Oxy-Fuel Torch Flashback, Welding Fume Gbɔgbɔ, kple Arc Ŋku Triage¶

Welding, brazing, plasma lãɖeɖe, kple oxy-fuel lãɖeɖe naa dɔwɔƒewo doa go dɔwɔƒewo ƒe afɔku vovovo etɔ̃ le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me: mɔ̃memi ƒe ya siwo wowóna siwo ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu sesẽ, ga oxide siwo me aɖi le siwo me ya le kple ya siwo doa dziku na aklã, kple keklẽ sesẽ si nye ultraviolet kple infrared. Le oxy-acetylene lãɖeɖe alo welding rig me la, akaɖi ƒe nugbɔ si xe, hose si ƒo, alo regulator ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu si wometrɔ asi le nyuie o ate ŋu ana dzo si le gota la naƒo ɖe megbe to nugbɔa me kple pop sesẽ aɖe (a megbe dzo) eye wòayi edzi anɔ dzo dam le ememe atrɔ ato mixing chamber kple rubber hoses me aɖo ta gas cylinder siwo womiã (si nye flashback si nɔa anyi ɖaa). Ne ememe flashback alo gota hose dzo do dzo na acetylene tsilindo la, acetylene gas si me meli ke o si le eme ate ŋu age ɖe dzoxɔxɔ ƒe gbegblẽ si si dzo le gota si ate ŋu atɔ dzo gakpoa abe bɔmb si wó ŋutɔ ene ne wotu gotagome ʋuƒoawo vɔ gɔ̃ hã.

Le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me la, elektrik-ka ƒe ʋuʋudedi ƒe mɔnuwo (SMAW stick, GMAW MIG, FCAW flux-core, kple GTAW TIG) doa dzo na gɔmeɖoanyi gawo, anyigbadzinu siwo wotsɔ blaa woe, kple atike siwo wotsɔna ƒoa tsii wògbɔa dzoxɔxɔ si wu 3,000 va ɖo 6,000 degree Celsius (5,400 va ɖo 10,800 degree Fahrenheit). Ne ègbɔ ya si dona tso eme la le fiase alo tsigoe si me ya mele nyuie o me la, ate ŋu ahe ga dzudzɔ ƒe dzoxɔxɔ sesẽ vɛ tso galvanized zinc oxide gbɔ, atike siwo ate ŋu ade ame ƒe agbe afɔku me ƒe aklãdɔléle kple aklã me ʋuʋu si tsi megbe tso cadmium dzudzɔ alo phosgene gas (si dzɔna ne welding UV light alo dzoxɔxɔ gblẽ chlorinated brake cleaner solvents), alo inert gas asphyxiation kabakaba tso argon ƒe ƒuƒoƒo le teƒe si bɔbɔ gbɔ. Sɛkɛnd 2 va ɖo 10 ƒe ŋkuléle ɖe elektrik-kplu si wotsɔa ga ƒoa nui ŋu kpuie si womekpɔ ta na o gɔ̃ hã tsɔa keklẽ kpui si nye ultraviolet (UV-C kple UV-B) yɔa ŋkume ƒe ŋkume, si hea ultraviolet keratitis (arc eye alo welder’s flash) si tsi megbe vevie vɛ le gaƒoƒo 4 va ɖo 12 megbe. Esi nènya alesi nàtsi oxy-fuel ƒe flashback le valvɔ ƒe ɖoɖo nyuitɔ nu ta la, de dzesi ɣeyiɣi si me acetylene-go si me dzo le hiã be woaɖe teƒea enumake tsɔ wu be woawɔ eŋudɔ, ade vovototo zinc fume fever si mesẽ o kple cadmium alo phosgene ƒe lãkusi ƒe abi si wua ame dome, eye nàkpɔ arc eye si le veve sem la gbɔ evɔ màgblẽ ŋkume ƒe ŋkume ƒe ŋkume kple atike siwo wotsɔna fa alɔ̃e si wotsɔna ƒoa alɔ̃e si wotsɔ dea alɔ̃ me o la, eɖea ame ƒe agbe kple nukpɔkpɔ le lãme na ame dɔwɔƒe si wowɔa dɔ le.

Wɔ esia fifia¶

1. Tsi akaɖi ƒe oxygen-ʋuƒo GBÃTƆ, emegbe nàtu akaɖia ƒe ami-gas (acetylene) ʋuƒoa ƔEYIƔI ne akaɖi aɖe le ɣli dom, ƒo ɣli le asiléƒea me, alo do dzudzɔ yibɔ. Ememe flashback hiã oxygen si ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu sesẽ be wòalé dzobibi ɖe te le akaɖia ƒe ŋutilã kple hoses me. Ne ètu akaɖi ƒe asiléƒe ƒe ʋuƒo eveawo vɔ la, tu tsilindo ƒe ʋuƒo gã siwo le tsigoe eveawo dzi enumake (le gaƒoɖokui ƒe zɔzɔme nu) nenye be woate ŋu aɖo wo gbɔ dedie ko, eye nàtsɔ akaɖi dzodzoe ƒe ta ade tsi si me ami mele o ƒe gaze me be wòafa.
2. ÐE amesiame si didi meta 100 va ɖo 300 (afɔ 330 va ɖo 1,000) ya teti ne acetylene tsilindo ŋutɔ xɔ dzo, ʋuʋu, do, alo dzo le regulator alo fusible plug. Mègaʋuʋu, ʋuʋu, alo ƒo acetylene tsilindo dzodzoe gbeɖe o; atike siwo le eme ƒe gbegblẽ ate ŋu ana tsilindoa nawó sesĩe ne wotu ʋuƒoa gɔ̃ hã. Ƒo ka na wò nutoa me xexlẽdzesi kpata (911 le United States kple Canada, 112 le Europa Dukɔwo ƒe Habɔbɔ bliboa me, 999 le United Kingdom) ale be dzotsilawo nate ŋu ana aʋawɔʋua nafa tso kɔkrit ƒe nutsyɔnu megbe gaƒoƒo geɖe; check xexlẽdzesi siwo wozãna kpata.
3. Ʋu amesiame si le kɔdzi, taɖuame, alo gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe tso dzudzɔ ƒoƒo ɖe gota ya nyui me enumake, eye MÈGAGE ɖe tsigo alo do si wotu me si me TIG alo MIG welder mu la me GBEÐE o. Argon kple carbon dioxide ƒe ya siwo kpɔa ame ta la kpekpe wu ya eye woɖea oxygen ɖa le tsigoewo kple dowo gɔme, si wɔnɛ be ame eve ƒe manyamanya zi ɖeka gbɔgbɔwo; kpɔ ɖa yamenutome si woxe mɔ na ƒe gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe.
4. Di kɔdzi ƒe dodokpɔ kpata enumake ne welding dzudzɔ tso akpa siwo wotsɔ cadmium ƒo, gakpo si mexɔ dzo o, beryllium, manganese, alo ga si wotsɔ chlorinated brek cleaner klɔ. To vovo na ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe ƒe zinc metal dzudzɔ dzoxɔxɔ la, cadmium dzudzɔ, hexavalent chromium, nitrogen dioxide, alo phosgene gas gbɔgbɔ hea agbe afɔku vɛ tsi ƒe ƒoƒo ɖe lãkusi me si tsi megbe (non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema) vaseɖe gaƒoƒo 12 va ɖo 48 le eƒe dodo vɔ megbe, ne welder la se le eɖokui me be yeƒe lãme sẽ le esi wòdo le fiasea me teti gɔ̃ hã; kpɔ ɖa cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, kple gas si wogbɔna le dɔwɔƒewo.
5. Ðe ŋkumeɖonu siwo wotsɔ kpɔa ŋkume ɖa, nɔ xɔ si me do viviti me, nàtsɔ atike fafɛ siwo me tsi le la asisi ŋkumeʋuʋu siwo wotu dzi, eye MÈGADE ŋkumeʋuʋu ƒe atike siwo susɔ (proparacaine alo tetracaine) ŋkuawo me GBEÐE be welder’s flash (arc eye). Ne èzãa ŋkumeɖonu siwo wotsɔna fa alɔ̃e le teƒea enuenu le aƒeme la, enaa ŋkume ƒe dɔyɔyɔ, tsyɔa ŋkume ƒe abi siwo nu sẽna ɖe edzi, eye wònaa ŋkume ƒe ʋuʋu tegbee abi kple ŋkuʋuʋu; kpɔ ɖa ŋku ƒe nu dzro, ŋkume ƒe ʋuʋu, kple welding flash.
6. Fa slag, spatter, alo hot metal contact fiãwo le pɔmpi me tsi fafɛ si le sisim te aɖabaƒoƒo 20 blibo, eye nàɖe asigɛwo, gaƒoɖokuiwo, kple awu siwo le dzudzɔ tum la ɖa enumake. Ne gakpo si wotsɔ ƒu gbe ƒe tsidzadza ge ɖe welding boot alo glove me la, he boot alo glove la ɖa enumake hafi nàfa; mègaɖe awu siwo wotsɔ lãgbalẽ wɔe siwo wotsɔ ƒo ƒu ɖe ŋutigbalẽ si xɔ dzo ŋu o; kpɔ ɖa dzobibi.

flowchart TD
    Start["Welding, Lãɖeɖe, alo Oxy-Fuel Kpata"] --> HazardType{"Nu kpata kae le dzɔdzɔm?"}
    HazardType -->|"Oxy-Fuel Torch Pop, Squeal, alo Hose Dzo"| Flashback["1. Do TORCH OXYGEN ƒe ʋuƒo gbã, emegbe DO TORCH FUEL ƒe ʋuƒo<br/>2. Do cylinder tank valve eveawo ne ele dedie be woaɖo<br/>3. Se acetylene cylinder shell kple asi ƒuƒlu"]
    Flashback --> TankHot{"Ðe acetylene tsilindoa le dzo dam, le ɣli dom, alo le dzo dama?"}
    TankHot -->|"Ẽ: Tank la xɔ dzo/dzo alo le bibim le valve"| EvacTank["1. MÈGAʋuʋu alo aka asi acetylene ƒe tsilindoa ŋu o<br/>2. Miɖe teƒe si didi meta 100 va ɖo 300 (afɔ 330 va ɖo 1,000) le nutsyɔnu sesẽ megbe<br/>3. Ƒo ka na dzotsidɔwɔƒe (911 / 112 / 999) hena adzɔge hose ƒe fafa"]
    TankHot -->|"Ao: Aʋawɔʋua fa eye dzo tsi"| InspectRig["Fafa akaɖi le tsi me; tsɔ hose siwo dzo la ƒu gbe eye nàlé ŋku ɖe flashback arrestors ŋu hafi nàgazãe ake"]
    HazardType -->|"Dzudzɔ Yagbɔgbɔ, Vuvɔ, Kɔdzi, alo Akɔta ƒe Ʋuʋu"| FumeCheck{"Ga alo atike ka ƒomevie wotsɔ do dzoe?"}
    FumeCheck -->|"Brek-klɔnu si me chlorine le, Cadmium, Stainless, alo Teƒe si Wotu"| HighRiskFume["AKPAÐEKA ƑE AFƆKU SI ATE ŊU ATƆ AGBE AME ƑE AGBENƆNƆ:<br/>1. Ʋu yi ya nyui me eye nàna amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii nagbɔ ɖe eme le tsitrenu<br/>2. Ƒo ka na 911 / 112 / 999 hena kɔdziyiyi<br/>3. Lé ŋku ɖe eŋu gaƒoƒo 24 va ɖo 48 be aklã ƒe ʋuʋu tsi megbe hã"]
    FumeCheck -->|"Klɔ Galvanized Steel (Zinc) Ko + Flu Chills Fafɛ"| ZincFever["Anɔ eme be Ga ƒe Dzudzɔ ƒe Dzoxɔxɔ:<br/>1. Ya nyui, ɖiɖiɖeme, tsidede nu me, kple dzoxɔxɔ dzi ɖeɖe kpɔtɔ<br/>2. Yi ER enumake ne gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe, akɔtave, alo kɔdzidɔ gagblẽ ɖe edzi"]
    HazardType -->|"Ŋku Vevesese Sesẽ, Seselelãme si Le Ʋuʋudedi, alo Aɖatsi Le Arc Exposure megbe"| ArcEye["1. Ðe ŋkumeɖonu ɖa eye mègatutu ŋkuwo o<br/>2. Gbɔ ɖe eme le xɔ doviviti me kple avɔ fafɛ si me tsi le ɖe ŋku siwo wotu dzi<br/>3. MÈGAzã atike siwo naa ame ƒe lãme gbãna le aƒeme GBEÐE o<br/>4. Kpɔ ŋkudɔdala alo beléle kpata be nàɖe ga si wotsɔ de eme la ɖa"]

Oxy-acetylene ƒe megbedede, flashback si nɔa anyi ɖaa, kple cylinder ƒe gbegblẽ¶

Vovototo dede ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe ƒe megbedede kple afɔku si nɔa anyi ɖaa ƒe megbenyawo dome¶

Oxy-fuel welding, brazing, kple flame cutting ƒoa oxygen dzadzɛ si woƒo ƒu kple ami ƒe gas (zi geɖe la, acetylene, propane, propylene, alo dzɔdzɔme gas) le akaɖi ƒe tsakatsaka me. Acetylene (\(\text{C}_2\text{H}_2\)) naa dzo si xɔ dzo wu le dɔwɔƒewo ƒe mɔ̃memi ƒe gas ɖesiaɖe si bɔ wu dome, eye wòɖoa 3,160 degree Celsius (5,720 degrees Fahrenheit) ne wotsakae kple oxygen dzadzɛ, elabena acetylene nye endothermic compound si si carbon ƒe kadodo etɔ̃ le si ɖea atike ƒe ŋusẽ si gbɔ eme ne egbã.

Esi wònye be dzo ƒe kaka ƒe duƒuƒu le oxy-acetylene tsakatsaka me kabakaba ŋutɔ ta la, dzoxɔxɔ ƒe tɔtrɔ ɖe megbe ƒe nudzɔdzɔ vovovo eve ate ŋu adzɔ ne gas ƒe sisi ɖiɖi wu dzo ƒe duƒuƒu:

Afɔɖeɖe ɖesiaɖe ƒe ɖoɖo kpata hena oxy-fuel torch flashback¶

Ne akaɖi aɖe do eye wòdze ɣlidodo alo ʋuʋudedi yibɔ ɣiwo tsɔtsɔ ƒu gbe tso eƒe nugbɔ gɔme la, sɛkɛnd 1 va ɖo 3 koe susɔ na wò hafi dzo si le eme la naƒo to akɔblikaɖia ƒe ŋutilã me alo atɔ dzo rababa-mɔ̃a ƒe hosewo:

Afɔɖeɖe 1: Wɔ valvɔ ƒe nutsitsi ƒe ɖoɖo si sɔ pɛpɛpɛ¶

1. Do TORCH OXYGEN ƒe ʋuƒoa gbã (trɔ ɖe gaƒoɖokui ƒe mɔ nu nyuie): Oxygen dzadzɛ naa nuɖuɖu dzobibi sesẽ si le ememe le akɔbli tsakatsaƒea me. Ne wotso ɔksidzin si le eme la, enaa dzoxɔxɔ si le dzoa me dzi ɖena kpɔtɔna enumake eye wònana dzoa ƒe ŋgɔgbe megaɖua nu to akaɖia ƒe asiléƒea alo ƒua du yi megbe le hose la me o. (Ne wotu mɔ̃memi ƒe ʋuƒoa gbã esime nèle oxygen si ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu sesẽ gblẽm ɖi la, eƒoa dzo si le megbe yim la ɖe megbe yia ami ƒe hose la me alo wòtsoa akɔbli ƒe asiléƒea.)
2. Do TORCH FUEL-GAS (acetylene) valve evelia: Le sɛkɛnd ɖeka me tso esime nètu oxygen valve si le torch ƒe asiléƒea la, tu acetylene valve si le torch ƒe asiléƒea keŋkeŋ.
3. Do tsilindo ƒe ʋuƒo vevi eveawo le tsigoeawo gbɔ: Do oxygen tsilindo ƒe ʋuƒo kple acetylene tsilindo ƒe ʋuƒo siaa enumake (zã T-safui si wòle be wòanɔ acetylene tsigoe si wotsɔ safui wɔa dɔe ƒe ke dzi le ezãɣi).
4. Fa akaɖi ƒe ŋutilã eye nàlé ŋku ɖe hoseawo ŋu: Ne tsigoe ƒe ʋuƒo eveawo siaa tsi ko la, nyrɔ akaɖi dzodzoe ƒe nugbɔ kple ta si wotsɔ tsakae la ɖe tsi dzadzɛ si me ami mele o ƒe gaze me. Mègasi akaɖi gbeɖe le flashback si nɔa anyi didi megbe o vaseɖe esime wolé ŋku ɖe ememe O-rings, zikpuiwo, hosewo, kple flashback arrestors ŋu alo ɖɔli wo.

Afɔɖeɖe 2: Kpɔ acetylene tsilindoa ɖa be dzoxɔxɔ ƒe gbegblẽ si si dzo hã¶

Le nyaƒoɖeamenu siwo wu 103 kilopascals (15 pounds per square inch gauge / 1.03 bar) la, acetylene si me ya le si le ablɔɖe me la meganɔa te le atikewo me o eye ate ŋu awó to dzidziƒoame alo dzoxɔxɔ me ne oxygen manɔmee gɔ̃ hã. Be woadzra acetylene ɖo dedie le abe 1,720 kilopascals (250 psi) ene la, wotsɔa calcium silicate filler mass si me ʋuʋudedi le si me tsi acetone (alo dimethylformamide) yɔ fũ, si me acetylene gas la ƒoa ƒu ɖo la yɔa acetylene tsilindo me.

Gake ne flashback ɖo cylinder la gbɔ alo gota hose dzo do dzo na tsigoea la, acetylene si le porous mass la me dzea exothermic thermal decomposition gɔme wòzua elemental carbon kple hydrogen gas (\(\text{C}_2\text{H}_2 \rightarrow 2\text{C} + \text{H}_2 + \text{Heat}\)). Atikewo ƒe kɔsɔkɔsɔ ƒe dɔwɔwɔ sia naa dzoxɔxɔ kple nyaƒoɖeamenu sesẽ aɖe dona le ememe si kakana to tsilindoa me le aɖabaƒoƒo alo gaƒoƒo aɖewo me vaseɖe esime gakpoa ƒe goa gbãna sesĩe.

Ne ètsi flashback alo tsi regulator ƒe dzo sue aɖe vɔ teti la, wɔ bare-hand cylinder shell check:

1. Te ɖe acetylene tsilindoa ƒe abɔta kple axa siwo le etame ŋu nyuie eye nàtsɔ wò asi ƒuƒlu aka asi eŋu bɔbɔe (ne dzo aɖeke mele dɔ wɔm le tsigoa me o eye ɣlidodo aɖeke mele ɣlidodo tso dedienɔnɔ ƒe nutunu siwo wotsɔna ƒoa dzoe me o ko).
2. Dada nuxlɔ̃amedzesi siwo le acetylene ƒe gbegblẽ le ememe kpɔ:
3. Ga si wotsɔa gakpo wɔe la ƒe goglome senɛ le eɖokui me be xɔ dzo alo dzoxɔxɔ le eŋu ne èka asi eŋu dzro le eƒe anyigba ƒe akpa sia akpa, alo amadedea le ʋuʋum alo le dzo dam.
4. Cylinder la doa ga ƒe ʋuʋu, ping, alo gbeɖiɖi si me mekɔ o tso eme.
5. Ga si woate ŋu atsɔ axe mɔ ɖe nyaƒoɖeamenu nu ƒe nutrenu siwo le tsilindoa dzi (siwo wowɔ be woaƒu le dzoxɔxɔ si ade Celsius degree 100 / Fahrenheit 212) la ƒo ƒu eye wole gas alo dzo si le ɣli dom la ɖem.
6. Dzudzɔ alo ʋeʋẽ lilili si le abe galik ene alo ʋeʋẽ lilili le dodom tso ʋuƒo alo kpekpeɖeŋunu si wotu la me.

Afɔɖeɖe 3: Ne acetylene tsilindoa le dzo dam alo le bibim le ʋuƒoa gbɔ la, ƉE ƲUƲU ƑE ƲUƲU ENƆME¶

Ne acetylene cylinder ɖe dzesi ɖesiaɖe fia be dzoxɔxɔ, ememe nuwɔna, alo dzo si le dɔ wɔm le valvɔ alo fusible plug si metsina enumake ne ètu valvɔa o:

1. MÈGATE kpɔ be yeaʋuʋu acetylene tsilindo dzodzoe la, aʋuʋui, aƒoe ɖe enu, alo atsɔe ayi gota o: Mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe ʋuʋu sue aɖe si wotsɔ de acetylene tsilindo si le ememe gbegblẽ me gɔ̃ hã naa nuwɔna la nawɔ kabakaba to nusi me ʋuʋudedi le me eye wòhea wowó enumake.
2. MÈGATI dzo si le dzo dam tso fusible plug si wofa me o negbe ɖe woate ŋu atɔ te gas ƒe sisi: Dzoa tsitsi esime acetylene dzodzoe yi edzi le dzo dam la yɔa xɔa me fũ kple acetylene-ya ƒe alilikpo si wó (si ate ŋu atɔ tso 2.5% va ɖo 81% le ya me) si atɔ dzo xɔa le dzo gbãtɔ me.
3. Miɖe dɔwɔlawo kple aƒelikawo katã ɖa le meta 100 va ɖo 300 ya teti (afɔ 330 va ɖo 1,000) le nutsyɔnu sesẽ megbe: Klɔ xɔa me, he dzo ƒe ɣlidodo, eye nàxe mɔ siwo dzi woato age ɖe eme.
4. Ƒo ka na dɔwɔƒe siwo kpɔa nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo gbɔ (911 / 112 / 999) eye nàna dzotsilawo nanya tẽ be acetylene tsilindo si xɔ dzo akpa alo le bibim le asiwò: Dzotsilawo azã anyigbadzitsi ƒe tsigoe siwo me dɔwɔlawo mele o tso kɔkrit nutsyɔnu megbe atsɔ aƒo tsigoea atraɖii gaƒoƒo geɖe vaseɖe esime gakpoa nafa keŋkeŋ; kpɔ ɖa gas si woƒo ɖe tsigoe me ƒe ʋuƒo ƒe ʋuʋu, tukpewo ƒe tsigoe, kple cryogenic leaks.

Welding fume inhalation: Ga dzudzɔ dzoxɔxɔ vs. aklã me aɖi siwo wua ame¶

Nukatae menye welding dzudzɔ katã hea atikewɔwɔ kpata ɖeka vɛ o¶

Ne elektrik-ka alo oxy-fuel dzo na ga, flux coatings, kple ɖiƒoƒo siwo le anyigba dzi la, ya dzodzoe la ƒoa ƒu ɖe fiase me ya si fa wu me zua nu sesẽ siwo le sue ŋutɔ (0.01 va ɖo 1.0 micrometers in diameter) siwo le sue ale gbegbe be woate ŋu ato ŋɔti kple yaƒoƒomɔ̃ si le etame ƒe lãkusiwo ŋu eye woatsɔe ade lãkusia ƒe ya kotoku goglo siwo le alveolar me tẽ. Le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me la, keklẽ sesẽ si nye ultraviolet kple dzoxɔxɔ si le akasa nu la ma ya siwo ƒo xlã yame kple atikewo ƒe yaƒoƒo wozua ya siwo doa dziku na aklã me aɖi.

Zi geɖe la, welders bua dɔléle si dona le welding megbe be enye "zinc chills ƒe asikaka eŋu ko" alo "galvie flu." Togbɔ be zinc oxide ƒe dzudzɔ dzadzɛ si woɖe tso gakpo si wotsɔ galvanized me gbɔgbɔ hea ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe ƒe dɔléle si le abe dzamezã ene si seɖoƒe li na eɖokui (ga dzudzɔ ƒe dzoxɔxɔ) vɛ hã la, dzudzɔ alo ya geɖe siwo ɖi wo nɔewo gbɔgbɔ hea aklãdɔléle sesẽ kple aklã me ʋuʋu si tsi megbe si wua ame vɛ le gaƒoƒo 12 va ɖo 48 me.

Dɔnɔdzikpɔƒe ƒe tsɔtsɔ sɔ kple wo nɔewo: Ga dzudzɔ ƒe dzoxɔxɔ si mewɔa nuvevi ame o vs. aɖi si wotsɔna ƒoa dzudzɔe si dea ame ƒe agbe afɔku me¶

Kpekpeɖeŋu gbãtɔ afɔɖeɖe ɖesiaɖe na welding dzudzɔ gbɔgbɔ kple gas ƒe dodo¶

1. Ta xɔnamelawo ƒe dedienɔnɔ ta hafi ate ɖe welder si mu ŋu: Ne welder mlɔ tsidzɔƒe, dzodoƒe, meli ƒe ʋuƒo, do, alo xɔ sue si wotu me manyamanyae la, mègaƒu du age ɖe eme ahe wo ado goe o. Argon shielding gas si me amadede mele o, si meʋẽna o (si kpekpe wu ya 38%) ƒoa ƒu ɖe anyigba le mɔ si womekpɔna o nu eye wònana xɔnametɔ tsia dzodzodzoe le sɛkɛnd ʋɛ aɖewo ko me. Tsi gas-gowo kple welding-ŋusẽtsoƒe tso gota ne àte ŋu age ɖe eme, ʋu yaƒoƒomɔ̃wo, eye nàƒo ka na dɔwɔƒe siwo kpɔa nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo gbɔ (911 / 112 / 999) be woaxɔ na gbɔgbɔmɔ̃ siwo le wo ɖokui si (SCBA); kpɔ ɖa yamenutome si woxe mɔ na ƒe gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe.
2. Tsɔ amesi ŋu wòku ɖo la yi gota ya nyui me enumake: Kpe ɖe dɔwɔla la ŋu wòado le fiasea me blewuu ayi ya dzadzɛ me, alo nàʋu bay ƒe ʋɔtruwo kple fesrewo katã wòakeke.
3. Na amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la nagbɔ ɖe eme sesĩe le nɔnɔme si le tsitrenu afã (anɔ anyi afã) me: Ne dɔwɔla la gbɔ phosgene (si tso brek cleaner si me chlorin le me), cadmium ƒe dzudzɔ, alo nitrogen dioxide si me wode nu me la, xe mɔ ɖe ŋutilãme agbagbadzedze ɖesiaɖe nu (mègana woazɔ atsa alo alia atrakpui o). Lãmesẽfefewɔwɔ nana aklã ƒe ʋukawo ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu kple ʋuka siwo me ʋu sina tona dzina ɖe edzi, si wɔnɛ be aklã ƒe ʋuʋu si tsi megbe la dzina ɖe edzi.
4. Na oxygen kpeɖeŋutɔ ne wona hehee, alo dzra ɖo ɖe CPR ŋu: Ðe kɔla siwo sesẽ, welding jackets, kple belts ɖa. Ne amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la menya naneke o eye mele gbɔgbɔm nyuie o la, ke dze egɔme CPR ƒe dɔwɔwɔ enumake zi ɖeka le nɔnɔme si me dedienɔnɔ le me.
5. De dzesi ga, filler rod, flux, kple solvent si tututu le eme: Ðe foto alo ŋlɔ gɔmeɖoanyi ƒe ga si tututu (abe galvanized steel, 316L stainless steel, alo cadmium-plated bolts), welding rod alo ka ƒe hatsotso, kple nusiwo wotsɔ wɔa degreaser alo brek cleaner ɖesiaɖe si wozã la ɖi. Ƒo ka na wò dukɔa ƒe aɖinuwo dzikpɔƒe (1-800-222-1222 le United States) alo nàtsɔ nyatakaka siawo ana atikewɔla si kpɔa nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo gbɔ.
6. Nya alesi nàwɔ akpɔ Zinc Metal Fume Fever si ŋu woɖo kpee, si me kuxi aɖeke mele o gbɔ dedie le aƒeme (ne woɖe aɖi siwo le afɔku gã me ɖa ko):
7. Ne èka ɖe edzi 100% la, gakpo alo akɔbli dzadzɛ si wotsɔ galvanized do dzoe koe welder la doa dzoe, ezãa zero chlorinated solvents alo cadmium alloys, eye vuvɔ si le abe dzamezã ene si tsi megbe, dzoxɔxɔ si mede ŋgɔ o, ga ƒe vivi, kple lãmekawo ƒe vevesese si dzea egɔme gaƒoƒo 3 va ɖo 10 le dɔwɔwɔ vɔ megbe kple gbɔgbɔ si sɔ: koe le esi.
8. Na amea nagbɔ ɖe eme le xɔ si me dzoxɔxɔ le me le ya dzadzɛ me eye nàna tsi geɖe si woano (tsi alo elektrikŋusẽ ƒe tsi). (De dzesii: Amewo ƒe nunya si gblɔna na welders be woano notsi do ŋgɔ na galvanized steel alo le welding megbe nye glitoto; notsi mexea mɔ na zinc oxide ƒe xɔxlɔ̃ le lãkusiwo me alo meɖea fu nɛ o, togbɔ be tsi si sɔ na wo doa alɔ hayahaya hã.)
9. Asrãnutsitike siwo wozãna ɖaa siwo womeƒlena le atikedzraƒe o (abe acetaminophen/paracetamol alo ibuprofen, ne ele dedie na amea ene) ɖea vuvɔ si ʋuʋuna kple ŋutilã ƒe vevesese dzi kpɔtɔna vaseɖe esime dɔlélea nu natso le gaƒoƒo 24 va ɖo 48 me.
10. Yi dɔwɔƒe si kpɔa nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo gbɔ enumake ne gbɔgbɔtsixe tsi amea le ɖiɖiɖemeɣi, ʋuʋudedi, akɔtave, aɖuɖɔ si me ʋuʋudedi le pink, alo asrã si xɔ wu gaƒoƒo 48.

Welder ƒe keklẽ (arc eye / ultraviolet photokeratitis) kple hot slag ŋku ƒe abi¶

Nusitae arc eye vea ame gaƒoƒo geɖe le welding la dzudzɔ megbe¶

Elektrik-mɔ̃ si wotsɔa ga ƒoa nui la doa keklẽŋusẽ si woyɔna be ultraviolet (UV-C kple UV-B, nanometer 180 va ɖo 315) si ŋkua ƒe gotagome si me kɔ (ŋku ƒe lãkusi) xɔa. Sɛkɛnd ʋɛ aɖewo ƒe ŋkuléle ɖe akasanu si womekpɔ ta na o ŋu gɔ̃ hã (alo axadziklẽ si dzena le gli siwo le keklẽm alo dɔwɔhati ƒe akasa nu esime wole wò ʋuƒoa trɔm ɖe dzi) gɔ̃ hã nana ɣe ƒe keklẽ fiã eye wòwua lãmenugbagbevi siwo le etame siwo tsyɔ ŋkume ƒe ŋkume.

Esi wònye be ŋkume ƒe akpa si le ŋkume wɔa nu abe ŋutigbalẽ si ŋdɔ xɔ dzo ene ta la, ƒã hafi ultraviolet photokeratitis (arc eye alo welder’s flash) vea ame le ɣeyiɣi si me wòdo go. Ke boŋ gaƒoƒo 4 va ɖo 12 le welding ƒe tɔtrɔa wu enu (zi geɖe la, wonyɔa welder la le zã titina) la, gotagome ŋkume ƒe lãmenugbagbevi siwo gblẽ la ƒua du, si wɔnɛ be ŋkume ƒe lãmeka ƒe nuwuwu akpe geɖe siwo womeɖa o la dzena le ŋkume ƒe akpa si le ʋuʋum la ŋu.

Dzesi xɔŋkɔ siwo dzena le welder ƒe flash ŋu dometɔ aɖewoe nye:

• Dzobibi sesẽ, vevesese si le veve sem le ŋku eveawo (alo ŋku ɖeka ne edze ɖe axadzi) si dzea egɔme tso gaƒoƒo 4 va ɖo 12 le arc exposure megbe.
• Seselelãme sẽŋu aɖe si nye be ke dzodzoe, kpe gbadzɛ, alo ahuhɔ̃e gbagbã le ŋkumeʋuʋu te le ŋkumeʋuʋu ɖesiaɖe me.
• Kekeli ƒe seselelãme si gbɔ eme (fotovɔvɔ̃), ŋkume ƒe ʋuʋu le lɔlɔ̃nu faa me (blepharospasm), aɖatsi si me tsi sɔ gbɔ ɖo, kple ŋkume ƒe ʋuʋu biã.

Afɔɖeɖe ɖesiaɖe ƒe kpekpeɖeŋu gbãtɔ na welder ƒe flash (arc eye) vs. a hot slag duta ŋutilã¶

Ɣesiaɣi si ŋkume le vevem na welder la, de vovototo diffuse UV flash burn kple dutanu dzodzoe si gena ɖe eme alo si wotsɔ dea ga alo slag me dome:

1. Ʋu yi xɔ si me kekeli mele tututu o me eye nàdo ɣe ƒe ŋkumewu doviviti si woxatsa ɖe eŋu: Xɔme akaɖi si klẽna nyuie hea ŋkume ƒe ŋkumeʋuʋu si le veve sem kple lãkusi ƒe lãmekawo ƒe ʋuʋu vɛ.
2. Klɔ asi eye nàɖe ŋkumeɖonu ɖa enumake: Gblẽ ŋkumeɖonu ɖe ​​gota vaseɖe esime ŋkume ƒe ŋkume nahaya keŋkeŋ eye ŋkudɔdala nakɔe be wòaxe mɔ na ŋkume ƒe abi siwo xɔa ame.
3. Dzro ŋkume blewu be ga ŋutɔŋutɔ ƒe ʋuʋudedi alo slag ƒe dzobibi aɖeke mele ŋkua ŋu evɔ màtutu ŋkua o:
4. Ne vevesese dze egɔme enumake esime nèle ka ƒom, le ka ƒom, alo le slag ƒom, alo ne èkpɔ ʋuʋudedi alo gbeɖuɖɔ ƒe asigɛ doviviti aɖe le ŋkume ƒe ŋkume ƒe ŋkume ŋu la, mègadze agbagba be yeatsɔ aŋetu, kotoklobo, alo magnet atsoe o. Gakpo dzodzoewo ƒuna yia ŋkume ƒe ŋkume eye wowɔa gayibɔ ƒe gbeɖuɖɔ ƒe asigɛ si wòle be ŋkudɔdala alo ŋkudɔdala naɖe le nusuekpɔmɔ̃ si me akaɖi si me ʋuʋudedi le me; kpɔ ɖa ŋku ƒe nu dzro, ŋkume ƒe ʋuʋu, kple welding flash.
5. Ne nutunu alo ka si zɔna kabakaba ŋutɔ to ŋkumeʋuʋua me, alo ne ŋkua dze abe aɖatsi ene la, tsɔ ametakpɔnu sesẽ (alo pepa kplu si wotsɔ tape bla ŋkua ƒe gɔme) tsyɔ ŋkua dzi kple nyaƒoɖeamenu zero ɖe anyigba la dzi eye nàyi xɔ si me wowɔa dɔ kpata le enumake; kpɔ ɖa ŋku ƒe abixɔxɔ.
6. Tsɔ ŋkumeɖonu siwo me dɔlékui mele o, siwo me nusiwo gblẽa nu le ame ŋu mele o (aɖatsi siwo wowɔ kple asi) kple compress fafɛwo de eme:
7. De aɖatsi siwo wowɔ kple asi siwo me dɔlékuiwutike mele o siwo me dɔlékui mele o be wòana ŋkume ƒe ŋkume ƒuƒu si le ŋkume ƒe ŋkumeʋuʋu si le ʋuʋum la te.
8. Gbɔ ɖe eme kple ŋku eveawo siaa ʋuʋu eye nàda avɔ dzadzɛ si wotsɔ pɔmpi me tsi fafɛ ƒo ɖe ŋkume blewu le ŋkumeʋuʋu siwo wotu la dzi aɖabaƒoƒo 15 va ɖo 20 le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me. (Mègatsɔ notsi, nuɖuɖu ƒuƒu, alo tsi si me dɔlékui mele o si woɖa le aƒeme de ŋku si ŋu welder ƒe keklẽ le me gbeɖe o, elabena ŋkume ƒe ŋkume ƒe ŋkumeʋuʋu si me woɖe nu le la ate ŋu axɔ dɔlékuiwo bɔbɔe ŋutɔ.)
9. Zã vevesesenutsitike siwo woano eye nàwɔ ɖoɖo ɖe dɔdamɔnu ƒe dodokpɔ ŋu: Vevesesenutsitike siwo woano (abe ibuprofen alo acetaminophen/paracetamol, ne ele dedie na amea) ɖea ŋkume ƒe lãmeka ƒe vevesese dzi kpɔtɔna esime lãkusia le hayahayam le gaƒoƒo 24 va ɖo 72. Na ŋkudɔdala, ŋkudɔdala, alo atikewɔla si kpɔa ŋkuawo dzi kpata natsɔ fluorescein-amade ado ŋkuawo kpɔ be ga si wotsɔ de eme la megale wo me o eye wòaŋlɔ ami si wua dɔlékuiwutike si woatsɔ axe mɔ ɖe ŋkuawo nu ne ehiã.

Welding spatter si wofa, slag dzodzoe, kple awuwo ƒe dzobibi biãna¶

Welding kple oxy-fuel lãɖeɖe tsɔa gakpo siwo le dzo dam ɣiwo kple flux slag siwo wotsɔ ƒo ƒu wɔe la ƒua tsi dɔwɔla la le 1,500 degree Celsius (2,700 degrees Fahrenheit):

1. Hot spatter gege ɖe welding boot alo gauntlet cuff me: Ne gakpo si wofa la ge ɖe boot alo glove ƒe cuff si le ʋuʋu ɖi la, etɔa dzo to dermis me le sɛkɛnd ʋɛ aɖewo ko me. Ðe afɔkpa alo asigɛa enumake, emegbe nàklɔ dzoa le pɔmpi me tsi fafɛ si le sisim te hena aɖabaƒoƒo 20; kpɔ ɖa dzobibi.
2. To ƒe ʋuƒo ƒe dzobibi (to dzi ƒoƒo to tomeka manɔmee): Ne dzo dzodzoe aɖe ƒo ɖe to me le to dzi ƒoƒo me (si he to si le ʋuʋum, vevesese sesẽ, vertigo, alo to si me do le vɛ), mègakɔ tsi fafɛ alo ami ɖe to me o eye mègatsɔ aŋe adzro eme o. Tsɔ atike ƒuƒu si me dɔlékui mele o tsyɔ to gota eye nàyi xɔ si me wowɔa dɔ kpata le alo to, ŋɔti, kple ŋɔti (ENT) ŋuti nunyala bibi gbɔ enumake.
3. Awu alo butane-kaɖi ƒe dzobibi: Mègatsɔ plastik butane-kaɖi si wotsɔna ƒua gbe ɖe kotoku me gbeɖe ne èle ga ƒom o; tsi dzodzoe ɖeka ƒe tsidzadza ƒuna toa aŋekotokua me eye wòdea dzo butane dzobolo aɖe me. Do kotoklobo alo lãgbalẽwu siwo me dzo mate ŋu age ɖo o eye pantalon ƒe asigɛwo le lãgbalẽfɔkpa siwo me ka mele o ŋu.

Dɔwɔƒe ƒe welding kple oxy-fuel dedienɔnɔ ŋuti ɖaseɖigbalẽ¶

• Dual flashback arrestors kple check valves: De UL/ISO-certified flame-arresting flashback arrestors (si me non-return check valve, sintered steel flame barrier, kple thermal cutoff) de oxygen kple fuel regulators siaa dzi.
• Acetylene ƒe ɖoɖowɔla ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu ƒe se si sɔ gbɔ wu (103 kPa / 15 psi): Mègaɖo acetylene ƒe ɖoɖowɔla ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu si wu 103 kilopascals (15 psi / 1.03 bar) gbeɖe o.
• Acetylene cylinder upright rule: Dzra acetylene cylinders ɖo eye nàzã wo ɖe tsitrenu pɛpɛpɛ (ne cylinder aɖe mlɔ anyi gbadzaa la, tsi tre ɖe eŋu gaƒoƒo 1 va ɖo 2 hafi nàzãe ale be acetone si nye tsi la nanɔ anyi). Ʋu ʋuƒo siwo wotsɔa safui wɔa dɔe la megawu ½ va ɖo 1.5 ƒe tɔtrɔ eye nàgblẽ T-safui la ɖe ʋuƒoa ƒe ke dzi ne èle dɔ wɔm.
• Zero chlorinated solvents le teƒe siwo te ɖe welding teƒewo ŋu: De se ɖe chlorinated brek cleaners (tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride) nu le welding alo lãɖeɖe ƒe fiase ɖesiaɖe me.
• Ya si dona le nutoa me kple gbɔgbɔtsixe ƒe ametakpɔkpɔ: Da dzudzɔdoƒe ƒe ʋuƒo ɖe sentimeta 30 va ɖo 45 (inch 12 va ɖo 18) tso weld plume gbɔ, tu galvanized coatings sentimeta 2.5 va ɖo 5 (inch 1 va ɖo 2) tso ƒunukpeƒea hafi nàwɔ welding, eye nàdo N95/P100 gbɔgbɔtsixe ƒe mɔ̃ alo PAPR gakuku.
• ANSI Z87.1+ polycarbonate dedienɔnɔ ƒe ŋkumeɖobolo siwo wodona le welding hood te: polycarbonate dedienɔnɔ ƒe ŋkumekpɔnu siwo me kɔ xɔa UV keklẽ ƒe 99% kple edzivɔ, si kpɔa wò ŋkuwo ta tso axadzi-klẽ le vo me ɣesiaɣi si wotrɔ wò welding hood yi dzi.

Nya siwo wobiaa amewo enuenu¶

Le oxy-acetylene-kaɖi ƒe flashback me la, ɖe wòle be nàtsi oxygen-ʋuƒo alo acetylene-mi ƒe ʋuƒoa gbãa?¶

Tsi akaɖi ƒe oxygen-ʋuƒoa ɣesiaɣi gbã, eye emegbe nàtsi akaɖia ƒe ami-gas (acetylene) ƒe ʋuƒoa le sɛkɛnd ɖeka megbe, eye emegbe nàtu tsigoe gã eveawo siaa le tsilindoawo gbɔ. Togbɔ be ètsia acetylene-ʋuƒoa gbã le dzobibi ƒe nutsitsi si sɔ me be wòaxe mɔ na carbon pop hã la, ememe flashback si le dɔ wɔm nye nudzɔdzɔ kpata si me dzoa le bibim le megbe le akaɖi ƒe tsakatsakaxɔa me. Oxygen dzadzɛ si woƒo ƒu naa dzo ememetɔ ma; ne wotu akaɖia ƒe oxygen-ʋuƒoa gbã la, enaa dɔ wua eƒe oxidizer la enumake eye wòxea mɔ na dzoa be wòagafa to akɔbli ƒe asiléƒea alo aƒo ɖe mɔ̃memi ƒe hose la me o.

Nukatae ʋu ƒe brek ŋuti kɔklɔnu zazã le ga dzi hafi woawɔ TIG alo MIG ƒe gaƒoɖokui ate ŋu awu ame?¶

Haidrodzin-tsi siwo me klorin le abe tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene), trichloroethylene, alo methylene chloride ene le brek-klɔnu kple amiɖeɖeɖanu geɖe siwo wodzrana me. Ne keklẽŋusẽ si woyɔna be ultraviolet alo dzoxɔxɔ si nu sẽ si tsoa akasanu si wotsɔa ga ƒoa nui me va dze atike siawo siwo me klorin le ƒe ya suesuesuewo gɔ̃ hã dzi la, egbãa atike ƒe kadodoawo me wòzua phosgene gas kple hydrogen chloride. Phosgene nye aklã me atike si wua ame si zi geɖe la, ŋɔti me dziku sue aɖe koe nana ame le gɔmedzedzea me, eye le gaƒoƒo 4 va ɖo 24 megbe la, tsi si ate ŋu ade ame ƒe agbe afɔku me la ƒoa ƒu ɖe aklã me (aklã me ʋuʋu si tsi megbe).

Ðe polycarbonate dedienɔnɔ ƒe ŋkumeɖobolo siwo me kɔ dodo le nye gakuku si wotsɔna ƒoa gae te xea mɔ na arc eye ne ame aɖe ƒo arc le axanyea?¶

Ẽ, ne èdo ANSI Z87.1 alo EN 166 ƒe dedienɔnɔ ƒe ŋkumekpɔnu siwo me kɔ siwo ƒe polycarbonate le wò gakuku si woate ŋu atrɔ ɖe dzi te la, ekpɔa ame ta tso welder ƒe keklẽ si le vo me (ultraviolet photokeratitis) me. Le dzɔdzɔme nu la, polycarbonate plastic xɔa keklẽŋusẽ si nye ultraviolet si ƒe ƒutsotsoe kpui kple esi le titina (UV-C kple UV-B) ƒe alafa memama 99 kple edzivɔ, siwo nye keklẽ siwo nana wotɔa ŋkume ƒe lãkusi. Togbɔ be polycarbonate-huhɔ̃e siwo me kɔ mexea mɔ na kekeli ƒe keklẽ si woate ŋu akpɔ alo dzoxɔxɔ si le keklẽŋusẽ me le welding si le dɔ wɔm atraɖii me o hã la, ne èna wole wo dzi la, etɔa axadziklẽ kpuiwo kple akasanu ƒe ƒoƒo le vo me be wò ŋkume ƒe dzobibi nagafiã ne wodo wò ʋuƒo ɖe dzi o.

Aleke mawɔ ade dzesi vovototo si le zinc metal fume fever si megblẽa nu le ame ŋu o kple cadmium dzudzɔ si me afɔku le si wogbɔna dome?¶

Le gaƒoƒo 4 va ɖo 8 gbãtɔ siwo le welding megbe la, màte ŋu ade vovototo wo dome kakaɖedzitɔe to dzesiwo ɖeɖeko dzi o, elabena zinc oxide (si tso gakpo si wotsɔ galvanized wɔe me) kple cadmium oxide (si tso bolt siwo wotsɔ cadmium ƒo alo klosalo-brazing alloys me) siaa hea ga vivi, kɔdzi ƒuƒu, vuvɔ si ʋuʋuna, dzoxɔxɔ, kple lãmekawo ƒe vevesese vɛ le gɔmedzedzea me. Gake togbɔ be zinc metal dzudzɔ ƒe dzoxɔxɔ si mesesẽ o nu yina le gaƒoƒo 24 va ɖo 48 me evɔ womegblẽa nu le lãkusi ŋu o hã la, cadmium dzudzɔ gblẽa ʋukawo me eye wòyia ŋgɔ le gaƒoƒo 12 va ɖo 36 me va zua akɔtave sesẽ, aɖuɖɔ si me ʋuʋudedi le, kple aklã me ʋuʋu si ate ŋu ade ame ƒe agbe afɔku me. Ele be amesiame si ate ŋu anye be cadmium do dzo alo gbɔgbɔtsixe tsia eƒe akɔta alo akɔta ƒe tete nayi dɔwɔƒe si kpɔa nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo gbɔ enumake.

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Mɔfiame sia naa dzadzraɖo kpata kple kpekpeɖeŋunana gbãtɔ ŋuti nyatakakawo na welding, oxy-fuel lãɖeɖe, kple dɔwɔƒe ƒe dzudzɔ ƒe nudzɔdzɔwo eye mexɔ ɖe dɔwɔƒewo ƒe dedienɔnɔ ŋuti hehenana si ŋu woɖo kpee alo atikewɔnyawo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ teƒe o. Bu kpekpeɖeŋunana gbãtɔ, CPR, kple dɔwɔƒe ƒe dedienɔnɔ ŋuti nusɔsrɔ̃ si ŋu woda asi ɖo wɔwɔ tso Atitsoga Dzĩ Habɔbɔ, St John Ambulance, alo miaƒe dukɔa ƒe dedienɔnɔ habɔbɔ gbɔ ŋu.

Mɔfiame siwo do ƒome kplii¶

• Ŋku dzro nu, ŋkume ƒe ʋuʋu, kple welding flash
• Ŋku ƒe abixɔxɔ kple atikewo ƒe sisi
• Cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, kple dɔwɔƒewo ƒe gas si wogbɔna
• Gas ƒe tsilindo ƒe ʋuƒo si woƒo ɖe enu ƒe ʋuʋu, tukpewo ƒe tsigoe, kple cryogenic ƒe tsi si le dodom
• Yamenutome si woxe mɔ na ƒe gbɔgbɔtsixe tsia ame ƒe dowo, silowo, kple aʋawɔʋuwo me
• Dzoxɔxɔ, atike, kple elektrikŋusẽ ƒe dzobibi

Wolé ŋku ɖe dzɔtsoƒewo ŋu¶

• Dɔwɔƒe ƒe Dedienɔnɔ Kple Lãmesẽnyawo Gbɔkpɔha (OSHA, United States): Welding, Cutting, and Brazing Standard (29 CFR 1910.252 / 1910.253), Dzudzɔ Kple Ya Siwo Me Afɔku Le Dzi Kpɔkpɔ le Welding Me, Kple Afɔku Ŋuti Nuxlɔ̃ame le Chlorinated Solvents / Phosgene Ŋu
• Lãmesẽ Kple Dedienɔnɔ Ŋuti Dɔdzikpɔla (HSE, United Kingdom): Dɔwɔwɔ Dedie Kple Acetylene (INDG327), Dzo Kple Wowó ƒe Aɖaŋuɖoɖo na Acetylene Tsilinderwo, Kple Welding Fume Control Mɔfiame (WL3)
• Compressed Gas Association (CGA, United States): Ga Siwo Womã le Nugoewo Me Ŋudɔwɔwɔ Dedie (CGA P-1) Kple Mɔfiame Siwo Ku Ðe Acetylene-Tsinu Siwo Ŋu Dzo Le Ŋudɔwɔwɔ Ŋu (CGA SB-4) .
• Dukɔa ƒe Dɔwɔƒe si Kpɔa Dɔwɔƒewo ƒe Dedienɔnɔ Kple Lãmesẽnyawo Gbɔ (NIOSH / CDC, United States): Kotoku me Mɔfiame si Ku Ðe Atikewo ƒe Afɔku Siwo Le Zinc Oxide, Cadmium Fume, Phosgene, Kple Nitrogen Dioxide Ŋu
• Amerikatɔwo ƒe Ŋkudɔléle Ŋuti Nusrɔ̃ƒe (AAO, United States): Ultraviolet Keratitis (Photokeratitis / Welder’s Flash) Kple Afɔku Siwo Le Atike Siwo Wotsɔ Faa Alɔ̃e Si Wozãna Le Atikewo Ŋu ƒe Afɔkuwo Dzi Kpɔkpɔ le Atikewɔƒe