Hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā maka Laser mana kiʻekiʻe a me ka pale acoustic disorientation¶

ʻO nā laser lima lima mana kiʻekiʻe (Class 3B a me Class 4 blue, green, a violet lasers e hoʻopuka ana i ka 500 a 5,000+ milliwatts o ka mana optical concentrated, a hiki i ka 1,000 mau manawa i ka palena 5-milliwatt kānāwai no kahi pointer hōʻike maʻamau) a me nā kaʻa acoustic kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (e like me ka Device Range Acoustic kiʻekiʻe. nā pūkuniahi kani, a me nā kani kani ultrasonic/acoustic ʻoihana) e ʻike nui ʻia ana e nā mea hoʻokele mokulele a me nā mokulele ākea, nā mea hoʻokele ala nui, nā mea hoʻokele kaʻaahi, nā luina moana, nā nūpepa, a me nā makaʻāinana i hopu ʻia ma kahi kokoke i nā wahi hoʻomalu lehulehu. Ke hahau ka kukuna laser i ka pale makani ka'a, ka uhi o ka mokulele, a i ole ka maka kanaka i ka po, e huli ana ka kukuna li'ili'i like me na micro-scratches i loko o ke aniani e pahū ai i loko o ke aniani neon makapo e hoopiha ana i ka hale holo'oko'a, e ho'oulu koke i ka ** flash blindness** a hiki ke wela i ka lua microscopic mau i loko o ka macula. kekona.

I ka manawa like, ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana i kahi kukuna disorientation acoustic kuhikuhi e hoʻopuka ana i ka 135 a i ka 160 decibels (dB) o ka 2,000-a-4,000-hertz i hoʻopaʻa paʻa paʻa i ke kani kani e hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻeha o ka pepeiao, ka ʻeha o ka pepeiao (tympanic membrane) haki, ka nalo ʻana o ka lohe sensorineural mau loa, a me ka nalo ʻana o ka lohe ʻana. ʻO ke ola ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻike a i ʻole ka leo e koi koke i nā reflexs pale kino: e nānā a hāʻule i kou auwae ma hope o kahi dashboard a i ʻole pou (ʻaʻole e nānā pono i ke kumu lāʻau e ʻimi ai i ka mea pana), ke ālai ʻana i ka pale ʻana i ka pale makani me ka lima hoʻokahi a i ʻole ka lā i ka wā e hoʻokele ai i kahi palekana, e neʻe ana ma waho o ka concoutter-3 10-degree. ke hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā ʻauwai pepeiao, a loaʻa i kahi hoʻokolokolo ophthalmic retinal wikiwiki i ka lā hoʻokahi inā mau kahi wahi makapō waena (scotoma).

E hana i kēia i kēia manawa¶

Inā pā ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, uliuli, violet, a ʻulaʻula paha i kou mau maka, pale makani kaʻa, a i ʻole cockpit o ka mokulele i kēia manawa, a i ʻole ʻoe e paʻi ʻia e kahi kukuna acoustic directional high-decibel, e hoʻokō koke i kēia mau ʻanuʻu ʻeono:

1. ** E poni koke, e hoohuli i kou mau maka, a MAI nana pono i ke kumu o ka kukuna laser**: E hoopau i ka reflex hoohoka kanaka maoli no ka nana pono ana i ka olinolino koke i ka pouli. ʻO ka nānā pono ʻana i lalo i ke koʻi o kahi laser Class 4 mana kiʻekiʻe e kālele ana i ke kukui koʻikoʻi ma o ka lens o kou maka ma kahi helu o 100,000 pololei ma ka fovea waena o kou retina, e hoʻopau koke i ka wela wela ma mua o ka pau ʻana o kou ʻāpoʻo maka (0.25 kekona). E hoʻokuʻu i kou ʻauwae, e ʻoni pinepine, a huli i kou mau maka i kāu mau mea hana dashboard a i ʻole ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o kou alahele.
2. Inā hoʻokele a lele paha, e hāpai i ka lima hāmama a i ʻole e hoʻohuli i ka pale i lalo e pale i ka ʻālohilohi o ka pale makani a mālama i ka mana: Ke pā ka laser i ka pale makani kaʻa lepo lepo a i ʻole ʻia i ka pō, e ʻā ana ke aniani e like me ka paia neon paʻa (veiling glare). E hoʻopaʻa i kou poʻo, e hāpai i ka lima hoʻokahi (a i ʻole e hoʻohuli i lalo i ka maka o ka lā ma luna) e ālai i ke kiko ʻālohilohi o ke aniani, e nānā i lalo a i ʻole a puni ka ʻālohilohi i ka laina noe keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo (a i ʻole ka pahu pahu pahu), e hoʻohuli i kāu ʻehā ʻaoʻao hazard flashers, a haʻi mālie me ka ʻole o ka hili ʻana.
3. Mai ʻānai i kou mau maka ma hope o ka hahau ʻana i ka laser: ʻO ka hamo ʻana i ka maka ʻālohilohi a i ʻole ka makapō uila e hoʻonui ai i ke kaomi intraocular a hoʻonāukiuki i ka cornea me ke kōkua ʻole i ka hoʻōla hou ʻana o nā pigment photoreceptor bleached (rhodopsin). E hoʻopōpoʻo maoli i nā kukui pōwehiwehi a kali i 30 kekona a i 5 mau minuke no ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana o kāu mau cones retinal i hoʻololi ʻia i ka pōʻeleʻele.
4. Inā hahau ʻia e kahi mea kaua leo decibel kiʻekiʻe (LRAD) a i ʻole nā ​​pūkuniahi kani, e hele i LATERALLY (ma ka ʻaoʻao) ma hope o ka pā paʻa a i ʻole ke kaʻa i ka wā e hoʻopili ana i kou mau awāwa pepeiao: E puhi ana nā papa kani leo kuhikuhi i kahi kukuna kani haiki, e like me ke kukui (ma ke ʻano he cone 15-a-30-degere pololei ma mua o ke kīʻaha palahalaha). ʻO ka holo pololei ʻana i hope mai ka emitter e mālama iā ʻoe i loko o ka lāʻau ʻeha no 100 mika (330 kapuaʻi); akā, e kaomi pono i ka ʻiʻo o kou mau pepeiao (ka tragus) i loko me nā manamana lima ʻelua e sila ai i kou mau awāwa pepeiao, e hāmama iki i kou waha e hoʻohālikelike i ke kaomi ʻana o ka pepeiao, a ** e holo ma kahi ʻaoʻao he 90 degere (kūpono i ke kīʻaha)** ma hope o ke kihi hale paʻa, pā pōhaku, a i ʻole kaʻa nui.
5. E hele i kahi 'Oihana Ho'opi'i a i 'ole Ophthalmologist i ka lā ho'okahi inā e mau ana kahi wahi 'ele'ele, 'ike maka waena, a i 'ole nā ​​mea lana 'ula'ula/'ele'ele ma hope o 15 mau minuke: 'O nā ki'i ma hope o ka manawa (e like me ke kukuna pahupa'i) e mae ma'amau i loko o 2 a 15 minuke. Inā ʻike mau ʻoe i kahi ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a i ʻole nā ​​leka nalo i ka heluhelu ʻana me ka uhi ʻia o ka maka hoʻokahi (central scotoma), nā laina pololei ʻaʻale (metamorphopsia), a i ʻole nā ​​pūnaewele ʻeleʻele e lana ana (** vitreous a i ʻole retinal hemorrhage **), e hele i ke kauka ophthalmologist a i ʻole ke keʻena pilikia maka o ka haukapila i loko o nā hola no ka optical coherence tomography (OCT) a me ka high-steroid evaluation.
6. E hōʻike i ka wahi kikoʻī a me ka waihoʻoluʻu kukui o kēlā me kēia kaʻa a i ʻole ka hahau ʻana i ka laser mokulele i nā mākaʻi a me nā luna mokulele: Ke kū palekana a ma hope o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā mana i kahi co-pilot ʻike ʻole, e kelepona i kāu helu pilikia kūloko (911 ma United States a me Kanada, 112 ma waena o ka European Union, 999 ma United Kingdom) a i ʻole e nānā i kā mākou helu pilikia papa kuhikuhi (a me Air Traffic Control inā lele). ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i ka laser ma ka mokulele a i ʻole ke kaʻa e neʻe ana he feloni koʻikoʻi ma kahi kokoke i nā mana āpau; ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i ka waihoʻoluʻu o ke kukui a me ke kuʻi alanui e hiki ai i nā helikopter mākaʻi a me nā ʻāpana kiaʻi ke ʻimi koke i ka mea hana hewa.

ʻO ka hahau ʻana i ka maka laser a me ka papa kuhikuhi hoʻoholo hoʻoholo acoustic disorientation¶

E hoʻohana i kēia lāʻau hoʻoholo no ka pale ʻana i kou ʻike, ka lohe ʻana, a me ka hoʻokele kaʻa i ka wā o kahi hanana optical acoustic.

flowchart TD
    Event["Hana ʻia ʻo Energy: ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻAi ʻole Decibel"] --> Modality{"1. He aha ke ʻano pōʻino e hahau nei iā ʻoe?"}
    Modality -->|"A. Ke kukui Laser mana kiʻekiʻe ('ōmaʻomaʻo, uliuli, violet, a i ʻole ʻulaʻula)"| ContextCheck{"2. Ke hana nei ʻoe i kaʻa/mokulele a i ʻole ka wāwae?"}
    Modality -->|"B. Kiʻekiʻe-Decibel Acoustic Beam (LRAD Sound Cannon / Ultrasonic Siren)"| SealEars["Hoʻopili i nā Canals Ear ma ke kaomi ʻana iā Tragus Flaps Inward; E wehe liʻiliʻi i ka waha e hoʻohālikelike i ka paʻi o ka eardrum"]
    ContextCheck -->|"Kaʻa kaʻa, kaʻa kaʻa, a i ʻole kaʻaahi"| DriveShield["Mai nana i ke Kumu Kuola; E hoʻohuli i lalo i lalo o ka Sun Visor a i ʻole Block Glare Spot me ka lima hoʻokahi; E ho'āla i nā kukui Dash"]
    ContextCheck -->|"Ka Mokulele Piloting"| PilotShield["Maka Pale; Hoʻololi i nā Mana i ka Pilot Unexposed ('Loaʻa iā ʻoe ka mokulele'); E hoʻohuli i nā kukui Cockpit; Kāhea iā ATC"]
    ContextCheck -->|"Ma ka wāwae / lehulehu / wahi hana"| FootShield["Huli ke poʻo 90 Degere; Hoʻokuʻu ʻo Chin; Nā maka pale me ka lima a i ʻole ka pāpale pāpale; Neʻe ma hope o ka uhi opaque"]
    DriveShield --> SafeStop["Hoʻokele i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka laina noe kūpono; E ho'ā i nā Flashers Hazard; Huki i ke alanui me ka maluhia; E hōʻike iā 911 / 112 / 999"]
    PilotShield --> VisionCheck{"3. Ma hope o 10 a 15 mau minuke i ka mālamalama maʻamau, pehea kou ʻike (e hoʻāʻo i hoʻokahi maka i ka manawa)?"}
    FootShield --> VisionCheck
    SafeStop --> VisionCheck
    VisionCheck -->|"Pau loa ke Kiʻi Ma hope a ʻoʻoi ka ʻike heluhelu"| Monitor24["Mai hamo i na maka; Hoomaha Maka; E hoʻopaʻa i ka Optometry maʻamau e nānā inā mau ka ʻeha o ka maka"]
    VisionCheck -->|"ʻO kahi ʻeleʻele mau i ka ʻike waena, nā laina hawewe, nā lele, a i ʻole ka ʻeha maka"| UrgentEye["KAHIKI LAAU: E hele i ka Ophthalmologist / Eye ER i ka lā like no ka Retinal OCT Scan & Steroid Triage"]
    SealEars --> MoveLateral["Neʻe i 90 Degere LATERALLLY (Ma ka ʻaoʻao mai ka 30-Degree Sound Cone) Ma hope o ka paʻa paʻa/ka uhi kaʻa."]
    MoveLateral --> EarCheck["Inā mau ke koko o ka pepeiao, Vertigo koʻikoʻi, a i ʻole ka hoʻolohe ʻana: E ʻike i ke kauka ENT / ulia pōpilikia i loko o 24 mau hola."]

Ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻeha maka laser: Dazzle vs. Flash Blindness vs. Permanent Retinal Burn¶

Ke komo ka kukuna laser i loko o ka haumāna o kou maka, e kau ana ka cornea a me ka lens crystalline i kēlā kukuna like ʻole ma kahi wahi microscopic ma kāu retina (ke ʻiʻo neural maʻemaʻe ma hope o ka maka), e kau ana i ka nui o ka ikehu (irradiance) a hiki i 100,000 manawa. Wahi a ka Federal Aviation Administration (FAA, United States), ka International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), a me ka American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), ʻo nā hōʻike laser e hoʻopuka i ʻekolu piʻi nui o ka ʻike maka.

Nā protocol ola maoli no nā mea hoʻokele a me nā pailaka i pā ʻia e ka laser i ka pō¶

Kūkākūkā A: No nā kaʻa kaʻa, nā kaʻa kaʻa, a me nā mea hoʻokele kaʻaahi¶

ʻO ka poʻe lawehala a me nā mea ʻino e kū ana ma nā ala nui, nā alahaka hele wāwae, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻaoʻao alanui e hoʻomālamalama i nā lasers ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ʻole polū i ka mana kiʻekiʻe i loko o nā pale makani o nā kaʻa e hele mai ana a me nā semi-trucks i ka pō.

1. E hoʻopaʻa i kou mau maka i ka laina ʻaoʻao keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo lima ʻākau (Line Fog): E like me ka wā i makapō ʻia e nā kukui kukui kiʻekiʻe e hiki mai ana, e hoʻoneʻe koke i kou kiko i lalo a i ka ʻākau (a i ʻole hema ma nā ʻāina kaʻa kaʻa lima hema e like me UK a me Australia) e hahai i ka laina lihi pena keʻokeʻo paʻa o kou ala i mua pono o kou puʻu.
2. **E hoʻohuli i kāu Sun Visor a hoʻohuli i kāu dashboard / dome kukui UP **:
3. ʻO ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka ʻōniʻoniʻo o ka lā i lalo e poloka ana i nā kukuna laser e kuhikuhi ʻia ana mai nā ala nui a i ʻole nā ʻaoʻao puʻu ma luna o kāu kaʻa.
4. ʻO ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka ʻōlinolino o kāu mea hana dashboard (a i ʻole ke kaomi pōkole ʻana i ke kukui palapala ʻāina) e hōʻemi iki i kāu mau haumāna i hoʻololi ʻeleʻele mai 7 millimeters a hiki i 3 millimeters a e hōʻemi i ka haʻalulu like ʻole o ka uila laser.
5. Mai hoʻopaʻa i ke kaʻa i waena o ke alaloa holo nui: ʻO ka hoʻopaʻa ikaika ʻana a hiki i kahi kū make ma ke ala kūʻokoʻa ola ʻoiai ʻo ka makaʻala ke kumu o ka hoʻokuʻi ʻana i nā kaulahao hope ma hope o ke kaʻa kaʻa e hoʻolohilohi ʻia nā mea hoʻokele e ka laser like. E ho'ā i kāu 'āhiu pō'ino ala eha, e ho'omāmā i kou wāwae mai ka mea ho'okele, e ho'opa'a pololei i ka huila, a e kau ma ka po'ohiwi akau ke 'ike pono 'oe i ka lihi o ke kahua.
6. Pehea e nānā ai inā e hoʻonui ana kāu pale makani i ka ʻālohilohi: ʻO nā pale makani lepo i uhi ʻia i loko o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o loko, ʻo ka paʻakai paʻakai i waho o ke alanui e hoʻopuʻi i ka kukui laser he 10 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka hewa ma mua o ke aniani maʻemaʻe. Mai hoʻā i kāu ehu holoi pale makani i ka wā e paʻi ana ka laser i ke aniani, no ka mea, hana nā kulu wai ma ke aniani e like me nā tausani o nā lens convex liʻiliʻi e hoʻopuehu i ka kukuna laser ma ka pale makani holoʻokoʻa.

Kūkākūkā B: No nā Kalepa, Helicopter, a me nā mea hoʻokele mokulele nui¶

ʻO ka hoʻomālamalama laser o ka mokulele i ka wā o ka lele ʻana i ka pō a me ke ala hope loa ma mua o 10,000 mau hanana i hōʻike ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ʻAmelika a me ʻEulopa wale nō. Ua kuhikuhi ʻo FAA Advisory Circular AC 70-2B a me ICAO i kēia kaʻina cockpit pololei:

1. Paʻa mua i kou mau maka ("E nānā i loko o ka Cockpit"): I ka manawa e pā ai ka uila laser i ka pale makani, e nānā i lalo i loko o ka pahu ma ka papa mea kani, a mai nānā i ka puka makani ʻaoʻao i ka honua e hoʻāʻo e ʻike i ka pā hale e hele mai ai ka lāʻau.
2. Paʻi i ka Makani makani a hoʻohuli i nā kukui Cockpit i ke kiʻekiʻe: E hoʻopaʻa i kahi papa kiʻi, kāleka papa inoa, a i ʻole ka pale ahi e ālai ai i ka ʻaoʻao o ka pale makani i hoʻomālamalama ʻia, a e hoʻohuli i ka ** cockpit dome a me nā kukui wai i kiʻekiʻe** e hoʻopau i ka ʻokoʻa o ka pōʻeleʻele a hōʻemi i ka ʻālohilohi o ka pale.
3. E hoʻoneʻe koke i ka mana o ka mokulele inā ʻike ʻia kekahi Pilot:
4. I loko o kahi hui pailaka ʻelua, inā paʻi ka Pilot Flying (PF) i nā maka a ʻike i ka makapō uila, e hoʻokō koke i kahi hoʻololi maikaʻi o nā mana ("Loaʻa iā ʻoe nā mana hoʻokele" / "Loaʻa iaʻu nā mana lele") i ka mea hoʻokele unexposed.
5. Ma ka mokulele pailaka hoʻokahi, e hoʻokomo koke i ka Aupilot (a lele wale ma luna o nā mea lele wale nō), a e hana i kahi ** i hala ʻole / hele a puni ** a i ʻole ka piʻi mālie ʻana mai ke ala kaola inā e hoʻomālamalama ʻia ma lalo o 300 mika (1,000 kapuaʻi) AGL ma ke ala hope.
6. Hōʻike i ka Air Traffic Control (ATC) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Phraseology maʻamau:
7. Hoʻolaha ʻia ma kāu alapine ATC ikaika: "UNAUTHORIZED LASER ILLUMINATION" a ukali ʻia e kou kūlana/kiʻekiʻe, waihoʻoluʻu kaola, kuhikuhi / kūlana uaki o ke kumu, a inā paha e hahai ana ka kukuna i ka mokulele.

Nā maka pale ʻo Laser Kūikawā-lōʻihi (Laser Glare Shields)¶

No nā pailaka pāʻoihana, nā hui helikopa hoʻokō kānāwai, nā limahana palekana, a me nā mea nūpepa e hana ana ma nā wahi e hoʻohana mau ʻia ai nā laser paʻa lima, ʻaʻole pale i ka retina mai kahi laser Class 3B a i ʻole Class 4:

• No ke aha i hāʻule ʻole ai nā makaaniani polarized maʻamau: ʻAke wale nā aniani ʻeleʻele i ka 70 a i ka 85 pākēneka o ke kukui ʻike ʻia (Optical Density a i ʻole OD ma kahi o 0.5 a i 0.8) ʻoiai e hoʻomāhuahua aʻe ana kāu mau haumāna i ka pōʻeleʻele, e ʻae ana i kahi kukuna laser 1,000-milliwatt e hele pololei i kāu mau aniani retina.
• Pehea ka hana ʻana o nā makaaniani hoʻomalu laser notch-filter: hoʻohana ʻia nā makaaniani lewa a me ka maʻalahi Laser Eye Protection (LEP) hoʻohana i nā mea pena polycarbonate kūikawā a i ʻole nā ​​uhi dielectric kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi i helu ʻia e Optical Density (OD 2+ a i ka OD 4+) ma nā lōʻihi hawewe laser kūikawā (e like me 532 nm ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ****44). ʻO kahi kānana OD 3.0 e hōʻemi ana i ka hahau ʻana i ka laser 1,000-milliwatt pōʻino ma kahi helu o 1,000 (i lalo i kahi 1 milliwatt pōʻino ʻole) ʻoiai e ʻae ana i nā lōʻihi o ka hawewe cockpit non-laser e hele a hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu i kāu mau ana. E nānā mau ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā maka maka laser me ka laulā hawewe pale pololei ma nanometers (nm) a me kāna helu ANSI Z136.1 a i ʻole EN 207 Optical Density.

Pehea e hana ai i ka 60-Second Self-Test for Retinal Damage (The Amsler Grid Check)¶

Inā ua paʻi ʻia ʻoe ma ka maka e ka laser alohilohi a i ʻole ka laser paʻa lima a makemake ʻoe e ʻike inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka makapō ʻālohilohi ʻino ʻole a i ʻole ka ʻā ʻana o ka retinal e pono ai ke kauka ophthalmologist pilikia, e kali ** 10 a i 15 mau minuke ** i loko o kahi lumi kukui maʻamau a hana i kēia hoʻāʻo monocular maʻalahi:

1. E ho'āʻo i hoʻokahi maka i ka manawa (ke kānāwai koʻikoʻi): e kau i kāu mau aniani heluhelu maʻamau inā ʻoe e ʻaʻahu iā lākou. Uhi loa i kou maka hema me ka poho lima hema (me ka kaomi ole i ka popo maka), a nana me ** kou maka akau wale no** ma ka aoao o ka kikokikona i paiia liilii, ka papa kuhikuhi papa kuhikuhi, a i ole ia, a i ole ia, mai 35 kenimika (14 iniha) ka mamao. A laila e hoʻololi i nā lima a hoʻāʻo ** i kou maka hema wale nō **.
2. No ke aha ʻoe e uhi ai i ka maka hoʻokahi: No ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka lolo kanaka i kou maka olakino e "hoʻopiha" i kahi wahi makapō liʻiliʻi o kou maka ʻeha (binocular suppression), ʻaʻole ʻike pinepine ka poʻe me ka 50-pakeneka macular kuni ma ka maka hoʻokahi a uhi lākou i ko lākou maka maikaʻi.
3. E nānā no kēia mau Haʻe ʻulaʻula ʻehā Retinal Emergency:
4. He Poʻeleʻele, ʻEleʻele, a i ʻole Blank Spot (Scotoma): Ke nānā pono ʻoe i kahi leka hoʻokahi i waenakonu o kahi huaʻōlelo (e like me ka "R" ma ka huaʻōlelo SMARTPHONE), e nalowale anei ka hua waena "R", holoi ʻia ka nānā ʻana, a noho paha ma hope o kahi ʻeleʻele hina/ʻeleʻele a ʻike ʻia nā leka waho ("S" a me "E")
5. Wavy, Bent, or Distorted Straight Lines (Metamorphopsia): Ke nānā aku ʻoe i nā laina kikoʻī pololei a me ke kuʻekuʻe o ka pā tile, ka pāpaʻi, a i ʻole ka puka puka me ka maka hoʻokahi, e kūlou ana nā laina pololei i loko, nalu, a i ʻole kink kokoke i waenakonu o kou maka?
6. Nā Uwelewele Lanawele Hou, ʻEleʻele, a i ʻole Ula ʻula: Ke ʻike nei ʻoe i nā wahi ʻeleʻele hou e neʻe ana ma kou ʻaoʻao a i ʻole kahi ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula (e hōʻike ana i ke koko microscopic mai kahi puʻupuʻu retinal rupture)?
7. ** Hoʻoemi ʻia ke kala**: He ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ke ʻano ʻeleʻele a mae paha i ka maka i paʻi ʻia me ka maka ʻeha ʻole?

Inā loaʻa kekahi o kēia mau hōʻailona ʻehā ma hope o 15 mau minuke ma hope o ka hahau ʻana i ka laser, e hele i ke Keʻena Emergency Hospital a i ʻole ke keʻena ophthalmology wikiwiki ** ia lā hoʻokahi**.

Ke ola nei i nā mea kaua hoʻoheheʻe leo (LRADs, kani kani, a me nā kiʻi kiʻekiʻe-dB)¶

ʻO nā hailer acoustic kuhikuhi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka Long Range Acoustic Device (LRAD), nā pūkuniahi hoʻomalu lehulehu sonic, a me nā sirens palekana ultra-high-decibel, e hoʻohana i nā pūʻulu o nā transducers piezoelectric e hana i kahi kukuna kani paʻa i 135 a 162 decibels (dB) i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia ʻo ke alapine o ke kani o ka pepeiao o ke kanaka**.

He aha ka hopena o ke kino kanaka ma 130 a 160 decibels¶

ʻO ka 4-Step Defense e kūʻē i kahi Acoustic Beam¶

Ma muli o ke ʻano o ka leo leo kiʻekiʻe e like me ke kukui ʻike ʻole ʻia o ka leo ma mua o ka mea haʻiʻōlelo omnidirectional, hāʻawi ka physics iā ʻoe i ʻekolu ala koke e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pae decibel ma 30 a 40 dB i ʻelua kekona:

1. Hoʻopaʻa koke i kou mau ʻauwai pepeiao me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka "Tragus Push" (ʻAʻole nā lima ʻāʻī):
2. ʻO ke kau ʻana i kou mau lima palahalaha ma waho o kou mau pepeiao e poloka wale ana ma kahi o 5 a 10 dB o ke kani alapine kiʻekiʻe.
3. Akā, e kau i ka piko o nā ** manamana lima kuhikuhi ma luna o ka tragus** (ka peʻa cartilaginous liʻiliʻi a paʻa i mua pono o kou puka pepeiao) a ** kaomi paʻa i nā peʻe tragus i loko e like me nā puʻu pepeiao olaola i kūkulu ʻia** e sila a paʻa loa i ke kahawai pepeiao. ʻO ke kaomi ʻana i ka tragus i loko e hāʻawi i ka 25 a i ka 30 dB o ka acoustic attenuation koke, e hōʻemi ana i kahi kukui ʻeha 145 dB i lalo i kahi 115 dB hiki ke ola koke.
4. Inā ʻoe e lawe nei i ka puʻi pepeiao (NRR 30 a hiki i 33 dB) a/a i ʻole ** nā pana pepeiao ma luna o ka pepeiao/pale pepeiao ʻoihana**, e hoʻohana ana i nā pahu pepeiao ʻōhuhi *ma lalo o * nā pale pepeiao ("palena pālua") a hiki i 35 a 40 dB.
5. E wehe liʻiliʻi i kou waha a moni / ʻāwīwī:
6. E like me ka wā o ka pahū ʻana a i ʻole ka iho ʻana o ka mokulele, ʻo ka hāmama iki ʻana i kou waha a hoʻoneʻe i kou ʻāwae e wehe ai i ka Eustachian tubes e hoʻopili ana i ke kua o kou ʻāʻī i kou pepeiao waena, e ʻae ana i nā nalu kaomi acoustic e kaulike ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o kāu pahu pepeiao i ʻole e nahae ka membrane.
7. Neʻe 90 Degere LATERALLLY (Perpendicular to the Emitter Face):
8. E nānā i ka ʻāpana ʻāpana ʻehā a pōʻai paha o ka LRAD (i kau mau ʻia ma luna o ka hale o kahi kaʻa kaua, tripod, a i ʻole moku).
9. No ka mea, he 2.5 kHz mau hawewe kani ke kuhikuhi loa, ua ko'iko'i ke kaomi kani i loko o ka ** 15-a-30-degere cone haiki ma ke alo pono o ka maka palahalaha o ka emitter**.
10. Mai holo pololei i hope ma ke alanui ma mua o ke kīʻaha. E lawe i 10 a 15 mau ʻanuʻu wikiwiki 90 degere i ka hema a i ʻole no ka hele ʻana ma waho o ka lihi o ka pahu kani; ʻO ka hele ʻana i 20 degere ma waho o ka axis e hāʻule koke ka ikaika o ke kani ma 15 a 25 dB.
11. ** E hoʻokomo i ka paʻa a me ka nui ma waena o kou poʻo a me ka Emitter **:
12. Hōʻike ka hawewe kani 2.5 kHz kiʻekiʻe i nā ʻili paʻakiki a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi maʻalahi (okoa) a puni nā kihi mānoanoa. ʻO ka hele ʻana ma hope o kahi ** kia paʻa, kihi kūkulu hale pōhaku, pā pōhaku paʻa, ʻōpala, a i ʻole poloka ʻenekini o kahi kaʻa** e poloka koke i ka nalu acoustic line-of-sight. (E hoʻomaopopo: ʻAʻole ka paʻa ʻana i kahi hōʻailona pahu pahu, ʻeke ʻeke, a i ʻole ka malu i mua o kou alo.)

Ka mālama lapaʻau ma hope o ka ʻeha acoustic a i ʻole ultrasonic¶

Ke haʻalele ʻoe i ke kumu kani i kahi noho mālie, e loiloi i kou mau pepeiao a me ke kaulike:

• Ke kani ʻana i ka manawa (Tinnitus) a me ka lohe ʻana i ka ʻūhā: ʻO ke kani leo kiʻekiʻe a me ka manaʻo "puʻupuʻu" i loko o nā pepeiao (Temporary Threshold Shift) he mea maʻamau no 12 a 48 mau hola ma hope o ka hōʻike leo nui. E noho ma kahi noho mālie a pale aku i nā headphone a i ʻole nā ​​mele leo nui no nā lā he nui e hoʻihoʻi hou i nā sela lauoho cochlear i pau i ka metabolic.
• I ka manawa e ʻimi ai i ka lā hoʻokahi ENT / Emergency Medical Care:
• Holo ʻEleʻele ʻo Sensorineural (Ke kuli haʻahaʻa-a-koʻikoʻi ma ka pepeiao hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha): E like me ke ahi o ka retinal, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻeha acoustic acoustic o loko o ka pepeiao i ka hoʻomaka mua o ka waha a i ʻole intratympanic corticosteroid therapy i hoʻomaka i loko o 24 a i 72 hola o ka ʻeha o ka lauoho i hoʻopau ʻia. Mai kali i ʻelua pule me ka manaʻolana e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka lohe ʻana.
• Ruptured Eardrum (Tympanic Membrane Perforation): Hōʻike ʻia e ka ʻeha pepeiao ʻoi e kū koke ana, ka wai maʻemaʻe a i ʻole ke koko ʻālohilohi e kahe ana mai ke kahawai pepeiao, a i ʻole ke kani kani ʻana i ka puhi ʻana i kou ihu. Mālama i ka pepeiao 100 pakeneka maloʻo (mai hoʻokomo i ka wai, pulupulu pulupulu, a i ʻole nā ​​hāʻule o ka pepeiao i loko o ka ipu pepeiao) a ʻike i ke kauka otolaryngologist (ENT) a i ʻole ke kauka pilikia.
• Ka Vertigo Mau a i ʻole Nystagmus: Inā hoʻomau ka wili o ka lumi a ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hele ma kahi laina pololei me ka luaʻi ʻole ma mua o hoʻokahi hola ma hope o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka wahi kani, e ʻimi i ka loiloi pilikia no ka fistula perilymph o loko a i ʻole ka labyrinthine concussion.

Nīnau pinepine¶

No ke aha e pono ʻole ai iaʻu e nānā i ke kumu o kahi kukuna laser e ʻike ai i ka mea nāna e hoʻomālamalama iā ia ma kaʻu kaʻa a i ʻole ka mokulele?¶

Mai nānā i ke kumu o kahi kukuna laser, ʻoiai no kahi hapa o ke kekona. Ke nānā pololei ʻoe i ke ala o kahi kukuna laser, e kālele ka lens o kou maka i ke kukui laser like i ke kikowaena pololei o kou macula (ka fovea, e hāʻawi ana i ka 100 pakeneka o kāu heluhelu ʻoi a me ka ʻike hoʻokele), e hoʻopaʻa ana i ka mana o ke kukui ma 100,000 manawa. Hiki i nā lasers polū a ʻōmaʻomaʻo kiʻekiʻe i kūʻai ʻia ma ka pūnaewele ke puhi i kahi ʻili wela mau ma kou fovea ma lalo o 0.25 kekona, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka reflex blink kanaka. E nānā mau, e hoʻokuʻu i kou auwae, a e hoʻohana i kou ʻike ākea a i ʻole kahi pale opaque e like me ka pale lā e pale ai i ka mālamalama.

Pehea e hiki ai iaʻu ke ʻike inā ua hoʻopōʻino mau ʻia koʻu retina a i ʻole he kiʻi ma hope wale nō?¶

E kali no 10 a 15 mau minuke i loko o ka lumi e hoʻomālamalama mau ʻia no ka makapō uila maʻamau (e like me ka wahi ʻālohilohi ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i ke kukui pahupaʻikiʻi) e mae, a laila e hoʻāʻo paʻa i kou mau maka i ka manawa ma ka uhi ʻana i kekahi maka me kou lima a nānā i nā kikokikona liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ka mākia o nā laina tile pololei. Inā mae loa ke kiʻi hope i loko o 15 mau minuke a ʻike pono nā leka ma nā maka ʻelua, ʻaʻohe wela mau. Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻike ʻoe i kahi ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele paha e ālai ana i ka leka waena āu e nānā ai, inā he ʻale a piʻo paha nā laina pololei, a i ʻole ʻike ʻoe i nā pūnāwai lana ʻeleʻele, e hele i ke kauka ophthalmologist a i ʻole ke keʻena pilikia o ka haukapila i ka lā hoʻokahi.

He aha ke ala wikiwiki loa e pakele ai i kahi pū kani kani LRAD ʻeha a i ʻole ke kukui acoustic kuhikuhi?¶

ʻO ka mea mua, e hoʻopaʻa koke i kou mau canal pepeiao ma ke kaomi ʻana i nā ʻāpana cartilaginous liʻiliʻi ma ke alo o kou mau pepeiao (ka tragus) paʻa i loko me kou mau manamana lima e like me nā pahu pepeiao i kūkulu ʻia, a hāmama iki i kou waha e hoʻohālikelike i ke kaomi ʻana i kou mau pahu pepeiao. ʻO ka lua, mai holo pololei i hope mai ke kīʻaha LRAD, no ka mea, hoʻolālā ka mea hana i kahi kukuna kukui haiki 15-a-30-degere o ke kani pololei i mua no nā haneli mau mika. Akā, e holo i 90 degere ma ka ʻaoʻao (kūpono i ka maka o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe) no ka haʻalele ʻana i ka cone leo kuhikuhi a hele ma hope o ka pā pōhaku paʻa, ke kihi hale, a i ʻole ke kaʻa.

Pono anei au e hoʻohana i kaʻu wili makani a me ka wai holoi holoi inā pā ka laser i koʻu pale makani kaʻa i ka pō?¶

ʻAʻole, mai kāpīpī i ka wai holoi pale makani i ka wā e pā ana ka kukuna laser i kou pale makani. ʻO nā kulu wai a me nā ʻōniʻoniʻo ma ke aniani e like me nā kaukani liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e hoʻopololei a hoʻopuehu i ke kukui laser ma ka pale makani holoʻokoʻa, e hōʻino nui ana i ka ʻālohilohi makapō i loko o kāu kaʻa. Akā, e ha'alele i kāu mau wipers, e ho'olei i lalo i kou po'o, e ho'opa'a i ka lima i luna inā pono e ālai i ka wahi 'ālohilohi o ke aniani, e kālele ana i ka laina lihi o ka papahele ke'oke'o ma ka lima 'ākau, a e ho'olohi mālie me kou mau uila.

Nānā ʻia nā kumu¶

• Federal Aviation Administration (FAA, United States): Advisory Circular AC 70-2B (Reporting of Laser Ilumination of Aircraft), Laser Hazards in Navigable Airspace, and Pilot Medical Countermeasures.
• ** International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) a me UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA, United Kingdom)**: Manual on Laser Emitters and Flight Safety (Doc 9815) and Cockpit Flash Blindness Recovery Protocols.
• American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) and Laser Institute of America (LIA, United States): Diagnosis and Management of Handheld Laser-Induced Maculopathy, Retinal Photothermal Injury, and ANSI Z136.1 Laser Safety Standards.
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH / CDC) a me OSHA (United States): Nā Pauku no ka Manaʻo Manaʻo: Hoʻolaha Noise Hana, Impulse/High-Decibel Acoustic Trauma, a me Dual Hearing Protection.
• American Academy of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) and Physicians for Human Rights (PHR): Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing Loss (Early Corticosteroid Intervention) and Health Impacts of Crowd-Control Acoustic Weapons (LRAD).

Nā alakaʻi pili¶

• ʻO nā ʻeha maka, nā mea ʻē aʻe, a me nā ʻōpala kemika
• ʻO nā pōkā Rubber, flashbangs, a me nā ʻeha lehulehu
• ʻO nā haunaele kīwila, nā kūʻē, a me nā curfews
• Nahaha kaʻa a me ka palekana poʻohiwi alanui
• ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka pahu mokulele, ke kūlana brace, a me ka haʻalele ʻana
• Papa kuhikuhi helu pilikia