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ʻO ka maloʻo ʻana, nā pūnāwai hale maloʻo, a me ka lawe ʻana i ka wai pilikia palekana

He ʻokoʻa nā helu ulia pōpilikia ma ka ʻāina. Hoʻohana kēia ʻaoʻao i ka 911, ka helu no ʻAmelika a me Kanada. Nui nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana i ka 112, 999, a i ʻole ka helu ʻē aʻe. E huli i ka helu no kou ʻāina.

ʻAʻole e like me nā maloʻo maʻamau o nā makahiki he nui e ulu mālie ana i nā mahina he nui o ka ua ma lalo o ka awelika, ʻo ka ** maloʻo uila ** kahi pilikia hydrological a me ka mahiʻai wikiwiki e alakaʻi ʻia e kahi ** koi koi evaporative spike nui ** (nā wela wela, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, makani maloʻo ikaika, a me ke ao ʻole o ka lā o ka lā) (3 a 3 mau mika o ka lā) e hoʻokaʻawale i ka lepo mai 3 a 2 mau mika. i ** wale 2 a 4 pule**. I ka pau ʻana o nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu maoli i ka wai o ka lepo i ka nui loa e ola ai ka makewai o ka lewa a me nā pūnāwai mahiʻai e holo ana i 24 mau hola o ka lā, e hāʻule ana nā wai pāpaʻu a me nā papa wai i haʻihaʻi ʻia, e hoʻoheheʻe ai i nā tausani o nā pūnāwai inu home kūloko i ka lepo, omo i ka ea, a maloʻo loa i ka pō.

Ke pau ka wai punawai pilikino i ka hale kua'āina a i ʻole ka mahiʻai i ka wā maloʻo, ʻehā mau pōʻino e kū koke ana nā ʻohana: puhi ʻana i $3,000 pauma luawai i lalo ma ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana, ke ʻawaʻawa nui microbiological a i ʻole kemika mai ka huki ʻana i ka wai i loko o nā ʻeke IBC meaʻai ʻole a i ʻole nā lua wai wai ʻole, ka mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia 1,000 kilokani (2,200 paona) o ka wai wai i loko o nā pahu kaʻa kaʻa ʻole ma nā alanui kuaʻāina, a me ka ** nitate holoholona nui, ʻakika prussic, a me ka lāʻau ʻala ʻulaʻula uliuli**. Hāʻawi kēia alakaʻi i ka mālama maikaʻi ʻana i kēlā me kēia ʻanuʻu, ka physics huki wai, ka disinfection tank NSF-61, a me nā protocols ola maloʻo mahiʻai i hōʻoia ʻia e ka United States National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS / NOAA), ka United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), nā Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ka National Ground Water Association (NGWA), ka World Ground Water Organization (NGWA), ka World Health Organization. No ka mālama wai lōʻihi, e heluhelu i kā mākou alakaʻi maloʻo; no ka hoomaemae pilikia, heluhelu ʻO nā leka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai a me ka paila.

Mai huki i ka wai inu i loko o ka ʻoihana IBC Totes a i ʻole ka holo wikiwiki ʻana me kahi pahu pahu ʻaʻohe hapa piha.

ʻElua mau hewa i ka wā pilikia o ka wai kuaʻāina e pepehi a make i nā ʻohana i kēlā me kēia kauwela: 1. **Mai kūʻai mai i ka plastic keʻokeʻo huinahā like ʻole "IBC Tote" (275-galani / 1,040-lita pahu pahu pahu) mai kahi mākeke pūnaewele no ka huki ʻana i ka wai inu ke ʻole ʻoe i hōʻoia i kona moʻopuna hale hana mua. polyethylene (HDPE) ka paia plastik a me ka liʻiliʻi i loko o ka wai inu no ka nui o kou holoi ʻana i ka pahu. E hoʻohana wale i nā pahu pahu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia NSF/ANSI 61 ("Wai Paʻa") a i ʻole FDA Food-Grade Virgin HDPE. 2. Mai kaʻa ma ke ala maʻamau me kahi pahu wai piha ʻole ʻia i loko o kahi moe o kahi kaʻa kipi a i ʻole ma kahi hale kiʻi hoʻohana pono. Hoʻokahi mika cubic (1,000 lita / 264 US galani) o ka wai he 1,000 kilokani (2,204 paona). Ke wāwahi ʻoe a hoʻokele paha i kahi ʻeke me ka hapa piha o ka pahu, ʻo ka nalu 1-toni o ka wai e paʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao i ka paia o ka pahu (free-surface hydrodynamic slosh), ka hoʻohuli ʻana i nā kaʻa kaʻa a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā hitches trailer i ʻelua kekona.

E hana i kēia i kēia manawa

  1. **E hoʻopaʻa koke i ka mea haʻihaʻi kaapuni i kāu punawai hoʻopaʻa ʻia inā e hoʻomaka ana kāu mau kīʻaha e kuha i ka ea, e kahe ana i ka lepo ʻeleʻele, a i ʻole e nalowale ana ke kaomi. Inā hāʻule ka papaʻaina wai ma lalo o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka paila a maloʻo ka pama ("pumping air") no ka **15 a 30 mau minuke **, ʻoi aku ka wela o ke kaʻa, hoʻoheheʻe i ka paipu kulu PVC, a luku i ka pama.
  2. E hoʻololi i kou ʻohana i ka "Tier-1 Potable Conservation" (15 a 20 lita [4 a 5 galani] i kēlā me kēia kanaka i kēlā lā i kēia lā) i ka hōʻailona mua o ka huki ʻana i lalo. E hoʻōki koke i ka hoʻoinu ʻana i ka mauʻu, ka wai kīhāpai, ka holoi kaʻa, a me ka wai ʻauʻau. Mai holoi i ka lua me ka wai puna wai i ka wā e hāʻule ai ka wai; e hoʻohana i ka wai hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻauʻau i hopu ʻia i loko o ka bākeke e holoi lima pono i ke kīʻaha lua, a i ʻole e hoʻonohonoho i kahi pilikia. ʻōnaehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe māhoe māhoe.
  3. **Nānā i ka helu kaumaha o kāu kaʻa kiʻi kaʻa (GVWR) a me nā palena haʻahaʻa kaʻa ma mua o ka hoʻouka ʻana i kahi pahu wai hikiwawe. ʻO ka hoʻopiha ʻana i kahi pahu 1,040-lita (275-gallon) IBC maʻamau i luna e waiho i ka 1,080 kilokani (2,380 paona) o ke kaumaha kū i loko o kāu moena kaʻa, ʻoi aku ia ma mua o ka nui o ka hiki ke uku palekana o kēlā me kēia kaʻa kaʻa piʻi hapalua maʻamau (e like me ka F-150, Silverado 1500, a i ʻole ka puna wai hoʻoneʻe paona. nā huila hoʻokele mua.
  4. E hoʻomaʻemaʻe i kāu pahu huki wai, ka meaʻai meaʻai hoʻopiha piha, a me ka lua hale me ka wai hoʻomaʻemaʻe chlorine bleach hale ʻole ma mua o ka hoʻopiha ʻana, a mālama i ke koena chlorine manuahi o \(0.5\text{ a }2.0\text{ milligrams per liter (ppm)}\). ʻO ka wai mehana e noho ana i loko o ka pahu plastik i ka lā kauwela * E ulu wikiwiki ana ka pathogen. coli*, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Legionella, a me na amoeba ke ole i hooleleia. E hoʻohana wale i ka keʻokeʻo a uliuli paha NSF-61 wai inu wai inu wai (ʻaʻole loa he paipu kīhāpai ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e hoʻolei ana i ke kēpau a me nā phthalates) a hahai i ka papa kuhikuhi kikoʻī o ka chlorine ma ka Pauku 5 ma lalo.
  5. E hoʻopaʻa i nā holoholona mai ka emi ʻana, nā loko mahiʻai kūpaʻa a e hoʻāʻo i nā meaʻai i hoʻopilikia ʻia i ka maloʻo no ka make ʻana o ka Nitrate a me ka Prussic Acid ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana. I ka wā maloʻo, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā loko mahiʻai i nā mea ʻawaʻawa ** cyanobacteria (ʻeleʻele uliuli-ʻōmaʻomaʻo)** a kiʻekiʻe ** kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (30 mau pipi i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia)** mau minuke o ka inu ʻana, ʻoiai ʻo ka kulina ʻokiʻoki, sorghum, mauʻu Sudan, a me Johnsongrass e hōʻiliʻili i nā pae momona o nitrates (\(NO_3^-\)) a me prussic acid (hydrogen cyanide [\(HCN\)]).
  6. Inā hoʻomaka ka maloʻo ʻālohilohi i ke ahi o ka ʻāina ʻoiai he haʻahaʻa ke kaomi ʻana o kou pūnāwai a me nā wai wai kūloko, e mālama i kahi pahu wai inu ʻole 400-a-1,000-lita (100-a-250-galani) a me ka pauma ʻōpala i mākaukau no ka pale ʻana. E nānā i kā mākou alakai ahi ahi a papa kuhikuhi helu pilikia (911 ma US a me Kanada, 112 ma EU, 999 ma UK).

Kaha maloʻo a me ke kuaʻāina maloʻo-well ka palapala hoʻoholo ulia pōpilikia

E hoʻohana i kēia palapala hoʻāʻo i ka wā e hāʻule ai kāu papa wai āpana a i ʻole e hoʻoweliweli i kāu pūnāwai hale a me kāu mau mahiʻai.

flowchart TD
    Start["ʻO ka maloʻo a me ka pilikia wai o ke kua'āina:<br/>Ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana o ka lepo no 2-4-wiki"] --> Symptom{"He aha kāu pilikia<br/>wai koke?"}

    Symptom -->|"1. KA EA PUWAI KULA, <br/>PUMPING ONE"| WellCare["PUMA LALO a me ka hoʻopale wai:<br/>1. E HOPE koke i ka pauma punawai 240V ke kuha ea<br/>2. E kali no 4 a 12 mau hola no ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ke kolamu wai paʻa<br/>3. E hoʻouka i kahi 'Pump Saver / Dry-Run Protection Relay' ma ka pahu hoʻomalu<br/>4. E ho'āʻo i ka wai puna wai no Coliform bacteria, Nitrates & Arsenic"]

    Symptom -->|"2. MALOO LOA MAIKAI."| HaulSafety["KA HA'E WAI PALA'E & KA'A'A I KA PALAPALA:<br/>1. E hoʻohana wale i ka pahu wai puʻupaʻa NSF-61 / FDA Food-Grade + paipu inu keʻokeʻo<br/>2. E helu i ke kaumaha: 1 L = 1 kg (1 gal = 8.34 paona); ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o ke kaʻa GVWR<br/>3. E hoʻouka i nā pōpō ʻūhā kūʻokoʻa kūwaho a i ʻole e huki 100% piha (ʻaʻole loa i piha i ka hapalua)<br/>4. Chlorinate i huki ʻia i ka wai i 0.5-2.0 ppm koena chlorine manuahi"]

    Symptom -->|"3. HUNAHUNA & PALAPALA PALAPALA<br/>Ke emi iho nei na loko mahiai a me na mea ai."| AgSafety["HUNAHUNA KANAKA & WAI TRIAGE:<br/>1. Pa i nā bipi/lio mai loko mai o nā loko ʻōmaʻomaʻo (cyanobacteria neurotoxins)<br/>2. E ho'āʻo i ka sorghum/Sudan/corn no ka Nitrates & Prussic Acid<br/>3. Hāʻawi i 50 a 100 L (13 a 26 gal) wai maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe i kēlā me kēia bipi i kēlā me kēia lā"]

    Symptom -->|"4. KA HOʻOPIʻI O KA PALAPALA & PALAPALA."| SoilShrink["ALOHA ALOHA a me ka pale ahi:<br/>1. E nānā i nā laina wai/gasua i kanu ʻia e komo ana i ka paia o ka hale no ka ʻili ʻili<br/>2. E mālama i ka ʻāpana 0 (1.5 m / 5 kapuaʻi) a puni ka hale i kahi maʻemaʻe mai nā nāhelehele maloʻo make<br/>3. ʻAʻole loa e puhi i ka pulupulu ma waho i ka wā o ka ʻōlelo aʻo ʻana i ka maloʻo"]

He aha ka ʻokoʻa o ka "Flash Drought" mai kahi maloʻo kuʻuna?

Wahi a ka poʻe hydrologists ma ka US National Integrated Drought Information System (NIDIS) a me ka World Meteorological Organization (WMO), ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kahi maloʻo ma ke ʻano he ** maloʻo uila ** i ka wā e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ai kahi ʻāina i ** ma kahi o ʻelua mau ʻāpana piha ma ka US Drought Monitor (a i ʻole ka pae aupuni like) i loko o ka manawa 4-wiki**.

1. ʻO ka Evapotranspiration Feedback Loop ("Atmospheric Thirst")

ʻO ka maloʻo kuʻuna he ka ua-deficit maloʻo: hoʻopau wale i ka ua no ʻeono mahina a hiki i kekahi mau makahiki. ʻO nā maloʻo uila he mau evaporative-demand maloʻo i hoʻomaka ʻia i ka wā e kū ai kahi kuamoʻo paʻa kiʻekiʻe ma luna o kahi ʻāpana (e like me ka US Midwest, Great Plains, Gulf of Mexico states, Brazil, Australia, a i ʻole Central Europe) i ka wā o ka pūnāwai kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ke kau ulu ʻana o ke kauwela: - Stage 1 (La 1 a hiki i ka 10): E lele ana ka wela i \(5^\circ\text{C}\) a i \(10^\circ\text{C}\) (\(9^\circ\text{F}\)$ a i \(18^\circ\text{F}\)) ma luna o ka ma'amau, pili ha'aha'a plummets, a me ka lani me ka Drovaporative Demand extreme.** Hoʻopuka nā mea kanu a me nā ululāʻau i ka nui o ka lepo i ka lewa e noho mālie. - Pau 2 (Nā lā 10 a hiki i 21): Ke omo maloʻo loa ka makū o ka ʻāina aʻa o luna, pani ʻia ka stomata a pau ka evapotranspiration. No ka mea, ʻaʻole hoʻohana hou ʻia ka ikehu o ka lā e hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai (wela huna), 100 pākēneka o ka ikehu o ka lā e hele i ka hoʻomehana ʻana i ka ʻāina a me ka ea (wela wela). - Stage 3 (La 21 a 30): Hoʻokiʻekiʻe kēia ʻano wela i ka ea a hoʻomaloʻo hou i ka lewa, e hana ana i kahi puʻupuʻu manaʻo hoʻoikaika ponoʻī e hoʻomoʻa i ka lepo i loko o ka lepo, pepehi i nā mea kanu i ka wā pollination, a hoʻoulu i ka piʻi like ʻana o ka wai o ka wai kūloko e hoʻoheheʻe i lalo.

Ka ʻike ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i kahi wai ʻino ʻole ma mua o ka pau ʻana o ka pauma

Ma nā wahi kuaʻāina me ka ʻole o nā kumu wai o ke kūlanakauhale, hilinaʻi ka hapa nui o nā hale i kahi pūnāwai pāpaʻu i ʻeli ʻia/pūnāwai (\(3\text{ to }18\text{ mika}\) [\(10\text{ to }60\text{ feet}\)] hohonu) a i ʻole he drilled beddrock/alluvial well (\({30\text{ to }0}\)\text{ to }0}\(\ }500\text{ feet}\)] hohonu) i lako me ka 240-volt submersible pump e kau ana ma kahi kokoke i lalo o ka luawai.

Hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona e hāʻule ana kāu papa wai punawai ma lalo o ka pahu wai

  1. ** ʻO nā pahū o ka ea a me nā micro-bubbles keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo: ** Ke hāʻule ka pae wai ikaika i loko o ka pahu punawai a hiki i ka pale hoʻokomo o ka paila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ʻo ka paila i loko o ka hui ʻana o ka wai a me ka ea, e hoʻomoʻi ana i ka ea i loko o kāu pahu kaomi o ka ʻōpū o lalo.
  2. Ke ʻike koke ʻia mai ke one maikaʻi, ka manganese ʻeleʻele/ʻeleʻele hao, a i ʻole ka lepo ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele i loko o nā pahu lua a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wai: Ke hāʻule ka kolamu wai i lalo o ka lua, e kahe ana ka wai wikiwiki ma ka haʻihaʻi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e ʻā ana i ka lepo i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o ka paila.
  3. Ke kaomi nei ka pihi kaomi i ka ON, e holo mau ana ka pama no 30+ mau minuke, akā ʻaʻole hiki i ke ana kaomi o ka pahu ʻumeke i kona 40-a-60 PSI (\(275\text{ a }415\text{ kPa}\)) kaomi pani: Ke holo maloʻo nei kāu pamu i kēia manawa ** maloʻo a hoʻoheheʻe paha i ka lepo**.

Nā hana koke e hoʻopakele i kahi luawai haʻahaʻa

  1. E hoʻopaʻa i ka pahu puna punawai 2-pole i OFF ma kāu papa uila nui. E waiho i ka punawai me ka hoʻopā ʻole ʻia no 6 a 12 hola no laila e kahe mālie ana ka wai o ka lepo ma nā haʻihaʻi o ka lau lauoho hiki ke hoʻopiha hou i ke kolamu ʻauwaha kū pololei (ka manawa hoʻōla maikaʻi).
  2. E hoʻouka i kahi Electronic "Dry-Well / Underload Pump Protection Relay" (e like me ka PumpSaver a i ʻole Cycle Sensor): Hiki i ke ʻenehana luawai laikini ke wili i kahi relay kiaʻi ʻana i kēia manawa i loko o kāu pahu hoʻomalu pauma i loko o 20 mau minuke. I ka manawa e omo ai ka pama i ka ea (no ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ukana amperage uila), ʻoki ʻoki ka relay i ka mana o ka pama ma mua o ka heheʻe ʻana o ke kaʻa, kali i kahi manawa hoʻihoʻi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia (e laʻa, 2 a 4 mau hola), a hoʻomaka hou.
  3. E hoʻohana i kahi Pūnaehana ʻAi ʻAi / Buffer Tank ʻElua no nā pūnāwai haʻahaʻa:
  4. ʻAʻole 100 pakeneka maloʻo ka nui o nā pūnāwai maloʻo; ua emi iho ka helu ho'ōla o 1 a 2 lita wale no ka minuke (0.25 a 0.5 mau galani no ka minuke), ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomau i ka ʻauʻau hale he 19-lita-ka-minuke (5-gallon-per-minute).
  5. Ma ka puhi lohi ʻana i kou pūnāwai ma luna o 24 mau hola (hoʻopiʻi ʻia ma o ka valve mana kahe a me ka mea ʻike maloʻo maloʻo) i loko o kahi ** i loko a i kanu ʻia paha 1,900-a-5,700-lita (500-a-1,500-galani) NSF-61 pahu wai hoʻopaʻa paʻa paʻa **, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi lua liʻiliʻi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe mai ka hale hoʻoheheʻe wai e hoʻoheheʻe i ka punawai. \(1.5\text{ L/min}\) (\(0.4\text{ gpm}\)) ke hāʻawi mau nei i ka 2,160 lita (570 galani) o ka wai hale i kēlā me kēia lā.
  6. Mai ninini pono i ka wai huki i lalo i loko o kāu pahu punawai e "hoʻopiha hou" i kou pūnāwai:
  7. ʻO kēlā me kēia maloʻo, ka poʻe ʻona home makemake e uku i kahi kaʻa wai e hoʻolei i 8,000 lita (2,000 galani) o ka wai ma lalo o kā lākou paipu punawai. Mai hana i kēia: ʻAʻole kāu pahu punawai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia; he pale hāmama i hoʻopili ʻia me kahi ʻano pōhaku maloʻo lalo. ʻO ka wai i ninini ʻia i loko o kahi pahu punawai e kahe koke ana i loko o ka aquifer maloʻo a puni a nalowale i loko o 20 mau minuke, ʻoiai e holoi pololei ana i ka ʻōpala a me nā hua bacteria mai nā paia o ka pahu o luna i loko o kāu pamu. E kaomi mau i ka wai huki ʻia i loko o kahi ** pahu mālama paʻa (cistern)**, ʻaʻole loa i lalo o ka luawai.

No ke aha e hiki ai ke lilo i ka wai punawai i ka maloo me ka maloʻo ʻole

Ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka maloʻo ʻālohilohi i ka papa wai i loko o kahi wai pōhaku, komo ka oxygen i nā ʻāpana pōhaku i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma mua a hoʻololi ka manawa o ka noho ʻana o ka wai lepo, e hoʻoulu ai i nā spike pōʻino i ** dissolved inorganic arsenic, uranium, nitrates, sulfates, a me coliform bacteria**. I ka wā e wāwahi ai ka ua nui i kahi maloʻo ʻālohilohi, holoi pololei ʻia ka ʻili o ka lepo a me ka wai hoʻoheheʻe septic i lalo i nā māwae lepo hohonu i ka maloʻo i ka papa wai hoʻohaʻahaʻa. Mai hāʻawi i ka wai puna wai ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele, a ʻala ʻino paha i nā kamaliʻi a me nā wahine hāpai me ka ʻole o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana iā ia no Nitrates (\(NO_3^-\)), Arsenic, a me Total Coliform / E. coli bacteria mua, a hoʻomanaʻo ʻo ka wai paila e pepehi i ka bacteria, akā e paila ana CONCENTRATES nitrates, arsenic, a me nā metala kaumaha; ike ʻO nā leka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai a me ka paila.

ʻEnekinia & kaʻa kaʻa no ka lawe ʻana i ka wai pilikia

Inā pono ʻoe e huki i ka wai i kou home home, ka hale, a i ʻole nā holoholona i loko o kahi kaʻa kiʻi a i ʻole nā ​​mea hoʻokele waiwai, e mālama i ka ukana me ke ʻano like me ka huki ʻana i nā mea pahū ola: ** ʻoʻoleʻa ka wai wai, kaumaha, a neʻe ikaika i loko o ka ipu**.

1. Pakaukau Kuhikuhi Waiwai & Uku Kaa

Ma mua o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka pahu i loko o kāu moena kaʻa a i ʻole ma ke kiʻi kiʻiʻoniʻoni, e nānā i ka Tire and Loading Information Placard i loko o ka pahu puka ʻaoʻao o kāu kaʻa no kāu kaʻa.

Ka nui o ka wai (Metric & US Imperial) Kaumaha Wai Maʻemaʻe (Papa) Huina Kaumaha me ka Tank & Pallet Pono ʻia ke kaʻa liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi / kaʻa kaʻa
208 Litera (55 Nā Galani US) (1 Pahu Polū Māmā Māmā Meaʻai) \(208\text{ kg}\) (\(459\text{ lbs}\)) \(\sim 220\text{ kg}\) (\(485\text{ lbs}\)) Paʻa i loko o kekahi ½-ton kalaka maʻamau a i ʻole SUV hana kaumaha/mea hoʻohana kiʻi kiʻi kiʻiʻoniʻoni ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i mua i ke poʻo o ke kaʻa.
500 Litera (132 US Gallons) (Hapa-piha IBC Tote a i ʻole ka pahu hauler haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa) \(500\text{ kg}\) (\(1,102\text{ lbs}\)) \(\sim 560\text{ kg}\) (\(1,235\text{ lbs}\)) Hiki ke kūpono i ka nui o ½-ton pickups (F-150 / 1500 class) *WALE nō inā pilikia ka pahu pahu a haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa paha * e hoʻōki i ka holo ʻana.
1,040 Litera (275 US Gallons) (1 Full Standard Caged IBC Tote) \(1,040\text{ kg}\) (\(2,293\text{ lbs}\)) \(\sim 1,100\text{ kg}\) (\(2,425\text{ lbs}\)) Oi aku i ka hapa nui o nā pahu pahu ½-ton. Pono i kahi ¾-toni (250/2500 HD) a i ʻole 1-ton (350/3500 HD) pahu pahu a i ʻole ka pahu pahu pahu pahu ʻelua-axle i helu ʻia \(\ge 3,500\text{ lbs}\) (\(1,600\text{ kg}\)).
1,250 Litera (330 US Galani) (1 Kiʻekiʻe Kiʻekiʻe Caged IBC Tote) \(1,250\text{ kg}\) (\(2,756\text{ lbs}\)) \(\sim 1,320\text{ kg}\) (\(2,910\text{ lbs}\)) Pono ka kalaka 1-toni (350/3500 HD) a i ʻole kaʻa kaʻa kaulua ʻelua hana kaumaha me nā kaʻa kaʻa uila.
1,890 Litera (500 US Galani) (Agricultural Nurse Trailer Tank) \(1,893\text{ kg}\) (\(4,170\text{ lbs}\)) \(\sim 2,350\text{ kg}\) (\(5,180\text{ lbs}\)) Pono i ka ¾-ton a i ʻole 1-ton kaʻa kaʻa + ʻelua-axle trailer (\(7,000\text{ lb}\) [\(3,175\text{ kg}\)] GVWR) me nā kaʻa uila a me nā kaulahao palekana.

2. Pehea e lanakila ai i ka "Free-Surface Slosh Effect" e olokaa ana i na kaa kalaka

I loko o ka mechanics wai, ʻo kahi pahu i piha i ka 100 pākēneka i ka ʻaoʻao o luna loa ke ʻano like me ka poloka hau paʻa no ka mea ʻaʻohe wahi ea kaʻawale ka wai e holo wikiwiki ai. ʻAʻohe kaumaha o ka pahu i pūʻokoʻa. ** ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho make loa he pahu pahu he 30 pākēneka a 80 pākēneka piha me ka ʻole o nā ʻūhā o loko:** - Ke paʻi ʻoe i nā kaʻa a i ʻole ka hoʻokele ʻana i kahi alaloa mālie i ka 70 kilomita i ka hola (45 mau mile i kēlā me kēia hola), e holo wikiwiki ana ka nalu o ka wai he 500-1,000-kilograma i ka paia o waho o ka pahu paheʻe maʻemaʻe a paʻi i loko o ia mea i kekona ʻāpana * ma hope o kou hoʻohuli ʻana i ka huila. - No ka mea he 80 a 100 kenimika (31 a 40 iniha) ka moena kalaka ki'i ma luna o ka asphalt, ua hana 'ia kēlā hopena lateral ki'eki'e o ka 'umekaumaha ma ke 'ano he lima leve nunui e ho'oki'eki'e ai i nā huila o loko mai ke kahua ala a 'oloka'i i ke ka'a ma luna o kona hale**, a i 'ole e ho'oku'u i ke ka'a kalaka ma ke kukui 'ula'ula. - ** ʻEhā mau lula no ka lawe ʻana i ka wai wai:** 1. E koho i kahi pahu huki wai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (ʻoi aku ka laulā a ʻoi aku ka palahalaha ma mua o ka pahu kiʻekiʻe) a i ʻole e hoʻokomo i ka **NSF-61 meaʻai anti-Surge Baffle Balls ma o ka pāpale hoʻopiha piha o kāu IBC tote (pili i nā pōʻai plastik e noho wale ana i ka 2% o ka nui o ka wai akā e wāwahi i ka manawa nalu o loko e 80%). 2. E hoʻonoho i ka pahu i waenakonu a i ʻole ma mua pono o ke koʻi hope (e hoʻopaʻa paʻa ʻia i ke poʻo o ka moena mua o kahi kaʻa kiʻi, a i ʻole i waena iki o nā axle ʻelua ma ke kaʻa kaʻa no laila 10% a 15% o ke kaumaha holoʻokoʻa e kau ana ma ke alelo hitch; ʻaʻole e hoʻouka i kahi pahu wai ma hope o ke koʻi kaʻa kaʻa, ʻo ia ka mea e piʻi ai ka wikiwiki). 3. E kāʻei i ka pahu pahu i lalo me ʻehā mau kaula ratchet kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa i helu ʻia no ka liʻiliʻi loa 1,500 kilokani (3,300 paona) ka palena o ka haawe hana (WLL) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā kaula chassis frame, ʻaʻole loa i nā makau moe metala lahilahi. 4. E kalaiwa ma kahi o 20 a 30 mau mile i kēlā me kēia hola (15 a 20 mau mile i kēlā me kēia hola) ʻoi aku ka lohi ma mua o ka wikiwiki i kau ʻia, e pāpālua i kou mamao hoʻomaha, a e hele i nā ʻeke ma ke kolo.

ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe pahu wai a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o Chlorine pololei no ka wai inu huki

Hāʻawi nā hale hoʻopiha wai nui o ke kūlanakauhale i ka wai paipu chlorinated, akā ʻo ka manawa e kahe ai ka wai ma ka hose i loko o kahi pahu huki palaki mehana a hoʻoili i loko o kahi lua wai mālama home, e hemo koke ka chlorine mua. E hahai i ka CDC, WHO, a me NSF/ANSI 61 Nā Kūlana Hoʻopuʻi ʻAi Paʻa:

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 1: E hōʻoia i ka Food-Grade / NSF-61 Mea Hana

  • Maikaʻi pahu: Pono he polyethylene haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe paha (LLDPE / HDPE) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia NSF/ANSI 61 a i ʻole FDA 21 CFR 177.1520 Food-Grade.
    • Manaʻo kōkua:* E koho i ** ʻeleʻele, ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo, a i ʻole ka pahu wai ʻeleʻele uliuli ʻeleʻele** (a i ʻole e uhi i kahi pahu IBC keʻokeʻo translucent me kahi tarp pale kukui ʻeleʻele). ʻO ka lā e hele ana i loko o kahi pā pahu keʻokeʻo translucent e hoʻopau i ka 'ōmaʻomaʻo algae blooms a hoʻopau i ka chlorine manuahi ma o UV photolysis i loko o nā hola.
  • Nā paipu a me nā pahū: E hoʻohana wale i ka NSF-61 i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka wai inu wai (maʻamau keʻokeʻo a i ʻole polū me ke keleawe alakaʻi ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​mea pono ʻole) a me ka ** ʻano meaʻai 12V/120V diaphragm transfer pump** (e like me ka SHURflo a i ʻole Seaflo potable RV pump). E hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā pāpale ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o kāu hose hoʻopiha i ka wā e mālama ʻia ai i hiki ʻole i nā spider, nā ʻiole, a me ka lepo ke komo.

KaʻAnuʻu Hana 2: Shock-chlorinate i kahi pahu wai hou a lepo paha ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻana, a laila mālama i ka 0.5 a 2.0 ppm Free Chlorine

E hoʻohana i ka ka wai chlorine bleach maʻemaʻe a me ka ʻala ʻole i loko o ka hale me 5% a 6% a i ʻole 8.25% sodium hypochlorite (\(NaOCl\)) (ʻaʻole loa e hoʻohana i ka wai pilau ʻala, ka bleach mānoanoa "splash-less", a i ʻole ka wai holoi lole me nā surfactants):

  1. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka pahu wai mua (50 ppm hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻoheheʻe no nā pahu lepo lepo/hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ke kau):
  2. E holoi i loko o ka pahu me ka wai maʻemaʻe a me kahi kulu liʻiliʻi o ke kopa ipu, a laila holoi.
  3. No ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā paia pahu ma \(50\text{ ppm}\), e hoʻohui i ka 250 milliliters (1 kīʻaha / 8 auneke wai) o 6% a i 8.25% ka waiʻala ʻole no kēlā me kēia 400 lita (100 galani) o ka mana pahu, hoʻopiha i ka wai, hoʻokele a hoʻoluliluli paha i laila e paʻi i ka hale o ka pahu i ** 12 mau hola. nā hoses hoʻoili (no laila ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā hoses), a holoi me ka wai inu maʻemaʻe.
  4. Ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka wai ʻona i kēlā me kēia lā (\(2.0\text{ ppm}\) ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana no ka mālama ʻana i \(0.5\text{ a i }1.5\text{ ppm}\) koena):
  5. I nā manawa a pau e hoʻopiha ai ʻoe i kāu pahu mai kahi pūnāwai maka a i ʻole ua pau ka chlorine i ka wai huki ʻia e ke aupuni (< \(0.5\text{ ppm}\) i hoʻāʻo ʻia me DPD Free Chlorine Test Strips), e hoʻohui i ka nui o ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe hale ʻole (6% a 8.25% \(NaOCl\)) a kali 30 minuke ma mua o ka inu ʻana:
Ka nui o ka wai maʻemaʻe i loko o ka pahu ʻAla ʻAʻala Bleach Dose (\(6\%\text{ i }8.25\%\) Sodium Hypochlorite) no \(2.0\text{ ppm}\) ʻO ka wai hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻaʻala ʻole inā he ao ka wai / anu (\(4.0\text{ppm}\))
20 Litera (5 Galani US) (1 Jerrycan) \(0.6\text{ milliliters}\) (\(1/8\text{ teaspoon}\) / \(8\text{ drops}\)) \(1.2\text{ milliliters}\) (\(1/4\text{ teaspoon}\) / \(16\text{ drops}\))
208 Litera (55 US Galani) (1 Pahu Polū) \(6\text{ milliliters}\) (\(1.25\text{ teaspoons}\)) \(12\text{ milliliters}\) (\(2.5\text{ teaspoons}\))
400 Litera (100 US Galani) \(12\text{ milliliters}\) (\(2.5\text{ teaspoons}\)) \(25\text{ milliliters}\) (\(5\text{ teaspoons}\) / \(1.7\text{ tablespoons}\))
1,040 Litera (275 US Galani) (1 IBC Tote) \(32\text{ milliliters}\) (\(\sim 2\text{ punetēpō}\) / \(1\text{ fluid auneke}\)) \(64\text{ milliliters}\) (\(4\text{ punetēpō}\) / \(2\text{ fluid aunces}\))
1,890 Litera (500 US Gallons) (Cistern) \(60\text{ milliliters}\) (\(4\text{ tablespoons}\) / \(1/4\text{ cup}\)) \(120\text{ milliliters}\) (\(8\text{ tablespoons}\) / \(1/2\text{ cup}\))
3,785 Litera (1,000 US Gallons) (Cistern) \(120\text{ milliliters}\) (\(1/2\text{ cup}\) / \(4\text{ fluid aunces}\)) \(240\text{ milliliters}\) (\(1\text{ cup}\) / \(8\text{ fluid aunces}\))

ʻO ke ola o ka mahiʻai a me nā holoholona i ka wā maloʻo

No ka poʻe mahiʻai, kahu hānai, a me ka poʻe nona ka mahiʻai hoʻokipa, hoʻomaka ka maloʻo ʻana i ʻekolu mau pilikia toxicology lāʻau lapaʻau koʻikoʻi e hiki ke holoi i kahi pua i ka ʻauinalā hoʻokahi. E heluhelu i kā mākou alakaʻi hoʻomāinoino holoholona a me ka mahiʻai hoʻokipa a hoʻokō i kēia mau pale ʻekolu:

  1. Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) & High-Sulfate Lod Toxicity:
  2. Ke mahu nei nā loko iʻa pāpaʻu i \(38^\circ\text{C}\) (\(100^\circ\text{F}\)) wela, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā meaʻai meaʻai a me ka cyanobacteria (Microcystis, Anabaena, Oscillatoria) e mohala aʻe i loko o ka pena like me ka uliuli-'ōmaʻomaʻo, ka ʻulaʻula ma ke kahakai.
  3. ʻO ka inu ʻana i ka wai loko iʻa i ka cyanobacteria e hoʻokomo i nā hepatotoxins (microcystins) a me nā neurotoxins (anatoxin-a) e hoʻoulu ai i ka haʻalulu ʻiʻo, haʻalulu, maʻi hanu, a me ka make i nā pipi, nā lio, nā hipa, a me nā ʻīlio i loko o 15 mau minuke a 2 mau hola.
  4. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā sulfates (\(SO_4^{2-}\)) ma luna o \(2,000\text{ a i }3,000\text{ ppm}\), e hoʻoulu ai i ka sulfur-induced polioencephalomalacia (pehu lolo a me ka makapō) i nā pipi ruminant. E hoʻopaʻa i nā holoholona mai loko mai o nā loko iʻoi aku ka paʻa a pā i ka wai maʻemaʻe i loko o nā ʻauwai uka.
  5. Nikaʻi ʻai ʻai i ka maloʻo (\(NO_3^-\)) ʻona:
  6. ʻO ka palaoa, ka oats, ka palaoa, ka bale, ka sorghum, ka mauʻu Sudan, a me nā nāhelehele maʻamau (pigweed, lambsquarters, Johnsongrass) e hoʻomau i ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana i ka nitrate mai ka lepo ma o ko lākou mau aʻa i ka wā maloʻo, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka wai a me ka hana enzyme e hoʻohuli i kēlā nitrate i loko o ka protein mea kanu i loko o nā lau. Hōʻiliʻili ka Nitrate i nā pae ʻona i loko o ka mau kumu haʻahaʻa.
  7. Ke ʻai ka pipi a hipa paha i nā ʻōpala maloʻo nitrate kiʻekiʻe, hoʻololi ka bacteria rumen i ka nitrate (\(NO_3^-\)) i nitrite (\(NO_2^-\)), e komo ana i loko o ke kahe koko a hoʻoheheʻe i ka hemoglobin ʻulaʻula i loko o ka chocolate-brown methemoglobin ʻaʻole hiki ke lawe i ka oxygen, e hoʻopau i ka holoholona i loko o nā hola. E hoʻouna mau i kahi laʻana meaʻai i kāu keʻena hoʻonui mahiʻai kalana no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka nitrate wikiwiki ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻolele ʻana i nā mea kanu maloʻo.
  8. Prussic Acid (Hydrogen Cyanide [\(HCN\)]) ʻona i ka ulu hou ʻana:
  9. ʻO Sorghum, Sudan mauʻu, sorghum-Sudan hybrids, a me Johnsongrass i keakea ʻia e ka maloʻo ʻālohilohi (a i ʻole ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā ʻōpuʻu ʻōmaʻomaʻo hou ma hope pono o ka ua māmā ʻana i kahi maloʻo) hoʻohua i ka nui o ka mea make o dhurrin, he cyanogenic glycoside e hoʻokuʻu ana i ** hydrogen cyanide (\(HCN\)) manuahi i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka holoholona i loko o 10 mau minuke. Mai ʻai i nā holoholona ma ka sorghum ʻōpiopio a i ʻole ka ulu hou ʻana o ka mauʻu Sudan ma lalo o 45 a 60 kenimika (18 a 24 ʻīniha) ke kiʻekiʻe me ka ʻole o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana.

Nīnau pinepine

No ke aha ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe wale i kahi ʻeke IBC ʻoihana i hoʻohana ʻia me ka bleach a me ke kaomi-holo ʻia e huki i ka wai inu?

ʻO ka polyethylene kiʻekiʻe (HDPE), ka plastic translucent keʻokeʻo i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i 275-gallon (1,040-lita) IBC totes, ʻaʻole ia he mea impermeable e like me ke aniani a i ʻole ke kila kila; ma ka microscopic pae, HDPE he semi-permeable polymer matrix. Ke hoʻohana ʻia kahi pahu IBC no ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā kemika ʻoihana, nā lāʻau lapaʻau mahiʻai, nā pesticides, surfactants, a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻohui aila, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā molekala kemika hydrophobic i loko o nā pores molecular o ka pā plastik ponoʻī. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe wale i ka ʻili o loko no kekahi mau hola ka holoi ʻana a me ka bleaching; I ka manawa e hoʻopiha ai ʻoe i ka pahu me ka wai inu maʻemaʻe a waiho ʻia i loko o ka lā mehana, e hoʻokuʻu mālie kēlā mau mea ʻawaʻawa mai loko mai o nā paia plastik i loko o ka wai inu o kou ʻohana. E hoʻohana wale i kahi pahu wai puʻupaʻa hou NSF/ANSI 61 a i ʻole kahi pahu IBC me nā palapala hōʻoia e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana ʻo ia wale nō ka paʻa ʻana i nā mea meaʻai (e like me ka syrup kulina, winika, a i ʻole wai inu).

Inā ʻo ka pūnāwai hohonu o koʻu hoalauna e puhi ana i 2,000 lita i kēlā me kēia minuke i ka wā maloʻo, hiki anei iā ia ke hoʻomaloʻo i koʻu pūnāwai noho?

ʻAe. Kāhea ka poʻe Hydrogeologists i kēia "hoʻopilikia maikaʻi" ma o ka "cone o ke kaumaha." I ka wā e pāpaʻi ai kekahi pūnāwai i ka wai mai loko mai o ka ʻili wai lalo, e hāʻule ana ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai a puni ia pūnāwai, e hana ana i kahi puʻuwai cone-cone i hoʻohuli ʻia i loko o ka pākaukau wai a puni e hoʻonui i waho no nā haneli mau mika a i ʻole mau kilomika ma muli o ka paʻa pōhaku. Inā paʻa mau ka pūnāwai mahiʻai kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole ka luawai pāʻoihana i ka wā maloʻo, hiki i kona hohonu a ākea o ke kaumaha ke hāʻule i ka ʻili wai potentiometric kūloko ma lalo o ka hohonu pāpaʻu o nā luawai hale e pili ana (kahi i wili pinepine ʻia he 30 a 60 mau mika [100 a 200 kapuaʻi] ka hohonu), e waiho ana i ka puna wai maloʻo maloʻo.

Pehea wau e ʻike ai inā pono e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia koʻu pūnāwai hale ("fracked"), hohonu, a hoʻololi ʻia paha i ka wā maloʻo?

ʻO ka mea mua, e ana i ka luawai wai laikini e ana i ka "pae wai kūmau" o kou luawai (pehea ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai i loko o ka luawai ma hope o ka hoʻomaha ʻana no 12 hola) a hoʻohālikelike i kāu lāʻau wili luawai mua. I kekahi manawa, ʻaʻole maloʻo maoli ka pūnāwai: e kau wale ana ka pauma submersible ma 40 mika (130 kapuaʻi) i loko o kahi lua 90-mika (300-kapuaʻi), a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka pamu ma ka paipu lōʻihi e 30 mika (100 kapuaʻi) e hoʻihoʻi koke i ka lako wai piha. Inā ua pau ka hua o ka luawai a pau i loko o ka ʻili pōhaku (e like me ka granite a i ʻole ka shale), ʻo ka hydrofracturing maikaʻi (ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe i loko o ka luawai ma lalo o kahi packer inflatable no ka wehe ʻana i nā haʻihaʻi mineral i hoʻopaʻa ʻia) a i ʻole ka ʻeli ʻana i ka hohonu hiki ke hoʻokuʻi i nā haʻihaʻi wai hohonu, ʻoiai ke kau ʻana i 5,000-liter citer i loko o ka hale. nā pūnāwai kahe haʻahaʻa me ka ʻole o ka wili ʻana.

ʻEhia ka nui o ka wai e pono ai ka hale kuaʻāina e huki i kēlā me kēia pule i ka wā o ka pilikia punawai maloʻo?

I ka manawa maʻamau, hoʻohana ka awelika o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau a i ʻole ʻEulopa i ka 300 a 380 lita (80 a 100 galani) o ka wai i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻo ka hapa nui no ka holoi ʻana i ka lua, ka ua lōʻihi, a me ka holoi lole. Ma lalo o ka "Tier-1 Emergency Hauling Conservation" (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā papa pepa, e lawe ana i ka ua navy 3 minuke me ka nozzle pani, e hopu ana i ka wai hina i loko o ka bākeke no ka holoi lima lima, a me ka lawe lima ʻana i kahi laundromat kalepa ma ke kūlanakauhale), hiki i ka ʻohana ke hōʻemi i ka ʻai i loko i 20 a 35 lita (5 a 9 mau galani no kēlā me kēia lā). Ma kēlā pālākiō, hoʻokahi 1,040-lita (275-galani) huki wai hoʻokahi ʻohana no 7 a 12 mau lā piha.

Nānā ʻia nā kumu

  • ** Pūnaehana ʻIkepili Aupuni Hui Pū ʻIa o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (NIDIS / NOAA) a me World Meteorological Organization (WMO):** Flash Drought Definition, Evaporative Demand Drought Index (EDDI) Physics, and Early Warning Guidelines.
  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) a me nā Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): Hoʻopau pilikia o ka wai inu, Nā Kūlana Hoʻomaʻemaʻe Hoʻomaʻamaʻa Wai Nui, a me nā Kūlana Hoʻolaʻa Kūlohelohe Well Drought Recovery.
  • National Ground Water Association (NGWA): Ala alakaʻi a ka mea nona ka pūnāwai no ka maloʻo, ka pale holo maloʻo ʻana o ka pauma Submersible, ke ʻano o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ke kaumaha, a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe wai.
  • NSF International (NSF/ANSI Standard 61) a me ka US Food and Drug Administration (FDA 21 CFR 177.1520): *Nā Mea ʻĀpana Wai inu ʻO nā hopena ola kino a me nā mea e pono ai nā lako wai inu wai.
  • ** ʻOihana Mahiai o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (USDA) a me Land-Grant University Cooperative Extension Services:** Flash Drought Livestock Management: Nitrate Toxicity, Prussic Acid (Cyanide) in Sorghum/Sudan Grass, High-Sulfate Water, and Cyanobacteria Poisoning Poisoning.

Nā alakaʻi pili