchedwa ndi malo amodzi owopsa kwambiri pamene mvula yamkuntho imagunda pamadzi:

1. Musalowe mumsewu wa canyon pa nthawi ya Flash Flood Watch chifukwa cha chipsera chopsa: Madipatimenti amsewu amsewu nthawi zambiri amatseka njira zowotchedwa zamphepo yamkuntho, chifukwa mvula ikawomba kamodzi kokha imagwetsa zinyalala m'mphepete mwa msewu m'makwanja 20, ndikutsekereza galimoto iliyonse mkati mwa canyon pakati pa matanthwe otsetsereka ndi mtsinje wotuluka pansi.
2. Ngati atagwidwa mukuyendetsa mvula yamkuntho ndi matope ayamba:
3. OSATI kubisala pansi pa mlatho wa canyon kapena mkati mwa njira yopapatiza: Milatho ndi ma culverts ndi malo enieni omwe zinyalala zam'mbali zimasefukira mumsewu waukulu ndikumangika.
4. OSATI kuyesera kuyendetsa pamwala ndi matope omwe akusefukira pa phula: Ngakhale lilime lakuya masentimita 30 (12-inch) lamatope oyaka ndi zipsera zowoloka mumsewu waukulu limakhala ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu komanso miyala yomwe imafika pakatikati pa kavalo wagalimoto yanu nthawi yomweyo, kukanikizira galimoto yanu molunjika pansi (mamita 13-4) kutsika pansi (mamita 13-4) kenako.
5. Ikani pagawo lalitali kwambiri, lopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri lodzaza kutali ndi machuti am'mbali: Yang'anani m'mbali mwa phiri pamwamba pa msewu. Pewani kuyima pansi pa mitsinje yooneka ngati V, mitsinje, kapena timipata touma ta mathithi. Kokani pagawo lotambasuka kwambiri lamsewu mukukumbatira mphuno yotakata (malo opindikira kunja kwa phiri m'malo mwaphokoso lamkati).
6. Siyani galimotoyo ndikukwera Mmwamba mphuno yapamtunda ngati matope akukwera mozungulira mawilo: Mosiyana ndi kusefukira kwa madzi mumsewu kapena mumsewu waukulu wakuda wa ayezi, ngati galimoto yanu yakhala yosasunthika panjira ya zinyalala zomwe zikuyenda pambuyo pamoto ndipo matope akuwunjikana pazitseko zanu, galimotoyo idzaphwanyidwa kapena kusefukira. Masulani wokwera aliyense nthawi yomweyo, tulukani m'mbali kapena zenera kutali ndi matope oyenda, ndipo yendani molunjika m'mbali mwa m'mphepete mwake (osalowa m'ngalande) osachepera 15 mpaka 30 mita (50 mpaka 100 mapazi) molunjika pamwamba pa msewu.

3. Momwe mabeseni a zinyalala zamatauni ndi madamu amagwirira ntchito (ndi momwe amapitilira)¶

M'madera ambiri omwe mumakhala moto wolusa (monga Southern California, European Alps, Japan, ndi Taiwan), akatswiri oletsa kusefukira amamanga mabeseni akuluakulu adothi kapena konkriti otchedwa mabeseni a zinyalala m'mphepete mwa mapiri pamwamba pa malo okhalamo:

Thanzi la pambuyo pazochitika, zofunikira, ndi zoopsa zachilengedwe m'matope oyaka¶

Zinyalala zikasiya kuyenda ndipo akuluakulu azadzidzidzi alola kulowa, misewu yamatope yakuda ndi imvi yomwe ili ndi matope ndi nyumba zimawonetsa zoopsa za mankhwala, zachilengedwe, komanso kapangidwe kake:

• Zitsulo zapoizoni ndi phulusa lamatabwa la caustic: Matope a pambuyo pa moto wolusa si dothi loyera la m'nkhalango. Lili ndi calcium hydroxide (phulusa lamatabwa la caustic lomwe lili ndi pH yayikulu yomwe imayambitsa kutentha kwa khungu ndi maso), ma polycyclic onunkhira ma hydrocarboni (PAHs), ma dioxin, ndi zitsulo zolemera ( lead, arsenic, hexavalent chromium, ndi cadmium) zotuluka m'nyumba zowotchedwa, mapanelo osungunuka amoto, mabatire amoto osungunuka, mabatire okwera kwambiri. Nthawi zonse valani nsapato za rabara zopanda madzi, magolovesi olemera a nitrile/neoprene, magalasi otetezera chitetezo, ndi chopumira cha N95/P100 poyeretsa matope ouma oyaka; onani mankhwala amatha.
• Kuyipitsidwa kwa zimbudzi zosapanga dzimbiri: Maboulder amawomba pafupipafupi mitsuko ya zinyalala zamatauni ndikung'amba matanki otayira okhalamo, kusakaniza zimbudzi za anthu ndi *E. coli * mabakiteriya m'matope onse. Sambani nthawi yomweyo chodulidwa kapena khwalala lomwe lili ndi dothi lotayirira ndi sopo ndi madzi owiritsa m'botolo, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti katemera wanu wa kafumbata alipo.
• Makina osokonekera amadzi akumwa: Zinyalala zimasenga mapaipi ogawa madzi apansi panthaka ndikusefukira malo oyeretsera madzi a tauni omwe amasefukira ndi phulusa lambiri. Tangoganizani kuti madzi apampopi ndi osatetezeka kumwa mpaka zida zamadzi zakumaloko zitakweza malangizo onse; onani chitetezo cha madzi ndi zidziwitso za chithupsa.
• Kuwononga maziko obisika: Ngakhale nyumba itawoneka yowongoka pambuyo poti matope azungulira mozungulira, miyala yomwe imakantha khoma la maziko okwera kapena dothi lothamanga kwambiri lomwe limachotsa dothi lotalika mamita 2 (6.5 mapazi) kuchokera pansi pa ngodyayo lingasiye nyumbayo kukhala yokonzeka kugwa. Osayatsa magetsi kapena kulowa m'nyumba yomwe ili ndi matope mpaka injiniya womanga nyumba atayang'ana maziko ndi mizere ya gasi.

Ganizirani za kumaliza maphunziro ovomerezeka a First Aid, CPR, ndi Disaster Preparedness kudzera ku Red Cross, St John Ambulance, kapena Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) yanu.

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

Kodi nchifukwa ninji mvula yaing’ono ya mphindi 15 ingayambitse matope aakulu pambuyo pa moto wolusa pamene chimphepo chamkuntho sichinayambitsepo mafunde?¶

Moto wolusa usanayaka, denga lamitengo, singano za paini, ndi dothi lokhala ndi timabowo, zimakhala ngati siponji yaikulu imene imamwetsa mvula yambiri isanayambike. Moto wolusa kwambiri umathyola zomera zonse zoteteza ndi kusungunula phula, lomwe limaunjikana m'munsi mwake n'kupanga kutumphuka kopanda madzi (hydrophobic). Mvula ikagwa pang’ono chabe m’mphindi 15 zokha, mvula imagwa 6 mpaka 12 millimeters (0.25 mpaka 0.5 mainchesi), madziwo sangalowerere m’nthaka ya hydrophobic; m’malo mwake, imagwa mofulumira m’mbali mwa phiri lonse mwakamodzi, n’kumakwapula phulusa lotayirira, dothi, mitengo yotenthedwa, ndi miyala yotuluka m’zigwa zotsetsereka kupanga zinyalala zoyenda mofulumira mkati mwa mphindi 5 mpaka 15.

Kodi zinyalala zomwe zimatuluka pambuyo pa moto wolusa zimasiyana bwanji ndi kusefukira kwamadzi?¶

Kusefukira kwamadzi nthawi zambiri kumakhala madzi amadzimadzi okhala ndi silt pang'ono, pomwe kutuluka kwa zinyalala pambuyo pa moto wamtchire kumakhala kowuma, kowoneka bwino kopangidwa ndi 60 mpaka 80 peresenti yolimba, phulusa, mitengo yozuka, ndi miyala ya matani angapo osasinthasintha komanso kulemera kwa konkriti yonyowa (pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa madzi). Chifukwa chakuti miyala ikuluikulu imakankhidwira kutsogolo kwa mafunde, zinyalala zimayenda kuŵirikiza kakhumi kapena kasanu mphamvu ya madzi osefukira, kuswa molunjika m’makoma a nyumba, kuswa milatho ya konkire, ndi kutseka ngalande za namondwe kotero kuti madzi osefukirawo adumphire m’misewu yapafupi.

Chifukwa chiyani nyumba yanga ili pachiwopsezo chifukwa cha zinyalala zomwe zitawotchedwa ngakhale nditakhala kutali ndi mtsinje wamtsinje?¶

Malo oyandikana ndi mapiri m'munsi mwa mapiri amamangidwa pa mafani a alluvial, omwe ndi matope akuluakulu omwe amasungidwa ndi zinyalala zakale. Pamene zinyalala zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutenthedwa ndi moto zituluka pakamwa paphompho lokhala ndi miyala ikuluikulu ndi thunthu la mitengo yopiringizika, nthawi yomweyo limatseka mlatho woyamba, mlatho, kapena ngalande ya madzi osefukira yomwe imagunda. M'mphindi zochepa chabe, mafunde otsatirawa amatope ndi miyala amasefukira njira yotsekeka (kugwedezeka) ndikutembenuza misewu yokhalamo, mipata, ndi mayadi mazana a mita kuchokera kumtsinje kupita kunjira yatsopano yamwala.

Ndiyenera kuchita chiyani ngati chigumula chamoto chikawomba nyumba yanga pakati pausiku ndisanasamuke?¶

Musatuluke panja ndi phazi mumsewu wamdima, ndipo musamakhale m'chipinda chapansi, chipinda choyamba, kapena chipinda chilichonse chakumtunda kwa nyumbayo. Nthawi yomweyo dzutsani aliyense ndikukwera pamwamba pa nyumbayo, monga chipinda chachiwiri, chapamwamba, kapena padenga, ndikudziyika nokha kumbali yotsika (leeward) ya nyumbayo kutali ndi miyala yomwe ikukhudza. Bweretsani nkhwangwa, nkhwangwa, kapena chida cholemera m'chipinda chapamwamba kuti mutha kutulukira padenga ngati matope adzaza nyumbayo, ndikukhala pamalo okwera chifukwa zinyalala zomwe zimayaka moto zimatuluka m'mafunde angapo olekanitsidwa ndi mphindi 5 mpaka 45.

Magwero afufuzidwa¶

• United States Geological Survey (USGS, Landslide Hazards Program): Kuwunika Mwadzidzidzi kwa Zowopsa Zazinyalala Zazinyalala Zapambuyo pa Moto, Ma Rainfall Intensity Thresholds (I15), ndi Alluvial Fan Avulsion Mechanics
• Nyuzipepala ya National Weather Service (NWS) ndi NOAA (United States): Kutentha kwa Chigumula cha Scar Flash Flow ndi Zinyalala Malangizo Ochenjeza ndi Kukonzekera/Kukonzekera Chenjezo
• California Geological Survey (CGS) ndi CAL FIRE (United States): Post-Wildfire Watershed Emergency Response Team (WERT) Reports and Homeowner Mudslide Survival Guides
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA / Ready.gov, United States): Kugumuka kwa nthaka, Kusefukira kwa Zinyalala, ndi Zowopsa za Chigumula Pambuyo pa Moto
• Natural Resources Canada ndi Geoscience Australia: Post-Bushfire / Post-Wildfire Slope Instability and Hydrophobic Soil Runoff Guidance

Maupangiri ogwirizana¶

• Kugumuka kwa nthaka ndi matope: zizindikiro zochenjeza ndi kupulumuka
• Kusefukira kwamadzi: zochita zanthawi yomweyo ndi kupulumuka
• Moto wamtchire: kuthawa, malo otetezedwa, ndi kupulumuka
• Crush injury and compartment syndrome
• Hypothermia ndi frostbite thandizo loyamba