Dry Ice and Liquid Nitrogen Confined-Space Asphyxiation: Okuwangaala kw’emmotoka n’ebinyogoza¶

Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice, ku -78.5 degrees Celsius [-109.3 degrees Fahrenheit]) ne cryogenic liquid nitrogen (\(\text{LN}_2\), ku -195.8 degrees Celsius [-320.4 degrees Fahrenheit]) zikozesebwa nnyo abaguzi, abavuzi b’okutuusa ebintu, eby’okulya, amalwaliro, ne laboratory okussa emmere mu bbugumu ng’amasannyalaze gavuddeko, okusindika emmere efumbiddwa mu bbugumu oba sampuli z’ebiramu, okukola ekifu ky’akabaga ka katemba, n’okufumbisa desserts mu flash-freeze. Kubanga ebintu byombi bikyuka butereevu okuva mu kitundu ekifuuse omukka ne bifuuka ggaasi atalabika, atawunya nga bwe bibuguma, ne bigaziwa mu bunene n’emirundi emirundi 550 okutuuka ku 845 ku ice omukalu ne emirundi 696 ku nayitrojeni ow’amazzi, ne biteeka wadde akawundo akatono aka styrofoam cooler aka ice omukalu oba ventiling liquid nitrogen dewar munda mu mmotoka y’abasaabaze eggaddwa, delivery van, walk-in cooler etaliimu mpewo, ekinabiro ekitono eky’omu ttaka, oba kabina ya lifuti kikola ekisenge ekitta amangu ekisenge ekiziyira mu kifo ekizibiddwa. N’ekisinga obubi, ggaasi zombi zitta nga ziyita mu nkola ez’enjawulo ddala ez’omubiri: okussa ice omukalu wansi kireeta obutwa bwa acute hypercapnic carbon dioxide (\(\text{CO}_2\)) toxicity (obusigala nga butta ne bwe kiba nti oxygen mungi akyaliwo), so nga okufumba amazzi nayitrojeni kireeta silent normocapnic hypoxic asphyxiation (omukoseddwa w’awulira zero okussa obubi oba enjala y’empewo nga tonnazirika mu kussa emirundi ebiri). Singa omuntu yenna aziyira, assa, oba azirika okumpi ne ice omukalu oba nayitrojeni ow’amazzi, kuba ku nnamba y’amangu mu kitundu kyo amangu ddala (911 mu Amerika ne Canada, 112 okwetoloola omukago gwa Bulaaya, 999 mu Bungereza) oba weebuuze ku dayirekita yaffe eya ennamba z’amangu. Ku kuzuukusa kw’abasawo n’embeera ez’amangu eza ggaasi ezikwatagana nabyo, soma ebiragiro byaffe ku kaboni dayokisayidi, okulongoosa ice enkalu, nayitrojeni ow’amazzi, n’obujjanjabi obusookerwako obw’okuziyira, . okuziyira mu kifo ekizibiddwa: ebinnya by’abantu, siilo, ne ttanka, era okusala kwa vvaalu ya ssiringi ya ggaasi enyigirizibwa, ttanka ekuba emizinga, n’okukulukuta kw’obuziba (cryogenic leaks)..

Kino kikole kati¶

1. Bw’oba ovuga mmotoka oba kabangali etisse ice omukalu oba nayitrojeni ow’amazzi n’owulira ng’omukka gukutte mu bwangu, omutima gukuba amangu, omutwe, oba okuziyira, zingira wansi amadirisa GONNA amangu ago, kyusa daasiboodi A/C okudda ku Fresh Outside Air (NEVER Recirculate), ssika mu mmotoka nga tolina bulabe, era ofulume mu mmotoka. Ne bwe kiba kkiro 2.3 ku 9 (5 ku 20 pounds) za ice enkalu eziteekeddwa munda mu kabina ya sedan enzigale oba ekifo eky’emigugu gya SUV (oba munda mu kisenge ekifulumya empewo mu kabina okuyita mu shelf y’empapula emabega) esobola okusika kabina \(\text{CO}_2\) concentrations okuyita ku 30,000 ku 50,000 ebitundu buli bukadde (3% ku 5%) akabi threshold mu ddakiika 15 ku 40 singa amadirisa ziri waggulu era ekyuma ekifuga embeera y’obudde kiteekeddwa okuddamu okutambula.
2. Bw’olaba omuntu ng’agalamidde nga tategedde munda mu walk-in cooler, freezer, akasenge akatono akaterekebwamu ebintu, lifuti, oba mmotoka enzigale nga mulimu ice omukalu oba cryogenic dewar eyayidde, TOyingira n’oggalawo oluggi emabega wo. Kwata omukka, owanirira walk-in cooler oba enzigi z’emmotoka 100 percent wide open sooka kale cross-ventilation flushes the dense ensawo ya ggaasi efulume wansi, era osika omugenzi afulume singa oba osobola okubatuukako mu sikonda 5 okuva ku mulyango oguggule ng’okwata omukka. Singa ekisenge kijjudde ekifu ekinene ekyeru eky’obuziba (cryogenic fog) okuva mu kuyiwa kwa nayitrojeni okunene okw’amazzi oba okukulukuta kwa layini okunyigirizibwa \(\text{CO}_2\), linda ebweru abazinya mwoto nga bambadde Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA).
3. Tovugangako munda mu kabina ya lifuti ku mabbali ga liquid nitrogen dewar, pressurized cryogenic cylinder, oba akagaali akanene aka ice omukalu. Sindika cryogenic dewar oba dry ice cart waggulu oba wansi ku lifuti nga towerekeddwa, ng’okozesa ebipande bya lobby oba munno ku mwaliiro gw’ogenda okugifuna. Singa lifuti esibira wakati w’emyaliiro ng’amasannyalaze gavuddeko ng’osibye munda mu kabina akatono aka \(4\text{-cubic-meter}\) (\(140\text{-cubic-foot}\)) nga kaliko ttanka ya nayitrojeni ey’amazzi agafulumya empewo, nayitrojeni afumba ajja kusengula omukka gwa kabina wansi w’ekipimo ky’okuwangaala ebitundu 10 ku 100 mu ddakiika ntono.
4. Totereka ice nkalu munda mu kibya kya giraasi ekiziyiza empewo, eccupa ya pulasitiika eriko sikulaapu, ekibbo eky’ekyuma ekissiddwako ssimu, oba ekyuma ekinyogoza empewo ekissiddwaako kkufulu, era totereka ice nkalu munda mu walk-in cooler ekola oba mu firiiza y’ekifuba etayingiramu mpewo. Kubanga kkiro emu (pawundi 2.2) eya ice omukalu omugumu efuuka 541 liita (19.1 cubic ffuuti) za \(\text{CO}_2\) ggaasi, okusiba ice omukalu munda mu kibya ekikalu ekitaliimu kifo ekiwummuza ggaasi kizimba puleesa ezisukka mu 5,000 kilopascals (725 psi), ekivaako okubwatuka okw’amaanyi okubwatuka kwa bbomu ya ice omukalu okumenya emikono n’amaaso oba okufuuwa oluggi okuva mu firiiza.
5. Omuntu alina ice omukalu oba amazzi-nayitrojeni atategedde bw’amala okusendebwasendebwa mu mpewo ennungi ey’ebweru, kebera oba assa era otandike okussa okutaasa ne CPR amangu ddala. Olw’okuba okuziyira okuva ku \(\text{CO}_2\) oba \(\text{N}_2\) kulekera awo okussa ng’omutima tegunnalekera awo kukuba, okussa amangu okutaasa (okussa mu kamwa okutuuka mu kamwa oba bag-valve-mask with 100% oxygen) fulumya mangu omukka ogusenguddwa okuva mu nnyindo era emirundi mingi ozzaawo omukka ogw’okwekolako singa gutandikibwa mu ddakiika 3 ku 5.
6. Laba olususu lwonna olufukirira oba okukwatagana n’amaaso (-78.5°C dry ice oba -196°C liquid nitrogen) ng’obuvune obw’amaanyi olw’omuzira, bbugumya olususu olufuuse bbugumu mu kinaabiro ky’amazzi okuva ku 37°C okutuuka ku 39°C (98.6°F okutuuka ku 102.2°F) era TOSIKAKO ku bitundu ebifuuse bbugumu. Tokwatako ku ice enkalu n’olususu olutaliiko bbugumu (kozesa ggalavu ez'amaliba ezitali za mubiri oba cryogenic) era tomira oba toweereza byokunywa oba "omukka gw'ekisolo" ogulimu nayitrojeni ow'amazzi atafuumuuse oba ebitundu bya ice omukalu ebikalu, ebifuuka bbugumu n'okuboola omusuwa n'olubuto nga bikwatagana.

Omuti gw’okusalawo: ice omukalu ne nayitrojeni ow’amazzi ebizibiddwa-embeera ez’amangu¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Cryogenic oba Sublimating Gas Emergency: Muzira omukalu (CO2) oba Nayitrojeni ow’amazzi (LN2) ."] --> Location{"Okubikkulwa oba okuyiwa kuli ludda wa?"}

    Location -->|"1. MUNDA MU MMOTOKA ETAMBULA OBA ESIKIDDWA: Etambuza Dry Ice oba LN2 Dewar"| CarAction["OKUFUNA EMPEWO MU MMOTOKA OMUMANGU: 1. Yiringisiza amadirisa GONNA 4 wansi ddala amangu ddala 2. Kyuusa HVAC okudda ku Fresh Outside Air (ggyako Recirculation) era ffaani ku MAX 3. Ggya ku luguudo, simba, era ofulume mmotoka mu mpewo ennungi 4. Tambuza ice enkalu/dewar okuggulawo ekitanda kya pickup oba trunk eyawuddwamu ng’amadirisa gakutuse"]

    Location -->|"2. WALK-IN COOLER, FREEZER, OBA ekisenge ekitono: Dewar eyayidde oba Dry Ice eterekeddwa"| RoomCheck{"Omuntu agudde munda mu kisenge?"}

    RoomCheck -->|"Nedda: Bulooka eziyiwa oba ezifuumuuka zokka"| VentRoom["UNOCCUPIED SPILL PROTOCOL: 1. TOyingira mu walk-in cooler oba ekisenge ekiggaddwa 2. Prop oluggi lw’ebweru 100% nga luggule ng’okozesa wedge enzito okuva ebweru 3. Ggulako ebyuma ebifulumya omukka mu kizimbe n’omuguwa okuva ku mulyango 4. Linda eddakiika 30+ oba kakasa O2 >= 19.5% ne CO2 < 0.5% ne gas meter"]

    RoomCheck -->|"Yee: Omukozi oba omulabi ng’azirika wansi"| RescueTriage{"Osobola okuziggyamu okuva ku threshold mu < 5 seconds?"}

    RescueTriage -->|"Yee: Omugenzi ali ku mulyango oguggule ddala"| FastDrag["THRESHOLD HOLD-BREATH EXTRICATION: 1. Wedge door wide open so it cannot swing shut behind you 2. Fuuwa omukka omungi mu mpewo ennungi, kwata omukka, kwata enkizi/enkokola y’omugenzi, era osika ebweru 3. Tandika okussa okutaasa + CPR amangu ddala mu mpewo ennungi"]

    RescueTriage -->|"Nedda: Munda mu kisenge oba ekifu ekyeru ekinene"| CallSCBA["LINDA SCBA FIRE RESCUE: 1. TOYINGAKO mu kisenge ekirimu ekifu kya nayitrojeni nga tekirina Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus 2. Prop oluggi nga luggule nnyo okuva ebweru era olung’amya ffaani ekwatibwako mu mulyango 3. Kuba 911 / 112 / 999 okufuna Fire-Rescue SCBA mu bwangu"]

    Location -->|"3. OKUMIRIRA OLUSULU, AMAASO, OBA GI OBUTUNDU: Okukwata ku Dry Ice oba Okumira LN2"| CryoBurn["CRYOGENIC INJURY TRIAGE: 1. Olususu: Funa oba nnyika olususu olufuuse bbugumu mu mazzi agabuguma aga 37 C okutuuka ku 39 C (98.6 F okutuuka ku 102.2 F) (tosiiga) 2. Singa ice/ekyuma ekikalu kifuuse bbugumu ku lususu, yiwa amazzi agabuguma ku junction okufulumya (never rip dry) 3. Okumira: Call 911 amangu ddala ku kusengejja ebituli by’olubuto; TOKUleetera kusesema"]

Okubala kw’okugaziya ggaasi: lwaki kkiro 5 (pawundi 11) eza ice omukalu zifuula mmotoka ekifo eky’akabi¶

Abantu bangi batambuza ice omukalu munda mu kabina y’abasaabaze oba ekifo ky’emigugu gya SUV mu mmotoka yaabwe nga tebamanyi ngeri kigumu \(\text{CO}_2\) gye kifuumuuka amangu mu ggaasi, oba nti kaboni dayokisayidi butwa bwa kemiko obukola eri obusimu obw’omu makkati, so si buwundo bwa oxygen obwangu bwokka.

1. Sublimation rate n’okubalirira obuzito bwa kabina¶

• Omugerageranyo gw’okugaziwa: Kkiro emu (\(2.2\text{ pounds}\)) eya ice omukalu omugumu erina obuzito bwa \(0.64\text{ liters}\), naye bwe yeekulukuunya mu \(\text{CO}_2\) ggaasi ku \(20°C\) (\(68°F\)) ne puleesa y’empewo, egaziwa okutuuka ku 541 liita (19.1 cubic feet) of pure \(\text{CO}_2\) gas (omugerageranyo gw’okugaziwa nga 845-ku-1 ku bunene).
• Sblimation rate mu mmotoka ebuguma: Munda mu standard styrofoam cooler oba paper bag etekeddwa mu \(22°C\) (\(72°F\)) car cabin, dry ice sublimates ku roughly 1% ku 3% buli ssaawa nga otudde, ne okutuuka ku 5% ku 10% buli ssaawa nga ofunye empewo ebuguma, okusumululwa okupakinga, oba okumenyese obukuta (nga obukuta obukuba ice omukalu oba obulooka ezipakinga ice-cream ezitambula).
• Kaabuyonjo y’abasaabaze eya Liita 3,000: Sedan ya mutindo gwa compact oba midsize erina empewo munda nga liita 2,800 ku 3,200 (cubic feet 100 ku 113).
• Okulinnyisa omuwendo gwa \(\text{CO}_2\) munda mu kabina eyo ey’emmotoka eya liita 3,000 okuva ku mpewo eya bulijjo ey’ebweru (\(0.04\%\text{ oba }400\text{ ppm}\)) okutuuka ku OSHA Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) threshold ya 4% (40,000 ppm) kyetaagisa 120 liita zokka eza \(\text{CO}_2\) ggaasi.
• **Liita 120 eza \(\text{CO}_2\) ggaasi zikolebwa olw’okubumbulukuka kwa gram 220 zokka (pawundi 0.48 / ounces 7.7) eza ice omukalu **
• Singa ddereeva ateeka ekibokisi kya kilo 10 (pawundi 22) eky’obukuta bwa ice omukalu oba bulooka munda mu mmotoka ng’amadirisa gaggaddwa ate nga n’ekyuma ekifuuwa empewo ku daasiboodi kiteekeddwa ku "MAX A/C / Recirculate", ebitundu 2.2 ku buli 100 byokka ku bbalaafu eyo enkalu efuumuuka okumala eddakiika 20 ku 30 zisika kabina okuyita ku bitundu 4% \(\text{CO}_2\), ate 500 grams (1.1 pounds) sublimating pushes the cabin past 9% to 10% \(\text{CO}_2\), concentration ereeta okukonziba, coma, n’okufa mu ddakiika (nga bwe kibadde mu kufa okungi okuwandiikiddwa okuzingiramu abavuzi abatuusa ice-cream n’ab’omu maka nga beebase oba okuvuga mu mmotoka nga balina ice omukalu).

2. Lwaki ekifo we batereka mmotoka mu mmotoka ekya trunk storage ekyafulumya empewo mu kabina y’abasaabaze¶

Baddereeva bangi balowooza nti okuteeka ice omukalu munda mu kisenge (boot) ekiggaddwa ekya mmotoka ekika kya Sedan ey’emiryango 4 kyawula ddala ggaasi ku basaabaze abali mu ntebe z’omu maaso n’ez’emabega. Bayinginiya abakola ku by’empewo mu mmotoka bakola dizayini y’emmotoka z’abasaabaze empewo ennungi n’eyingira ng’eyita mu mikutu gy’empewo egy’omu maaso, n’eyita mu kabina y’abasaabaze, n’eyita mu mikutu gy’empewo egy’emabega egya package-shelf n’eyingira mu kisenge ky’emmotoka, n’efuluma ng’eyita mu vvaalu za kapiira ezikwese emabega wa bampere y’emabega. Emmotoka bw’eba esimbiddwa, ng’ekola, oba ng’evuga nga HVAC eri ku Recirculate, sublimating \(\text{CO}_2\) essa puleesa ku kisenge ky’emmotoka n’esaasaana mu maaso ng’eyita mu migongo gy’entebe y’emabega egy’okuzinga wansi butereevu mu kabina y’omusaabaze.

Okugerageranya kwa ice omukalu (\(\text{CO}_2\)) vs Nayitrojeni ow’amazzi (\(\text{LN}_2\)) vs Carbon Monoxide (\(\text{CO}\))¶

Engeri y’okutambuza ice omukalu ne nayitrojeni ow’amazzi mu mmotoka mu ngeri ey’obukuumi¶

Buli lw’olina okutambuza ice omukalu oba dewar ya nayitrojeni ow’amazzi ku luguudo, goberera amateeka gano amakakali ag’obukuumi ku ggaasi enyigirizibwa n’ebintu eby’obulabe (agakwatagana ne DOT PHMSA, Compressed Gas Association [CGA] Pamphlet P-12, ne UK HSE / BCGA CP30):

1. Emmotoka esinga okulonda: Tambula ice enkalu oba nayitrojeni ow’amazzi munda mu ekitanda ekiggule ekya pikipiki oba munda mu kabangali y’emigugu eriko ekyuma ekiziyiza empewo okuyingira mu kyuma ekyawula ekifo we bateeka emigugu ku kabina ya ddereeva era nga kirimu ekyuma ekiwunyiriza ku kasolya.
2. Bw'oba olina okukozesa mmotoka y'abasaabaze, SUV, oba minivan:
3. Totambuzangako liquid nitrogen dewar munda mu kabina y'emmotoka z'abasaabaze singa wabaawo mmotoka yonna ey'emigugu; singa owalirizibwa mu mbeera ey’amangu, nyweza dewar nga yeegolodde n’emisipi/emisipi ereme kukyuka n’okusuula nayitrojeni ow’amazzi ku kapeti eya wansi mu kiseera ky’okusiba buleeki enzibu.
4. Kuuma amadirisa agatakka wansi wa abiri (agamu mu maaso, agamu agatunudde emabega) nga gazingiddwa wansi waakiri sentimita 5 (yinsi 2) okumala olugendo lwonna, awatali kulowooza ku nkuba oba embeera y’obudde ennyogovu.
5. Teeka climate control y’emmotoka ku FRESH OUTSIDE AIR ( disable the Recirculate button) era oteeke blower fan ku Medium oba High kale positive outside air pressure egenda mu maaso n’okufuuwa kabina okuva mu maaso okudda emabega.
6. Totuulangako munda mu mmotoka esimbiddwa, etatambula nga erimu ice omukalu oba nayitrojeni ow’amazzi, ne bwe wamala eddakiika 5 ng’olinze mu ppaaka.
7. Bw’otuuka w’ogenda: Ggulawo enzigi z’emmotoka zonna era leka empewo mu kisenge ky’emigugu/emigugu efulumye okumala sekondi 60 nga tonnaserengeta mutwe gwo munda mu luzzi lw’emigugu emizito okusitula ekyuma ekinyogoza ekizito.

Walk-in coolers, freezers mu basement, ne laboratory cryogenic spills¶

Ffiriigi z’emmere eziyingira, loogi z’ennyama mu supamaketi, ebisenge ebinyogoga mu malwaliro, n’ebiyumba ebizimbulukusa mu makolero biba bokisi ezitali za mpewo ezisibiddwa nga ziziyiza empewo. Amasannyalaze bwe gavaako mu dduuka ly’emmere oba mu dduuka ly’emmere, ba maneja batera okugula kkiro 50 ku 200 (pawundi 110 ku 440) eza ice blocks ne bazituuma ku bushalofu munda mu walk-in cooler enzigale okukuuma emmere obutayonooneka.

1. Omutego gw’okufa ogwa Walk-In Cooler¶

• Ennyogoza eya bulijjo eya \(2.4\text{-by-}3.0\text{-by-}2.4\text{-meter}\) (\(8\text{-by-}10\text{-by-}8\text{-foot}\)) erimu obuzito bw’omunda obwa 17,280 liita (640 cubic feet) era erina zero fresh-air intake vents (ye evaporator fans ziddamu okutambula empewo ekwatiddwa munda mu box yokka).
• Okuteeka kkiro 25 (pawundi 55) eza ice omukalu munda mu cooler eyo eggaddwa okutambula ekiro kivaamu liita 13,500 eza ggaasi omulongoofu \(\text{CO}_2\), ne kifuula wansi mita 1.5 (fuuti 5) eza walk-in cooler okufuuka ekisenge kya ggaasi 50% ku 70% \(\text{CO}_2\).
• Enkeera ku makya, omukozi aggulawo oluggi oluzito olw’okuyingira, n’ayingira munda okukwata ttaapu y’emmere, n’aleka oluggi olujjudde ensulo okunyiga okuggalwa emabega waabwe, n’assa omukka ebiri ogwa 50% \(\text{CO}_2\), n’agwa wansi, awali \(\text{CO}_2\) concentration esinga, n’afa mu ddakiika 3 ebweru okuggyako ng’omuntu ali ebweru abalaba okuyita mu ddirisa.

2. Enkola y’obukuumi ekakatako ey’okukozesa ice omukalu mu Walk-In Coolers oba Freezers:¶

1. Teeka ekipande ekinene, ekirabika ennyo DANGER - DRY ICE (\(\text{CO}_2\)) ASPHYXIATION HAZARD - TOYINGIRA NGA TOYINGIRA EMPEWO nga kiwandiikiddwa butereevu ku mukono gw’oluggi olw’ebweru ne latch ya walk-in cooler yonna oba ekisenge ekirimu ice omukalu.
2. Toyingiranga mu walk-in cooler ebadde ekutte ice omukalu okumala ekiro okutuusa ng’owanirizza oluggi olukulu nga luggule ebitundu 100 ku 100 n’ekiwujjo ekizito n’ofuuwa empewo ennungi munda ng’okozesa box fan okumala waakiri eddakiika 15 ku 20.
3. Tokkiriza luggi lwa walk-in cooler olulimu spring kuggalawo ng’oli munda singa wabaawo ice omukalu, nayitrojeni ow’amazzi, oba ssiringi z’ensulo za bbiya/soda ezinyigirizibwa \(\text{CO}_2\) eziterekeddwa munda mu bbokisi.
4. Kebera Emergency Door Release Plunger munda eyaka mu nzikiza nga tonnaba kukozesa walk-in cooler yonna osobole okusika latch okuggulawo okuva munda ne mu kizikiza ekijjuvu.

Obuyambi obusookerwako ku kwokya okuva mu cryogenic, okunywerera ku lususu, n’okumira nayitrojeni ow’amazzi mu kufumba¶

1. Okukwatagana kw’olususu n’amaaso (-78.5°C Dry Ice oba -196°C Liquid Nitrogen) .¶

• Lwaki okumansira kwa nayitrojeni okw’amazzi mu bufunze kuyiringisibwa ku lususu (The Leidenfrost Effect), era lwaki engoye ennyogovu ziba za katyabaga: Amatondo matono aga nayitrojeni ow’amazzi aga \(-196°C\) (\(-320°F\)) bwe gafuumuuka ku lususu olutaliiko kintu kyonna, olubuguma, olukalu, amatondo g’amazzi gafumba mangu nga gakwatagana, ne gakola ekifuba ekitono eky’omukka gwa nayitrojeni wansi w’akatondo (the Leidenfrost effect) akaziyiza olususu okumala sekondi 1 ku 2 ng’amatondo gayiringisibwa awatali bulabe. Wabula singa nayitrojeni ow’amazzi amansira ku ngoye za ppamba, engatto za kanvaasi, emiguwa gy’essaawa, oba munda mu kafuba ka ggalavu ey’obukuumi, olugoye luno lunyiga era ne lukwata nayitrojeni ow’amazzi butereevu ku lususu okumala sekondi 10 ku 60, ne lufuuka omuzira olususu, amasavu agali wansi w’olususu, n’emisuwa nga gigumu okutuuka ku ggumba.
• Obujjanjabi obusookerwako mu Cryogenic Burn:
• Singa nayitrojeni ow’amazzi anyweredde mu glove, sock, oba sleeve: Ggyako olugoye oluyitiridde amangu ddala singa luba terunnaba kufuuka bbugumu ku lususu. Singa engoye oba ekitundu kya ice ekikalu/ekyuma ekinyogovu kiba nga kifuuse bbugumu ku lususu, TOSIKA oba okukikutula nga kikalu, okukikutula kikutula amaziga g’olususu lwonna olufuuse bbugumu. Mu kifo ky’ekyo, yiwa amazzi ga ttaapu agabuguma (\(37°C\text{ okutuuka ku }39°C\) [\(98.6°F\text{ okutuuka ku }102.2°F\)]) ku kintu ekikwatiddwa okutuusa ng’ekiyungo kya ice kisaanuuse ne kifuluma mu ngeri ennyonjo.
• Ddamu okubugumya amangu olususu olufuuse bbugumu mu \(37°C\text{ okutuuka ku }39°C\) (\(98.6°F\text{ okutuuka ku }102.2°F\)) okunaaba kw’amazzi okutambula okumala eddakiika 15 ku 30 okutuusa ng’olususu oluddugavu, olukalu, olulimu wax lufuuse pinki/red era nga lugonvu. Tokozesangako mazzi gookya agasukkulumye ku \(42°C\) (\(108°F\)), tokozesangako bbugumu kkalu eritangalijja (nga space heater), era tosiiga oba masaagi olususu olufuuse bbugumu (okusiiga kusenya ice crystals ez’omunda ku cell membranes).
• Zinga bulungi mu gaasi omukalu ataliimu buwuka (oteeka paadi za gaasi wakati w’engalo oba ebigere ebikoseddwa), tofulumya bizimba bitangaavu, waayo ibuprofen ow’omu kamwa bw’oba ​​omanyi, era genda mu basawo.
• Singa nayitrojeni ow’amazzi akulukuta mu maaso: Okunaabisa amangu eriiso eriggule n’amazzi amangi agabuguma oba omunnyo ogutaliimu buwuka okumala eddakiika 15, bikka amaaso gombi mu ngeri etali nnywevu n’akatundu akataliimu puleesa, era ofune obujjanjabi obw’amangu obw’amaaso.

2. Okufumba "Omukka gw'ekisota" / Okumira Cocktail ya Nitrogen ey'amazzi (Gastric Barotrauma) .¶

Ebbaala, emyoleso, n'amaduuka ga ice-cream ow'ebipya oluusi gakozesa nayitrojeni ow'amazzi oba ice omukalu omugumu okukola cocktails ezifuuwa sigala oba cereal puffs ("Dragon's Breath"). Bombi ekitongole kya Amerika ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’emmere n’eddagala (FDA) n’ebitongole ebikuuma emmere mu nsi yonna birabula nti nayitrojeni yenna ow’amazzi ne ice omukalu omugumu birina okufuumuuka oba okufuumuuka ebitundu 100 ku 100 NGA emmere oba ekyokunywa tekinnakwasibwa mukozesa. - Kiki ekibaawo singa omuntu amira wadde mililita 5 ku 10 (ekijiiko kimu ku bibiri) ebya nayitrojeni ow’amazzi oba akatundu ka ice omukalu: 1. Kireeta amangu full-thickness cryogenic necrosis of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, ne bbugwe w’olubuto. 2. Munda mu lubuto olubuguma olwa \(37°C\) (\(98.6°F\)), mililita 10 eza nayitrojeni ow’amazzi zifumba mangu ne zifuuka liita 7 (ggaloni 1.85) eza ggaasi wa nayitrojeni alina puleesa amangu okusinga omusuwa gw’omumwa gwa nnabaana bw’esobola okugufulumya. Olubuto lufuuwa nga bbaatule ne lubwatuka (gastric barotrauma / stomach perforation), ne luyiwa ggaasi ne asidi w’olubuto mu kisenge ky’olubuto (tension pneumoperitoneum), ekisika waggulu ku nnabaana ne kireetera okussa n’omutima okusiba. - Obujjanjabi obusookerwako obw'amangu: Kuba 911 / 112 / 999 mu bwangu okufuna entambula ey'amangu ey'okulongoosa. Toleetera kusesema era tokaka mulwadde kunywa mazzi mangi mu lubuto olulimu ebituli; omulwadde mukuume ng’atudde nga yeegolodde (semi-upright) okusobola okwanguyiza okussa okutuusa ng’abajjanjabi abasookerwako batuuse.

Ennamba z’embeera ez’amangu mu bitundu n’ebiragiro by’ebitongole¶

• United States: Kuba 911 amangu ddala ku kugwa kwonna okw’ekifo ekizibiddwa, obutwa bw’emmotoka \(\text{CO}_2\), oba okumira cryogenic, era otegeeze omusindika mu ngeri ey’enjawulo nti carbon dioxide (dry ice) oba liquid nitrogen asphyxiation yeenyigiddemu kale abazinya mwoto baleeta 4-gas / \(\text{CO}_2\) monitors era SCBA. Ku bibuuzo ebikwata ku kukwatibwa ebitali bya bulabe eri obulamu, kuba ku Poison Control ku 1-800-222-1222. Ekkomo ku bifo by’emirimu lifugibwa OSHA (29 CFR 1910.1000: \(\text{CO}_2\) PEL ey’essaawa 8 = 5,000 ppm; NIOSH STEL = 30,000 ppm; IDLH = 40,000 ppm [4%]; oxygen etali nnungi = 19.5%).
• Canada: Kuba 911 okutaasa mu bwangu, oba 1-844-POISON-X (1-844-764-7669) ku bifo eby’obutwa. Entambula ya ice enkalu ne nayitrojeni ow’amazzi efugirwa wansi wa Transport Canada TDG (Entambula y’ebintu eby’obulabe: UN1845 Carbon Dioxide, Solid; UN1977 Nitrogen, Refrigerated Liquid).
• Bungereza: Kuba 999 oba 112. Efugirwa Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’obulamu n’obukuumi (HSE) (EH40 Ekkomo ku kukwatibwa mu kifo ky’okukoleramu: \(\text{CO}_2\) 8-hr LTEL = 5,000 ppm, 15-min STEL = 15,000 ppm) ne British Compressed Gases Association (BCGA) Codes of Practice (CP26 for Bulk Liquid Nayitrojeni, CP30 okukozesa obulungi amazzi aga Nayitrojeni Dewars, ne GN11 ku Reduced Oxygen Atmospheres).
• Omukago gwa Bulaaya: Kuba 112 mu mawanga gonna agali mu mukago gwa EU. Efugirwa omutindo gw’obukuumi ogwa European Industrial Gases Association (EIGA) (EIGA Doc 44: Obulabe bwa Gaasi ezitakola n’okukendeera kwa oxygen ne EIGA Doc 67: Okukwata obulungi ebidomola bya Carbon Dioxide ne Dry Ice).
• Australia ne New Zealand: Kuba 000 mu Australia (Amawulire agakwata ku butwa 13 11 26) oba 111 mu New Zealand (National Poisons Center 0800 764 766). Efugirwa Safe Work Australia ne AS 5034 (Okuteeka n’okukozesa ggaasi ezitakola mu kugaba ebyokunywa n’okutereka ebyokunywa).

Ebibuuzo ebitera okubuuzibwa¶

Ekyuma ekizuula kaboni monokisayidi (CO) eky’omu maka ekya bulijjo kikola alamu nga ice omukalu ajjuza ekisenge ne kaboni dayokisayidi (CO2)?¶

Nedda.Ekizuula kaboni monokisayidi ($\text{CO}$) n’ekilondoola kaboni dayokisayidi ($\text{CO}_2$) bikozesebwa bibiri eby’enjawulo ddala nga tebirina buzibu bwa kusalaba. Alaamu eza bulijjo ez’omu maka n’ez’omulimu $\text{CO}$ zikozesa ekyuma ekifukirira amafuta ekikola ku kaboni monokisayidi yokka ($\text{CO}$, okuva mu kwokya amafuta oba omukka ogufuluma). Ne bwe kiba nti okufuumuula ice enkalu kujjuza ekisenge oba walk-in cooler n’obungi bwa kaboni dayokisayidi ($\text{CO}_2$) obutta ebitundu 10% (100,000 ppm) oba nayitrojeni ow’amazzi afumba kikendeeza ku mutindo gwa oxygen okutuuka ku bitundu 5%, ekyuma ekizuula kaboni monokisayidi ekya bulijjo kijja kusoma 0 ppm era tekijja kukuba alamu. Eby’okulya, amakolero g’omwenge, ne laabu birina okuteekawo ebyuma ebilondoola eby’amasannyalaze ebya infrared $\text{CO}_2$ n’alamu ezikendeeza ku Oxygen ($\text{O}_2$) eziteekeddwa ku buwanvu bw’okussa ne sentimita 30 (yinsi 12) waggulu wansi.

Lwaki 8% carbon dioxide (CO2) atta mu ddakiika ne bwe kiba nti ekisenge kikyalimu oxygen 19%?¶

Okwawukana ku nayitrojeni, heliyamu oba argon, nga zino ggaasi ezitakola mu mubiri ezikola obulabe bwokka nga zisika ebitundu bya oxygen wansi wa 16% okutuuka ku 19.5%, kaboni dayokisayidi ($\text{CO}_2$) kasasiro akola mu nkyukakyuka y’emmere omubiri gwo gwe gulina okusuula buli kiseera okuva mu mawuggwe go okukuuma pH y’omusaayi gwo ku $7.40$. Empewo gy’ossa bw’ebaamu dda ebitundu 5% ku 8% $\text{CO}_2$, ekisengejjo ky’obungi okubuna ennywanto zo kikyuka: amawuggwe go tegakyasobola kufulumya $\text{CO}_2$, era $\text{CO}_2$ gy’ossa esaanuuka mu musaayi gwo okukola asidi wa kaboni ($\text{H}_2\text{CO}_3$). Mu ddakiika ntono, pH y’omusaayi mu misuwa ekka wansi wa $7.0$ (**profound acute respiratory acidosis**), ekivaako emisuwa gy’obwongo okugaziwa, puleesa y’omutwe okulinnya, omutima okutambula obubi, okukoma, n’okusiba okussa, ne bwe kiba nti empewo y’ekisenge ekyalimu oxygen ebitundu 19%.

Nsobola okwambala ekyuma ekissa omukka (cartridge respirator) oba masiki y’enfuufu eya N95 okutaasa omuntu eyagudde mu walk-in cooler ejjudde ice omukalu oba liquid nitrogen?¶

Toyingirangako mu kifo ekitaliimu oxygen oba nga kirimu $\text{CO}_2$ nga oyambala masiki ya N95, ekyuma ekissa eky’omukka ogw’obutonde (organic-vapor respirator) ekitundu kya ffeesi, oba masiki ya ggaasi. Ebyuma ebissa ebirongoosa empewo bisengejja obutundutundu oba okulondoola omukka gw’eddagala okuva mu mpewo eriwo; tezigaba oxygen era tezisobola kusiimuula 50,000 ppm za $\text{CO}_2$. Okuyingira mu walk-in cooler erimu nitrogen-displaced oba $\text{CO}_2$-flooded walk-in cooler ng’oyambala filter mask kijja kukutta mu missa ebiri gye gimu ddala n’okuyingira nga tolina face. **Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)** eya puleesa ennungi yokka erimu ttanka yaayo ey’empewo enyigirizibwa oba ekyuma ekissa eky’ennyonyi ewereddwa kye kiwa empewo essa.

Ekire ekyeru eky’ekifu waggulu wa nayitrojeni ow’amazzi oba ice omukalu gwe ggaasi yennyini yennyini?¶

Ekifu ekyeru ekirabika nga kiyiringisibwa okuva ku bbakuli ya ice omukalu oba nayitrojeni ow’amazzi agayidde si $\text{CO}_2$ oba $\text{N}_2$ ggaasi, kaboni dayokisayidi ne ggaasi wa nayitrojeni byombi ebitundu 100 ku 100 tebirabika era tebirina langi. Ekire ekyeru buba bunnyogovu bwa bulijjo obw’omukka gw’amazzi mu mpewo y’ekisenge ebadde efuuse amatondo g’amazzi aga microscopic (ebire) oluvannyuma lw’okunnyogoga olw’omukka omunnyogovu ogutalabika. Ekikulu, nga ggaasi $\text{CO}_2$ oba $\text{N}_2$ ebuguma ng’eyita mu kifo omusulo gw’ekisenge, **ekifu ekyeru kibula ddala ate ggaasi atalabika aziyira n’asigala ng’asibiddwa mu kisenge oba mu mmotoka**. Tolowoozangako nti ekifo tekirina bulabe bwonna okussa olw’okuba ekifu ekyeru ekirabika kiweddewo.

Bujjanjabi ki obusookerwako bwe nsaanidde okuwa omuntu eyaakassa CO2 omungi okuva mu dry-ice cooler era ng’assa nnyo empewo ng’omutwe gumuluma?¶

Omuntu oyo tambule mangu mu mpewo ennungi ey’ebweru okuva ku mmotoka oba ekizimbe, era atuule nga yeegolodde mu mbeera ennungi. Olw’okuba $\text{CO}_2$ efuuwa ereeta okusikirizibwa okw’amaanyi okw’ekifo eky’okussa eky’ekikolo ky’obwongo, omuntu ajja kussa mangu era mu buziba okumala eddakiika 5 ku 15 ng’amawuggwe ge gafuuwa $\text{CO}_2$ ezisukkiridde ezisaanuuse ne zizzaawo pH y’omusaayi eya bulijjo. Bagumya, sumulula enkokola ennywevu, bawe omukka gwa oxygen ogw’okugatta bwe guba nga guliwo, era kuba 911 / 112 / 999 singa bafuna okuzirika kwonna okumala akaseera katono, okulumwa mu kifuba, okutabulwa okutambula obutasalako, oba okutaataaganyizibwa mu kulaba. Okukola omusomo gwa CPR n’obujjanjabi obusookerwako mu ngalo okuva mu Red Cross, St John Ambulance, oba omusawo w’omu kitundu kikuteekateeka okwanukula mu mbeera ez’amangu ez’okusannyalala.

Ebiragiro ebikwatagana nabyo¶

• Carbon dioxide, dry ice sublimation, liquid nayitrojeni, n’obujjanjabi obusookerwako obw’okuziyira
• Okuziyira mu kifo ekizibiddwa: ebinnya by’abantu, siilo, ne ttanka
• Okusala kwa vvaalu ya ssiringi ya ggaasi enyigiriziddwa, ttanka ekuba emizinga, n’okukulukuta kw’amazzi aga cryogenic
• Hypothermia ne frostbite obujjanjabi obusookerwako obw’amangu

Ensonda n’obulagirizi obutongole¶

• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) ne National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): Okulabula ku bulabe: Okuziyiza okufa okuva mu Carbon Dioxide (Dry Ice) ne Liquid Nitrogen Asphyxiation mu bifo ebizibiddwa, Walk-In Coolers, n’emmotoka ezitwala ebintu.
• Ekibiina kya Compressed Gas Association (CGA) n’ekibiina ekigatta ggaasi z’amakolero mu Bulaaya (EIGA): CGA Pamphlet P-12 (Okukwata amazzi aga Cryogenic mu ngeri ey’obukuumi), CGA G-6.1 (Obukuumi bwa Carbon Dioxide / Dry Ice), ne EIGA Doc 44 (Obulabe bwa Gaasi ezitakola n’okukendeera kwa oxygen).
• Ekitongole ky’ebyobulamu n’obukuumi mu Bungereza (HSE) n’ekibiina ekigatta ggaasi ezinyigirizibwa mu Bungereza (BCGA): Etteeka ly’enkola ya BCGA CP30 (Okukozesa amazzi aga Nayitrojeni Dewars mu ngeri ey’obukuumi okutuuka ku liita 500) ne GN11 (Reduced Oxygen Atmospheres in Cellars and Coolers).
• Ekitongole ekivunaanyizibwa ku by’emmere n’eddagala mu Amerika (FDA): Okulabula ku by’okwerinda ku kwongera nayitrojeni ow’amazzi ne ice omukalu mu mmere n’ebyokunywa mu kifo we bitundibwa (Gastric Barotrauma and Cryogenic Perforation).
• Ebifo ebifuga n’okuziyiza endwadde (CDC / MMWR): Alipoota z’ensonga z’obulwadde obusaasaana ku kutamiira kwa kaboni dayokisayidi okutta mu kiseera ky’okutambuza mmotoka n’okutereka ice omukalu.