Elektrik-Akasanu ƒe Klẽ, Arc Blast, kple High-Voltage Switchgear ƒe Nɔnɔme Kpatawo¶

Ne elektrikŋusẽ ƒe vodada alo phase-to-phase short circuit dzɔ le high-amperage three-phase industrial switchgear, asitsaƒe 480-volt motor control center (MCC), utility transformer vault, alo high-voltage substation me la, afɔkua menye elektrikŋusẽ ƒe ƒoƒo to asibidɛwo me ko o, ke boŋ enye elektrik arc flash kple arc blast si wowóna. Ne safui si ge, multimeter probe si le glidzaglidza, lãkle, tsidzadza ƒe mɔ, alo breaker contact si vuvu ƒo tɔdzisasrã eve siwo ŋu ŋusẽ le la, ya si le mɔ̃awo dome la trɔna zua ionize zua plasma-mɔ̃ si kplɔa nu. Le sɛkɛnd si mede 0.01 va ɖo 0.1 o (ŋku ƒe ʋuʋu ƒe akpa sue aɖe) me la, vodada ƒe elektrikŋusẽ si ƒe amperes akpe geɖe toa ya ƒe dometsotsoa me, si wɔnɛ be elektrik-ka ƒe nuto si ɖoa va ɖoa Celsius dzidzenu 19,400 (Fahrenheit dzidzenu 35,000), si nye dzoxɔxɔ wu ɣea ƒe anyime zi gbɔ zi ene kloe.

Ne yame ƒe dzoxɔxɔ nye Celsius dzidzenu 19,000 la, akɔbli sesẽ kple aluminum busbarwo melɔ̃na ko o; wowɔa ya enumake zua arc blast si ƒe gbeɖiɖi de ŋgɔ wu. Akɔbli sesẽ kekena ɖe enu zi gbɔ zi 67,000 ne ele keklẽm tso ga sesẽ me va zua yaƒoƒo si xɔ dzo akpa, si wɔnɛ be ƒutsotsoe si ʋuʋuna si wu decibel 165 kple nyaƒoɖeamenu kilopascal alafa geɖe si ƒoa gakpo kpekpewo ƒe kabinet ʋɔtruwo tso woƒe hingewo dzi, tsɔa elektrikdɔwɔla la ƒua gbe ɖe megbe le xɔa me, tsɔa akɔbli si wotsɔ ƒo ƒu ƒe tsitetewo ƒua gbe ɖe dzi meta 300 le sɛkɛnd ɖeka me (kilometa 700 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me), eye wòdea dzo dɔwɔwɔ ƒe awudziwui siwo wometsɔ akasa nu wɔe o me wòzua aŋe si wotsɔ ƒo ƒu ɖe amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii ƒe akɔta. Ne ènya nusitae wòle be nàka asi amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii si gakpɔtɔ le tsikpe me ɖe ʋuƒo si ŋu ŋusẽ le ŋu gbeɖe evɔ wometsɔ fiberglass xɔnamekɔsɔkɔsɔ si woɖo ɖi alo nutomemɔzɔzɔ yi dziƒo o, nusita awu te siwo wowɔ kple polyester-wuwo ƒuna zua ŋutigbalẽ le akasanu ƒe keklẽ me, kple alesi woawɔ akpɔ dzoxɔxɔ ƒe yaƒoƒomɔ̃ ƒe dzobibi, ventricular fibrillation, kple blast trauma si ate ŋu ade ame ƒe agbe afɔku me gbɔe la, eɖea amewo ƒe agbe.

Wɔ esia fifia¶

1. MÈGAtsɔ asi ƒuƒlu lé wò dɔwɔhati aɖeke GBEÐE alo nàɖe afɔ ɖe elektrik-kabinet si le ʋuʋu ɖi me esime ŋusẽ gakpɔtɔ le switchgear la ŋu o. Hafi nàte ɖe elektrikdɔwɔla si dze anyi le switchgear xɔ alo substation me ŋu la, ƒo upstream main feeder circuit breaker la, ƒo remote emergency shunt-trip button, alo zã voltage-rated insulated fiberglass rescue hook (hot stick) be woahe amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la ɖa le busbar siwo ŋu ŋusẽ le la ŋu; kpɔ elektrikŋusẽ ƒe ƒoƒo.
2. Tsi awu siwo le dzo dam enumake ("Dzudzɔ, Da, eye nàmli" alo nàtsɔ tsi aƒoe ne amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la kɔ keŋkeŋ tso elektrikdɔwɔnu gbagbewo gbɔ vɔ megbe KO). Mègakɔ tsi alo foam-tsimɔ̃ ɖe elektrik-ka si me ŋusẽ le si le ʋuʋu ɖi gbɔ gbeɖe o (si ahe elektrikŋusẽ si wua ame atrɔ ayi tɔsisia dzi ava gbɔwò eye wòahe arc blast evelia vɛ). Ne wonya he amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la do goe le elektrikŋusẽ ƒe afɔku ƒe teƒea ko la, tsɔ tsi fafɛ ƒo awu siwo le dzudzɔ tum alo nàtsɔ alẽfu/kotoku atsyɔ dzobibi.
3. Ƒo ka na wò nutoa me xexlẽdzesi kpata (911 le United States kple Canada, 112 le Europa Dukɔwo ƒe Habɔbɔ bliboa me, 999 le United Kingdom) enumake. Gblɔ na amesi tsɔe ɖo ɖa be dɔwɔƒewo ƒe elektrik-ka ƒe keklẽ kple wowó dzɔ, gblɔ elektrikŋusẽa (le kpɔɖeŋu me, 480 volts AC alo 13,800 volts), eye nàbia agbetsitsi ƒe kpekpeɖeŋunala deŋgɔwo na dzitodzito si ate ŋu adzɔ ameléle, dzoxɔxɔ ƒe dzobibi vevie, kple yaƒoƒomɔ̃ ƒe abixɔxɔ le yaƒoƒo me; le ŋku ɖe eŋu xexlẽdzesi siwo wozãna kpata.
4. Kpɔ gbɔgbɔ kple ʋu ƒe sisi enumake ne amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la nya ɖo anyigba si le dedie dzi ko, eye nàde Automated External Defibrillator (AED) zazã le miniti 2 me. Ne amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la mewɔa nu nyuie o eye megbɔa ya nyuie o la, dze akɔta tete gɔme enumake eye nàtsɔ AED akpe ɖe eŋu ne eva ɖo ko; zi geɖe la, ʋuʋudedi siwo trɔna ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu hea ventricular fibrillation vɛ si woate ŋu atrɔ ne wotsɔ defibrillator shock si sɔ ɖe ɣeyiɣia nu; kpɔ CPR ƒe dɔwɔwɔ.
5. Arc flash fafɛ biãna kple pɔmpi me tsi fafɛ si le sisim aɖabaƒoƒo 20, gake MÈGAHE awu alo avɔ si wotsɔ lãgbalẽ wɔe si wofa si lé ɖe ŋutigbalẽ si wotɔ ŋu la ɖa GBEÐE o. Lã awu siwo wotsɔ arc-rated wɔe alo avɔ si wofa la ƒo xlãe to trauma shears zazã me eye nàgblẽ nusiwo lé ɖe wo ŋu ɖe teƒea hena amekoko aɖe le dzodoƒea; kpɔ dzobibi sesẽwo kple atikewo ƒe tsilele.
6. Lé ŋku ɖe amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii ƒe gbe kple gbɔgbɔ ŋu ɣesiaɣi be eƒe ŋɔti me vuvu kabakaba hã (yagbɔgbɔ ƒe yaƒoƒo ƒe dzobibi). Ne ègbɔ plasma si xɔ dzo akpa kple aɖi si nye copper/ozone vapor le arc blast me la, egbãa lãkusi kple yaƒoƒo; ne ʋuʋudedi le amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii ŋu le nu me, mo ƒe fu le singed, eƒe ɣlidodo, alo ʋuʋudedi (stridor) la, na woanɔ tsitrenu le dzidzenu 45 (ne eƒe susu le nu ŋu eye akɔta mele dedie o) be nàna yaƒoƒomɔ̃ si ate ŋu ade eƒe agbe afɔku me la nu naɖe blewu vaseɖe esime kpekpeɖeŋunalawo nate ŋu ade mɔ̃a me.

flowchart TD
    Start["Elektrik-Akasanu ƒe Klẽ, Arc Blast, alo Switchgear Kpata"] --> SceneSafe{"Ðe amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la gakpɔtɔ le asi kam alo le ʋuƒo si ŋu ŋusẽ le la mea?"}
    SceneSafe -->|"Ẽ: Kaka Live Busbars / Panel ŋu"| DeEnergize["1. MÈGAKA asi amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii ŋu kple asi ƒuƒlu o<br/>2. Mɔzɔzɔ yi dziƒomɔ̃ gã / ƒo adzɔge Emergency Shunt-Trip ƒe dzesi<br/>3. ALO nàhe amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la wòakɔ to fiberglass xɔnamekɔsɔkɔsɔ si me woɖea elektrikŋusẽ le si me woɖea elektrikŋusẽ le zazã me"]
    SceneSafe -->|"Ao: Wotsɔe ƒu gbe Klɔ Panel"| DragClear["He amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la do goe le elektrik-xɔ si me dzudzɔ yɔ fũu me ne ele dedie tso bɔs-ti siwo me agbe le siwo woɖe ɖe go la gbɔ"]
    DeEnergize --> Extinguish["Tsi awu siwo le bibim NE amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la kɔ elektrikdɔwɔnuwo ŋu vɔ<br/>(MÈGASƆ tsi ɖe switchgear gbagbewo me GBEÐE o)"]
    DragClear --> Extinguish
    Extinguish --> CheckLife{"Ðe amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la ƒe susu le nu ŋu eye wòle gbɔgbɔm le mɔ si sɔ nua?"}
    CheckLife -->|"Ao: Meɖoa nya ŋu o / Megbɔa ya o"| CPR["1. Dze CPR gɔme enumake (30:2 alo nutete atraɖii)<br/>2. De AED-kaɖiwo (tutu akɔta wòaƒu / tsɔe da ɖe adzɔge tso eschar si xɔ dzo gbɔ ne ehiã)<br/>3. Na dzidziƒoame ne AED ɖo aɖaŋu na wò"]
    CheckLife -->|"Ẽ: Gbɔgbɔ"| AirwayBurn["1. Kpɔe ɖa be yaƒoƒomɔ̃ ƒe dzoxɔxɔ ƒe dzobibi (gbe si le ɖiɖim, stridor, soot le nu me)<br/>2. Fa dzobibiwo fafɛ kple tsi fafɛ si le sisim hena miniti 20 (MÈGAÐE awu siwo tsi wo ŋu o)<br/>3. Da ŋku ɖe blast lung, tomeka siwo gbã, kple aklã ƒe abixɔxɔ ŋu"]

Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya eve gɔmesese: Arc Flash vs. Arc Blast¶

Ame geɖe tɔtɔa elektrikŋusẽ ƒe ʋuʋu (afisi elektrikŋusẽ sina toa amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutilã me le esi ame ka asi conductor si ŋu ŋusẽ le ŋu) kple arc flash kple arc blast (afisi elektrikŋusẽ sina toa ya me le phase conductors dome alo tso phase yi anyigba, si ɖea dzoxɔxɔ si klẽna si gbãa ŋku kple nyaƒoɖeamenu ƒe ƒutsotsoe si ate ŋu awu ame si le tsitrenu meta 3 va ɖo 6 / afɔ 10 va ɖo 20 / afɔ 10 va ɖo 20 gɔ̃ hã ne womeka asi ka aɖeke ŋu gbeɖe o).

Nukutɔe la, arc flash ƒe wowó siwo me ŋutasẽnuwɔwɔ kple amewuwu le wu dometɔ aɖewo medzɔna le 100,000-volt transmission towers dzi o, ke boŋ le 480-volt alo 600-volt three-phase industrial distribution panels siwo wotsɔa step-down transformer gãwo naa nuɖuɖui dzi, elabena fault current (amperage) si li la lolo ŋutɔ eye magnetic breaker clearing time ate ŋu anɔ blewu wu high-voltage relays:

1. Arc Flash (Dzoxɔxɔ ƒe keklẽ si le 19,400°C / 35,000°F) .¶

Ne elektrikŋusẽ ƒe akasanu aɖe ɖo dometsotso si le busbar siwo ƒe ŋusẽ nye volt 480 alo kilovolt 13.8 dome la, ya si me ion le ƒe elektrikŋusẽ ƒe tsitretsitsi trɔa elektrikŋusẽ megawatt tẽ wòzua elektrikŋusẽ si klẽna (kaɖi si me dzo le, si wokpɔna, kple esi me dzo le) kple plasma jet si xɔ dzo akpa:

• Dzoxɔxɔŋusẽ si dzɔna (wodzidzee le calorie me le sentimeta square ɖeka me, \(\text{cal/cm}^2\)): Le NFPA 70E (Dzidzenu na Elektrikŋusẽ ƒe Dedienɔnɔ le Dɔwɔƒe) nu la, nudzɔdzɔ ƒe ŋusẽ si nye \(1.2\text{ cal/cm}^2\) ko, si sɔ kple wò asibidɛ léle ɖe sigaret-si ƒe dzobibi ƒe nugbɔ hena sɛkɛnd 1, sɔ gbɔ be wòana a dzobibi si le dzidzenu evelia (si ƒe titrime ƒe akpa aɖe) le ŋutigbalẽ ƒuƒlu dzi.
• Volt 480 ƒe switchgear arc si meɖea dzi ɖi o si didi sentimeta 45 tso elektrikdɔwɔla ƒe akɔta la ɖea 8 va ɖo esi wu \(40\text{ cal/cm}^2\) ɖe go edziedzi le sɛkɛnd 0.2 teti me, si naa ŋutigbalẽ si womekpɔ ta na o la wɔa carbon enumake eye wòdea dzo kotoku alo polyester awu dzrowo me.
• Nusitae awu siwo wowɔ (polyester, nylon, spandex, polypropylene) nye afɔku: Ne dɔwɔla aɖe do gotagomewu si me dzo megena ɖo o (FR) gɔ̃ hã la, ne wodo kamedefefewu ƒe awu ʋlaya si wotsɔ lãgbalẽ wɔe si xɔa tsi alo nylon ɖe ete eye ŋusẽ si dzɔna la wu gotagome awu ƒe dzeside (alo woɖe nutsyɔnu la ƒe zip le kɔ), dzoxɔxɔ si klẽna si gbɔ eme la nana polyester si wowɔ la ƒua gbe le 250 degree Celsius (480 degrees Fahrenheit) wòzua plastic napalm si le ƒoƒom si ƒoa ƒu ɖe ŋutigbalẽa me goglo.

2. Arc Blast (67,000x akɔbli ƒe yaƒoƒo kple ʋuʋudedi si gbɔ gbeɖiɖi si gbɔ eme) .¶

Le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me kple dzoxɔxɔ ƒe keklẽ si gbãa ŋku la, elektrikŋusẽ sesẽa nana akɔbli alo aluminum-bɔs-ti sesẽawo zu ya eye wòdoa dzo kabakaba le ya si le gakpo ƒe ʋuƒoa ƒe ʋuƒoa me:

• The 67,000-to-1 phase expansion: Tsɔ tsi (si kekena zi gbɔ zi 1,600 va ɖo 1,700 ne ele keklẽm be wòazu dzoxɔxɔ) sɔ kple akɔbli sesẽ, si kekena zi gbɔ zi 67,000 le eƒe lolome me ne elektrik-kaɖi tsɔe ƒo dzoe.
• Supersonic shrapnel kple overpressure: Kekeɖenudɔ sia si kekena enumake la naa blast pressure wave si wu 50 va ɖo 100 kilopascals (1,000 va ɖo 2,000 pounds le afɔ square ɖeka me) le kabinet ƒe ʋɔtrua ƒe eme. Gakpo siwo wotsɔ ga blae ƒe nutsyɔnuwo lãa woƒe kawo eye wodzona toa xɔa me abe guillotine ƒe asikewo ene; akɔbli kple klosalo ƒe ga si wotsɔ ka ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu ƒe tsitete siwo wofa la ƒua gbe ɖe gota le meta 300 kple edzivɔ le sɛkɛnd ɖeka me (kilometa 700 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me), eye wogena ɖe ŋutigbalẽ kple ŋkuwo me; eye acoustic shockwave si ƒe didime nye decibel 140 va ɖo 165** la gbãa tympanic membranes (tomeka) eveawo enumake esime wòtsɔa dɔwɔla la ƒua gbe ɖe megbe ɖe kɔkrit gliwo alo mɔ̃wo ŋu.

Step-by-step rescue in a switchgear room or substation¶

Phase 1: Scene safety and energized victim extrication¶

When an arc flash booms inside an electrical room, the air instantly fills with dense, acrid black and gray smoke composed of vaporized copper oxide, burned epoxy insulation, and ozone. Often, the upstream main breaker trips open in milliseconds, but you must never assume the panel is dead:

• Even if the branch breaker tripped, the incoming line-side lugs and top busbars inside the cabinet remain energized at full utility voltage (480V, 4,160V, or 13.8kV).

• In addition, large industrial power-factor-correction capacitor banks and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) DC battery strings store lethal electrical charges for several minutes even after the utility main breaker is opened.

• Trip the upstream feeder or remote Emergency Power Off (EPO) button first: Look outside the electrical room door or at the main service entrance for a remote Emergency Power Off (EPO) mushroom button or upstream main breaker and trip it immediately.

• Use a voltage-rated insulated fiberglass rescue hook (Body Rescue Hook): Every high-voltage electrical room and substation should have a bright yellow or orange insulated fiberglass rescue hook (typically 1.8 to 2.4 meters / 6 to 8 feet long, rated and tested for 45 to 75 kilovolts) mounted on the wall by the exit door.
• Stand on dry ground or an insulating rubber switchboard mat outside the arc flash boundary.
• Slip the wide C-shaped fiberglass hook around the victim's waist, chest, or under their armpits and pull them steadily backward away from the switchgear cabinet until they are in a clear, safe corridor.
• Mègazã ga ƒe pɔmpi, ati si xɔ dzo, alo nylon ka gbeɖe atsɔ aɖe amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la ɖa le dɔwɔnu siwo ƒe ŋusẽ de ŋgɔ wu volt 600 ŋu gbeɖe o; le elektrikŋusẽ si le titina kple esi lolo me la, elektrikŋusẽ zɔna toa ati xɔdzo alo ka ƒoɖi dzi enumake.
• Zã dzotsimɔ̃ si ƒe dzeside nye Class C si mexɔa dzo o (CO2 alo Dry Chemical) ko ne elektrik-nulénu le bibim: Mègatsɔ klosalo tsitsimɔ̃ si me wotsɔa tsi ƒoa nui, Class A-futukpɔmɔ̃, alo dzotsimɔ̃ aƒu gbe ɖe elektrik-nudzraɖoƒe gbeɖe o vaseɖe esime dɔwɔƒea naɖo kpe edzi be woɖe ŋusẽ ɖa keŋkeŋ.

Akpa 2: Dzitodzito ƒe gbɔgbɔ enumake (CPR kple AED) .¶

Elektrikŋusẽ ƒe ʋuʋu sesẽ kple dɔwɔƒewo ƒe akpa etɔ̃ wua ame enumake to dzi ƒe ʋuʋu (ventricular fibrillation alo ventricular asystole) alo central respiratory arrest (tetanic paralysis of the diaphragm alo stunning of the brainstem respiratory center) me. Esi wònye be zi geɖe la, amesiwo ŋu elektrikŋusẽ ƒe afɔkuwo dzɔna le dɔwɔƒe nyea ame tsitsi siwo le lãmesẽ me siwo ƒe dziwo tɔ le elektrikŋusẽ ƒe ʋuʋu ɖeɖeko ta tsɔ wu be woatɔ te ʋuka siwo me ʋu sina tona ta la, woƒe agbetsitsi ƒe mɔnukpɔkpɔ lolo ŋutɔ ne CPR kple AED ƒe ʋuʋu ƒe ʋuʋu dze egɔme le miniti 3 va ɖo 5 me:

1. Dada alesi wòwɔa nui kple gbɔgbɔ si sɔ la kpɔ be megawu sɛkɛnd 10 o: Ne wonya he amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la ɖa le elektrikŋusẽ ƒe afɔkua me ko la, ƒo woƒe abɔta eye nàlé ŋku ɖe woƒe akɔta ŋu. Aŋe aɖaba aƒu gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe kpui aɖe si medzɔna edziedzi o, si nye aɖuɖɔtoe me (agonal gasps), si nye dzi ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie ƒe dzesi, ke menye gbɔgbɔ si sɔ o.
2. Dze akɔta tete enumake gɔme (100 va ɖo 120 le miniti ɖeka me, sentimeta 5 va ɖo 6 / sentimeta 2 va ɖo 2.4 ƒe goglome): Tue sesĩe eye nàwɔe kabakaba le akɔta titina; ne wona hehee la, nàzi edzi zi gbɔ zi 30 eye nàgbɔ ya 2 atsɔ axɔ na ame (vevietɔ ne dzidziƒoamea na gbɔgbɔtsixe gbã ƒe lãmetutudɔ esime dzia gakpɔtɔ le ʋuʋum sesĩe); kpɔ CPR ƒe dɔwɔwɔ.
3. Zi Automated External Defibrillator (AED) ɖe akɔta ƒe ŋutigbalẽ si fiã dzi:
4. Cut open or remove the front of the victim's shirt/coverall with trauma shears.
5. Ne arc flash burns alo blisters le akɔta ƒe ŋutigbalẽ ŋu la, dze agbagba nàda AED-kplu eve siwo léna ɖe nu ŋu la ŋutigbalẽ si me gblẽ o, si mefiã o la dzi le nɔnɔme si wozãna ɖaa me (ɖusime akɔta si le etame le kɔmeƒu te, miame akɔta ƒe akpa si le anyime le abɔta te) alo le ŋgɔgbe-megbe (ŋgɔgbe kple megbe) nɔnɔme me ne akɔta ƒe ŋgɔgbe fiã. Ke hã, ne akɔta bliboa fiã la, da AED-kaɖiawo ɖe ŋutigbalẽ si fiã la dzi tẽ to mɔ sia mɔ nu, tsɔ defibrillation shock si xɔa ame ɖe agbe be woatsɔ atɔ te ventricular fibrillation la xɔa nɔƒe gbãtɔ ɣesiaɣi wu ŋutigbalẽ ƒe dzobibi.

Akpa 3: Yaƒoƒomɔ̃ siwo wogbɔna ƒe dzobibi kple plasma ŋutigbalẽ ƒe dzobibi siwo ate ŋu ade ame ƒe agbe afɔku me dzi kpɔkpɔ¶

Ne amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii nya le gbɔgbɔm eye eƒe dzi ƒe tsotso le ʋuʋum ko la, wò susu trɔna enumake yia yaƒoƒomɔ̃ si le etame kple dzoxɔxɔ ƒe dzobibi goglowo dzi:

1. De dzesi dzoxɔxɔ ƒe yaƒoƒomɔ̃ ƒe vuvu sesẽ eye nànɔ te¶

Ne dɔwɔla aɖe tsi tre ɖe kabinet si le ʋuʋu ɖi ŋgɔ le akasanu ƒe wowó me la, zi geɖe la, ƒutsotsoe si ʋuʋuna la zia wo dzi be woagbɔ ya le susu me abe alesi plasma alilikpo si ƒe didime nye dzidzenu 19,000 kple akɔbli oxide si me ya le la ƒo woƒe mo ene:

• Nuxlɔ̃amedzesiwo le yaƒoƒomɔ̃ si tu si gbɔna ŋu: Nuyi siwo bi alo ʋuʋudedi, ʋuʋudedi le nu alo ŋɔti me, ŋkume kple ŋɔti me fu siwo wodzi, gbe si le ɖiɖim alo le ʋuʋum, kɔdzidede ɣesiaɣi, aɖuɖɔ mimi sesẽ, alo ɣlidodo si nu sẽ ne wole gbɔgbɔm (stridor).
• Nusitae aɖabaƒoƒo ɖesiaɖe le vevie: Dzoxɔxɔ kple atikewo ƒe dzobibi le lãkusi kple lãkusi me nana tsi gã aɖe vuvu (edema) si ate ŋu atre gbeɖiɖika siwo wotu keŋkeŋ le aɖabaƒoƒo 15 va ɖo 45 me, si wɔnɛ be womate ŋu atsɔ yaƒoƒomɔ̃ si wowɔ le xɔ si me wowɔa dɔ kpata le gɔ̃ hã me ne womewɔ amekoko yaƒoƒomɔ̃ (cricothyrotomy) o.
• Afɔɖeɖe enumake: Na dɔnɔ si le ŋudzɔ, si le gbɔgbɔm, si ŋu wosusu be yaƒoƒomɔ̃a le dzo dam nanɔ anyi ɖe tsitrenu le dzidzenu 45 va ɖo 90 (negbe ɖe wosusu be eƒe aklã gbã le esi wotsɔe ƒu gbe ɖe megbe ta ko hafi, le nɔnɔme sia me la, nàkɔ megbexɔa ƒe ta ɖe dzi vie ne anya wɔ). Nuheŋusẽ ɖea tsi ƒe ƒoƒo ɖe kɔ kple ŋɔti me dzi kpɔtɔna. Mègana naneke nàɖu alo ano nu gbeɖe o, eye nàxlɔ̃ nu kpekpeɖeŋunalawo enumake ne èva ɖo ale be woate ŋu akpɔ yaƒoƒomɔ̃a ta kaba.

2. Kpekpeɖeŋu gbãtɔ na arc flash dzobibi kple awu siwo wofa¶

1. Klɔ ŋutigbalẽ si fiã la kple pɔmpi me tsi fafɛ si le sisim fafɛ hena miniti 20: Zã tsi dzadzɛ fafɛ (15 va ɖo 20 degree Celsius / 59 va ɖo 68 degree Fahrenheit) nàtsɔ ahe dzoxɔxɔ ɣaɣla si xaxa la ado goe le ŋutigbalẽ ƒe ƒuƒoƒo gogloawo me eye nàtɔ te lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe kuku si yia edzi ɖaa; kpɔ dzobibi.
2. Xɔ dzoxɔxɔ si nu sẽ nu le dzobibi gãwo ŋu: Ne arc flash la fiã wu 15 va ɖo 20 le alafa me le amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii ƒe Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) me la, fa dzoa kpuie be dzoxɔxɔa natsi eye emegbe nàxatsa dɔnɔa ɖe agbalẽ dzadzɛ siwo me dɔlékui mele o siwo le ƒuƒuie kple avɔ siwo me dzo le me; tsi fafɛ si ƒona ɣeyiɣi didi ɖe ŋutilã ƒe akpa siwo keke la hea dzoxɔxɔ si wua ame vɛ le dɔnɔ siwo ƒe lãme xɔ dzo.
3. MÈGAHE awu ʋlaya si wotsɔ lãgbalẽ wɔe si wofa alo avɔ si wotɔ dzoe si lé ɖe ŋutigbalẽa ŋu la ɖa GBEÐE o: Zã nuveviwɔame ƒe lãgbalẽŋudɔwɔnu tsɔ lã awu siwo me mekɔ o ƒo xlã dzobibi la ƒe goawo, eye nàgblẽ avɔ ƒe akpa ɖesiaɖe si tsi abi la dzi maɖe fu na abixɔa o.
4. Ðe ga ƒe asigɛwo, asigɛwo, alidziblanu, kple afɔkpawo katã ɖa enumake: Asi, asibidɛ, kple afɔ siwo fiã la vuvu va ɖo woƒe lolome si sɔ ƒe teƒe eve le miniti 30 me le dzoxɔxɔ alo elektrikŋusẽ si nu sẽ ƒe abixɔxɔ megbe; srɔ̃ɖeka si wogblẽ ɖe asibidɛ si biã dzi la zua tourniquet si xea mɔ na ame si nana gangrene kple lãɖeɖe.
5. Xɔ dzobibiwo ɖe plastic cling film dzadzɛ (si woda ɖe didime nu) alo agbalẽ ƒuƒu siwo me dɔlékui mele o me: Mègatsɔ bɔta, ami, dɔwɔƒewo ƒe amiwo, alo tsikpe asisi dzobibi siwo le arc flash me o. Da aƒeme aŋekotoku dzadzɛwo ɖe dzobibi siwo fa la dzi le didime nu (mèxatsae sesĩe ɖe abɔ kple afɔ aɖe ŋu le gotagome o, si naa vuvua xea mɔ na abi) be wòaxe mɔ na ya ƒe sisi, si ɖea dzobibi ƒe vevesese dzi kpɔtɔna ŋutɔ, eye nàna abi la nanɔ dzadzɛ vaseɖe esime nàva ɖo nutome Dzobibi Dɔwɔƒe.

Akpa 4: Lãmetsi siwo ƒe ŋusẽ sesẽ le ememe ƒe gbegblẽ si woɣla (Compartment syndrome) .¶

Ne elektrikŋusẽ si nu sẽ to elektrikdɔwɔla ƒe alɔ alo afɔwo me ŋutɔŋutɔ (tsɔ kpe ɖe gotagome akasa nu ƒe keklẽ ŋu) la, ɖo ŋku "Iceberg Principle" si nye elektrikŋusẽ si me elektrikŋusẽ sesẽ ƒe ƒoƒo dzi:

• Esi wònye be ƒue te ŋu tsia tre ɖe ƒu ŋu wu lãmenugbagbevi ɖesiaɖe si le ŋutilãa me ta la, elektrikŋusẽ si zɔa mɔ yia alɔnu dzi doa dzo na humerus, radius, kple ulna ƒu gogloawo va ɖoa dzoxɔxɔ si gbɔ eme, eɖaa ƒunukpeƒe ƒe lãmeka gogloawo ɖe ƒua ŋu tututu tso ememe yi gota esime ŋgɔgbea ƒe gotagome ŋutigbalẽ ate ŋu adze nusi sɔ keŋkeŋ negbe abi sue siwo xɔ dzo le asibidɛ kple afɔ ŋu.
• Le gaƒoƒo ʋɛ aɖewo ko me la, lãmeka goglo ma si woɖa la vuvu le eƒe ka si me ka mele o si le sesẽm (acute compartment syndrome) me eye wòɖea myoglobin si ƒe amadede nye aŋutiɖiɖi-blɔ gbogbo aɖe dona ɖe ʋua me, si wɔnɛ be dɔnɔa ƒe aɖuɖɔ trɔna zua blɔ viviti ("ti-amadede" alo "cola-amadede" aɖuɖɔ) eye wòhea ayiku sesẽ vɛ kpododonu; kpɔ crush injury kple compartment syndrome ƒe dɔléle.
• Mègaɖe mɔ gbeɖe be dɔwɔla si xɔ elektrikŋusẽ ƒe ʋuʋu alo arc flash na "azɔ adzoe" eye wòayi aƒeme o, ne wose le wo ɖokui me be yewole nyuie le miniti 10 megbe gɔ̃ hã; amesiame si tsi agbe le elektrikŋusẽ ƒe kadodo alo arc flash me hiã dzitodzito ƒe didiƒekpɔkpɔ le kɔdzi, serum creatine kinase (CK) ʋudodokpɔ, aɖuɖɔtoe me dzodzro, kple amekoko ƒe dzobibi ƒe dodokpɔ.

Akpa 5: Gbeɖiɖi ƒe ʋuʋu ƒe nuveviwɔame, ŋku ƒe UV ƒe abixɔxɔ, kple anyidzedze evelia¶

Tsɔ kpe ɖe dzi ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ nyuie kple ŋutigbalẽ ƒe dzobibi ŋu la, dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya si me ŋutasẽnuwɔwɔ le si nye arc blast naa abi evelia vovovo etɔ̃ siwo hiã beléle si woɖo taɖodzinu na le teƒea:

1. To ƒe ʋuʋu (tympanic membrane perforation) kple concussive disorientation: Esi wònye be dɔwɔƒewo ƒe arc blast naa decibel 140 va ɖo 165 ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu ƒutsotsoe le point-blank range ta la, elektrikdɔwɔla si ƒe mo wɔ yaa si tsi agbe le blank me la anye to ɖeka alo evea siaa ƒe tomeʋuʋu hena ɣeyiɣi aɖe alo tegbee zi geɖe, eye ʋu ado le to ɖeka alo evea siaa me vie tɔdzisasrãwo, kple vertigo (taɖuame) sesẽ si le to ememetɔ ƒe barotrauma ta. Ƒo nu blewuu le ŋkume na amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la nyuie, zã asi ƒe dzesiwo nàtsɔ ana kakaɖedzi wo, eye nàda gaze si me dɔlékui mele o si le gbadzaa ɖe to si le ʋu ɖum ƒe gota gome (mègatsɔ gaze de to me alo akɔ tsi ɖe to me gbeɖe o).
2. Ultraviolet photokeratitis ("Arc Eye") kple ga si wotsɔ ƒo ƒu ƒe ŋkume ƒe dutanuwo: Ultraviolet ƒe keklẽ sesẽ kple akɔbli ƒe tsitete siwo me ya le ƒe tsidzadza fiãa ŋkume ƒe anyime ne wotrɔ elektrikdɔwɔla ƒe mo ƒe akpoxɔnu si wotsɔ akasa nu wɔe la yi dzi alo ƒoe. Ne amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii ka nya ta be "ke dzodzoe le ŋkuwo me" ƒe seselelãme si nye gritty, ŋkumekpɔkpɔ si me kɔ o, alo kekeli ƒe seselelãme si le veve sem la, mèga tu ŋkuawo o; tsɔ dze-gaze fafɛ siwo me dɔlékui mele o (alo ŋkumekpɔnu sesẽ aɖe ne ga kakɛ aɖe ge ɖe anyigba ƒe gogloƒe) tsyɔ ŋku eveawo dzi vie vaseɖe esime ŋkudɔdala nado wo kpɔ; kpɔ ŋku ƒe nu dzro, ŋkume ƒe ʋuʋu, kple welding flash.
3. Aklã ƒe gbagbã kple ahɔhɔ̃ ƒe abi si nu sẽ tso blast throw me: Ne nyaƒoɖeamenu si gbɔ eme ƒe ƒutsotsoea tsɔ dɔwɔla la ƒu gbe tso fiberglass atrakpui dzi, tso transformer platform si wodo ɖe dzi, alo trɔ yi megbe yi ɖe kɔnkrit gli si tsi tre ɖe eŋu me la, lé asi in-line cervical spine stabilization me ɖe asi esime nèle woƒe yaƒoƒomɔ̃ kple gbɔgbɔ me dzrom; kpɔ abi siwo woxɔna le aklã me kple ta ƒe abixɔxɔ.

Elektrik switchgear dedienɔnɔ kple PPE dzadzraɖo ƒe ɖaseɖigbalẽ¶

Hafi nàʋu dɔwɔƒewo ƒe elektrik-kabinet, mɔ̃dzikpɔƒe, alo transformer vault ɖesiaɖe hena kuxiwo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ alo tɔtrɔ la, kpɔe ɖa be NFPA 70E / HSE HSG85 agbe-dedienɔnɔ mɔxenu siawo ɖa:

• Ðo Dɔwɔwɔ ƒe Nɔnɔme si Le Elektrikŋusẽ me (De-energize and Lockout/Tagout ɣesiaɣi si wòanya wɔ): Le NFPA 70E kple dukɔwo dome elektrik dedienɔnɔ ƒe se nu la, wode se ɖe dɔwɔwɔ si me ŋusẽ le le agbe nu negbe ɖe ŋusẽ ɖeɖeɖa he afɔku gã aɖe vɛ (abe kɔdzi ƒe agbetsitsi alo yaƒoƒo ƒe fesrewo tutu ene) alo manya wɔ o (abe elektrikŋusẽ dodokpɔ ene). Ɣesiaɣi la, zɔ ɖe Test-Before-Touch ("Live-Dead-Live") dzi: do wò CAT III / CAT IV rated voltmeter kpɔ le live source si wonya dzi, do target busbars phase-to-phase kple phase-to-ground kpɔ be nàɖo kpe zero volts dzi, eye nàgbugbɔ ado wò mita kpɔ le live source si wonya la dzi be nàɖo kpe edzi be mita ƒe kaƒomɔ̃wo megbã o.
• Xlẽ Arc Flash Hazard Warning Label eye nàdo Arc-Rated (AR) PPE si sɔ: Kpɔ kabinet label la ɖa be Arc Flash Boundary distance kple Incident Energy (\(\text{cal/cm}^2\)) le dɔwɔwɔ ƒe didime (alo PPE Category 1 vaseɖe 4, tso \(4\text{ cal/cm}^2\) FR shirt/pants/face akpoxɔnu vaseɖe \(40\text{ cal/cm}^2\) multi-layer arc flash bomb-style suit hood and jacket), tsɔ kpe ɖe asigɛ siwo wotsɔa rabat si wotsɔ xea mɔ na elektrikŋusẽ si ŋu lãgbalẽ takpɔnuwo kple tometakpɔnu siwo me dielectric le (tomeka siwo wotsɔ dea tɔdzisasrã me be woaxe mɔ ɖe tomeka ƒe gbagbã nu).
• Zero synthetic underlayers kple zero conductive jewelry: Do dzɔdzɔme kotoku, alẽfu, alo arc-rated base layers 100 le alafa me le FR awuwo te, mègatsɔ polyester, nylon, alo spandex kamedefefewu alo awu te gbeɖe o, eye nàɖe ga ƒe asigɛwo, gaƒoɖokuiwo, kɔgɛwo, kple ga-frame glasses katã ɖa.
• Tɔ ɖe hinge ƒe akpa dzi eye nàtrɔ mo ne èle racking breakers alo disconnect levers ƒom: Ne womede remote motorized racking alo remote switching o la, tsi tre ɖe hinge side of the closed steel cabinet door (zã wò miasi ne lever la le ɖusime, ale be wò akɔta kple dzi nado le ʋɔtru si woʋu ƒe mɔ nu keŋkeŋ), kpɔ ɖa, eye nàtsɔ switch la aƒu gbe kabakaba le ʋuʋu ɖeka si me wotso nya me le me.
• Ðo fiberglass xɔnamekɔsɔkɔsɔ kple AED ɖe ɖoɖo nu le Arc Flash Liƒoa godo: Hafi nàwɔ afɔku gã ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe tɔtrɔ alo elektrikŋusẽ ƒe anyimanɔmanɔ dodokpɔ la, da fiberglass ŋutilã xɔname kɔsɔkɔsɔ si ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme le kple AED ɖe ame si tsɔ eɖokui na be wòanɔ dedie si le klalo si hã do PPE si ƒe ŋusẽ le bliboe la gbɔ enumake.

Nya siwo wobiaa amewo enuenu¶

Aleke elektrik-kaɖi ƒe keklẽ ate ŋu atɔ dzo amesi meka asi kaawo gɔ̃ hã ŋu kpɔ o?¶

Elektrikŋusẽ ƒe akasanu ƒe keklẽ dzɔna ne elektrikŋusẽ si ƒe ŋusẽ lolo ti kpo to ya me le phase conductor eve dome alo tso conductor gbɔ yi gakpo ƒe kabinet si wotsɔ anyigba ɖo la gbɔ (le kpɔɖeŋu me, ne dɔwɔnu aɖe ƒu kplakplakpla la, ke/tsidzadza xea mɔ na insulator, alo circuit breaker do kpo nu esime wòle etum). Elektrik-kaɖia trɔa ya wòzua plasma si ƒe dzoxɔxɔ dea Celsius degree 19,400 (Fahrenheit degree 35,000) eye wònaa akɔbli busbar sesẽawo zu ya wòzua plasma alilikpo si le ta kekem kabakaba. Wowó sia naa dzoxɔxɔ sesẽ si nye infrared kple ultraviolet klẽna eye wòwua plasma si xɔ dzo akpa kple ga si wofa la ɖe gota le xɔa me meta geɖe, si wɔnɛ be dzobibi si wua ame le dzidzenu etɔ̃lia me na amesiame si le tsitre ɖe Arc Flash Boundary la me ne womeka asi akpa si ŋu ŋusẽ le ŋu kpɔ o gɔ̃ hã.

Nukatae afɔku le eme be woado polyester alo kamedefefewɔƒe ƒe awu si xɔa tsi le dɔwɔwu siwo me dzo mate ŋu age ɖo o (FR) te?¶

Wotrɔ asi le gotagomewu siwo me dzo mate ŋu age ɖo o kple esiwo ƒe dzeside le abe akasanu ene (AR) ŋu be woatɔ dzo wo ɖokui eye woatsi wo ɖokui evɔ womaƒo wo ne wodo wo ɖe dzoxɔxɔ kpui si nu sẽ si nye akasanu ƒe keklẽ me o. Gake dzoxɔxɔ si klẽna ŋutɔ ate ŋu ato gotagomewua me kokoko, alo ato kɔme si le ʋuʋu ɖi me age ɖe eme, eye wòaɖo awu te si le ete la gbɔ. Ka siwo wowɔ abe polyester, nylon, polypropylene, kple spandex ene mexɔa dzo o; wolɔ̃na zua aŋe tsi si léna ɖe nu ŋu, si le ƒoƒom le dzoxɔxɔ si ade Celsius 250 (Fahrenheit 480) me. Ne awu ʋlaya alo awu ʋlaya si wotsɔ lãgbalẽ wɔe ƒo ɖe dɔwɔla ƒe akɔta alo akɔta le akasanu ƒe keklẽ me la, aŋe si wotsɔ ƒo ƒui la ƒoa ƒu ɖe ŋutigbalẽ si fiã la me goglo, si wɔnɛ be dzobibi si le gota si woate ŋu atsi agbe la zua amekoko ƒe dzobibi si ƒe titrime bliboe si gblẽa nu ŋutɔ. Do dzɔdzɔme kotoklobo, alẽfu, alo gɔmeɖoanyi siwo wotsɔ akasa nu tɔxɛ siwo me mekɔ o 100 le alafa me le FR awuwo te ɣesiaɣi.

Nukatae dɔwɔƒewo ƒe ʋuƒo si ƒe ŋusẽ nye volt 480 ate ŋu awɔ akasanu ƒe keklẽ si nu sẽ wu ka si ƒe ŋusẽ nye volt 13,800 si le yame?¶

Ŋusẽ si gblẽa nu si katã dona le akasanu ƒe keklẽ me nɔ te ɖe nu etɔ̃ dzi: elektrikŋusẽa, vodada ƒe elektrikŋusẽ si li (amperage), kple, vevietɔ wu la, ɣeyiɣi si tututu wòxɔna (le milisekɔnd alo sɛkɛnd me) hafi fuse alo circuit breaker si le dziƒo la dea dzesi vodadaa eye wòtsoa elektrikŋusẽa. 480-volt etɔ̃-phase dɔwɔƒewo ƒe ʋuƒo gã si wotsɔ do ka kple evelia ƒe windings tẽ le utility transformer gã aɖe ate ŋu ana 30,000 va ɖo 65,000 amperes ƒe vodada ƒe elektrikŋusẽ, eye esi wònye be arcing vodada le 480 volts ƒe impedance lolo si ɖea elektrikŋusẽa ɖe anyi vie le magnetic trip threshold enumake si le main breaker gã xoxowo te ta la, arc ate ŋu atɔ dzo madzudzɔmadzudzɔe hena sɛkɛnd blibo 0.5 va ɖo 2 hafi ʋuƒoa nadze anyi mlɔeba, si wɔnɛ be dzoxɔxɔ ƒe nuɖuɖumeŋusẽ bliboa si sɔ gbɔ sã wu elektrikŋusẽnamɔ̃ si ƒe ŋusẽ de ŋgɔ si me kɔ le sɛkɛnd 0.03 me.

Nukatae wòle be nàtsi tre ɖe axadzi ahazã asi ɖeka ne èle dɔwɔƒewo ƒe elektrikŋusẽ ƒe nutsotso ƒe ʋuƒo sesẽ aɖe ƒom?¶

Ne mɔ̃ aɖe gblẽ le aŋutsrɔe ƒe kaƒoƒo ƒe ʋuƒo alo mɔ̃ si wotsɔ ƒo ƒui ƒe ʋuƒo si le tsitsim ŋu alo mɔ̃a ƒe akpa aɖe do kpo nu le ɣeyiɣi si tututu nètsɔ asiléƒea ƒu gbe la, akasanu ƒe wowó si dona tso eme la tua nyaƒoɖeamenu si ate ŋu awó la ɖo ɖe gaxɔa me le milisekɔndwo me. Ƒutsotsoe ma si le wowóm la ƒoa gakpo si wotsɔ ʋuƒo wɔe ƒe ʋɔtru si wotsɔa ʋuƒo wɔe la ʋuʋu sesĩe enuenu alo wòƒoa akɔbli si wotsɔ ƒo ƒu kple dzobibi la doa goe tẽ tso aɖaka la ƒe ŋgɔgbekpawo dzi. Ne ètsi tre ɖe kabinet la ƒe axadzi (le hinge ƒe akpa ke menye le latch ƒe akpa dzi), tsɔ asi ɖeka do asi ɖe go kemɛ dzi esime nèle wò akɔta, mo, kple afɔwo to vovo kura tso ʋɔtru si le ʋuʋum la ƒe mɔ dzi o, eye nètrɔ mo ɖa hafi tsɔ lever la ƒu gbe la, àna wò ŋutilã nagage ɖe blast cone gbãtɔa me ne switch la do kpo nu.

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Mɔfiame sia naa kpekpeɖeŋu gbãtɔ kpata kple dedienɔnɔ ŋuti nyatakakawo na elektrik-arc flash kple switchgear ƒe afɔku siwo ŋu ŋusẽ geɖe le eye mexɔ ɖe NFPA 70E / IEEE 1584 si dze elektrikdɔwɔla ƒe hehexɔxɔ alo atikewɔwɔ ŋuti beléle na dɔnyala teƒe o. Bu kpekpeɖeŋunana gbãtɔ, CPR, kple AED ƒe nusɔsrɔ̃ si ŋu woɖo kpee tso Atitsoga Dzĩ Habɔbɔ, St John Ambulance, alo nutoa me dedienɔnɔ ŋuti aɖaŋuɖoha gbɔ ŋu kpɔ.

Mɔfiame siwo do ƒome kplii¶

• Elektrikŋusẽ ƒe ƒoƒo kple elektrikŋusẽ ƒe ƒoƒo ƒe kpekpeɖeŋu gbãtɔ
• Dzobibi kple dzobibi le kpekpeɖeŋunana gbãtɔwo me
• Dzobibi sesẽwo kple atikewo ƒe tsilele
• Elektrikkawo ƒe gege kple ʋu ƒe elektrikŋusẽ ƒe ƒoƒo
• Ŋku dzro nu, ŋkume ƒe ʋuʋu, kple welding flash
• Crush injury kple compartment syndrome ƒe dɔléle

Wolé ŋku ɖe dzɔtsoƒewo ŋu¶

• Dukɔa ƒe Dzotsidɔwɔƒe (NFPA, United States): Elektrikŋusẽ ƒe Dedienɔnɔ ƒe Dzidzenu le Dɔwɔƒe (NFPA 70E, 2024 Tata: Arc Flash ƒe Afɔku Ŋuti Numekuku, PPE Ƒomewo, Kple Dɔwɔwɔ ƒe Nɔnɔme Siwo Le Dedie)
• Elektrik kple Elektrɔnikmɔ̃ɖaŋudɔwɔlawo ƒe Dɔwɔƒe (IEEE): IEEE Mɔfiame na Arc-Flash Afɔku ƒe Akɔntabubuwo (IEEE Std 1584)
• Dɔwɔƒewo ƒe Dedienɔnɔ Kple Lãmesẽnyawo Gbɔkpɔha (OSHA, United States): Elektrikŋusẽ ƒe Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽ, Eɖoɖo, Kple Emama (29 CFR 1910.269) kple Dɔwɔna Siwo Ku Ðe Elektrikŋusẽ ƒe Dedienɔnɔ Ŋu (29 CFR 1910.331 va ɖo 335)
• Lãmesẽ Kple Dedienɔnɔ Dɔwɔƒe (HSE, United Kingdom): Elektrikŋusẽ le Dɔwɔƒe: Dɔwɔwɔ ƒe Mɔnu Siwo Le Dedie (HSG85) Kple Afɔku Siwo Tso Elektrikŋusẽka Siwo Le Tame (GS6) Ƒo Asa na .
• Amerikatɔwo ƒe Dzobibi Habɔbɔ (ABA, United States): Dzobibi ƒe Agbenɔnɔ Ŋuti Kpekpeɖeŋunana Deŋgɔ (ABLS) ƒe Mɔfiame Siwo Ku Ðe Elektrikŋusẽ ƒe Abi Siwo Ŋu Ŋusẽ Gã Le, Xɔmenuwo ƒe Dɔléle, Kple Dzoxɔxɔ Gbɔgbɔ ƒe Yameʋuɖoɖo Dzikpɔkpɔ Ŋu