Mkuntho Wowopsa wa Glaze Ice: Kugwa kwa Tower Transmission, Miyendo ya Mitengo Yogwa, ndi Kuzimitsa kwa Gridi kwa Masabata Angapo¶

Ngakhale kuti chipale chofewa chachisanu chomwe chimataya masentimita 60 (mainchesi 24) a chipale chofewa chikhoza kudulidwa mumsewu mkati mwa maola 24, mvula yoziziritsa kwambiri komanso mkuntho wa ayezi (wotanthauzidwa ndi *25 mpaka 100+ mamilimita [1.0 mpaka 4.0+ mainchesi]) kuwononga madzi oundana mu nyengo yozizira kwambiri zipangizo zamakono zamagetsi, nkhalango za m'tauni, ndi moyo wapakhomo. Amapangidwa ndi **"mphuno yofunda" kusintha kwa kutentha kwa mumlengalenga ** momwe matalala akugwa kuchokera kumitambo yayikulu amasungunuka kukhala mvula yamadzimadzi mkati mwa mpweya wofunda wapakati (\(+1\text{mpaka }+5\text{ °C}\) pa \(1,500\text{mita}\)) isanagwere pakatikati pa mpweya wozizira kwambiri\6{{}C'''™™''kugwa **madontho amvula oziziritsa kwambiri ** amaundana nthawi yomweyo akalumikizana ndi waya wozizira ulonse, nsanja yachitsulo yachitsulo, nthambi yamitengo, ndi bwalo lilatho. Chifukwa madzi oundana olimba owoneka bwino amalemera 900 kilogalamu pa kiyubiki mita (mapaundi 56 pa kiyubiki iliyonse)** ndipo amakhala ndi thovu la mpweya wotsekeka, **mamilimita 25 (inchi imodzi) yayezi wonyezimira amawonjezera ma kilogalamu 250 mpaka 500+ (550 mpaka 1,100) kulemera kwa 1,100 mita iliyonse waya ndikukweza katatu mwamba pa mawaya omwe amakumana ndi mphepo yamkuntho (conductor galloping**), ndikuwonjezera **5 mpaka 15 metric matani a ayezi kulemera k korona wa mtengo umodzi wokhwima wokhwima . Pamene ayezi wonyezimira adutsa ** mpaka 50 millimeters (1.2 mpaka 2 mainchesi), monga momwe zinachitikira pJanuary 1998 North American Ice orm kudutsa Quebec, Ontari New York, ndi New England (yomwe inagwetsa nsanja 1,300 zazitsulo zothamanga kwambiri ndi 120,000, anthu 120,000 osagwiritsa ntchito masiku 5 opanda mphamvu kwa masiku 4). 2008 Chinese Winter Ice Stor*, 2009 Kentucky/Arkansas Ice Storm, 2014 Slovenia Ice Storm, ndi 2021 Oregon/Texas Ice Storms, nsanja zonyamula zitsulo zopindika kwambiri zimapindika mumiyala yamakilomita angapo, padenga lamapiri la domino cascades, denga lamapiri la domino cascades, mfuti zapoizoni zapadenga la domino. ma jenereta a m'nyumba ndi magalasi amawononga miyoyo yambiri kuposa kuzizira komweko. Ngati wina watsekeredwa pansi pa mtengo womwe wagwa, kuvulazidwa ndi waya wogwetsedwa, kapena osayankhidwa ndi carbon monoxide kapena hypothermia, imbani foni nambala yanu yadzidzidzi nthawi yomweyo (911 ku United States ndi Canada, 112 kudutsa European Union, 999 ku United Kingdom) kapena onani bukhu lathu la manambala angozi. Pazadzidzidzi zokhudzana ndi nyengo yachisanu ndi grid, werengani maupangiri athu mvula yamkuntho, mvula yozizira kwambiri, ndi kugwa kwa chingwe chamagetsi, kuzimitsa kwa magetsi m'nyengo yachisanu, kuzimitsa kwa magetsi kwanthaŵi yaitali, ndi kuzizira kwa gridi, zingwe zamagetsi zotsika ndi ma electrocution agalimoto,ndi chitetezo cha jenereta ndi kupewa carbon monoxide.

Chitani izi tsopano¶

1. Khalani m'nyumba komanso kutali ndi mitengo yonse, mawaya amagetsi, ndi makonde otengera magetsi okwera kwambiri kamodzi ayezi wonyezimira akafika mamilimita 6 mpaka 12 ( mainchesi 0.25 mpaka 0.5): Monga chivundikiro cha mvula chozizira kwambiri, mawaya mu ayezi wonyezimira, mitengo imatulutsa ming'alu yambiri isanayambe kuphulika **"""""""""""" "pistoncan" ndi nthambi zambiri mitengo ikuluikulu yozulidwa imagwera m’misewu, m’magalimoto oimika, ndi madenga. Osayenda panja pansi pa mitengo kuti muyang'ane pabwalo lanu, kuyenda galu, kapena kutsuka ayezi kuchokera pagalasi lanu lamoto pamvula yozizira kwambiri kapena pakawomba mphepo yamkuntho.
2. ** Gona ndi pogona pansi PANSI KWAMBIRI m'nyumba mwanu (kapena m'chipinda chapansi chakutali kwambiri ndi mitengo yokhwima yolimba) ngati madzi oundana achulukana kuposa mamilimita 15 mpaka 25 (0.6 mpaka 1.0 inchi):** Panyengo yamkuntho ya ayezi yoopsa, 500-kilogram (1,100-pounds, mitengo yamtengo wapatali, mapini, mapini, mitengo yamtengo wapatali, mapini, mapini) chotchingira kuchokera mu dothi lofewa ndi mvula pansi pa matani 10 a ayezi, khomerera molunjika padenga la denga lachiwiri ndi madenga ogona usiku. Chotsani mabedi ndi zipinda zapachipinda chapamwamba pansi pa mitengo yomwe ikulendewera nthawi yomweyo.
3. Chitani mawaya aliwonse otsika kapena otsika, ndi mpanda uliwonse wolumikizira unyolo, chitsulo chotchingira, kapena nthambi yamitengo yokutidwa ndi ayezi yogwira waya, monga mphamvu ya 7,200 mpaka 500,000 volts: Mkuntho wonyezimira wonyezimira umakoka mawaya ogawa amoyo pansi kudutsa mipanda yakuseri ndi zingwe zolumikizirana popanda kudumpha. Khalani osachepera mamita 10 (mamita 33) kumbuyo kuchokera ku mizere yogawa ndi mamita 30 (mamita 100) kubwerera kuchokera ku mizere yopatsirana yamphamvu yamagetsi yomwe yagwa, ndipo musayese kugwetsa ayezi pa chingwe chamagetsi kapena kudulira nthambi yopindika ayezi pafupi ndi waya.
4. Ngati mlongoti wa nyumba yanu (nyengo yanyengo) yang'ambika padenga kapena khoma ndi nthambi yakugwa, khalani kutali ndi bokosi la mita yakunja ndikuyimbira magetsi nthawi yomweyo: Nthambi yomwe ikugwa ikagwetsa mawaya apamwamba, nthawi zambiri imang'amba chitsulo mlongoti ndi tsinde la mita m'mbali mwa nyumba yanu pomwe mawaya amagetsi 40. Musakhudze mbali zakunja za aluminiyamu, zopopera zitsulo zazitsulo, kapena bokosi la mita, ndipo dziwani kuti zopangira magetsi ** sizingalumikizanenso ndi magetsi kunyumba kwanu mpaka katswiri wamagetsi yemwe ali ndi chilolezo akonzenso mlongoti** womwe wawonongeka ndi kasitomala.
5. Konzekerani kuzimitsa kwa masiku 7 mpaka 21 pamene mvula yozizira imayamba: kutentha nyumba yanu isanakwane 23 digiri Celsius (74 degrees Fahrenheit), mudzaze mabafa ndi madzi, ndikukhazikitsa "Warm Micro-Room" imodzi yapakati: nsanja zotumizira zitsulo zotentha kwambiri zikagwa, magetsi sangathe kubwezeretsedwanso mpaka gulu lankhondo litamanganso zingwe zomangira zitsulo. masabata 1 mpaka 4. Phatikizani aliyense m'chipinda chimodzi chakumwera chakumwera chokhala ndi zofunda zopachikidwa pakhomo, ndipo dziwani kukhetsera mipope yamadzi ya m'nyumba mwanu kutentha kwa m'nyumba kusanatsike 4 digiri Celsius (40 degrees Fahrenheit).
6. Musamagwiritse ntchito jenereta yonyamula mafuta, grill yamakala, chitofu cha propane camp, kapena chotenthetsera chalafini mkati mwa nyumba, chipinda chapansi, garaja yolumikizidwa, kapena khonde, ngakhale chitseko cha garaja chili chotseguka: Mu 1998 North America Ice Storm ndi 2009 Kentucky Ice Storm, oposa 50 mpaka 80% ya zipatala zonse zidachitika chifukwa cha kugonekedwa kwachipatala komanso chipatala. m'nyumba carbon monoxide (CO) poizoni. Ikani majenereta osunthika osachepera 6 mita (mamita 20) panja kutali ndi mazenera, zitseko, ndi polowera ng'anjo yotchinga ndi madzi oundana.

Mtengo wachigamulo: mkuntho wowopsa wa ayezi ndi kupulumuka kwa gridi kwa milungu ingapo¶

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Meteorology ndi structural physics of catastrophic glaze ice¶

Kodi nchifukwa ninji mvula yoziziritsa imapangitsa kuti madzi aziundana mooneka bwino kwambiri** (verglas mu Chifalansa, Glatteis / Eisregen m'Chijeremani) m'malo mokhala matalala oyera kapena chipale chofewa, ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani wosanjikiza wa mamilimita 25 (1 inchi) umagwetsa nsanja zotumizira zitsulo zopangidwa ndi mphepo yamkuntho?

1. The "Wofunda Mphuno" Kutentha Inversion Mbiri¶

M’nyengo ya chipale chofewa, mphepo yonse yochokera m’mitambo yotalika mamita 5,000 kufika pansi imakhala pansi pa 0 digiri Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit), motero tinthu ta chipale chofeŵa timagwera padziko lapansi. - Mmene Sandwichi ya Mvula Yozizira Imapangidwira: Kutsogolo kwa kutsogolo kotentha kwambiri, makamaka kukakhala kuzizira, mpweya wowundana wa ku Arctic watsekeredwa m'chigwa chosazama kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi malo owoneka bwino (**kuwononga mpweya wozizira **, monga m'mphepete mwa zigwa za St. Lawrence ndi Ottawa, malo otsetsereka a kum'mawa kwa Appalachian River Gorge, Washington River Gorge ku Columbia / Oregon River Gorge, Columbia Slovenia), mpweya wotentha, wonyowa wapansi panthaka umadutsa malo osaya kwambiri a mpweya wozizira kwambiri. - Sangweji ya Atmospheric yokhala ndi zigawo zitatu: 1. Sanjiro Pamwamba (Pamwamba pa 2,000 m): Mitambo ya ayezi pa -10 mpaka -20 °C imagwetsa zipale chofewa. 2. Middle Layer ("The Warm Nose" pa 800 mpaka 2,000 m): Kutentha kwa mpweya ndi +1 mpaka +6 °C (+34 mpaka +43 °F). Zitumbuwa za chipale chofewa zomwe zikugwa zimasungunuka 100 peresenti kukhala madontho amvula amadzimadzi ** okhala ndi ziro ice nuclei. 3. Layer Pansi (Surface Cold Wedge kuchokera ku 0 mpaka 500 m): Kutentha kwa mpweya pamwamba pa nthaka ndi -0.5 mpaka -5 °C (+31 mpaka +23 °F). Chifukwa chakuti m'munsi mwa madzi ozizirawo ndi osaya kwambiri moti madontho amvula amaundana kukhala madzi oundana (sleet) asanagwe pansi, madontho a mvula amadzimadzi amasanduka kuzizira kwambiri (madzi amadzimadzi atakhazikika pansi pa 0 °C). - Chifukwa Chake Kuzizira Kwambiri Kumapangitsa Ayezi Wowundana, Wopanda Mpweya: Madontho a mvula oziziritsa kwambiri akagunda waya, nthambi, kapena pamwamba pa msewu wozizira kwambiri, kadontho kakang'ono ka donthoko kamaundana ndikutulutsa kutentha kobisika kwa fusion (334 Joules pa gramu). Kutentha kotulutsako kumapangitsa kuti madzi amadzimadzi aziyenda bwino pamwamba ndi pansi pa waya kapena nthambi (kupanga ma icicles pansi) asanazindike pang'onopang'ono ku ** owuma, opanda kuwira, oundana kwambiri (0.90 magalamu pa kiyubiki centimita) omwe amalumikizana ndi chitsulo, aluminiyamu, khungwa, ndi phula lolimba kwambiri.

2. Zipangizo Zamakono Zakuchulukira Kwa Mawaya, "Kuthamanga," ndi Cascading Tower Collapse¶

Magetsi amagetsi amagetsi amagawidwa kukhala otsika kwambiri ** mizere yogawa yakomweko ** (yokwera pamitengo yamatabwa kapena konkire ya msewu pa 4 mpaka 35 kilovolts) ndi yamphamvu kwambiri ** mizere yotumizira zinthu zambiri ** (yolumikizidwa kudutsa nsanja zazikulu zachitsulo kapena ma H-mafelemu pa 115 mpaka 765 kilovolts). Pamkuntho wowopsa wa ayezi, mphamvu zitatu zophatikizira zamakina zimawononga machitidwe onse awiri: 1. Quadratic Radial Ice Weight Growth: Kulemera kwapakati kwa silinda ya ayezi yomwe imakulungidwa ndi waya wopyapyala kumakula ndi sikweya wa utali wakunja. - 6 mamilimita (0.25 mu) ayezi wozungulira: Amawonjezera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 1.5 pa mita imodzi (paundi imodzi pa phazi) ya waya, yotha kutha ndi mawaya, ngakhale timitengo tating'ono tating'ono towola timaduka. - 13 mm (0.5 mu) ayezi wozungulira: Imawonjezera pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 4 pa mita (mapaundi 2.7 pa phazi), kapena makilogalamu 400 (mapaundi 880) pa utali wa mita 100, ndikudula nthambi za brittle softwood pamizere yogawa mumsewu. - 25 mm (1.0 mu) ayezi wozungulira: Amawonjezera 8 mpaka 11 kilogalamu pa mita (5.5 mpaka 7.5 pounds pa phazi), kapena 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) pa kutalika kwa mita 100 pa waya uliwonse. Pansanja yotumizira mawaya 6 yotalika ma 300 mita, ndiye 18 mpaka 25 metric matani a ayezi woyima molunjika atapachikidwa pansanja iliyonse. - 50 mpaka 75+ mm (2.0 mpaka 3.0+ mu) radial ice (yomwe inalembedwa mu 1998 Quebec/Ontario ice storm ndi 2014 Slovenia mvula yamkuntho): Imawonjezera 25 mpaka 45 kilogalamu pa mita (17 mpaka 30 mapaundi pa phazi), kupyola mphamvu ya ACluminum conductor kuphwanya miyendo yachitsulo ngati zitini. 2. Kuchulukitsitsa kwa Wind-on-Ice Drag and Conductor Galloping: Pamene wosanjikiza wa 25-millimeter (1-inchi) wa ayezi wonyezimira ayika waya wokhuthala mamilimita 25, waya wonsewo umachulukana katatu kufika 75 mamilimita ( mainchesi atatu). Chifukwa mphamvu yokoka yamphepo imayenderana ndi malo owonekera a silinda, mphepo ya 50 km/h (31 mph) yomwe imawomba ndi waya wokutidwa ndi ayezi imagwira katatu kuposa mphamvu ya m'mbali yopingasa imawombera waya wopanda kanthu. Choipa kwambiri n’chakuti, madzi oundana ooneka ngati akung’ambika amasandutsa waya kukhala mapiko ouluka. Mafunde opingasa amapangitsa kutalika konse kwa mamita 300 a waya wolemera kwambiri wokutidwa ndi ayezi kudumpha mmwamba ndi pansi pamafunde amphamvu a mita 3 (aeolian conductor galloping), kugwiritsa ntchito kuwomba kwamphamvu kwanyundo ku zida zopingasa nsanja. 3. The Longitudinal "Domino Cascade" ya Steel Transmission Towers: Zinsanja zoyimitsidwa zachitsulo zowoneka bwino zamphamvu zimapangidwira kotero kuti kulimba kopingasa kwa mawaya omwe amakoka kuchokera ku kumanzere kumawongolera kulimba kwa mawaya omwe amakoka kuchokera ku kumanja. Ngati chiwongola dzanja chimodzi chawaya chikuduka pansi pa ayezi wolemera (kapena ngati mwendo umodzi wamanga wamanga), nsanja yomwe ili pafupi nayo imakhala kugwedezeka kopingasa kwa matani 20 kuchokera mbali imodzi yokha. Imapindika pakati ku mbali yosanja, ndikugwedeza nsanja yotsatira kumbuyo kwake, kuchititsa **10 mpaka 80 zosanja zotsatizana zotsatsira zitsulo zotsatizana kuti zigwe ngati ma domino omwe ali pamtunda wa makilomita 20 pasanathe mphindi 2 ** (pokhapokha ngati kulimbikitsa kwakukulu "anti-cascade dead-end towers)" kuyimitsa machitidwe a tcheni).

Sperry-Piltz Ice Accumulation Index (SPIA) Index: momwe mungawerenge machenjezo a mphepo yamkuntho¶

Mabungwe azanyengo ku North America (NOAA National Weather Service) ndi zothandizira padziko lonse lapansi zimagwiritsa ntchito Sperry-Piltz Ice Accumulation (SPIA) Index kuphatikiza ** makulidwe oundana oundana ** ndi ** liwiro lamphepo ** m'magulu asanu ndi limodzi owonongeka (0 mpaka 5):

Mitengo ya biomechanics mumkuntho wa ayezi: chifukwa chake mitengo ina imaphulika ndikuphwanya madenga¶

Pa Level 4 kapena Level 5 glaze glaze mvula yamkuntho, mitengo yokhwima imadziunjikira ** 5,000 mpaka 15,000 kilogalamu (11,000 mpaka 33,000 mapaundi) ya ayezi yolimba ** kudutsa mamiliyoni awo a nthambi zabwino ndi singano, kuonjezera kulemera kwa denga ndi ** 10 mpaka 30 nthawi yowuma * yowuma.

1. Ndi mitengo iti yomwe imagwa poyamba (ndi momwe imakanika)¶

Maphunziro a Arboricultural field pambuyo pa mvula yamkuntho ya 1998, 2009, ndi 2014 amasonyeza kuti mitundu ya mitengo imalephera ndi njira ziwiri zosiyana: - Brittle Crown Snapping (Kulephera kwa Nthambi ya"Pistol-Shot): Mitundu yomwe ikukula mwachangu, yofowoka, yokhala ndi ngodya zazikulu zooneka ngati V (silver maple, Siberian elm, willow, Bradford/Callery pear, poplar/cottonwood, boxelder, and white birch) imavutika ndi theka la nthambi. Mudzamva mfuti yakuthwa, ikulirakulira ngati chiwalo cha tani imodzi chikumeta ndikutsika molunjika ngati mkondo ndikudutsa padenga, magalasi akutsogolo, kapena oyenda pansi. - Kugwedezeka kwa Mizu Ya Mizu Yathunthu ndi Kupindika Kwa Thunthu: Mitengo yozama yozama kwambiri (paini woyera, paini wofiira, mkungudza, hemlock, ndi spruce) ndi mitengo yomwe imamera mudongo lodzaza ndi mvula kapena pamiyala yosazama imasunga nthambi zake zosasunthika mpaka muzu wake wa ayezi-35 utakoka mtengowo. mpira* kuchokera pansi, kugwetsa thunthu lonse m'nyumba ndi m'misewu ndikung'amba mizere ya gasi ndi madzi yomwe ikuyenda pansi pamizu.

2. Chifukwa chiyani simuyenera kuyesa kugwedeza, kumenya, kapena kumanga nthambi zodzaza ndi ayezi panthawi yamkuntho.¶

1. Msampha wa Spring-Pole Recoil: Nthambi yamitengo yokutidwa ndi ayezi kapena nthambi yopindika mpaka pansi ikusunga ma Newtons masauzande ambiri olimba a kasupe (mtengo wodzaza kasupe). Mukagunda ayezi ndi ndodo yatsache kapena kukhudza mwendo wopindika ndi unyolo, kutulutsa madzi oundana kwadzidzidzi kwa kilogalamu 200 kumapangitsa nthambiyo kukwapula *mmwamba pa mtunda wa makilomita 80 pa ola (makilomita 50 pa ola)**, kuswa chigaza kapena nsagwada za aliyense amene waima pamwamba pake, pamene chiwombankhangacho chikugwedezeka kuchokera mmwamba. molunjika pamutu panu.
2. Siyani madzi oundana pamitengo kuti asungunuke mwachibadwa: Madzi oundana samapha makungwa amtengo wathanzi chifukwa cha kubanika; kumenya nthambi zowundana ndi mitengo yachitsulo kapena mafosholo kumaphwanya makungwa a cambium oundana ndi kuyambitsa kugwa koopsa kwa nthambi.

Kupulumuka pakamvula yamkuntho yamasiku 14 popanda poizoni wa carbon monoxide kapena mapaipi ophulika¶

Pamene makonde opatsira magetsi okwera kwambiri akugwa, misewu imakhala yosadutsika pansi pa mawaya amoyo ndi mitengo yogwetsedwa, nsanja za cell zimataya batire pambuyo pa maola 8 mpaka 24, malo otengera madzi a tauni amataya mphamvu, ndipo kutentha kumatsika pansi -15 °C (5 °F).

1. Msampha Wobisika wa Aisi-Mkuntho wa Carbon Monooxide: Ng'anjo Yakunja Yozizira & Mabotolo a Boiler¶

Ngakhale nyumba yanu ikadali ndi mphamvu yamagetsi (kapena imayatsa ng'anjo pa jenereta yosungira), mphepo yamkuntho ya ayezi imatha kudzaza nyumba yanu ndi zakupha carbon monoxide (CO) popanda jenereta yonyamula yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito: - Zotenthetsera zamagasi / ng'anjo za propane zotentha kwambiri komanso zotenthetsera madzi opanda tanki zimatulutsa utsi m'mbali kudzera mapaipi awiri apulasitiki oyera a 5-to-8-centimita (2-to-3-inchi) a PVC otuluka m'mbali mwa khoma la nyumba Masentimita 30 mpaka 90 (mamita 1 mpaka 3) kuchokera pansi. - Mvula yamkuntho yoziziritsa kukhosi, masikidwe, kupopera madzi oziziritsa kukhosi, ndi madzi oundana oundana ndi chipale chofewa amatsekera chinsalu chapaipi yakunja ya PVC yotulutsa mpweya, kukakamiza mpweya wa monoxide kubwerera mchipinda chapansi. Yang'anani ndikuchotsa ng'anjo yakunja ya m'mbali mwa khoma, chowotcha, chotenthetsera madzi, ndi chowumitsira mpweya maora 6 aliwonse pakagwa chimphepo.

2. Momwe Mungamangitsire Pakhomo Lanu Lopopera madzi Isanazime (Lamulo la 4 °C / 40 °F)¶

Ngati mphamvu yanu yazimiririka, mulibe kutentha kosungirako, ndipo choyezera kutentha chamkati chapansi panu kapena chapansi chimatsika kufika ku 4 digiri Celsius (40 degrees Fahrenheit), madzi mkati mwa mipope yakunja ya khoma afika kale 0 °C (32 °F). Madzi akaundana olimba mkati mwa mapaipi amkuwa, PEX, kapena PVC, amakula ndi 9 peresenti ndi ma 2,000 pounds pa square inch ya hydraulic pressure, **kupatukana mapaipi otseguka mkati mwa makoma ndi kudenga ** kotero kuti mphamvu ikabwerera, madzi amasefukira mnyumba. - Njira ndi sitepe ya Emergency Pipe Freeze-Drain (Zimatenga Mphindi 15): 1. Pezani ndi kuzimitsa Vavu Yakutseka Yamadzi Yanyumba Yanu: Pezani valavu yayikulu yamadzi m'chipinda chanu chapansi, crawlspace, chipinda chothandizira, kapena dzenje lam'mbali mwamsewu ndikutembenuzira lever 90 degrees perpendicular to the pipe (kapena tembenuzani gudumu molunjika mpaka kutsekedwa). 2. ZIMItsani magetsi kapena gasi ku Chotenthetsera cha Madzi Otentha: Osakhetsa chotenthetsera chamadzi pomwe zinthu zake zoyatsira magetsi kapena zoyatsira gasi zayatsidwa, kapena zowonekera zidzayaka mphamvu ikabwerera. 3. Tsegulani mpope ULIWONSE wamadzi otentha ndi ozizira mnyumbamo: Yambirani pa pamwambapa (kuphwanya chotsekeracho kotero kuti mphamvu yokoka imakokera madzi pansi) ndikugwira ntchito mpaka sinki yotsikitsitsa, chubu chochapira, kapena valavuapansi yapansi pansi, kusiya mipope yonse yotseguka. 4. **Tsukani chimbudzi chilichonse kamodzi kapena kawiri:** Gwirani chogwiriziraansi kuti muchotse chimbudzi chadothi ndikuchepetsa madzi m'mbale. 5. Thirani Propylene Glycol (Pinki RV / Marine Winterizing Antifreeze) mumsampha uliwonse wa kukhetsa ndi mbale yachimbudzi: Thirani mamililita 250 (chikho chimodzi) cha antifreeze ya RV yopanda poizoni (kapena madzi ochapira a windshield washer / salt solution; **MUSAgwiritse ntchito poyizoni wamoto ethylene pansi, drainage glycol ndi antifreeze) mbale yachimbudzi kotero kuti madzi oyimilira mu P-msampha sangaundane.

Nambala zangozi zachigawo ndi ndondomeko za bungwe¶

• United States: Imbani foni 911 nthawi yomweyo mukafuna chithandizo chadzidzidzi, zizindikiro za carbon monoxide, moto wamapangidwe, kapena munthu wotsekeredwa ndi mtengo wakugwa/waya wamoyo. Imbani 211 kuti mupeze otsegula ** Malo Otenthetsera Amatauni ** ndi malo ogona osowa zachipatala. Monitor NOAA National Weather Service (NWS) ya Ice Storm Warning ndi SPIA Index zosintha.
• Canada (Quebec, Ontario, Atlantic Canada, British Columbia): Imbani 911 kuti mumve zadzidzidzi kapena 811 (Info-Santé / Health811) kuti mufufuze zachipatala zosafunikira. Yang'anirani Chilengedwe ndi Kusintha kwa Nyengo ku Canada (ECCC) kwa Machenjezo a Mvula Yozizira (Avertissement de pluie verglaçante), ndi kunena za mizere yotsika kapena milongoti yong'ambika ku Hydro-Québec (1-800-790-2424), Hydro One / Toronto Hydro, NB Power, kapena BC Hydro (1-800-BCHYDRO).
• United Kingdom ndi Ireland: Imbani 999 kapena 112 pazadzidzidzi, ndipo imbani 105 (UK National Power Cut Number) kapena ESB Networks (1800 372 999 ku Ireland) kuti afotokoze zingwe zamagetsi zomwe zagwa.
• European Union: Imbani 112 kudutsa mayiko onse a EU ndikuyang'anira Meteoalarm (meteoalarm.org) kwa Mvula Yozizira Yofiira (Glatteis / Verglas / Žled) Machenjezo.
• ** China ndi East Asia: ** Imbani ** 119 ** (Moto / Kupulumutsa), ** 110 ** (Apolisi), kapena ** 120 ** (Zachipatala) ku China; 119 ku Japan ndi South Korea.

Mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi¶

Kodi nchifukwa ninji mvula yozizira imapanga chipale cholimba, cholemera cha ayezi wowoneka bwino m'malo mwa matalala kapena matalala?¶

Mvula yoziziritsa imakhalapo pamene mpweya wofunda (+1 mpaka +6 digiri Celsius) umalowa mkati mwa mlengalenga pamwamba pa mpweya wozizira kwambiri (-1 mpaka -5 digiri Celsius) ukukumbatira pansi. Zitumbuwa za chipale chofewa zomwe zimagwa kuchokera kumitambo yamtunda zimasungunuka kukhala madontho amvula amadzimadzi mkati mwa chipinda chofunda chapakaticho. Chifukwa chakuti nthaka yozizirayi ndi yopyapyala kwambiri kuti isungunukenso madontho a ayezi (sleet) asanakhudzidwe, madonthowo amakhala **madzi amadzimadzi ozizira kwambiri** omwe amafalikira mufilimu yopyapyala ikakhudzana ndikuundana kukhala ayezi wowoneka bwino, wopanda kuwira wolemera ma kilogalamu 900 pa kiyubiki mita.

Kodi mamilimita 25 a ayezi wonyezimira amawonjezera kulemera kotani pa zingwe zamagetsi ndi mitengo?¶

Chifukwa ayezi amavala waya mu silinda ya digirii 360, kulemera kwake kumawonjezeka ndi sikweya ya makulidwe ake. Chigawo cha 25-millimeter (1-inch) cha ayezi wonyezimira chimawonjezera ** 8 mpaka 11 kilogalamu pa mita (5.5 mpaka 7.5 mapaundi pa phazi)** kulemera kwa waya umodzi, kutanthauza kuti kutalika kwa mita 100 kwa mawaya atatu ogawa kumapindula ** 2,500 mpaka 3,000 mpaka 3,000 kilogalamu * 600 * 5,5 mapaundi kutalika kwa mita 300 pansanja yotumizira mawaya 6 yamphamvu kwambiri imapindula **18 mpaka matani 25 a ayezi**. Pamtengo wokhwima wokhwima, nthambi mamiliyoni ambiri zimadziunjikira **5 mpaka 15 metric tons (11,000 mpaka 33,000 pounds) ya ayezi** pa korona imodzi.

Chifukwa chiyani nsanja zotumizira zitsulo zamphamvu kwambiri zimagwa m'maketani aatali a domino panthawi yamphepo yamkuntho, ndipo chifukwa chiyani izi zimapangitsa kuzimitsidwa kwa milungu ingapo?¶

Zinsanja zoyimitsidwa zazitsulo zokhala ndi magetsi okwera kwambiri zimapangidwira kuti zingwe zopingasa zikoke kuchokera ku sikelo imodzi zingwe zomwe zimakoka mbali ina. Madzi oundana akadutsa mamilimita 30 mpaka 50 ( mainchesi 1.2 mpaka 2) ndipo mphepo yamkuntho imapangitsa kuti mawaya oundana azitha kuthamanga mmwamba ndi pansi, waya umodzi umaduka kapena mwendo wansanja umangirira. Nthawi yomweyo, nsanja yoyandikana nayo imakhomeredwa cham'mbali ndi matani 20 osakhazikika, ndikuyipinda pakati ndikuyambitsa kuphulika kwa domino komwe kumatha kugwetsa nsanja 20 mpaka 80 motsatana. Kumanganso ma kilomita a nsanja zotumizira zitsulo zopangidwa mwamakonda kudera lozizira kumatenga milungu iwiri kapena isanu.

Kodi nchifukwa ninji anthu ambiri amatenthedwa ndi poizoni wa carbon monoxide panthaŵi ya chimphepo cha ayezi, ngakhale pamene alibe jenereta yonyamula?¶

Pamene mukuyendetsa jenereta yonyamula mafuta mkati mwa garaja, chipinda chapansi, kapena khonde, kapena kuyatsa moto wa makala kapena chitofu cha msasa m'nyumba, ndicho chifukwa #1 chakupha poizoni wa carbon monoxide (CO) panthawi ya mphepo yamkuntho, msampha wachiwiri umakantha nyumba zomwe zimakhalabe ndi kutentha: ** glaze ice ndi icicles kusindikiza kunja kwa ng'anjo yamadzi * chotenthetsera madzi ndi PVC. Pamene ayezi wonyezimira amakwirira nsaru ya mauna a ng'anjo yolowera m'mbali mwa khoma, mpweya woipa wa monoxide sungathe kuthawira panja ndi kubwerera m'nyumba. Sungani zowunikira za CO zoyendetsedwa ndi batri pansi paliponse komanso potuluka mpweya wabwino wakunja maola 6 aliwonse.

Ndiyenera kukhetsa liti komanso ndimotani mmene mapaipi amadzi m’nyumba mwanga ngati magetsi azima m’nyengo ya chimphepo cha ayezi?¶

Pamene nyumba yanu imakhala yopitirira madigiri 10 Celsius (50 degrees Fahrenheit), tsegulani zitseko za kabati yakuya ndikulola kuti mipope idonthe. Komabe, ngati mulibe kutentha kwanthawi zonse komanso kutentha kwamkati pansi kapena pansi kumatsika kufika ku **4 digiri Celsius (40 degrees Fahrenheit)**, madzi mkati mwa mipope yakunja kwa khoma atsala pang'ono kuundana ndikuphulika. Zimitsani ** valavu yanu yayikulu yotsekera madzi, zimitsani ** ZIMA** chophwanyira / gasi ku chotenthetsera chamadzi chanu, tsegulani ** ** iliyonse yotentha ndi yozizira popopa kuchokera pansi kupita pansi kuti mphamvu yokoka ikhetse mapaipi, zimbudzi zotulutsa, ndikutsanulira kapu ya antifreeze ya pinki yopanda poizoni ya RV mumsampha uliwonse wakuya / pansi ndi mbale yachimbudzi.

Kodi ndi chithandizo chotani choyamba chimene chikufunika ngati wina wagwidwa ndi nthambi ya mtengo yomwe ikugwa ndi madzi oundana kapena wapezeka wosalabadira m’nyumba yakuda?¶

Ngati wina akanthidwa panja ndi chiwalo chakugwa, **yang'anani mmwamba nthawi yomweyo ** kuti muwone ma chingwe amagetsi otsika ndikulendewera miyendo ya "amasiye" musanayandikire. Yesetsani kutaya magazi ndi kuthamanga kwachindunji, limbitsani mutu ndi khosi ngati mukukayikira kuti msana wavulala, ndipo mutetezeni wodwalayo kumalo oundana. Ngati achibale asokonezeka, achita chizungulire, nseru, kapena chikomokere m'nyumba yakuda, ganizirani **poizoni wa carbon monoxide**: sunthirani aliyense mumpweya wabwino, imbani 911 / 112/999 kuti mutengeko mpweya, ndipo yambani CPR ngati simunayankhe. Kutenga chithandizo choyamba chovomerezeka ndi CPR kuchokera ku Red Cross, St John Ambulance, kapena wothandizira kwanuko amakukonzekeretsani kuyankha kwatsoka lachisanu.

Maupangiri ogwirizana¶

• Mphepo yamkuntho ya ayezi, mvula yozizira kwambiri, ndi kupulumuka kwa kugwa kwa chingwe chamagetsi
• Kuzimitsidwa kwamagetsi m'nyengo yachisanu, kuzimitsa kwamagetsi kwanthaŵi yaitali, ndi gridi kuzimitsidwa
• Mitambo yamagetsi yotsitsidwa ndi kuthawa kwamagetsi agalimoto
• Chitetezo cha jenereta, masiwichi osinthira, ndi kupewa kwa carbon monoxide

Magwero ndi malangizo ovomerezeka¶

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Weather Service (NWS): Freezing Rain Meteorology (Warm-Nose Inversions), Ice Storm Warning Criteria, ndi Sperry-Piltz Ice Accumulation (SPIA) Damage Index.
• Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), Public Safety Canada, and Hydro-Québec: Lessons and Engineering Standards from the January 1998 North American Ice Storm (Verglas '98): Radial Glaze Ice Loads, Cascading Transmission Tower Collapse, and Multi-Week Blackout Survival.
• American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE Standard 7 / Manual of Practice 74) ndi IEEE: Malangizo a Electrical Transmission Line Structural Loading: Extreme Radial Glaze Ice Thickness, Wind-on-Ice Drag, Conductor Galloping, and Anti-Cascade Dead-End Towers.
• United States Forest Service (USFS) ndi International Society of Arboriculture (ISA): Tree Biomechanics Under Glaze Ice Accretion: Species Susceptibility, Branch Shear vs Root-Plate Failure, ndi Post-Storm Widowmaker Hazards.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ndi Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States): Kupewa Poizoni wa Carbon Monoxide, Hypothermia, ndi Kuphulika kwa Mapaipi Oundana Pakhomo Pakutha kwa Mphamvu kwa Nthawi Yazinja.