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ʻO nā nalu ʻo Seiche, Inland Lake Tsunami, a me Sudden Harbor Water Recessions

He ʻokoʻa nā helu ulia pōpilikia ma ka ʻāina. Hoʻohana kēia ʻaoʻao i ka 911, ka helu no ʻAmelika a me Kanada. Nui nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana i ka 112, 999, a i ʻole ka helu ʻē aʻe. E huli i ka helu no kou ʻāina.

ʻO ka seiche (pronounced saysh) he nalu kū e ʻōniʻoniʻo ana i hope a i waho i loko o kahi wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a i ʻole ʻāpana ʻāpana o ka wai e like me ka Lake Great, alpine reservoir, fjord, bay, a i ʻole ke awa. ʻAʻole like me nā ʻale makani maʻamau e haki ana i kēlā me kēia 5 a 15 kekona a hoʻopilikia wale i ka ʻili, he seiche a i ʻole ke kai kai eʻe i loko o uka e hoʻonohonoho i ka nui o ka wai o kahi kīʻaha e kahe ana mai uka a i kahakai e like me ka wai i loko o kahi ʻauʻau ʻauʻau. Ke alakaʻi ʻia e ka lele ʻana o ke kaomi barometric hikiwawe, nā laina ʻino, nā makani derecho, nā ʻōlaʻi seismic, a i ʻole nā ​​​​pōhaku lalo e hāʻule ana i loko o nā loko hohonu a me nā fjord, hiki i kēia mau haʻalulu ke hāʻule i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke awa ma 2 a 5 mau mika (6.5 a 16.5 kapuaʻi) i nā minuke, e hōʻike ana i nā moena lepo lepo ma mua o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka wai o ke awa.

ʻOi aku ka ʻoi aku o ka pōʻino ʻo ** nā ʻale hoʻoneʻe i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻāina (megatsunamis)** i loko o nā loko alpine haiki, nā waihona wai, a me nā fjord glacial, kahi e hāʻule ai nā miliona cubic o ka pōhaku a i ʻole ka hau glacier i loko o ka wai paʻa a hoʻokuʻu i nā nalu heʻe **10 a 500+ mika (33 a 1,640+ mau mika) i loko o ke awāwa 180 kekona. Wahi a ka United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), ka United States Geological Survey (USGS), a me ka World Meteorological Organization (WMO), make ka poʻe i make i nā kai eʻe o ke kai eʻe a me ke kai eʻe no ka mea ke manaʻo nei lākou aia wale nō ke kai eʻe i ka moana ākea, a i ʻole no ko lākou hele ʻana i waho o nā loko iʻike ʻia a me nā haʻalulu i ka wā e kahe koke ka wai.

E mālama i kēlā me kēia Lake Sudden, Fjord, a i ʻole ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka wai o ke awa ma ke ʻano he Tsunami koke

Inā hāʻule koke ka ʻilikai ma kahi kahakai o ka loko, ka nuku o ka muliwai, ka uwapo, ka moana, a i ʻole ka fjord, a kahe i waho, e hōʻike ana i nā pōhaku pohō a i ʻole nā iʻa, a i ʻole e hoʻopā ai nā waʻa i lalo, ** ua hōʻea mai nei kahi ʻauwai seiche a i ʻole ka ʻauwai kai eʻe**. Ke holo nei ka piko nalu like i kou kahakai a e hahau i loko o 30 kekona a i 15 minuke, pinepine me ka makani ʻole a me ka ua ma lalo o ka lani polū. Mai hele i waho ma luna o nā pā lepo, nā kaʻa one, a i ʻole nā ​​wahi haʻihaʻi paʻa no ke kiʻi ʻana a i ʻole ke nānā ʻana i nā waʻa i pae ʻia. Holo koke i uka a piʻi i ka liʻiliʻi i 15 a 30 mau mika (50 a 100 kapuaʻi) ma luna o ka ʻilikai maʻamau a me 500+ mika (1,640+ kapuaʻi) hoʻi mai ke kahakai.

E hana i kēia i kēia manawa

  1. E haʻalele i nā haʻihaʻi, nā uwapo, nā nuku o ka muliwai, a me nā kahakai i ka piʻi koke ʻana a i ʻole ka hāʻule ʻana o ka wai. Inā ʻike ʻoe i ke kahe wikiwiki ʻana o ka wai o ke kai a i ʻole ke awa, e ʻike i kahi ʻauwai wiliwī e wili koke ana ma ke komo ʻana o ke awa a i ʻole ke alahaka, a i ʻole e ʻike i ka wai e kolo ana ma luna o ke one kahakai maloʻo inā ʻaʻohe ʻino ma luna, e haʻalele koke i ke kahakai. E neʻe pololei i kahakai i kahi ʻāina kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 15 a 30 mau mika (50 a 100 kapuaʻi) ma luna o ka wai a i ʻole i ka papahele ʻekolu a ʻoi aku paha o kahi hale paʻa paʻa.
  2. E holo pololei i ka paia o ke awāwa inā lohe ʻoe i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka pōhaku a i ʻole ka hau hau i loko o ka fjord a i ʻole ka loko mauna. Ma nā loko alpine haiki, nā loko wai, a me nā ʻauwai pali (e like me Norewai, Alaska, British Columbia, Patagonia, New Zealand, a i ʻole nā European Alps), he pōhaku hili a i ʻole ka hau hau e hoʻopuʻi ana i ke kai eʻe i ke kai eʻe. 250 kilomita i kēlā me kēia hola (60 a 155 mau mile i kēlā me kēia hola)**. Loaʻa iā ʻoe ** 1 a 4 mau minuke wale nō ** ma mua o ka pā ʻana o ka nalu i kahakai. E hoʻokuʻu i nā lako hoʻomoana, nā kayak, a me nā mea lawaiʻa, a e holo pololei i ka ʻaoʻao o ka puʻu ʻoi loa ma hope ou no ka liʻiliʻi loa 30 a 60 mau mika kūpaʻa (100 a 200 kapuaʻi).
  3. Mai hoʻi i kahakai, uka, a i ʻole ka moana ma hope o ka emi ʻana o ka nalu mua. No ka mea, ʻo ka seiche kahi nalu kū ʻōniʻoniʻo e paʻi ana ma waena o nā kapakai o kahi loko a i ʻole awa, e hoʻomau ka wai i ka nalu no 4 a 24+ hola. Ma muli o ka hoʻopilikia maikaʻi ʻana i nā ʻale makani lua a i ʻole nā ​​nalu kīʻaha i ʻike ʻia, ʻo ka ** kolu, ʻehā, a i ʻole ʻelima seiche oscillation ** hiki mai i nā hola ma hope o ka nalu mua ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka piʻi mua ʻana. E noho ma ka ʻāina kiʻekiʻe a hiki i kāu ʻoihana ʻāina ʻāina (e like me ka US National Weather Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, a i ʻole MeteoSwiss) e hoʻopau i ka Lakeshore Flood Warning a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo Tsunami.
  4. ** E haʻalele i kou waʻa i loko o ka marina inā kokoke mai ka piʻi ʻana; E lawe i kou moku i ka wai hohonu (>30 a 50 mau mika / 100 a 165 kapuai) WALE no ka holo ana i waho o kahakai.** Mai holo i lalo ma luna o nā kukū moana lana i ka wā o kahi hanana seiche, meteotsunami, a i ʻole harbor resonance e hoʻopaʻa i nā laina ʻē aʻe a hoʻopakele paha i kou moku. Hana ʻia nā ʻauwaʻa awa ma ke ʻano he ʻauwaʻa hydraulic kahi e piʻi ai ka wikiwiki o ka wai i 15 a 30 mau kilomita i kēlā me kēia hola (8 a 16 knots), e ʻoki ana i nā puʻu kila, e haehae i nā pahu lana mai ko lākou mau alakaʻi, a me ka ʻohi ʻana i nā mea i hopu ʻia ma waena o nā hull. Inā e holo ana ʻoe ma ka wai ākea i ka wā e kani ai ka ʻōlelo aʻo a i ʻole ka hāʻule ʻana o ka pali, e hoʻokele koke i ke kahakai a ma waho o nā kahawai haiki i loko o ka wai hāmama hohonu ma kahi o 30 a 50 mau mika (100 a 165 kapuaʻi) hohonu, e kuhikuhi pololei ana i kāu kakaka i ka nalu wā lōʻihi e hiki mai ana.
  5. E noho loa ma waho o nā jetties pōhaku, pierheads, a me nā pā loko paʻa no 6 mau hola ma hope o ka neʻe wikiwiki ʻana o kahi laina ʻino a i ʻole derecho e hele i kahi loko nui. ua hala ka hekili, i ka puka ana mai o ka la a hele hou ka poe aukai a me ka lawaia ma ka uapo.
  6. E kāhea aku i nā lawelawe ulia pōpilikia mai ka ʻāina kiʻekiʻe inā ʻauheʻe ʻia kekahi i loko o ka wai, a mai lele aku ma hope o lākou. ʻO ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ke au o Seiche (backwash) e kauo i nā mea i hōʻeha ʻia ma luna o nā pōhaku riprap i lalo a i waho i loko o ka wai anuanu me ka wikiwiki hiki ʻole i kekahi kanaka ʻauʻau ke kaua. Kāhea i kāu helu ulia pōpilikia kūloko (911 ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kanada, 112 ma waena o ka Hui ʻEulopa, 999 ma United Kingdom, a ʻike i nā mea āpau. helu pilikia), e hoolei i ka mea lele lele a i ole i ke apo hoopakele mai kahi maloo maloo, a e malama i ka ike maka o ka mea i pepehiia no na kiai kai a i ole na moku hoopakele ahi.

Seiche, meteotsunami, a me ka lake impulse wave ola lāʻau hoʻoholo

E hoʻohana i kēia papa kuhikuhi holoʻokoʻa no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o kahi seiche lewa, kahi meteotsunami squall-line, kahi kai eʻe kai seismic, a me kahi nalu puʻupuʻu alpine rockslide impulse.

flowchart TD
    Start["ʻO ke ʻano o ka wai maʻamau ma kahi loko, Fjord, Reservoir, a i ʻole Awa:<br/>Ke emi ʻana o ka wai, ka ʻāwīwī, a i ʻole ka hāʻule ʻana o ka pali"] --> TriggerCheck{"He aha ka hōʻailona hōʻailona a i ʻole ka hoʻomaka<br/>i ʻike ʻia?"}

    TriggerCheck -->|"1. Hekili Pōhaku / Hehe / Hehe'e / Hehe'ekilikai<br/>A I OLE Ke Olai ikaika ma kahi kokoke i ka loko a i ole Fjord."| ImpulseWave["CATASTROPHIC IMPULSE WAVE / SEISMIC LAKE TSUNAMI<br/>(Manawa Hōʻea: 30 Kekona a 5 Minute):<br/>1. E HOLO I NA GEAR A PAU: Mai hookomo i na halelole, kayak, a me na eke <br/>2. SPRINT STRAIGHT UPHILL e kū pono ana i kahakai<br/>3. Piʻi ma kahi o 30 a 60+ mau mika kū pololei (100 a 200+ kapuaʻi)<br/>4. Inā i loko o ka waʻa ma waho o uka: ʻO ka pahu piha i ke kikowaena hohonu o ke kīʻaha<br/> a kuhikuhi pololei i ka nalu e hiki mai ana."]

    TriggerCheck -->|"2. Kahe koke ka wai ma waho o ke awa / kahakai<br/>e hōʻike ana i nā ʻalae, nā pōhaku, a i ʻole nā waʻa hele ʻole."| TroughArrival["KA HIKI ANA O NA NAE (Seiche a i ole Meteotsunami):<br/>1. ʻAʻole hele ma luna o ka moena loko a i ʻole ka haʻihaʻi wai<br/>2. E hoʻōho i nā mea a pau ma nā uwapo a me nā kahakai<br/>3. Holo i uka 300 a 500 m a piʻi i 10 a 15 m (33 a 50 kapuaʻi)<br/>4. Manaʻo i kahi pā wai e piʻi ana he 1 a 4 mika (3 a 13 kapuaʻi)<br/> i loko o 1 a 10 mau minuke."]

    TriggerCheck -->|"3. ʻO ka hekili wikiwiki / ua holo ʻo Derecho i ka loko<br/>30 mau minuke a i 4 mau hola i hala (akaka ka lani)"| PostStormSeiche["METEOTSUNAMI POST-STORM / REFLECTED SEICHE:<br/>1. E noho loa i OFF na uwa uwau uwau, na kahawai, a me na nuku o ka muliwai<br/>2. E mālama i nā keiki a me nā holoholona mai ka lihi o ka wai<br/>3. E makaʻala no ka piʻi ʻana o ka pae wai he 5 a 20 mau minuke<br/>4. Mai komo hou i ka marinas a pau ka oscillations (4 a 12+ hola)"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"4. Hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ke kahawai ʻo Marina / Harbor<br/>I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā ʻauwai ʻino a me nā ʻano wai."| MarinaAction{"Aia ʻoe ma ka ʻāina<br/>a i ʻole ma luna o ka moku?"}

    MarinaAction -->|"On Land / On the Dock"| LeaveBoat["HAALELE KOE I KA WAAPA:<br/>1. Holo i nā pā lana ma ka ʻāina kiʻekiʻe paʻa i kēia manawa<br/>2. Mai ho'āʻo e hoʻololi i nā laina kuʻekuʻe i ka wā o ka piʻi ʻana o ke awa<br/>3. E nānā i nā laina paʻi (ʻo ka whiplash hazard) a me nā pahu i ʻoki ʻia"]

    MarinaAction -->|"Maluna o ka Moku i ka wai hamama"| DeepWater["KE POO I KA WAI HAHA HOHOHO (>30 a 50 m / 100 a 165 kapuai):<br/>1. Mai ho'āʻo e komo i ka waha haiki a i ʻole ke kahawai<br/>2. E hoʻokele i loko o ka wai hohonu ākea e kaʻawale mai nā pali a me nā pali<br/>3. E nānā i ka VHF Marine Channel 16 a maopopo loa"]

Ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka 5 i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a me nā pōʻino o ke kai

ʻO ka poʻe e noho ana a hoʻomaha paha ma nā loko, nā loko, nā fjord, a me nā kai kūʻono e hālāwai me ʻelima mau ʻano like ʻole o nā pōʻino wai hikiwawe. ʻOiai hiki i nā ʻelima ke hoʻopololei i ka poʻe ma luna o nā uwa a wāwahi i nā marinas, ʻokoʻa ko lākou ikaika hoʻokele, nā wā nalu, a me nā kiʻekiʻe o ka haʻalele ʻana.

Phenomenon Hoʻonui Hoʻomaka kino kino ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka wā o ka nalu maʻamau Kahi e hahau pinepine ai ʻO ke ʻano ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi
1. Seiche (Ka Oscillation Basin Kū) ʻO nā makani ʻino ikaika e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka wai ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o kahi loko i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (hoʻonohonoho makani), lele koke ka lewa, a i ʻole nā nalu seismic lōʻihi e hoʻoheheʻe ana i ke kīʻaha. \(0.5\text{ a hiki i }5\text{ mika}\) (\(1.5\text{ a i }16.5\text{ feet}\)) ke kowali kupaa; mai 10 minuke (nā awa/nā loko liʻiliʻi) a i ka 9 a 14 hola (Lake Erie). ʻO nā loko nui (ʻoi aku ka Lake Erie, Lake Michigan, Lake Superior), Lake Geneva (Le Léman), Lake Garda, Lake Baikal, Baltic Sea, Adriatic Sea, Nagasaki Bay (Abiki). Holo ka loko holoʻokoʻa i hope a i waho e like me ka pendulum ma luna o hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nodes (nā laina pivot o ka hoʻololi kū pololei ʻole); oscillates pinepine no 6 a 48 hola.
2. Meteotsunami (Meteorological Tsunami / Proudman Resonance Wave) ʻO ka laina ʻōniʻoniʻo holo wikiwiki, derecho, ka nalu ʻumekaumaha o ka lewa, a i ʻole ka lele ʻana o ke kaomi ʻoi (\(3\text{ a i }10\text{ hPa}\) i mau minuke) e holo ana ma ka like like me ka wikiwiki o ka nalu pāpaʻu (\(c = \sqrt{gh}\)). \(1\text{ i }6\text{ mika}\) (\(3\text{ i }20\text{ feet}\)) ke kiʻekiʻe o ka piʻi ʻana; manawa nalu 2 a 60 minuke. (Gulf of Mexico) Paʻi ʻia e like me ke kai eʻe e like me ke kai eʻe, pinepine ** 1 a 3 mau hola ma hope o ka hala ʻana o ka ʻino** ma hope o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke kahakai ma lalo o ka lani lā.
3. Landslide / Glacier Impulse Wave (Subaerial Lake or Fjord Megatsunami) Ka hāʻule ʻana o ka pōhaku nui, hāʻule ka ʻaoʻao mauna, hāʻule ʻole ka moraine, a i ʻole ka hāʻule ʻana o ka glacier i loko o kahi fjord paʻa, loko alpine, a i ʻole ka wai puna. \(5\text{ a i }524\text{ mika}\) (\(16\text{ a i }1,720\text{ feet}\)) ka holo nui kūloko; manawa 30 kekona a 5 minuke. Norewai fjord (Tafjord, Loen, Geiranger), Alaska (Lituya Bay, Taan Fiord, Barry Arm), British Columbia, Swiss/Italian Alps (Vajont Reservoir), Andes, New Zealand. ʻO ka nalu wikiwiki a kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka Honua; hahau ma kahi kapakai i ma lalo o 1 a 4 mau minuke me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka puʻupuʻu luku e hoʻokaʻawale ana i nā ululāʻau a hiki i ka papa moe.
4. Seismic Lake Tsunami (Ma lalo o ka wai a i ʻole Sublacustrine Slump) ʻO ke ōlaʻi e haki ana i ka hewa ma lalo o ka papahele loko, a i ʻole ka haʻalulu seismic e hoʻomaka ana i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka delta sediment ma lalo o ka wai (sublacustrine landslide). \(2\text{ a i }15\text{ mika}\) (\(6.5\text{ to }50\text{ feet}\)) runup height; manawa 2 a 20 minuke. Lake Tahoe (CA/NV), Lake Geneva (563 AD Tauredunum event), Lake Lucerne, Lake Issyk-Kul, Lake Tanganyika / Lake Malawi, Dead Sea, Puget Sound. Paʻi i loko o 2 a 10 mau minuke o ka ʻike ʻana i kahi ōlaʻi a i ʻole ka lohe ʻana i ka halulu o lalo o ka wai; ʻaʻole pono ke kahakai moana.
5. Hoʻonui ʻia ʻo Harbor Resonance (Helmholtz / Quarter-Wave Amplification) ʻO ka pehu moana ma waho o ka wā lōʻihi, ka micro-tsunami mamao, a i ʻole ka nalu o ka lewa nona ka manawa i kūlike me ka alapine kani kani maoli o kahi kowa semi-paʻa a i ʻole marina. Hoʻonui i ka nalu ma waho o ke kai** e \(5\text{x a hiki i }20\text{x}\) i loko o ka \(1.5\text{ a i }3\text{m}\) (\(5\text{ a i }10\text{ ft}\)) i ka piʻi ʻana o ke awa i kēlā me kēia minuke. ʻO nā kai kūʻono V i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, nā ʻāʻī ʻāʻī o ka hue, a me nā awa moku i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa (Hawaii, Kaleponi, Mediterranean, Iapana, Australia). ʻO ke kahakai hāmama ma waho o ke awa ke ʻano mālie loa, ʻoiai i loko o ke kīʻaha marina e piʻi ikaika ana ka wai i luna a i lalo a nahae nā pā.

ʻO ka physics o ka Seiche a me Merian Formula: No ke aha e hū ai nā loko i loko e like me ka ʻauʻau.

Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o nā palapala seiche e wehewehe ai i ke kumu e nalowale ai ka wai mai ka ʻaoʻao kai o kekahi kūlanakauhale i ka wā e hoʻokahe ana i ke kūlanakauhale ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka loko hoʻokahi:

1. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia o ka makani, ke kili ʻana o Barometric, a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana koke

Ke pā mai nā makani ikaika mai ka ʻino hoʻoilo, ke alo anu, a i ʻole ka derecho ma ka lōʻihi o kahi loko lōʻihi (e like me ** nā makani komohana hema a hiki i ka hikina akau e pā ana i ka 388-kilomita [241-mile] ka lōʻihi o Lake Erie** i Buffalo, New York), e huki ana ka ʻili o ka ʻili i nā piliona o nā mika cubic i lalo o ka wai. I ka manawa like, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kaomi barometric kiʻekiʻe ma hope o ka ʻino ma ka ʻaoʻao uka o ka loko aʻo ke kaomi barometric haʻahaʻa ma ke alo o ka ʻino e huki ai i ka wai i luna ma ka hopena o ka makani (ʻo kēlā me kēia \(1\text{ hectopascal/millibar}\) ʻokoʻa o ke ea e hoʻololi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai ma \(1\text{ centimeter}\)). - I ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka makani ʻo Lake Erie, ua hāʻule ka pae wai ma Toledo, Ohio (ke komohana komohana) i \(2.1\text{ i }2.4\text{ mika}\) (\(7\text{ a }8\text{ feet}\)) ma lalo o ka mea maʻamau, e hōʻike ana i nā kilomita o nā lepo lepo maloʻo me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka nuklea a me ka wai e hoʻokomo ʻia me ka mālie. \(2.1\text{ a i }2.4\text{ mika}\) (\(7\text{ to }8\text{ feet}\)) ma luna o ka mea maʻamau ma Buffalo, New York (ka welau hikina), e hana ana i ka huina wai o ka huina o \(4.5+\text{ mika}\) (\(15+\text{ feet}\)). - The Slosh Back: ʻO ka manawa e make ai ka makani a hoʻololi paha i ka ʻaoʻao, huki ka ʻumekaumaha i kēlā mauna kiʻekiʻe o ka wai i hope i ka pali o ka loko. Ma muli o ka ikaika hydrodynamic, ʻaʻole palahalaha wale ka wai ma ka pae maʻamau: ʻoi aku ka nui o ka equilibrium, kahe ka wai i ka ʻaoʻao komohana i ka hoʻokahe ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao hikina, a laila hoʻi i hope a i waho i ke kīʻaha no nā lā.

2. Ke Kumu a Merian: E wānana ana i ka holo wikiwiki o ka loko

Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia loko i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, loko, a me nā awa i ka manawa resonant maoli (\(T\), ka manawa e lawe ai no hoʻokahi pōʻai holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa) i hoʻokele ʻia e Merian's Formula no ka nalu kū hoʻokahi (uninodal):

\[T = \frac{2L}{\sqrt{g \cdot h}}\]

Ma hea: - \(L\) = Ka lōʻihi o ka loko a i ʻole ke kīʻaha awa ma ke koʻi o ka oscillation (i nā mika) - \(g\) = Ka wikiwiki o ka umekaumaha (\(9.81\text{ m/s}^2\)) - \(h\) = Ka hohonu awelika o ke kino wai (i nā mika)

No ka mea, he ** nalu wai pāpaʻu** ka seiche (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o kona lōʻihi nalu ma mua o ka hohonu o ka loko), ʻo kona wikiwiki (\(c = \sqrt{g \cdot h}\)) pili ** i ka hohonu o ka wai**: - Nā loko alpine pōkole a i ʻole nā awa ʻōniʻoniʻo loa: Lake Geneva (\(73\text{ km}\) long, \(154\text{m}\) awelika hohonu) he uninodal seiche mua loa o 73 minuke; Lake Tahoe (\(35\text{ km}\) long, \(305\text{m}\) awelika hohonu) e holo ana i hope a i waho i loko o 18 a 21 minuke; he \(1\text{-kilomita}\)-lōʻihi marina basin (\(10\text{ m}\) hohonu) i kēlā me kēia 3 a 6 minuke. - Lā, nā loko pāpaʻu haʻalulu mālie e like me ke kai nui: Lake Erie (\(388\text{ km}\) ka lōʻihi, akā \(19\text{m}\) [62 kapuaʻi] awelika hohonu) loaʻa ka manawa uninodal seiche kūlohelohe o 14 hola.

3. ʻO ka "Nodal Line" vs. "Antinode" Trap

I loko o ka nalu seiche e kū nei, e hana ana ka waena pololei o ka loko ma ke ʻano he wahi pivot paʻa i kapa ʻia ʻo node (a i ʻole laina nodal), aʻo nā kahakai kūʻē e hana ma ke ʻano he antinodes: - Ma ka Shoreline Antinodes (Ends of the Lake): Piʻi ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai kū pololei i luna a i lalo a hiki i ke kiʻekiʻe loa (\(2\text{ a }5\text{ mika}\)), nā kahakai a me nā kupapaʻu, ʻoiai he liʻiliʻi nā au i ka piko a me ka ʻauwai. - Ma ka Laina Nodal Mid-Lake (a me Narrow Straits like the Straits of Mackinac, Messina, a i ʻole Euripus): ʻAʻole loli iki ka ʻili o ka wai kū pololei, akā, ʻo ka leo holoʻokoʻa o ka loko pono e holo ma ka ʻaoʻao a hoʻi i mua o ka node, e hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻino, hoʻohuli i lalo o ka wai a me nā au o ka ʻili e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā paipu i lalo o ka wai a me nā mea hoʻokele.

ʻO Meteotsunamis a me Proudman Resonance: Pehea e kū ai ka nalu 3 mika ma lalo o ka lani lā

Ma ka Iune 26, 1954, ua hele ka laina hekili o ke kauwela ma ka hema Lake Michigan mai ke komohana akau a i ka hikina hema. Kokoke ʻelua hola ma hope o ka hala ʻana o ka ʻino, i ka wā i paʻa loa ai ka lā ma luna o Chicago, Ilinoi a he mau tausani kānaka e lawaiʻa ana a e ʻauʻau ana i ka lā ma nā uwapo uʻi ma Montrose Harbor a me North Avenue Beach, ua hiki koke mai ka \(3\text{-meter}\) (\(10\text{-foot}\)) o ka paia o ka wai i kuʻi aku i ke kahakai o ka moanawai o Chicago, 8. kanaka**.

ʻO kēia pōʻino he meteotsunami i hoʻāla ʻia e Proudman Resonance: 1. (Gulf of Mexico) - No ka laʻana, ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o Lake Michigan kahi o ka hohonu o ka wai (\(h\)) ma kahi o \(55\text{ a i }65\text{ mika}\) (\(180\text{ a }215\text{ feet}\)), ʻo ka māmā holo hawewe wai pāpaʻu maoli he \(c = \sqrt{9.81 \times 60} \s\text, like 24.2s\text. **\)87\text{ km/h}$ (\(54\text{ mph}\)). I nā manawa a pau e hele ai kahi laina ʻino a i ʻole ka ʻino i ka hema o Lake Michigan ma kahi o \(85\text{ a i }95\text{ km/h}\) (\(50\text{ to }60\text{ mph}\)), hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Proudman Resonance a kūkulu i ka meteotsunami luku. 2. The Edge Reflection and Shoaling Amplifier: I ka pōʻino o Chicago i ka makahiki 1954, ua neʻe ka ʻino mai Chicago aku a i Michigan City, Indiana. Ua pa mua ka meteotsunami i ke kapakai hikina hikina o Lake Michigan, ** lele ʻo ia mai ke kahakai ʻo Indiana e like me ka pōleʻa pila e kuʻi ana i kahi cushion, a holo *hope * ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka loko e hahau iā Chicago i ʻelua hola ma hope o ka lani maʻemaʻe, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka pā papau o lalo o ka wai ma luna pono o nā uwa.

ʻO ke kānāwai 6-Hour Post-Derecho Pier ma nā loko nui a me nā loko uka nui

I nā manawa a pau e hele ai kahi Severe Thunderstorm, Special Marine Warning, a i ʻole derecho me nā makani i ʻoi aku ma mua o \(80\text{ km/h}\) (\(50\text{ mph}\)) ma kēlā me kēia o nā loko nui a i ʻole kekahi loko nui i uka, **ʻaʻole e hele i waho ma luna o nā uwa uʻa, nā wahi haʻihaʻi, a i ʻole nā awa kupapaʻu ma hope o ka ua. E nānā i ka NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) i nā ana pae wai a i ʻole National Weather Service Lakeshore Flood Warnings ma mua o ka hoʻokokoke ʻana i kahakai.

ʻO ka hili ʻāina a me nā nalu hoʻoulu ʻana i ka glacier-calving impulse: ʻO ka 500-mika fjord a me ka waihona megatsunami

ʻOiai e piʻi maʻamau nā kai eʻe a me nā loko moana i ka \(1\text{ a i }10\text{ mika}\) (\(3\text{ a }33\text{ feet}\)), ** nā nalu hoʻoneʻe ʻāina i lalo** i loko o nā fjord haiki, nā loko mauna, a me nā loko wai e hoʻopuka ai i nā nalu kiʻekiʻe loa i kākau ʻia ma ka mōʻaukala kanaka: - Lituya Bay, Alaska (Iulai 9, 1958): Ua wehe ke olai i \(30\text{ miliona cubic meter}\) (\(40\text{ miliona cubic iwi}\)) o ka pohaku kiekie maluna o Gilbert Inlet; ua lele ka pōhaku i loko o ka fjord a hoʻokuʻu i ka nalu hoʻoulu \(524\text{ mika}\) (\(1,720\text{ feet}\)) ma luna o ke kualono mauna e kū pono ana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka Empire State Building. - Vajont Dam Reservoir, Italia (ʻOkakopa 9, 1963): He \(260\text{-million-cubic-meter}\) i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma waho o Monte Toc i loko o ka loko wai haiki ma hope o Vajont Dam, e hoʻoneʻe ana i ka wai i loko o kahi \(250\text{-mika}\)$ (\(820}\)text i luna o ka hawewe){- holoi i ke kūlanakauhale awāwa o Longarone ma lalo, a make kokoke 2,000 poʻe ma lalo o 7 mau minuke. - Tafjord (1934, \(62\text{m}\) nalu, 40 make) a me Loen / Lovatnet Lake, Norewai (1905 a me 1936, \(40\text{ a hiki i }74\text{m}\) nalu, 135 make): Pohaku e haule ana mai ka pali o Norewai fjord a me ka moana pali ma ka aoao o ke kauhale. - Lake Geneva, Switzerland/Palani (563 AD Tauredunum Tsunami): Ua hiolo ka mauna ma ka muliwai Rhône delta i ka hiolo o lalo o ka wai i emi iho ai ka **\(8\text{ i }13\text{ mika}\) (\(26\text{ a i }43\text{ foot}\)) mau minuke o ke kai eʻe ma hope o ke kai eʻe o ka loko o Geneva.

4 Nā kānāwai e ola ai no nā poʻe hoʻomoana, nā kaʻa kaʻa, a me nā waʻa ma Fjords a me nā loko Alpine.

  1. Mai kūkulu i hale lole ma kahi kahakai ʻiliʻili haʻahaʻa, peʻahi aluvial, a kuha paha ke kahakai i loko o ka fjord a i ʻole ka loko glacial. Ma nā awāwa glaciated (Alaska, British Columbia, Norewai, Greenland, Chile/Patagonia, New Zealand), haʻalele nā aniani i ka paʻa ʻole ma luna o nā pali mauna a me nā wai hohonu e kau ana ma luna o ka wai. E hoʻomoana mau ma nā papa pōhaku kiʻekiʻe ma kahi o 20 a 30 mau mika kūpaʻa (65 a 100 kapuaʻi) ma luna o ka laina wai.
  2. E mālama ma kahi o 400 a 800 mau mika (0.25 a 0.5 mau mile) mai ke alo o ka wai kai a i ʻole ke kai e hoʻopau ana i ka loko. Ke hāʻule kekahi papa hau hau i loko o ka wai, a ʻoi aku paha ka ʻino, ke hemo ka wāwae hau (submarine calving) mai kahi moena nui a hoʻopuʻi aʻe e like me ka violin. ʻO ka nalu hoʻoulu ʻia e hoʻohuli i nā kayak a me nā waʻa huakaʻi i kekona.
  3. Inā kaʻa a pae paha ʻoe ma kahi kahakai fjord i ka wā e kani ai ka puʻu pōhaku a i ʻole ka puʻu keiki ma ka wai:
  4. Inā aia ʻoe ma 20 mau mika o ke kahakai: Haʻalele koke i kāu kayak ma kahakai (mai hoʻolimalima i 15 kekona e hoʻopaʻa ai a huki paha ma luna o ke kaha kai) a holo pololei i ka ʻaoʻao puʻu kiʻekiʻe e like me kou hiki ke piʻi i ka 60 a 120 kekona ma mua o ka hopena.
  5. Inā ʻoe e hoe ana ma ka wai ākea ma mua o 100 mau mika i waho o ke kahakai: E hoʻohuli i kāu kakaka 90 degere e kū pono ana i ka piko nalu e hiki mai ana (e kuhikuhi pololei ana i ka nalu), e hoʻopaʻa haʻahaʻa me kou hoe i mākaukau no ke kākoʻo kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka ʻōwili Eskimo, a e hoe aku mai nā pā pāpaʻu a i ʻole nā ​​paia pali kahi e haki ai ka nalu.

ʻO ka resonance o ke awa a me ke ola ʻana o ka marina no ka poʻe waʻa a me nā limahana hana

I ka wā e ōlaʻi ai ke kai eʻe (e ʻike i kā mākou alakaʻi kai eʻe), he meteotsunami, a i ʻole ka ʻōhū kai lōʻihi e komo i loko o ke awa kahakai a i ʻole ka loko moana moana, ʻo ka resonance o ke awa (Helmholtz resonance) e hoʻohuli i kahi ʻano liʻiliʻi o ka wai i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ikaika i loko o ke kīʻaha.

No ke aha ʻo Marina ka wahi pōʻino loa i ka wā o ka Seiche a i ʻole ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo Tsunami

  1. Hydraulic Bottleneck Acceleration: Ke hāʻule a piʻi aʻe ka pae wai i loko o kahi awa \(1\text{-kilomita-kilomita}\) \(1.5\text{ mika}\) (\(5\text{ feet}\)) i loko o 5 minuke wale nō, e koi ʻia ana nā miliona o ka wai ma kahi \(50\text{-meter}\)-ākea. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka wai ma ka waha o ke awa a me nā puʻu alahaka e piʻi i 15 a 35 mau kilomita i kēlā me kēia hola (8 a 19 knots), e hana ana i nā lele hydraulic kū, nā puʻupuʻu (eddies), a me nā ʻauwaha e haehae ana i nā buoy hoʻokele a me nā hōʻailona ala e ko lākou mau heleuma.
  2. Alakaʻi Dock Floating-Pile Topping and Grounding:
  3. I loko o ka ʻauwai huki wikiwiki, kahe haʻahaʻa loa ka wai o ke awa a hiki i nā waʻa me nā kiʻi hohonu (\(1.5\text{ a }3\text{ mika}\)) i lalo i lalo o ke awa paʻa, ʻolokaʻa ma ko lākou mau ʻaoʻao, a hoʻokahe maʻemaʻe ma luna o ko lākou mau pū i ka wā e uwē ai ka piko nalu hou i 3 mau minuke ma hope.
  4. I loko o ka ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke lana nā pahu lana ** mai luna pono o ko lākou mau kila kila a i ʻole nā ​​puʻupuʻu alakaʻi lāʻau**, e hemo ana me 50 mau waʻa i nakinaki ʻia iā lākou a haki i ke awa e like me ka moku holo.
  5. Lethal Mooring Line Snapback: Ke hāpai koke ʻia kahi waʻa he 10-toni i nakinaki ʻia me nā laina kupapaʻu naylon i 3 mika a i ʻole hāʻule ʻia i loko o kahi paʻu e kahi auwaha 12-knot, a i ʻole e hemo ka ʻauwaʻa mai ka papa fiberglass a i ʻole ka laina o ka nailona a hiki i kona wahi e haki ai a paʻi, hoʻihoʻi i hope ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka uapo i ka ** 5 mau hola. lawa e oki ai i na lala a i ole e pepehi koke i ka mea e ku ana.

ʻO ka waʻa a me ka ʻanuʻu ʻo Marina Protocol

  • **Inā aia ʻoe ma ka home a i ʻole ke kahua kaʻa i ka wā i hoʻopuka ʻia ai kahi ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo Tsunami, Meteotsunami Warning, a i ʻole Severe Seiche Warning **: Mai holo i lalo i ka marina e nānā i kāu waʻa. ʻAʻohe moku a i ʻole ʻinikua e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma kahi pahu lana e hāʻule ana i ka wā e kahe ai ke awa a hoʻopiha hou.
  • Inā ʻoe ma ka uapo i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai ke kahe ʻana a i ʻole ke kahe ʻana o ka wai: E hoʻokuʻu i nā mea a pau a hele koke i waho o ke alanui ma kahi kiʻekiʻe paʻa ma hope o ke kai.
  • Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe he 2+ mau hola o ka ʻōlelo aʻo mua ma mua o ka nalu mamao a i ʻole wānana i ka ʻino seiche A ʻae nā luna e haʻalele i ka moku:
  • A i ʻole e huki i ka waʻa i waho o ka wai ma luna o kahi kaʻaahi ma kahi kiʻekiʻe, ** A i ʻole ** e hoʻokele i ka moku i waho o ke awa ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke au a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka wai ākea hohonu ma mua o 30 a 50 mau mika (100 a 165 kapuaʻi) hohonu (no nā kai eʻe kai nui, kuhikuhi ʻia ke alakaʻi ʻo Coast Guard ** ʻoi aku ma mua o 55 a 180 mika [30 a 180 mika]**).
  • Inā waiho ʻia ka waʻa i kahi pahee ma mua o ka haʻalele ʻana me ka wāwae: pālua i nā laina puna a me nā laina kakaka/ka hope me nā kiaʻi moʻa a me nā kiaʻi nui e ʻae ai i ka piʻi ʻana a me ka hāʻule ʻana o 2-3-mika (pili wale ma nā uwa paʻa kahi e pale ai ka lohi i ke kau ʻana o ka waʻa i kona mau ʻauamo i ka wā haʻahaʻa).

ʻO nā wahi pilikia nui a me nā inoa kūloko e ʻike i ka honua holoʻokoʻa

Nui nā ʻāina i hoʻohana i nā ʻōlelo aʻo kūloko no nā seiches a me nā meteotsunamis:

Māhele / Kino Wai Inoa Kūlana Nā ʻano nui
Nā loko nui o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau Seiche / Meteotsunami ʻIke ʻo Lake Erie i \(2\text{ a }4.5\text{ m}\) wind tilts between Toledo and Buffalo. ʻIke ʻo Lake Michigan a me Lake Superior i ke kauwela derecho meteotsunamis (\(1\text{ a }3\text{m}\)) e kāhili ana i nā uwa.
(Gulf of Mexico) Meteotsunami / Squall Surge (Gulf of Mexico)
Balearic Islands, Sepania Rissaga Hoʻomaka ka nalu ʻumekaumaha o ka lewa i ka Proudman Resonance ma ke awa ʻo Ciutadella (Menorca), e hoʻololi ai i ka \(1.5\text{ a i }4+\text{m}\) (\(5\text{ a i }13+\text{ ft}\)) i kēlā me kēia 10 minuke.
Ke Kai Adriatic (Kōkātia) Sćiga Hoʻonui ʻia nā ʻale o ka lewa i loko o \(2\text{ a hiki i }6\text{m}\) (\(6.5\text{ to }20\text{ ft}\)).
Iapana (Nagasaki Bay) Aiki Ua kani ka lele ʻana o ke kai ʻo Kina Hikina ma Nagasaki Bay, e hana ana i ka \(2\text{ a i }4.8\text{m}\) (\(6.5\text{ a i }16\text{ ft}\)) nā piʻi awa.
UK & Mediterranean Milghavoc / Marrubbio Hoʻokumu ka ʻino wikiwiki i ka \(1\text{ a hiki i }2\text{ m}\) ka piʻi ʻana o ke awa ma ke Channel English (milghavoc) a me Sicily/Malta (marrubbio).

Nīnau pinepine

Hiki i ke kai eʻe maoli ke hiki i loko o ka loko wai maʻemaʻe e like me Lake Tahoe, Lake Geneva, a i ʻole nā ​​Lakes Nui?

ʻAe, ʻike nā loko uka i ʻelua ʻano ʻano kai eʻe maoli e like me ke kai eʻe. ʻO ka mua, loaʻa pinepine nā kai eʻe meteorological (meteotsunamis) ma nā loko o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Nui i ka wā e holo wikiwiki ai nā laina ʻino a i ʻole nā ​​derechos e holo wikiwiki ana i ka wikiwiki pololei o ka nalu pāpaʻu o ka loko, e kūkulu ana i ka 1 a 3+ mika (3 a 10+ kapuaʻi) nā nalu e kū ana i mau hola ma hope o ka hala ʻana o ka ʻino. ʻO ka lua, ʻike ʻia nā kai eʻe kai eʻe i loko o nā loko hohonu a i ʻole nā ​​loko alpine e like me Lake Tahoe, Lake Geneva, Lake Lucerne, a me Norwegian a i ʻole Alaskan fjords i ka wā e haki ai kahi ōlaʻi i kahi hewa ma lalo o ka loko a i ʻole ka hāʻule ʻana o ka pōhaku nui i loko o ka wai, e hana ana i nā nalu make a hiki i 10+ mika kiʻekiʻe i nā minuke.

He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka seiche a me ke kai eʻe?

ʻO ke kai eʻe he kaʻaahi nalu holomua e ʻā ana i waho mai kahi neʻe koke ʻana o ka wai (e like me ka haki ʻana o ke ōlaʻi, ka hili ʻana i lalo o ka wai, a i ʻole ka lele ʻana o ka lewa) a hele ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka wai ākea e hahau i kahakai. ʻO ka seiche kahi nalu kū e hoʻoneʻe ai ke kīʻaha holoʻokoʻa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a i ʻole semi-paʻa (he loko, waihona, fjord, a i ʻole ke awa) i hope a i waho i kona alapine resonant maoli e like me ka wai e kahe ana i loko o ka ʻauʻau. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ke kai eʻe, ka meteotsunami, a i ʻole ka makani makani ikaika e hana pinepine ma ke ʻano he kumu mua e hoʻonoho ai i kahi loko a i ʻole ke awa i loko o kahi oscillation resonant seiche oscillation.

No ke aha i hāʻule koke ai ka wai o ko mākou loko a i ʻole ke awa i 2 mika (6.5 kapuaʻi) a hōʻike i ka lepo lepo?

ʻO ka hāʻule koke a me ka wikiwiki o ka ʻilikai ma kahakai o ka loko, ka nuku o ka muliwai, a i ʻole ke awa no kekahi o nā kumu ʻelua e hoʻoweliweli i ke ola: ʻo ka makani ʻino a i ʻole nā ​​ʻokoʻa barometric i hoʻoneʻe i ka wai o ke kīʻaha i ke kahakai ʻē aʻe (hoʻonohonoho makani), a i ʻole ke ala alakaʻi o ka meteotsunami, seiche, a i ʻole ka pae ʻāina. I kēlā me kēia hihia, hiki i ka umekaumaha ke huki ikaika i kēlā mauna wai i hoʻihoʻi ʻia i kou kahakai, e hōʻea pinepine ana i loko o 1 a 15 mau minuke ma ke ʻano he lua hoʻoneʻe wikiwiki. Mai hele i waho ma kahi moena loko a i ʻole ka papahele o ke awa; e haʻalele koke i kahi kiʻekiʻe.

No ke aha i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nalu ʻekolu a ʻehā paha o ka lake seiche a i ʻole meteotsunami ma mua o ka nalu mua?

'A'ole like me ka ha'i ha'iha'i ho'okahi, 'o ka seiche a me ka meteotsunami e hō'ike mai ana i nā kahakai pa'a o ka loko i ho'opa'a 'ia a i 'ole ke kowa V-like a ho'iho'i i hope a i waho o ke kī'aha no nā hola. Ke kuʻi ka nalu e hoʻi ana i ka loko a hui pū me ke kaʻaahi nalu e hiki mai ana, kahi ʻōniʻoniʻo lua, a i ʻole kahi ʻauwaʻa haiki (ka nalu a me ke kani o ke awa), hoʻonui nui ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nalu. E noho mau ma nā kahakai, nā uwa, a me nā marinas no kekahi mau hola ma hope o ka piʻi ʻana mua a hiki i ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā ana kiʻekiʻe wai i ka emi ʻana o nā oscillations.

Nānā ʻia nā kumu

  • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, United States) National Ocean Service and Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL): *He aha ka Seiche? He aha ka Meteotsunami? ʻO nā ʻōniʻoniʻo wai o nā loko nui, Proudman Resonance Physics, a me ka ʻike Meteotsunami i ka manawa maoli.
  • United States Geological Survey (USGS): Landslide-Generated Impulse Waves and Subaerial Megatsunamis in Fjords, Lakes, and Reservoirs (Lituya Bay 1958, Taan Fiord 2015, and Barry Arm Hazard Assessments).
  • Nā Kūlana Kūlana ʻĀina (NWS / NOAA, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): Nā Kūlana Kūlana Kūlohelohe o Lakeshore, ʻO ka Waʻa Paʻa i ka wā o nā Aʻoaʻo Kaniuniu/Seiche, a me ke kūkulu hou ʻana i ka lā 26 Iune 1954 Chicago Lake Michigan Meteotsunami.
  • World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC / UNESCO): Global Guide to Meteotsunamis, Harbour Resonance (Rissaga, Aliki, Šćiga), and Non-Seismic Coastal/Lacustrine Sea Level Hazards.
  • Ke Keʻena Federal no ka Kaiapuni (FOEN, Switzerland) a me ka Luna Hoʻokele Waiwai a me ka Energy Norewai (NVE): Alpine Lake Tsunamis (Lake Geneva 563 AD, Lake Lucerne) a me Norwegian Fjord Rockslide Early Warning Protocols (Åknes / Geirangerfjord).

Nā alakaʻi pili