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ʻO nā wahi palupalu o lalo o ka lumi ʻauʻau, nā ʻāʻī popopo, a me ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau a i ʻole nā ​​mea pōʻino e hili ana i ka lua.

He ʻokoʻa nā helu ulia pōpilikia ma ka ʻāina. Hoʻohana kēia ʻaoʻao i ka 911, ka helu no ʻAmelika a me Kanada. Nui nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana i ka 112, 999, a i ʻole ka helu ʻē aʻe. E huli i ka helu no kou ʻāina.

I ka puka ʻana i waho o ka ʻauʻau a i ʻole ka noho ʻana ma luna o ka halepaku e hoʻohua ai i ka ʻili ʻana o ka spongy ma lalo o ka wāwae, i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai ke kīleʻa papahele seramika e hoʻopuka i ko lākou mau laina grout i loko o ke apo a puni ka waihona halepaku, a i ʻole i ka wā e wehe koke ʻia ai kahi āpau 3-a-10-millimeter (⅛-a-⅜-iniha) ma waena o ka ʻaoʻao lalo o ka pā ʻauʻau a me ka pā pōhaku silikoni. ʻaʻole ikaika nā joists mai ka hoʻopiha ʻana o ka wai a me ka pala ʻana o ka fungal. I ka hana ʻana i nā papa lāʻau noho, hoʻopaʻa nā lumi ʻauʻau i nā ukana make a ola i loko o ka lumi liʻiliʻi loa o ka hale: kahi ʻauʻau alcove maʻamau 150-centimeter (5-kapua) i hoʻopiha ʻia me 225 liters (60 galani) o ka wai ʻauʻau me kahi kanaka ʻauʻau makua ma ke kaumaha **320 a 40,000 paona. ʻO ka ipu hao hao a i ʻole ka wai puna wai i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka wai ma mua o 550 a 800 kilokani (1,200 a 1,750 paona) e kau ana ma luna o ʻehā kapuaʻi haiki a i ʻole kahi kaʻaahi ledger perimeter.

Ma ka wahi like loa kahi e hoʻomaha ai kēlā mau mea kaupaona nui, ʻoki ʻia nā ʻoki ʻoki ʻana i ka paipu (nā notches nui a me nā lua i hoʻoluʻu ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka papahele 2x8 a i ʻole 2x10 e kūpono i ka 75-a-100-millimeter / 3-a-4-iniha PVC i nā piko a me nā pahu P-traps) ua hoʻemi ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka ʻāpana lāʻau ma 503 pakeneka. I ka wā i hāʻule ʻole ai ka wax wax ring (hoʻihoʻi wai wai), ʻo ka kulu ** ʻauʻau ʻauʻau ʻauʻau **, a i ʻole ka ʻūhā ʻauʻau ʻauʻau mahā e kulu ka wai huna ma luna o ka Oriented Strand Board (OSB), particleboard, a i ʻole plywood subfloor no nā mahina, ʻo nā haʻi palaka palaka lāʻau (Serpula lacrymans a me Gloeophyllum trabeum) hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka fiber a i ʻole ka ikaika o ka celluar.poino a me ka hiolo a hāʻule ke kaupaku a me ka pā maloʻo wai). Inā hāʻule koke ka ʻauʻau, ka halepaku, a i ʻole ka ʻāpana o ka papahele, haki i kahi paipu paʻa paʻa, a pahele paha i ka mea e noho ana, e haʻalele i ka wahi ma luna a ma lalo a kelepona i kou wahi. helu pilikia (911 ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kanada, 112 ma waena o ʻEulopa, 999 ma United Kingdom). Hāʻawi kēia alakaʻi i nā kaʻina hana ulia pōpilikia e wehe koke a hoʻokaʻawale i ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau a i ʻole ka hale lua haʻalulu ma mua o ke kuʻi ʻana i ka papahele, e puʻunaue i ke kaumaha o ka wāwae ma waena o nā ʻauamo paʻa, e nānā i nā papa lalo popopo a me nā ʻaʻa ʻāʻī mai ka papa lalo a i ʻole ke kolo ʻana ma lalo, a hoʻokomo i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka screw-jack no ka manawa lōʻihi a hiki i ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana.

E hana i kēia i kēia manawa

Inā hili a poho paha ka halepaku i loko o ka papahele palupalu, inā e pi'i ka papahele i lalo ma mua o 3 millimeters (⅛ iniha), inā e pi'i ka papahele ma lalo o ka lua o ka lua, e hana koke i kēia mau hana ʻeono:

  1. E hoʻokahe koke i ka wai e noho ana i loko o ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau a hoʻōki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā ʻauʻau a i ʻole ka ʻauʻau: ʻO ke kaumaha o ka wai 1 kilokani no ka lita (8.34 paona no ke galani US). ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i 225 lita (60 galani) o ka wai ʻauʻau ma lalo o ke kahawai e hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka 225 kilokani (500 paona) o ke kaumaha make mai ka papa lalo hāʻule i 90 kekona. Mai kū i loko o ka pā i ka wā e kahe ana; e komo mai ka puka a huki i ka pahu wai.
  2. Hoʻopaʻa i ka pahu wai chrome ma hope o kahi hale lua haʻalulu a pohō paha a holoi i ka pahu i hoʻokahi manawa e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia: Ke haʻalulu ka lua i ka ʻaoʻao i ka ʻaoʻao a i ʻole ke pohō i loko o ka papa lalo o OSB popopo, e kokoke mai ana ʻelua leki pōʻino: ʻo ka mua, ʻo ka ** chrome/keleawe a i ʻole ka laina lako wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i lalo i hoʻopili ʻia a hiki i ka huki ʻana o ka pā i lalo o ka pahu. ʻoki ʻia ka ʻoki ʻoki ma lalo o 400 kPa (60 PSI) kaomi wai o ke kūlanakauhale (paipu pohā); ʻO ka lua, ua hoʻokaʻawale loa ka wax ring sila ma lalo o ka puʻupuʻu lua, e hoʻolei ana i ka ʻōpala maka i loko o ka lua o ka papahele me kēlā me kēia holoi. E hoʻohuli i ka pahu hoʻokuʻu kihi o ka paia i ka OFF, e hoʻopaʻa i ka lima i lalo e hoʻokahe i ka pahu a me ke kīʻaha, a hoʻopaʻa i ke poʻi me kahi "DO NOT USE" hōʻailona.
  3. E hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka poʻe a pau i waho o ka lumi a i ʻole ke alahele ma lalo pono o ka lumi ʻauʻau ma ka papahele o luna e hōʻike ana i nā māwae a me nā māwae kaupaku: Inā e hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi ʻauʻau ʻauʻau ma ka papahele ʻelua, hale ʻauʻau, a i ʻole radiator hao e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma nā ʻōpuʻu papahele popopo, ʻo ka plaster a i ʻole 13-milimeter (½-inihi) kepakui maloʻo ma ka lumi noho ma lalo o ka lumi kuke wale nō. Hoʻopaʻa i ka lumi ma lalo a hoʻoneʻe i nā lako mai ka ʻāpana hāʻule.
  4. E waiho i ka pepa plywood 19-milimeter (¾-inihi) manoanoa (a i ole elua papa laau pa'a laula/ka puka o loko paa paa i waiho palahalaha) ma ka papahele o ka halepaku ina pono oe e hele ma kekahi wahi palupalu: ua hookaawaleia na hookui papahele hale i kela ame keia 40 kenimika (16 iniha) ma waenakonu. Loaʻa kahi wahi palupalu i ka wā e pohō ai ka ʻūhā lalo *ma waena o * ʻelua mau ʻūhā, a i ʻole ke hāʻule ʻole ka ʻūhā hoʻokahi ma lalo o ka lua. ʻO ka waiho ʻana i kahi ʻāpana plywood he 60-by-120-centimeter (2-by-4-foot) palahalaha ma luna o ka papahele lumi ʻauʻau e hoʻopaʻa ai i kou wāwae ma luna o ʻekolu a ʻehā paha mau ʻūhā o ka papahele i hiki ʻole i kou wāwae ke kuʻi pololei i lalo o ka papahele popopo.
  5. E hoʻopau i ka mea hoʻomaha kaapuni uila e hānai ana i ke kukui o ke kaupaku a i ʻole ka peʻahi hoʻopau i loko o ke keʻena ma lalo pono o ka lumi ʻauʻau e kahe ana: E kahe pololei ana ka wai huna e neʻe ana ma ka papahele o ka hale ʻauʻau popopo i loko o ka pahu hui kaupaku metala o ka lumi ʻaina i lalo a i ʻole nā kukui kīhini i hoʻokuʻu ʻia (ke ahi uila a me nā ʻulaʻula). E hoʻohuli i ka haʻihaʻi no nā kukui kaupaku o lalo i OFF ma kāu papa uila nui.
  6. Nānā i ka ʻaoʻao lalo o ka papahele ʻauʻau mai ka hale lalo a i ʻole ke kolo ʻana me ke kukui uila a me ka screwdriver a i ʻole awl (e mālama pono i kou kino mai lalo pono o ka pahu i hoʻouka ʻia): Inā noho ka lumi ʻauʻau ma luna o kahi basement i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia a i ʻole kahi kolo maloʻo (palekana crawlspace), e hoʻālohilohi i ke kukui ʻālohilohi ma ka papahele lalo a me nā ʻūhā o ka papahele ma lalo o ka lau o ka lua a me ka pahele ʻauʻau. Mai kū pololei ma lalo o ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau piha a i ʻole ka hoʻopaʻa hao i ka wā e ʻimi ana i nā ʻoki popopo.

No ke aha e hāʻule koke ai nā papa lalo o ka papa lepo a me ka Oriented Strand Board (OSB).

ʻO nā hale a me nā hale i hana ʻia/mobile i kūkulu ʻia ma waena o nā makahiki 1970 a me nā makahiki 2000 mua i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia unsealed particleboard (chipboard) a i ʻole nā hanauna mua ** Oriented Strand Board (OSB)** ma ke ʻano he lumi lumi lumi lalo ma lalo o ka vinyl linoleum a i ʻole ka tile ceramic. ʻAʻole e like me nā subfloors diagonal plank solid-sawn a i ʻole marine-grade waho o ka lāʻau (e paʻa ana i ka ʻāpana ʻāpana o ka ikaika kulou ʻana i ka palaoa i ka wā pulu), paʻa pū ʻia ka particleboard a me ka OSB maʻamau e ka urea-formaldehyde a i ʻole phenolic resins e kaomi pū ana i nā lau lāʻau. Ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka OSB a i ʻole ka papa lepo ma luna o 25 pakeneka o ka maʻu o ka lua i hūnā ʻia, e pehu ka ʻili lāʻau i ʻelua ʻelua o ko lākou mānoanoa mua, hemo nā mea paʻa o ke kāpili, a lilo ka papa i ʻōpala ʻōpala i hiki ke ʻā pololei a puni ka lau a i ʻole ka wāwae ʻauʻau ma lalo o hoʻokahi kapuaʻi.

Ka lāʻau hoʻoholo: ka lua ʻauʻau ma lalo o ka papahele, ka lua haʻalulu, a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau

E hoʻohana i kēia kumu lāʻau hoʻoholo hana e loiloi i ke koʻikoʻi o kahi subfloor lumi ʻauʻau a i ʻole ka hāʻule ʻana o ka papahele-joist a hoʻokō koke i ka stabilization.

flowchart TD
    Start["Pahu ʻauʻau ulia pōpilikia: Papa Spongy, Hale ʻauʻau Haʻalulu, a i ʻole ʻauʻau ʻauʻau"] --> ImmediateUnload["KA HANA 1; Wehe i ka haawe & kaawale i ka wai:; 1. E hoʻokahe koke i ka ipu ʻauʻau (wehe i 225 kg / 500 lb); 2. Ho'opa'a i ka pahu ho'opa'a o ka pā hale lua a me ka pahu wai 'ole ('a'ole i ka pa'i 'ana o ka paipu); 3. E HOPE i ka mea wawahi uila no na kukui kaupaku ma ka lumi malalo"]

    ImmediateUnload --> SymptomCheck{"2. ʻO wai ka hōʻailona hemahema o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana?"}

    SymptomCheck -->|"A. ʻO nā pōhaku ʻauʻau ʻaoʻao a ʻaoʻao a i ʻole nā tile/vinyl me ka spongy i loko o 30 knm (12 in) o ke kumu lua."| ToiletRot["LOCALIZED TOILET FLANGE SUBLOOR ROT:; 1. Mai noho ma ka luapaku a i ʻole e hoʻopaʻa i nā kī kī ma luna o ka lāʻau popopo; 2. E waiho i 19 mm (3/4 in) plywood bridge board ina e hele kokoke ana; 3. Wehe i ka lua i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (ka lole i loko o ka paipu liʻiliʻi e ālai i ka methane); 4. E ʻoki i ka OSB/plywood popopo mai ke kikowaena-waena a i ke kikowaena-waena & e hoʻokomo i 2x10 ālai + 3/4 i loko o ka lāʻau lāʻau waho."]

    SymptomCheck -->|"B. ʻO ka wehe ʻana ma ka laina ʻauʻau paia o ka pā ʻauʻau A i ʻole ka papahele o ka ipu wai e wili ana/ʻeʻe nui ana"| TubSink["PALAPALA HUA A I OLE JOIST NOTCH FAILURE:; 1. E mālama i ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau 100% me ka ʻole o ka hele ʻana i loko o ka pā; 2. E nānā mai ka hale lalo/crawlspace ma lalo (a i ʻole ke komo ʻana o ke kaupaku ma lalo):; E nānā inā ua ʻike hohonu ka poʻe paipu i ka ʻili 2x8/2x10 ma lalo o ka P-trap."]

    SymptomCheck -->|"C. ʻO ka papahele lumi ʻauʻau holoʻokoʻa e piʻi ana ma luna o 1 knm (3/8 in) A i ʻole ʻo ka pā maloʻo o ke kaupaku ma lalo ke poʻo."| JoistCollapse["KA PALAPALA PALAPALA / GIRDER ROT OR TERMITE FAILURE:; 1. E haʻalele i ka lumi ʻauʻau ME ka lumi ma lalo pono; 2. E hoʻouka i nā kahakai lāʻau 4x4 no ka manawa lōʻihi a i ʻole nā ​​pou kelepona kila hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ma nā ʻōpala 2x10 ma lalo o nā ʻāpana ʻāʻī paʻa; 3. ʻO ke kaikuahine piha ka lōʻihi 2x10/2x12 mau ʻauamo ma ka ʻaoʻao o nā ʻauamo popopo/notched ma mua o ke kūkulu hou ʻana i lalo o ka papahele."]

    TubSink --> JoistCollapse

Ka luʻu hohonu 1: Nā forensics i kūkulu ʻia - pehea e heluhelu ai i nā hōʻailona hōʻailona mua 5 ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka papahele.

ʻAʻole hāʻule ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau a i ʻole ka lua i ka papahele; ʻO ka hale lāʻau e kelepona i kona pilikia no nā pule a i ʻole mau mahina ma o nā ʻike maka a me nā ʻike mechanical.

Hōʻailona Kūlana Kūlana He aha ka mea i hūnā ʻia ma lalo o ka papahele i hoʻopau ʻia Ka Papa Pilikia koke a me ka Mechanism
1. "The Expanding Caulk Gap" a puni ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau (He 3 a 12 mm / ⅛ a hiki i ½ i wehe ʻia ma waena o ka rim tub a me ka lālani lalo o ka pā wai ʻauʻau, ʻoiai ma hope o kou ʻoki hou ʻana iā ia) Ua popopo ka papa lāʻau 2x4 pā paʻa e kākoʻo ana i ka lehelehe hope o ka ʻauʻau mai nā papa o ka paia, A i ʻole ka ** lalo o ka papahele a me nā kuʻi papahele ma lalo o ka ʻāpana mua o ka ʻauʻau e pohō ana i lalo** me ke kaumaha. Kiʻekiʻe: I kēlā me kēia manawa e komo ai ka mea ʻauʻau i loko o ka pā, e hāʻule ka pahu holoʻokoʻa i 6 mm (¼ in) i lalo, e huki ana i ka kāmaʻa hoʻoheheʻe keleawe ʻoʻoleʻa a kahe ka paipu i lalo a hiki i ka wā e māhā ai ka pahele a hoʻolei i 150 lita (40 galani) o ka wai ʻauʻau pololei i ka lua o ka papahele.
2. Halepaku haʻalulu a hiʻi paha (Hili iki ka halepaku i ka hema/'ākau a i mua/hope paha i ka wā e noho ai; uē ka wai pilau ʻeleʻele mai lalo o ke kumu porcelain) ʻO ka condensation mau a i ʻole ka hāʻule ʻana o ka $5 wax ring sila ua pohō i ka ʻoki pōʻai ma ka papa lalo o OSB/plywood a puni ka 100 mm (4 in) hao a i ʻole PVC pani pani. KE ALOHA A I KE KIEKIE: ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā kī kī keleawe ʻelua ma ke kumu o ka halepaku e ʻoki wale ai i nā kī T-polo pololei i luna o ka lāʻau mushy a i ʻole e haki i ke kīʻaha porcelain; paʻi ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao i ka laina hoʻolako wai anuanu
3. Nā Laina Ceramic Grout Nahā a me nā Tile "Hollow/Crunching" (Nalo nā ʻili a puni ka luapaku a i ʻole ka paepae o ka pahu wai, kaomi i ka wā e hehi ʻia ai, a i ʻole ke hili ʻana ma nā kihi) Pono ke tile ceramic a me ka porcelain i ka papahele paʻa (nā palena deflection kiʻekiʻe o L/360 ma lalo o nā code hale). ʻO ka lāʻau palaha lalo ma lalo o ka papa kīmaʻa e lohi nei e like me ka trampoline ma lalo o ke kaumaha o nā wāwae. MODERATE: Ua nalowale ka ʻoʻoleʻa ma waena o nā ʻāʻī (40 knm / 16 ma kahi kaʻawale); hiki i ka ukana kuʻekuʻe wāwae hoʻokahi ke kuʻi i ka tile a me ka lāʻau popopo ma waena o ʻelua mau ʻoki
4. ʻO ka ʻūhū, ka ʻili ʻana, a i ʻole ka Papa Vinyl Pepa ʻeleʻele (Pūhā palupalu, ʻāwīwī ma waho pono o ka puka ʻauʻau a i ʻole ke kihi pā) ʻO ka wai ʻauʻau e kahe ana ma mua o kahi kihi ʻauʻau i ka papahele a i ʻole ke kahe ʻana o ka puka ʻauʻau, ua hewa ma ka ʻaoʻao i loko o ka papa lepo a i ʻole ka lāʻau palau MĀKĀWAI: ʻO ka papa lalo o luna (a ʻo ka papa lalo paha o ke kūkulu ʻia ma lalo) ua piha ma luna o 30% o ka makū a me ka palaho ʻana mai nā haʻi palaka brown.
5. Paʻa nā Puka o lalo + Paʻi Kuʻi Paʻi Paʻa Paʻa / Nā apo ʻeleʻele ma lalo o ka lumi ʻauʻau (ʻAʻole paʻa koke ka puka o ka papahele mua ma kahi kokoke i ka lumipaku; ʻike ʻia nā māwae lauoho i ke kaupaku ma lalo) ʻAʻole ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻāpana lahilahi wale nō, akā ua popopo a ua ʻāwī ʻia paha ka ** kumu hoʻoili ukana 2x8 a i ʻole 2x10 papahele, ka lāʻau poʻo, a i ʻole crawlspace sill plate** ma lalo o ka lumi ʻauʻau ua popopo a i ʻole ʻia e nā nalo/kamana. ** CRITICAL (IMMINENT STRUCTURAL FAILURE):** ʻO nā kaola hoʻopaʻa hoʻopaʻa ʻāpae nui e paʻa ana i ke keʻena e huli ana i lalo ma lalo o ka ukana make; pono i ka wehe koke ʻana a me ke kāʻei kū pololei

Luʻu hohonu 2: No ke aha i hāʻule ʻole ai ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka papahele o ka lumi lumi (Ka hui pū ʻana o "Plumber's Notches" a me "Brown Rot")

No ke aha e popopo ai nā ʻūhā o ka papahele ma lalo o nā lumi ʻauʻau he ʻumi mau manawa ma mua o lalo o nā lumi moe a i ʻole nā lumi noho, ʻoiai ʻo ke koena o ka hale i paʻa paʻa?

   [WHY BATHROOM FLOOR JOISTS SNAP UNDER BATHTUBS & TOILETS]

        [Bathtub Foot: 400 kg / 900 lb]      [Toilet Flange]
                      ||                           ||
   ===================++===========================++=================== <-- Rotted 19 mm (3/4") OSB Subfloor
   +------------------+----------------------------+-------------------+
   | 2x10 Floor Joist |    [OVERSIZED PLUMBER'S    |                   |
   |                  |     NOTCH FOR TUB TRAP]    |  (75 mm / 3" Hole |
   |                  +----------------------------+   bored too close |
   |                   \ <-- Crack starts at sharp     to bottom edge) |
   +--------------------+    corner of notch & rots -------------------+
  1. Ka hewa Kuleana #1: Nā Notches o ka Plumber Kuleana ma ke Keena Hoʻopaʻapaʻa o ka Joist:
  2. Ma lalo o ka International Residential Code (IRC Section R502.8) a me Eurocode 5, ke kau nei ka papa laau paʻa i ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ma kona ʻaoʻao luna a me ke koʻikoʻi tensile ma kona ʻaoʻao lalo.
  3. ʻAʻole loa e ʻoki ʻia nā code kūkulu hale ** i ka ʻoki ʻana i kekahi notch ma ka hapakolu waena o ka lōʻihi o ka papahele**, a e kaupalena ʻia nā notches ma ka hapakolu o waho a ʻaʻole i oi aku ma mua o ⅙ o ka hohonu o ka joist (ma kahi o 3.8 kenimika / 1.5 iniha ma kahi 2x10).
  4. I loko naʻe o nā miliona miliona o nā hale kahiko, i ka wā i hoʻokomo ai ka mea paipu i ka ʻauʻau P-trap a i ʻole he 100-milimeter (4-ʻīniha) paipu hoʻoheheʻe halepaku, ua lawe lākou i kahi ʻike pāʻani a ** ʻoki i kahi ʻāpana ʻāpana he 12 kenimika-hohonu (5-ʻīniha-hohonu) pololei mai luna a lalo o ka papahele 2x8 a i ʻole 2x10 wale nō. nā kenimika (3 ʻīniha) o ka lāʻau e paʻa ana i kahi pahu 400-kilogram (900-paona).
  5. Kaiima Kūleʻa #2: Cubic Brown-Rot Fungi (Serpula lacrymans):
  6. Aia ma lalo pono o ke kāma'a ho'okahe wai 'au'au a me ke apo wax toilet ka wahi kiko'i kahi i 'ike ai ka mea pa'a i ka 'ohi o ka papahele.
  7. I ka wā e uwē ai kēlā mau ami i nā kulu liʻiliʻi o ka wai ma mua o 3 a 5 mau makahiki, ʻo ** nā haʻi palaka-brown ** e hoʻopili i ka notch pulu. Ka noiʻi ʻana e ka U.S. Ke hōʻike nei ka Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) i ka waiwai mekini weliweli o ka pala ʻeleʻele: ma mua o ka lilo ʻana o ka 10 pakeneka o kona kaumaha ʻike ʻia a i ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka lāʻau popopo, ua hoʻopau nā enzyme brown-rot i nā kaulahao cellulose o ka lāʻau a hoʻemi i ka piʻo a me ka ikaika o ka hopena ma 50 a 70 pakeneka.

Luʻu hohonu 3: Hoʻopaʻa pilikia - pehea e wehe pono ai i ka ukana, wehe i kahi lua e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ai, a hoʻokomo i kahi kāʻei no ka manawa.

Inā ʻeleʻele kou papahele ʻauʻau a i ʻole nā ​​huehue, e hahai i kēia kaʻina hana ʻenekinia e hoʻopau i ka pōʻino hāʻule i kēia lā ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana i ka hana kamana mau loa:

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 1: Wehe Paheʻe i kahi ʻauʻau ʻauʻau a Piʻo paha (Wehe i 40 kg / 90 lb + Hoʻopau i ka Leak)

Mai waiho i kahi hale lua porselena kaumaha e kaulike ana ma kahi papa lalo popopo kahi e hiki ai ke hili a nahaha i loko o nā ʻāpana porcelain ʻoi-ʻohi (ʻoki a ʻokiʻoki): 1. E pani i ka chrome paa kihi kihi wai pahu wai ma ka ʻauamo (a i ʻole e pani i ka wai o ka hale nui inā paʻa ka angle-stop; ʻike. paʻa alakaʻi kiwi wai nui). 2. Holoi i ka halepaku a hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻau i lalo, a laila e hoʻohana i ka ʻōhuʻu nui a me ka bākeke (a i ʻole kahi ʻūhā mākū/maloʻo hale kūʻai) e omo i ke koena 2 lita (0.5 galani) o ka wai mai loko mai o ka pahu a me ke kīʻaha a maloʻo loa nā mea ʻelua. 3. Wehe i ka nati hoʻopili laina wai mai ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka pahu lua. 4. E wehe i nā pāpale ʻili liʻiliʻi ʻelua ma ke kumu o ke kīʻaha lua a wehe i nā keleawe ʻelua 7/16-ʻīniha a i ʻole ½-iniha nati hex (inā wili ʻoluʻolu lākou no ka mea ʻo ka lāʻau lalo o lalo he mush popopo, e hāpai wale iā lākou i waho me ka lua). 5. E kau i ke kīʻaha me kou mau wāwae e kau ana ma luna o ka papa paʻa paʻa (a i ʻole ma kahi ʻāpana ¾ iniha i waiho ʻia ma ka papahele), e hāpai pololei i ka lua me kou mau wāwae (e hoʻopaʻa pololei i kou kua), a kau ma luna o nā nūpepa ma ke alaloa a i ʻole ka hale kaʻa. 6. ** CRITICAL BIOHAZARD STEP - Hoʻopaʻa koke i ka Puka Sewer 4-Inch wehe koke**: I ka wā e hoʻokiʻekiʻe ai ʻoe i ka lua mai ka papahele, ʻo ka 75-a-100-millimeter (3-a-4-ʻīniha) ka paipu hoʻoheheʻe i ka papahele he ** ʻaʻohe P-trap water seal**, e ʻae ana i ka ʻona hydrogen sulfide (H2S) a me ke kinoea hoʻoheheʻe methane pahū (kinoea hoʻoheheʻe wai a me ka pilikia P-trap maloʻo) e puka pololei i kou hale. E hoʻokomo i kahi kāwele ʻauʻau kahiko i wahī ʻia i loko o kahi ʻeke kūʻai ʻiʻo kaumaha i loko o ka ʻūhā hāmama hāmama (a i ʻole e hoʻokomo i kahi pahu hoʻāʻo $4 e hoʻonui ana) e hoʻopaʻa i ka paipu paʻa i ka wā e hemo ai ka lua.

'anuʻu 2: Pehea e nānā ai mai lalo mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka "Screwdriver / Awl Penetration Test"

E hoʻokomo i nā makaaniani palekana, kahi NIOSH N95/P100 respirator (ua uhi ʻia nā papahele popopo i nā spores mold), a me ke kukui poʻo, a hele i loko o ke kolo a i ʻole ka papahele ma lalo o ka lumi ʻauʻau (a ʻoki ʻia i kahi 40-by-40-centimeter / 16-by-16-ʻīniha ka nānā ʻana i ke kaupaku ma ke kaʻapuni uila ma ke kaupaku ma lalo. - E kaomi paʻa i ka piko o ka paʻa paʻa a i ʻole ke kuʻi kamana me ka lima hoʻokahi i loko o ka ʻaoʻao o ka ʻaoʻao o ka papahele lāʻau a me ka ʻaoʻao ma lalo o ka uhi lalo. - Laau hoʻolale kani maikaʻi: ʻAʻole hiki ke pohō ka piko o ka screwdriver i ka ʻili e 1 a 2 millimeters (1/16 iniha). - Laau palaho, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia: Piʻo ka ʻili o ka screwdriver 15 a 50 millimeters (½ a 2 ʻīniha) pololei i loko o ka lāʻau e like me ka paʻakai palupalu a i ʻole ka punky cork, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana lāʻau ʻeleʻele me ke ʻano cube ʻeleʻele e hāʻule i kou lima (cubical brown rot).

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 3: Ke hoʻokomo ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā lāʻau 4x4 ma lalo o ka holo ʻana o ka lumi ʻauʻau.

Inā ʻike nui ʻia, māhā, a popopo paha hoʻokahi a ʻoi aʻe paha o ka papahele ma lalo o ka lumi ʻauʻau, hiki iā ʻoe ke pale i ka papahele ʻauʻau (a me ka hao hao nui a i ʻole ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau acrylic ma luna o ia mea) mai ka hāʻule ʻana ma ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ** kaola kūpaʻa kūpaʻa kūʻokoʻa** i loko o ka papahele a i ʻole ke kolo ma lalo pono o ka lumi ʻauʻau:

   [EMERGENCY BASEMENT / CRAWLSPACE SHORING UNDER ROTTED BATHROOM JOISTS]

      [Joist #1]       [Joist #2 (Rotted)]       [Joist #3]
   ======+=====================+=====================+====== <-- Bathroom Subfloor
   |2x10 |               |2x10 |               |2x10 |
   +-----+               +-----+               +-----+
   ========================================================= <-- Top Header: Double 2x6 or 4x4
               ||                             ||                 spanning across 3-4 joists
         [Steel Jack Post]              [Steel Jack Post]
         (or 4x4 Wood Post)             (or 4x4 Wood Post)
               ||                             ||
   ========================================================= <-- Bottom Mudsill: 2x10 or 2x12
   /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////     plank distributing load on slab/soil
  1. Mai kau pololei i ka pahu pahu pahu hoʻokahi ma luna o kahi papa lalo popopo a i ʻole kekahi ʻūhā punky (e kuʻi pololei ana ka pā luna o ka jack i ka lāʻau popopo).
  2. Akā, e ʻoki i kahi 1.2-a-1.8-mika (4-6-kapuai) poʻo poʻomanaʻo ākea mai loko mai o lāʻau 2x6 pālua a i ʻole kahi lāʻau 4x4 paʻa a paʻa paʻa i ka lalo o 3 a i ʻole 4 mau ʻili papahele pili (hoʻonoho ʻia 30 kenimika / 12 ʻīniha ke kua mai ka lāʻau paʻa a i ʻole ka popopo. to intact joist across the rotted joist).
  3. E kau i kahi pāpaʻa paʻa paʻa 2x10 a i ʻole 2x12 i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka kaomi ʻana (a i ʻole he 40-by-40-centimeter / 16-by-16-iniha paʻa paʻa wāwae wāwae ma luna o ka lepo paʻa ʻole) ma luna o ka papahele lalo a i ʻole ka honua kolo ma lalo pono o ke kaola poʻo e hohola i ke kaumaha i lalo.
  4. E kū i ʻelua ** mau pou poʻo ma lalo o ke kila kila (teleposts / lally columns)** a i ʻole e ʻoki i ʻelua mau pou lāʻau 4x4 ** (hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia ma ke kumu me nā ʻāpana lāʻau paʻa kūʻē) ma waena o ka papa lepo lalo a me ke kaola poʻo luna.
  5. ** RULE SHORING CRITICAL - Snug to Support, Mai Crank Upward**: E hoʻopaʻa i ka wili pou wili kila hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia a hiki wale i ke kaomi pono ʻana o ke kaola poʻomanaʻo ma lalo o ka papahele e paʻa ai ko lākou kaumaha. Mai hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ka pou jack ma luna o kekahi mau kenimika i ka ʻauinalā hoʻokahi e hoʻāʻo ai e "hoʻopaʻa" i ka papahele ʻauʻau e hāʻule ana; ʻO ka huki ʻana i kahi lumi ʻauʻau i luna hikiwawe ** e ʻoki i nā paipu wai keleawe ʻoʻoleʻa, e hoʻopaʻa i nā pūʻulu wai hao, a nahā kēlā me kēia tile pā seramika i loko o ka lumi ʻauʻau**.

Luʻu hohonu 4: Nā lula hoʻoponopono hoʻoponopono paʻa (No ke aha ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolei wale i kahi ʻāpana lāʻau ma luna o ka papahele popopo)

I ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka papahele ʻauʻau popopo a puni ka lua a i ʻole ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau, e pale i ka hewa "overlay patch" o ka wili wale ʻana i kahi ʻāpana lahilahi o 6-milimeter (¼-inihi) luan plywood MA luna o ka pulu, popopo OSB (kahi e pahele ai i ka wai, e hoʻolalelale i ka pala i loko o ka papahele o ka papahele, a hoʻokiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe i ka lau o ka halepaku):

  1. E ʻoki i nā papa lalo Popopo mai Joist-Center a i Joist-Center:
  2. E hoʻonoho i ka hohonu o ka pahi ʻike pōʻai i ka mānoanoa pololei o ka papa lalo e kū nei (19 millimeters / ¾ iniha no ka subflooring maʻamau - ʻaʻole i hohonu, a i ʻole e ʻike ʻoe i nā ʻili o ka papahele a paʻi i nā paipu keleawe a i ʻole nā uea uila i hoʻopaʻa pono ʻia ma lalo o ka papahele).
  3. Wehe i ka OSB popopo a i ʻole ka papa ʻeleʻele a hoʻi i ka lāʻau maloʻo, ʻālohilohi, paʻa, e ʻoki i lalo i ka ** laina waena (19 mm / ¾ i ka lehelehe bearing)** o nā ʻūhā papahele paʻa kokoke loa.
  4. Sister Full-Span 2x10 Joists ma ka ʻaoʻao o kēlā me kēia Popopo a ʻOi aku paha nā Joists:
  5. E kāpīpī i nā ʻāʻī o kēia manawa me kahi hoola lāʻau borate no ka pepehi ʻana i nā hyphae fungal i koe.
  6. E ʻoki i kahi hou i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia a i ʻole kiln i maloʻo 2x8 a i ʻole 2x10 joist (e hoʻolōʻihi i ka liʻiliʻi loa 90 kenimika / 3 kapuaʻi ma mua o ka ʻāpana popopo a i ʻole ʻia paha ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua, a i ʻole e hoʻomaha maikaʻi loa mai ka ʻaoʻao o ke kumu a hiki i ke kaola apo waena), e uhi i ke alo o ka male me ka polyurethane construction adhee) a hoʻopaʻa pū me ** nā wili lāʻau hana 8-kenimika (3-⅛-ʻīniha) a i ʻole nā kui kuʻi 16d framing ** i kēlā me kēia 30 kenimika (12 iniha).
  7. E hoʻouka i ka 2x8 a i ʻole 2x10 paʻa keʻa ma waena o nā ʻauamo ma lalo pono o nā humu lalo lalo a ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻehā o ka ʻūhā kīʻaha 100-milimeter (4-ʻīniha) no laila e hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka luapaku i ka paʻa paʻa ma mua o ka uhi lahilahi.
  8. E hoʻouka i 19-Millimeter (¾-ʻīniha) Ma waho-Papa CDX a i ʻole Marine Plywood (ʻAʻole ʻAʻole ʻĀpana):
  9. E hoʻololi i ka ʻāpana lalo o ka lumipaku me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 19-milimeter (¾-ʻīniha) Exterior-Grade Plywood (a i ʻole ka hana kiʻekiʻe o ke alelo-a-groove moisture-resistant subflooring e like me Advantech) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā ʻauwai me nā mea hoʻopili kūkulu lalo a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i lalo me kēlā me kēia 15 centimeters (6 iniha).
  10. E hoʻopaʻa i ka ** apo kila kila PVC/ABS ma luna pono o ka papahele i hoʻopau ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā wili kila a i ʻole keleawe (ʻaʻole loa i nā wiliwili maloʻo, e ʻōpala i loko o 18 mahina), a hoʻonoho i ka lua me kahi ** apo mānoanoa hou a i ʻole ke sila elastomeric waxless **.

Nā helu ulia pōpilikia āpana a me nā protocols oihana

Inā hāʻule ka papahele ʻauʻau a i ʻole ke kaupaku, pahele ka mea noho, a uhaʻi paha i ka wai, kinoea, a i ʻole nā laina uila:

  • ** ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kanada **: Kāhea iā 911 (nānā helu pilikia) koke inā hāʻule ka papahele i ka pōʻino a i ʻole ka paʻa ʻole o ke kūkulu ʻana. Hoʻoponopono ʻia nā maʻamau o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka papahele, ʻoluʻolu, a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (ka liʻiliʻi 1.44 kPa / 30 psf a i ʻole 1.92 kPa / 40 psf ka ukana ola like ʻole a me ka L/360 palena deflection) e hoʻomalu ʻia e ka International Residential Code (IRC Section R502) Code of Canada.
  • United Kingdom: Kāhea iā 999 no ka hāʻule ʻana o ke kūkulu ʻana a i ʻole nā ​​pilikia ulia. Ma nā hale UK, ua hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻia ka ** chipboard (P5 moisture-resistant flooring grade)** a me nā ʻāpana lāʻau notching/drilling zones (ʻae ʻia nā notches ma waena o 0.07 a me 0.25 wale nō o ka span, max depth 0.125 x joist depth) i hoʻoponopono pono ʻia ma lalo o Regulatory Building A, Structures EN) 1995-1-1 (Eurocode 5), a me NHBC Standards.
  • European Union: E kelepona iā 112 no nā lawelawe pilikia. ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka papa lāʻau a me ka lumi wai (Nassraum) me nā membrane wai ʻole ma muli o Eurocode 5 (EN 1995) a me DIN 18534.
  • Australia a me New Zealand: E kelepona iā 000 ma Australia a i ʻole 111 ma New Zealand. Ma Australia a me New Zealand, hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hāʻule ʻana o ka halepaku ma lalo o AS 3740 (Waterproofing of Domestic Wet Areas) a me ka National Construction Code (NCC), e kauoha ana i kahi **elastomeric waterproofing membrane e hoʻohuli i nā paia a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi ʻōpala papahele (puddle flange) a i ʻole ka halepaku holoʻokoʻa.
  • India a me Asia-Pacific: E kelepona iā 112 ma India a i ʻole 119 ma Iapana a me South Korea. I Iapana, ʻo nā papa ʻauʻau kuʻuna lāʻau (mokuzo) a me nā lāʻau sill (dodai) ke kahua mua o ka palaho brown-rot a me Coptotermes hoʻouka kaua, e alakaʻi ana i nā hale Kepani hou a pau e hoʻohana i hoʻokahi ʻāpana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka hale lole Unit Baths (UB) e kau ana ma luna o nā wāwae kila a kaʻawale paha.

Nīnau pinepine

Hiki i ka ipu ʻauʻau piha ke hāʻule i loko o ka papahele ʻauʻau popopo i loko o ka lumi ma lalo?

Kakaʻikahi ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau acrylic a fiberglass paha ma ke kaupaku i hoʻokahi neʻe ʻana e like me ke kiʻi paʻi kiʻi, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka laulā o ka pahu ma mua o ka 40 kenimika (16-ʻīniha) ka mamao ma waena o nā ʻūhā papahele he nui a paʻa ʻia e ka paipu pā a me nā studs perimeter. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka mea e hana pinepine ʻia (a ʻo ia ka mea luku) ʻo ia hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha mau ʻūhā o ka papahele popopo a hohonu paha ma lalo o nā kapuaʻi kākoʻo koʻikoʻi o ka ʻauʻau ʻauʻau e paʻi a ʻeha paha i lalo e 5 a 15 kenimika (2 a 6 iniha) oiai ua piha ka ipu i 225 lita (60 galani) wai. ʻO ka hāʻule koke ʻana he 10 kenimika e uhaʻi i ka paipu hoʻoheheʻe keleawe ʻoʻoleʻa a me nā paipu wela a me ke anu i loko o ka papahele, e hoʻolei ana i nā haneli lita o ka wai ma luna o ke kaupaku maloʻo o lalo a hāʻule ke kaupaku wai i loko o ka lumi ma lalo. Hiki ke kuʻi pololei i ko lākou mau wāwae ma waena o ka papa lepo popopo a i ʻole OSB ma waena o nā ʻōpiʻi a me ka piko o luna me ka ikaika.

He palekana paha ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi lua e pōhaku liʻiliʻi mai kēlā ʻaoʻao a i kekahi ʻaoʻao?

ʻAʻole. ʻAʻole pono e haʻalulu, hili, a hoʻoneʻe paha ka lua i ka 2 millimeters ke noho ʻoe ma luna. ʻOiai inā paʻa loa ka lāʻau ma lalo o ka papahele, na ka hale lua haʻalulu e wāwahi i ke sila liʻiliʻi ʻole/paraffin Wax Ring ma lalo o ke kīʻaha ma ka hiʻi mua loa. Ke hoʻokomo ʻia kēlā apo wax ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, i kēlā me kēia manawa e holoi ai ʻoe i ka lua, 5 a 10 ka nui o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe makaʻu e paʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao ma waho o ke āpau ma luna pono o kāu papa lalo lāʻau ma lalo o ka vinyl a i ʻole ka tile, e popopo mālie ana i nā ʻūhā o ka papahele i ka ʻae ʻana i ke kinoea ʻawaʻawa e komo i loko o ka lumipaku. Inā paʻa mau ka papahele, e wehe i nā kī kīʻaha, e hoʻoheheʻe i nā kīwī plastik ʻoʻoleʻa ma lalo o ke kumu a hiki ʻole iā ia ke hoʻoluliluli i hoʻokahi millimeter, e hoʻonohonoho hou i ka halepaku ma ke apo wax hou, a e hoʻoheheʻe i mua a me nā ʻaoʻao (e waiho ana i ke kua he 10 kenimika me ke ʻano he leak-tell-tale gap).

No ke aha e waiho ʻole ai ka poʻe paipu i ke kua he 10 kenimika (4 ʻīniha) o kahi waihona halepaku me ka ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka papahele ʻauʻau?

Pono nā code plumbing International (IPC/UPC) e hoʻopaʻa i ke kumu o kahi halepaku kahi e hui ai i ka papahele i hiki ʻole i ka wai mop a me ka mimi ke holo ma lalo o ke kumu porcelain a hoʻohua i nā hua bacteria, AKA, waiho mau ka poʻe paʻakai loea i kahi āpau he 10 kenimika (4-inihi) ʻaʻole i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ke kua o ka waihona lua ma hope o ke kīʻaha. No ke aha mai? No ka mea, inā ʻoe e hoʻoheheʻe i ka silikoni i 100 pakeneka o ke anapuni a puni ka lalo o ka halepaku a hoʻomaka ke kahe ʻana o ke apo wax i loko, hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma lalo o ka lua i kahi hiki ʻole iā ʻoe ke ʻike aku, e koi ana i ka wai e kahe pololei i loko o kāu papa lāʻau OSB/plywood subfloor no ʻelua makahiki a popopo ka papahele holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka waiho ʻana i kahi āwāwa he 10 kenimika ma hope e hiki ai i ka leak wax-ring ke kahe ʻike ʻia ma luna o ka tile ma hope o ka halepaku ma ka lā 1 i hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoponopono i ke apo wax $5 ma mua o ka luku ʻana i kahi subfloor $4,000.

Pehea e hiki ai iaʻu ke ʻike inā ʻo kahi wahi palupalu o koʻu papahele ʻauʻau ʻo ia wale nō ka plywood subfloor popopo vs.

E hoʻohana i ka "16-Inch Span Test": holo like nā ʻili o ka papahele o ka hale i kekahi i kekahi ma kahi o 40 kenimika (16 ʻīniha) kaʻawale mai ke kikowaena a i ke kikowaena. Inā paʻa ka papahele ʻauʻau ma nā wahi a pau koe wale nō i loko o kahi pā liʻiliʻi 20-a-30-centimeter (8-a-12-inihi) ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke kihi ʻauʻau a i ʻole ke kahua halepaku, a paʻa ka papahele holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka 19-milimeter (3/4-ʻīniha) OSB a i ʻole plywood subfloor panel spanning BETWEEN two intact joists. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, inā e hāʻule ka lua o ka papahele he 1.5-2.5-mika (5-8-kapuai) lōʻihi, inā piʻi ka lumi holoʻokoʻa i ka pā hoʻokahi, inā hāʻule ka wai ʻauʻau mai ka pā hale ke komo ʻoe i loko, a i ʻole ke pohā ka pā maloʻo o ke kaupaku o ka lumi ma lalo ma kahi laina pololei, hoʻokahi a ʻoi aʻe paha ka lalo o ka papahele a pohā paha.

Hiki iaʻu ke hoʻokomo i ka epoxy a i ʻole ka mea hoʻopaʻa lāʻau i loko o ka papahele ʻauʻau popopo a puni ka lau o ka halepaku ma mua o ka ʻoki ʻana i ka lāʻau?

ʻAʻole. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā mea hoʻopaʻa lāʻau epoxy e komo ana i ka wai a me nā mea hoʻopiha lāʻau polyester ʻelua ʻāpana no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mea hoʻonaninani ma nā puka makani ʻole a i ʻole ka ʻoki waho. I ka wā i popopo ai ka papahele ʻauʻau a puni ka ʻaoʻao o ka luapaku a i ʻole ma lalo o ka wāwae ʻauʻau a hiki i kahi e wili ai ma lalo o ka wāwae a i ʻole e ʻae i nā kī o ka halepaku hale e huki wehe, ua nalowale ka ʻili lāʻau i ko lākou ʻāʻili a me ka ikaika tensile ma waena o ka 40-centimeter (16-ini). Pono ʻoe e ʻoki i ka ʻāpana popopo o lalo o ka papahele a hiki i nā laina waena o nā ʻūhā paʻa kokoke loa, e hoʻokomo i ka paʻa paʻa 2x10 ma lalo o nā ʻaoʻao a me ka flange, a wili i lalo i kahi ʻāpana hou o 19-milimeter (3/4-inihi) o waho-grade plywood.

Nā alakaʻi pili

Nā kumu a me ke alakaʻi kūhelu

  • Ka 'Aha Kūkākūkā o ka Honua (ICC) - Kānāwai Noho Kūlohelohe (IRC Section R502 & R307): *Ka Papa Hoʻolāʻau Kūʻai Kūʻai, Nā palena ʻae ʻae ʻia a me nā palena ʻoluʻolu i loko o nā Joists Laʻau Sawn, a me nā Kūlana Deflection o ka lumi ʻauʻau.
  • ** USDA Forest Service - Forest Products Laboratory (FPL):** Wood Handbook: Wood as a Engineering Material (Mechanics of Brown-Rot Fungal Depolymerization and Rapid Flexural Strength Strength Loss Mamua o ka Nalo Nui).
  • Tile Council of North America (TCNA) & ANSI A108: Handbook for Ceramic, Glass, and Stone Tile Installation (Subfloor Stiffness L/360 Koi a me Wet-Area Waterproof Membranes).
  • Ke Keʻena Hoʻokele Hoʻokele Kūʻē Federal (FEMA): National US&R Response System Structural Collapse Technician Manual - Vertical Post-and-Header Shoring and Mudsill Load Distribution.
  • British Standards Institution (BSI): BS EN 1995-1-1 (Eurocode 5: Design of Timber Structures) & Apono ʻia ka Palapala A - ʻAe ʻia ka Notching and Drilling Zones in Domestic Timber Floor Joists.