Herbicide Drift, Aminopyralid Contaminated Compost, and Chemical Spill in Gardens¶

Kuzindikira kuti phwetekere, nyemba, tsabola, ndi mbatata iliyonse m'dimba lanu la ndiwo zamasamba mwadzidzidzi zapindika kukhala zingwe zopindika, zokhala ngati fern, zomangira nsapato usiku umodzi ndizovuta zaulimi. Mosiyana ndi zowawa za fungal kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (zokutidwa ndi zathu kuphulika kwa tizirombo m'munda ndi miliri ya choipitsa mbewu kalozera), mankhwala a phytotoxicity amagunda mizere yonse yamunda nthawi imodzi popanda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena tizirombo totafuna. Zoyipa zitatu zomwe zimafala kwambiri ndi kupopera mankhwala ophera udzu wopangidwa ndi mpweya kapena kukwera kwa nthunzi (kuchokera paudzu ndi chakudya cha mnansi, kupopera mbewu m'mphepete mwa msewu, kapena kutengeka m'munda wa 2,4-D, dicamba, kapena glyphosate), klzzwxh:0004 (**aminopyralid, clopyralid, piclor, or quinclorac), kapena kutayikirawamphamvu dothi chemical spill (mafuta, dizilo, mafuta otenthetsera, dziwe losambira la chlorine, kapena mchere wothira icing).

Mankhwala opangira udzu kapena ma petroleum hydrocarbons akagunda dimba lazakudya, mafunso awiri ofunikira amafunsidwa nthawi yomweyo: Kodi mungapulumutsebe zomera zamoyo mkati mwa mphindi 30 zoyambilira, ndipo kodi ndi bwino kuti banja lanu lidye ndiwo zamasamba zomwe zathyoledwa m'dothi lowonongeka ndi udzu? Podziwa momwe mungawonongere zomera zamoyo zomwe zakhala zikuchitika mwadzidzidzi kudzera mumtsuko wa herbiar wa herbiar musanayambe kuyamwa madzi ozizira. Masiku 10 a Nandolo/Nyemba Kompositi kuti atsimikizire ngati manyowa ochokera kunja ali ndi poizoni, komanso momwe angachotsere poizoni m'nthaka pogwiritsa ntchito activated biochar, microbial bioremediation, and grass cover-crop rotation imateteza thanzi lanu komanso chakudya cha chaka chamawa.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

1. Ngati mukuwona kapena kununkhiza nkhungu yothirira udzu pamunda wanu pompano, sambitsani masambawo nthawi yomweyo ndi utsi wofewa wamadzi ozizira kwa mphindi 15. Mankhwala opangira auxin herbicides (2,4-D, dicamba) ndi glyphosate amatenga mphindi 30 mpaka maola 4 kuti alowe mu nthiti ya waxy leaf cuticle ndikusuntha. Kutsuka masambawo nthawi yomweyo ndi madzi ozizira ozizira kumatsuka 60 mpaka 80 peresenti ya madontho osayamwa mbewu isanafe (kuvala magolovesi a nitrile, manja aatali, ndi chitetezo cha maso poyang'anira).
2. SIYANI kudya zipatso zilizonse, masamba obiriwira, mbewu za muzu, kapena zitsamba zosonyeza fungo la mankhwala opiringizika, bleaching, kapena mafuta/zosungunulira. Mankhwala opha udzu, udzu usanayambike, ndi mafuta otayirakosaloledwa kuti awononge zotsalira za chakudya cha anthu ndipo amasamutsira mwachindunji ku tomato, zipatso, nyemba, nyemba zobiriwira.
3. Musamadzalire, kuthirira, kapena kukumba kompositi kapena kukumba udzu woipitsidwa m'dothi lakwawo. Mukathira manyowa opakidwa, mulchi wa zinyalala zobiriwira, kapena manyowa a akavalo/ng'ombe pabedi ndipo tomato ndi nyemba zanu zidayamba kupiringizika pakukula patatha masiku 7, imitsani ndi kupukuta pamwamba pa bedi lathyathyathya. fosholo. Kulima pansi kumasakanikirana kosalekeza aminopyralid muzone yonse ya 30-centimita (12-inch).
4. Petulo, dizilo, mafuta a injini, kapena mankhwala a m'madzi atayikira pa dothi la m'munda, kumbani malo onyowa nthawi yomweyo mu ndowa zapulasitiki. Osakuthira mafuta atsopano kapena mankhwala otayira mudothi, omwe amatsuka poizoni **BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) m'madzi akuya. Fukulani dothi lothimbirira komanso m'mphepete mwaukhondo wa 15-centimeter (6-inch) pozungulira.
5. Tengani zithunzi zowoneka bwino kwambiri ndikuundana ma gramu 200 (ma 7 ounces) a masamba okhudzidwa ndi dothi lapamwamba m'matumba a ziplock awiri. Ngati kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa mumlengalenga, kampani yosamalira udzu, kapena kompositi yazamalonda itawononga dimba lanu kapena munda wanu, kusunga masamba owuma ndi zitsanzo za nthaka pasanathe maola 48 ofufuza zaulimi ndikofunika kwambiri. chipukuta misozi.
6. Ngati munthu kapena chiweto chinaphwanyidwa ndi kulowetsedwa kwa herbicide kapena kuwazidwa ndi concentrate, vulani zovala ndi khungu/maso ndi madzi othamanga kwa mphindi 15 mpaka 20. Ngati mankhwala ophera udzu wambiri (makamaka paraquat, diquat, organophosphates) adakowetsedwa kapena kumezedwa, imbani foni ku 1121 United States ya United States, 9 ndi Canada 999 ku United Kingdom onani manambala angozi) ndi Poison Control (** 1-800-222-1222** ku US) nthawi yomweyo.

Mtengo Wosankha: Kuzindikira Kusokonezeka kwa Mankhwala Mwadzidzidzi vs. Biological Disease¶

Wamaluwa nthawi zambiri amalakwitsa **kuwonongeka kwa herbicide ** kwa Tomato Mosaic Virus / Curly Top Virus kapena **kudyetsa nthata ** (ndi mosemphanitsa). Gwiritsani ntchito mtengo wamtunduwu kuti muzindikire kalasi yeniyeni yamankhwala yomwe ikukhudza mabedi anu.

flowchart TD
    A["Kupotoka kwa Masamba Mwadzidzidzi, Kuwotcha, kapena Kugwa Pazomera Zaminda Zingapo"] --> B{"Kodi mwawonjezako manyowa atsopano, Kompositi, Nsipu, kapena Zomera za Grass pabedi limenelo?"}
    B -->|"INDE: Wowonjezera manyowa / kompositi / udzu, ndi tomato, tsabola, mbatata, nyemba, ndi nandolo ZOKHA, zapindika, masamba atsopano apamwamba."| C["PERSISTENT PYRIDINE HERBICIDE MU COMPOST (Aminopyralid, Clopyralid, Picloram): Amadutsa m'matumbo a akavalo/ng'ombe kukhala manyowa"]
    C --> D["Zochita: Chotsani manyowa/mulch; MUSAMAGWIRITSA NTCHITO VUTO LOYAMBA; kuthamanga 10-day Pea Bioassay; bzalani Chimanga/Brassicas/Grasses kuti muphwanye zotsalira"]
    B -->|"PALIBE kompositi yatsopano yomwe yawonjezeredwa, KAPENA kuwonongeka kumakhudza mitengo mwachisawawa, mphesa, ndi namsongole mbali imodzi ya bwalo."| E{"Kodi masamba owonongeka amawoneka bwanji?"}
    E -->|"Masamba atsopano otambasulidwa kukhala 'zingwe za nsapato' kapena 'zingwe za fern', zimayambira zopindika mu S-curve, mitsempha yofananira ndi yoyera."| F["SYNTHETIC AUXIN VAPOR OR SPRAY DRIFT (2,4-D, Dicamba, Triclopyr, MCPA) kuchokera ku udzu wapafupi kapena kupopera mbewu pafamu"]
    E -->|"Nsonga zapakati pakukula zimasanduka chikasu chowala kukhala choyera kwambiri pomwe masamba otsika amakhala obiriwira, kenako chomera chimafa m'masiku 7-14."| G["GLYPHOSATE (Roundup) OR HPPD/BLEACHING HERBICIDE DRIFT"]
    E -->|"Madontho a bulauni/wonyezimira amawazidwa mwachisawawa pamasamba obiriwira mkati mwa maola 24 kunja kwadzuwa"| H["ONANI BURNDOWN DRIFT (Paraquat, Glufosinate, Diquat, Pelargonic Acid) kapena Feteleza Wowotcha Mchere"]
    E -->|"Nthaka imanunkhiza ngati mafuta / zosungunulira, kuwala kwa utawaleza pamadzi, kapena chigamba chonse chakufa panjira / thanki"| I["PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON, DE-ICING SALT, KAPENA KUKHALA KWA CHEMICAL PA DZIWE"]

Gawo 1: Diagnostic Field Guide to Herbicide Drift vs. Viral/Insect Look-Alikes¶

Chifukwa mankhwala opangira kukula kwa zomera (PGR) amatsanzira mahomoni achilengedwe (auxins / indole-3-acetic acid) pa 1,000 nthawi yamphamvu yachilengedwe yachilengedwe, amakakamiza ma cell a mbewu kumbali imodzi ya tsinde kapena mtsempha wa tsamba kuti atalike mosalamulirika, kupotokola tsinde m'mitsempha yopapatiza ndikuphatikizana.

Matrix Owoneka Owoneka: Kuzindikiritsa Kalasi Yeniyeni Ya Mankhwala¶

Gawo 2: Thandizo Loyamba la Zomera Zomwe Zagundidwa Ndi Drift (Kodi Zingachira?)¶

Ngati dimba lanu lagundidwa ndi mpweya utsi kapena mpweya wothimbirira (osati kompositi yokhudzana ndi dothi), tsatirani ndondomekoyi kuti mupulumutse zokongoletsa ndikuzindikira zomwe zikuyenera kukokedwa:

1. Kutsuka Kwamadzi Kwadzidzidzi Kwamaola Ana 4 & Kudontha kwa Dothi Lamakala¶

• Khwerero 1 (Mutsukani Mwamsanga): Ngati mugwira galimoto yosamalira udzu kapena chopopera mbewu pabwalo lanu mkati mwa mphindi 30 zoyamba mpaka maola 4, yatsani payipi yanu yam'munda ndi shawa yofewa ndikutsuka nsonga ndi m'munsi mwa masamba onse ndi madzi apompopompo kwa mphindi 1510. Musamagwiritse ntchito sopo (zowonjezera zimathandizira kuti mankhwala a herbicides alowe mu cuticle ya masamba mwachangu).
• Khwerero 2 (Zotchinga Dothi Lamakala Loyatsidwa Pazaka Zaka Zakale Zamtengo Wapatali): Ngati madontho opopera kapena madontho a udzu atera panthaka mozungulira mitengo yamtengo wapatali ya zipatso, mphesa, maluwa, kapena tchire la mabulosi, sakanizani Makala Opangidwa ndi Horticultural Activated (kapena ufa wa ufa wothira mpweya / mufine40 pamlingo wa 4 magalamu a madzi) malita (¼ mpaka ½ pounds pa galoni) amadzi ndi kuthirira pamwamba pa masentimita asanu (2 mainchesi) a dothi mozungulira mzere wodontha. Mpweya wokhala ndi activated uli ndi malo okulirapo osawoneka bwino (kupitilira 1,000 masikweya mita pa gramu) omwe amamwaza mamolekyu opha udzu akakhudzana, kuwatsekera kunja kwa mizu ya mbewu.

2. Lamulo la Chitetezo Chakudya: Kodi Mungadye Zamasamba Pambuyo pa Kuthamanga kwa Herbicide?¶

Othandizira owonjezera okhudzana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'mayunivesite opereka nthaka (kuphatikiza Oregon State University Extension, NC State Extension, ndi Purdue University) amakhazikitsa malire achitetezo cha chakudya pomwe mbewu zapakhomo zikuvutitsidwa ndi udzu:

• Zamasamba Zapachaka Zowonetsa Kupotoka Kulikonse Kowoneka Kwa Auxin/Glyphosate (KOKOKA NDI KUTAYA): Ngati phwetekere, tsabola, nyemba, nsawawa, letesi, sipinachi, kale, sikwashi, kapena nkhaka zomera zikupanga tsinde zopindika, masamba omangika, kapena bleached meristems kuchokera ku herbicide drift, ** musadye zipatsozo. Choyamba, mankhwala ophera udzu monga 2,4-D, dicamba, ndi glyphosate amasuntha mwachindunji kudzera mu phloem kupita ku chipatso ndi mbewu zomwe zikumera (komwe milingo yotsalira imatha kupitilira malamulo EPA / Codex Alimentarius Maximum Residue Limits / Tolerances chifukwa mankhwalawa sanalembetsedwe ku masamba apakati a nyengo). Chachiwiri, mankhwala a "udzu-ndi-chakudya" nthawi zambiri amaphatikiza 2,4-D ndi dicamba ndi zakudya zopanda zakudya ** systemic neonicotinoid kapena organophosphate turf insecticide ** ndi zonyansa za heavy-metal zomwe zili **ziro zotetezedwa ku mbewu za chakudya **.
• ** Mitengo Yazipatso Yosatha, Mphesa, ndi Berry Canes:** Osa** kudula mtengo wosatha wa zipatso, mphesa, kapena chigamba cha rasipiberi chomwe chakhudzidwa ndi chochitika chimodzi chokha. Chotsani ndi kutaya **zipatso zomwe zikukula m'nyengo ino **, kuthirirani mtengowo mozama kamodzi pa sabata ndi madzi okwana masentimita 2.5 (1 inchi) yamadzi, ndipo thirani feteleza wocheperako (monga emulsion ya nsomba kapena kelp meal) kuti muthandize mtengowo kutulutsa masamba oyera oyera. Siyani nthambi zopunduka ziphatikizidwe mpaka kasupe wotsatira kuti mtengowo uzitha kupanga photosynthesize, kenako dulani nsonga zakufa m'nyengo yozizira yotsatilayi; Zipatso za chaka chamawa sizidzadya.

Gawo 3: "Kompositi Wakupha" (Aminopyralid, Clopyralid, ndi Picloram Contamination)¶

Pazaka khumi ndi zisanu zapitazi, minda yambirimbiri yakunyumba ndi yamsika ku North America, United Kingdom, Europe, ndi Australia idayidwa poizoni osati chifukwa choponderezedwa, koma pobweretsa kunyumba manyowa a akavalo, manyowa a ng'ombe, udzu wonyezimira, kapena kompositi yogulitsa malonda** yoipitsidwa ndi pyridine carboxylic pyridine carboxylic herbicideminomino* Patsogolo, GrazonNext*], clopyralid [Stinger, Lontrel], kapena picloram [Tordon]).

1. Momwe Mankhwala Opangira Msipu Amapulumuka Mmatumbo a Kavalo ndi Mulu wa Kompositi wa 65°C¶

1. Mlimi wa udzu kapena woweta ng'ombe amapopera msipu wa udzu ndi aminopyralid kapena picloram kuti aphe nthula ndi udzu wambiri (udzu sungathe kuwononga pyridine herbicides, kotero udzu umamera wobiriwira).
2. Mlimi amadula udzuwo kuti adye udzu kapena kudyetsera akavalo ndi ng’ombe.
3. Mosiyana ndi mankhwala ophera udzu akale omwe amawonongeka m'matumbo a nyama kapena pakupanga kompositi yotentha, aminopyralid ndi picloram amapangidwa ndi mankhwala kuti asawononge kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe ndi matenthedwe:
   • Amadutsa ** 100 peresenti osasunthika m'mimba ndi m'matumbo a akavalo, ng'ombe, ndi nkhosa ** ndipo amachotsedwa kwambiri mumkodzo ndi manyowa **.
   • Amapulumuka **65-degree-Celsius (149-degree-Fahrenheit) composting yamalonda ya thermophilic ** kwa miyezi popanda kusweka.
4. Mlimi akathira manyowa okalambawo, kompositi, kapena udzu pabedi lokwezeka, zokhazikika zotsika mpaka 1 mpaka 5 pa biliyoni (ppb), zofanana ndi dontho limodzi lamadzi padziwe losambira la Olimpiki, zimamwedwa ndi phwetekere, mbatata, tsabola, nsawawa, ndi mizu ya nyemba, zomwe zimapangitsa tsamba lililonse kuti lifooke pabedi ndi kufota. zaka**.

2. Momwe Mungapangire Mayeso a "Pea / Bean Bioassay" wamasiku 10 Musanafalitse Kompositi kapena manyowa.¶

Osataya manyowa ambiri, kompositi yam'matauni, kapena udzu wapamunda pamabedi anu osayesa chidebe chaching'ono choyamba. Chifukwa kuyesa kwa labotale ya GC/MS ya aminopyralid pagawo limodzi pa biliyoni kumawononga $300 mpaka $500 pachitsanzo chilichonse, zowonjezera zaku yunivesite zimalimbikitsa 100% yodalirika, $1.00 Pea kapena Bean Bioassay Test:

1. Sakanizani Dothi Loyesa: Thirani makapu 4 a kompositi woganiziridwayo kapena manyowa okalamba kuchokera pamalo angapo muluwo ndikusakaniza 50/50 ndi makapu 4 osakaniza kapena perlite (kwa udzu kapena mulch, zilowetseni udzu wodulidwa wodzaza dzanja mu lita imodzi ya madzi ofunda" wiritsani kwa maola 24 a madzi ofunda ndi tiyi.
2. Konzani Miphika 3 Yoyeserera ndi Miphika 3 Yowongolera:
   • Lembani miphika 3 yaing'ono yoyambira ndi 50/50 yosakanizidwa ndi kompositi yomwe mukukayikira (ilembeni TEST).
   • Lembani miphika 3 yoyambira yofananira ndi 100% yosakanizika yoyambira mbeu (ilembeni CONTROL).
3. Bzalani Nandolo Zitatu Zakumunda Zomera Mwamsanga kapena Nyemba Zachitsamba Mumphika Uliwonse: Nandolo (Pisum sativum) ndi nyemba za snap (Phaseolus vulgaris) zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mankhwala ophera udzu wa pyridine mpaka gawo limodzi pa biliyoni.
4. Kulani Pansi Pa Kuwala Kowala pa 20°C kufika pa 24°C (68°F mpaka 75°F) kwa Masiku 10 mpaka 14: Dikirani mpaka mbande zitakula maseti achiwiri ndi achitatu a masamba enieni a trifoliate (musaweruze ndi masamba/cotyledons awiri oyamba ozungulira, omwe amaoneka ngati abwinobwino):
   • ** Ngati ndi TEST nandolo/nyemba ali ndi masamba athyathyathya, otakata, obiriwira otseguka ofanana ndi CONTROL miphika:** Kompositi/ manyowa anu ndi 100% aukhondo ndi otetezeka kuti muwaza m'munda mwanu.
   • ** Ngati ndi TEST nandolo/nyemba zili ndi tsinde zachibwibwi zomwe zili ndi masamba opindika, opindika, opiringidwa bwino, kapena opindika pamwamba:** Kompositi kapena manyowa anu ndiOTHANDIZA kuti musapitirire kuipitsidwa ndi udzu. Kanani katunduyo nthawi yomweyo ndipo musalole kuti ikhudze dothi lanu lamunda.

3. Kukonza Dothi Pang'onopang'ono Ngati Mwasakaniza "Kompositi Wakupha" M'mabedi Anu.¶

Ngati munalima kale kompositi yokhala ndi aminopyralid m'nthaka yanu ya m'munda, madzi SADZAsambitsa, ndipo kudikirira pang'onopang'ono m'nthaka youma kumasiya chiphecho chikugwira ntchito kwa zaka 3 mpaka 5. Pyridine herbicides amathyoledwa ndi **nthaka ya aerobic microorganisms (mabakiteriya ndi actinomycetes) yolimbikitsidwa ndi kuwala kwa mizu, UV ndi chinyezi.

Tsatirani izi 4-Step Detoxification Protocol kuti muchepetse nthawi yowononga nthaka kuchoka pa zaka 4 mpaka 9 mpaka miyezi 18:

• Khwerero 1 (Kokani ndi Kutaya Mbewu Zonse Zomwe Zili ndi Matenda a Broadleaf): Kokani phwetekere, mbatata, nyemba, ndi nandolo zonse pakama ndi kunyamula zinyalala zotayira mu mzinda. **OSATI kuyika zomera zowonongeka za aminopyralid mu mulu wanu wa kompositi kapena kuzisiya kuti ziwola m'nthaka **, chifukwa pamene minofu ya zomera ikuwola, imatulutsa 100 peresenti ya aminopyralid yomwe imalowa mu dothi kuti iwononge mbewu yotsatira.
• Khwerero 2 (Ikani Carbon / Biochar Wabwino Kwambiri pa 0.5 mpaka 1.0 kg pa Square Meter): Tengani 500 magalamu mpaka 1 kilogalamu ya biochar yabwino yaulimi kapena makala oyaka pa sikweya mita (1 mpaka 2 mapaundi pa 10 masikweya mita) pamwamba pa ma centimita 15) woipitsidwa Porous carbon matrix imamanga mamolekyu aulere aminopyralid m'madzi am'nthaka kuti mbewu zikule pomwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono timagaya mankhwalawo pang'onopang'ono.
• Khwerero 3 (Pangani Dothi Lofunda, Lonyowa, ndi Lopanda mpweya Nthawi Zonse za Chilimwe): Mabakiteriya a m'nthaka amagona nthaka ikauma. Sungani bedi loipitsidwa kukhala lonyowa (monga siponji yophwanyidwa) ndipo tembenuzirani dothi pamwamba pa 15 centimita (6 mainchesi) ndi foloko ya m'munda milungu itatu iliyonse m'nyengo yotentha kuti mankhwala a udzu awonongeke kuwala kwa dzuwa kwa UV photolysis ndi mabakiteriya a aerobic.
• Khwerero 4 (Plant Immune "Bioremediation" Mbewu: Chimanga, Grasses, ndi Brassicas): Osasiya bedi opanda kanthu. Bzalani mbewu zochokera ku Grass Family (Poaceae), zomwe 100 peresenti zimatetezedwa ku aminopyralid ndi clopyralid komanso zomwe mizu yake yolimba imatulutsa shuga (exudates) yomwe imachulukitsa mabakiteriya a nthaka omwe amadya herbicide:
  • Pofuna Kuchotsa Mankhwala a Cover-Crop Detoxification (Musamawononge kompositi pamalopo): Bzalani udzu wapachaka, oats, tirigu wachisanu, balere, kapena manyuchi-sudangrass mokhuthala pabedi, ndikutchetcha ndikubwezanso pabedi lomwelo ndi chinyezi kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tiwonongeke.
  • Mbeu Zachakudya Zosatetezedwa / Zolekerera Mungathe Kukula mu Dothi Lowonongeka Pang'ono (Pambuyo pa Biochar): Chimanga chotsekemera (Zea mays) ndi Brassicas / Cole Crops (**broccoli, kabichi, kolifulawa, kale, makola, masamba a mpiru, kumera kwachilengedwe kwa Brussels) zotsalira za pyridine (ngakhale kuti ndizotetezedwa ku chakudya, kulima udzu wosadyedwa kwa nyengo imodzi yathunthu mpaka masiku 10 a Pea Bioassay yanu itatha ndi yotetezeka).

Gawo 4: Kuthetsa Kutayira Kowopsa kwa Dothi (Gasoline, Dizilo, Mafuta, Mchere, ndi Pool Chlorine)¶

Nanga bwanji ngati mafuta otchera udzu atha kuwotcha, tanki yamafuta yotenthetsera m'nyumba ikuwotcha, radiator yagalimoto itaya ethylene glycol, dziwe losambira lamadzi amchere, kapena zopangira chipale chofewa mumsewu zitaunjika mchere pabedi lanu lamasamba? Fananizani kutayikira kwenikweni ndi kukonzanso kwa chemistry m'nthaka:

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

Magwero afufuzidwa¶

• United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Pesticide Programs: Persistent Herbicides in Compost (Clopyralid, Aminopyralid, and Picloram) zolemba zowona, Malire Otsalira Kwambiri (Maximum Residue Limits)40 CFR Part 180), ndi ndondomeko zofufuza za mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
• Oregon State University Extension Service & North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension (United States): Kompositi Yoipitsidwa ndi Herbicide ndi Dothi Zosakaniza: Zomwe Muyenera Kudziwa ndi Zomwe Mungachitire Pazo (Protocol ya masiku 10 ya Pea/Bean Bioassay, mitengo yopangira makala, ndi matebulo okhudzidwa ndi mbewu).
• Royal Horticultural Society (RHS, United Kingdom): Weedkiller mu Manyowa ndi Kompositi (Aminopyralid ndi Clopyralid) kalozera wa matenda ndi njira zowongolera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ku UK kugawa ndi olima kunyumba.
• Purdue University Extension & University of Missouri Weed Science (United States): Kuyeza Kuvulala kwa Herbicide Drift pa Zipatso ndi Zamasamba (Synthetic auxin 2,4-D ndi dicamba volatility vs. glyphosate ndi zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi kupsa, ndi chifukwa chake masamba owonongeka sayenera kudyedwa).
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR / CDC, United States) & Cornell Waste Management Institute: Dothi Lathanzi, Mikhalidwe Yathanzi malangizo okhudza nthaka ya m'munda petroleum hydrocarbon (BTEX/PAH) kutayikira, kukumba zitsulo zolemera, ndi kukonza gypsum pakuwonongeka kwa mchere wa sodium chloride.

Maupangiri ogwirizana¶

• Kuphulika kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumunda ndi kufalikira kwa mbewu
• Kugawira madzi a chilala m'minda
• Mwadzidzidzi chisanu ndi chitetezo kuzizira kwa mbewu
• Kupeza kutaya zinyalala kosaloledwa kapena ng'oma za mankhwala
• Kuwotcha kwa tanki yamafuta, kutenthetsa kutayika kwa mafuta, ndikukonzanso utsi
• Mankhwala amatha
• Poizoni thandizo loyamba
• Nambala zangozi