Ibarafu ryumye n'amazi y'azote mu kibanza gifunze: Ubuzima bw'imodoka n'ivyo gukonjesha¶

Umwuka w’ikirere (urubura rwumye, ku bushuhe bwa -78,5 degre Celsius [-109,3 degre Fahrenheit]) n’umuyaga w’amazi (\(\text{LN}_2\)**, ku bushuhe bwa degre -195,8 n’ubushuhe bw’ubushuhe bwa degre -320,4) abashoferi, amaresitora, ibitaro be n’ama laboratwari kugira ngo bakonjeshe ibifungurwa mu gihe umuyagankuba uzimiye, bohereze ibifungurwa bikonjeshejwe canke ivyerekanwa vy’ibinyabuzima, bareme igihu c’imisi mikuru y’ikinamico, be n’ibifungurwa bikonjeshejwe. Kubera ko ivyo bintu vyompi bihinduka ataco bimaze biva mu gice c’amazi gikomeye bikaja mu gazi itaboneka kandi idafise akamoto uko bishuha, bikagwira mu bwinshi incuro 550 gushika ku 845 ku barafu yumye be n’incuro 696 ku barafu yumye, bikaba bishiramwo mbere n’agace gatoyi k’ivyuma bikonjesha nitro a dewar closed liquide of dry ice . imodoka, imodoka itwara ibifungurwa, igikoresho co gukonjesha kitagira umwuka, ubwogero buto bwo munsi y’ubutaka, canke imodoka y’asanseri bituma umuntu agira icumba co gupfuka amazi mu kibanza gikingijwe gishobora kwica ningoga. N’ikibi kuruta, izo gazi zibiri zica biciye ku buryo butandukanye rwose bw’umubiri: gutera imbere kw’urubura rwumye bitera ubumara bw’umuyaga w’ikirere (\(\text{CO}_2\)) (buguma bwica naho hoba hakiriho umwuka mwinshi w’umwuka), mu gihe ubumara bw’ikirere butera nitrogenic asphyxiation (aho uwushikiwe n’ingorane yumva ata n’umwe afise ubukene bw’impwemu canke inzara y’umuyaga imbere y’uko atakaza ubwenge mu guhumeka kabiri). Nihagira umuntu agira ibicurane, akabura impwemu canke akabura ubwenge hafi y’urubura rwumye canke azote y’amazi, hamagara inomero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere iwanyu ubwo nyene (911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Kanada, 112 mu Bumwe bw’Uburayi bwose, 999 mu Bwongereza) canke urabe urutonde rwacu rw’ibiharuro vy’abantu ku . inomero z'ivyihutirwa. Ku bijanye n’ugusubira kubaho mu vy’ubuvuzi be n’ivyihutirwa bijanye na gazi, soma uburongozi bwacu ku carbone, ugutera imbere kw’urubura rwumye, azote y’amazi, n’ubutabazi bwa mbere bwo guhumeka, gupfuka umwuka mu kibanza gikingijwe: imyobo, amasilo, n'ibidengeri, na gazi ipfutse, itangi ry'ibisasu, n'ibivuza.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. **Nimba uriko uratwara imodoka canke imodoka y'ibarabara itwara barafu yumye canke azote y'amazi maze ukumva upfutse impwemu bukwi na bukwi, umutima utera vuba, umutwe ukaba ugira iseseme, ushire hasi amadirisho YOSE ubwo nyene, uhindure A/C ku rubaho rw'ibarabara ku muyaga mwiza wo hanze (NTUZOKWIGEZE usubira gusubira inyuma), ushire hejuru y'intambwe y'imodoka mu buryo butekanye, maze ushire hejuru y'intambwe y'imodoka.2. ibiro (amapawundi 5 gushika kuri 20) vy’urubura rwumye rushizwe imbere mu nzu y’imodoka y’ibara ry’agahama canke ahantu h’imizigo (canke mu nzu y’ibaraza ry’ibarafu ry’inyuma) birashobora gusunika ivyuma vy’ibarafu \(\text{CO}_2\) birenze **30.000 gushika kuri 50.000 y’ibice (sho% to5000 parts per% to5ld1). Iminota 40 iyo amadirisho ari hejuru kandi umuyagankuba ukaba ushizweho kugira ngo usubire guhinduka.
2. Niwabona umuntu aryamye ataco azi imbere mu gikoresho co gukonjesha, mu gitereko c’amazi, mu cumba gitoyi co kubikamwo ibintu, mu asanseri, canke mu modoka yugaye irimwo barafu yumye canke dewar y’umuriro yamenetse, NTUKIGERE maze ufunge urugi inyuma yawe. Fata impwemu yawe, prop the vehiler o**decent per10o first do rero cross-ventilation irasukura umufuko wa gaze mwinshi uyisohoka hasi, kandi ugakwega gusa uwo muntu yagirizwa hanze iyo ushobora kumushikira mu masegonda 5 uvuye ku muryango wuguruye mu gihe uhagaze impwemu. Nimba icumba cuzuye igihu c’umweru gikomeye kiva ku mazi menshi y’azote canke umurongo w’amazi \(\text{CO}_2\), rindira hanze abazimya umuriro bambaye Ibikoresho vyo Guhumeka (SCBA).
3. Ntukigere ugendera imbere mu modoka y’asanseri iruhande y’amazi y’azote, igikoresho c’amazi gikoreshwa n’umuyagankuba, canke igare rinini ry’urubura rwumye. Wohereze iyo dewar canke igare ry’urubura rwumye hejuru canke hasi mu asanseri ata n’umwe aherekeje, ukoresheje ibimenyetso vy’imbere canke umufatanyabikorwa wo ku yakira aho uja. Iyo asanseri ihagaze hagati y’amagorofa mu gihe umuyagankuba uzimiye mu gihe uri mu kazu gatoyi k’amadolari 4\text{-cubic-meter}$ (\(140\text{-cubic-foot}\)) gafise itangi ry’amazi y’azote, azote itetse izokuraho umwuka w’ikirere uri munsi y’iminota 10 y’ubuzima.
4. Ntukigere ubika urubura rwumye mu gitereko c’ibirahuri kidashobora gushikamwo umwuka, mu cupa c’ipulasitike gifise umugozi, mu gitereko c’icuma gipfutse, canke mu gikoresho co gukonjesha gipfutse, kandi ntukigere ubika urubura rwumye mu gikoresho co gukonjesha gikora canke mu gikonjesha co mu gikiriza kidashobora gushikamwo umwuka. Kubera ko kilo 1 (2.2 pounds pounds) i (19.1 cubic feet) ya \(\text{CO}_2\) gaze**, gukingira urubura rwumye imbere mu kintu gikomeye ata n’aho gazi ishobora gusohoka, bituma haba imikazo irenga 5.000 kilopascals (725 psi), bigatuma haba igisasu c’urubura rwumye gitera firiji.
5. Igihe umuntu afise ububabare bw’urubura rwumye canke bw’azote y’amazi atagira ubwenge akuwe mu kirere ciza co hanze, suzuma ko ariko arahumeka maze utangure guhema gukiza no gusubiza umutima mu nda ubwo nyene. Kubera ko guhumeka bivuye kuri \(\text{CO}_2\) canke \(\text{N}_2\) bihagarika guhema imbere y’uko umuti uhagarara. (akanwa ku kanwa canke bag-valve-mask n’umwuka w’umwuka 100%)** ushiremwo ningoga gaze yavuye mu nzira y’amaraso kandi kenshi ugasubizaho umuvuduko w’amaraso wihuta iyo utanguye mu minota 3 canke 5.
6. Fura urukoba rwose canke amaso (-78.5°C barafu yumye canke -196°C azote y’amazi) nk’igikomere gikomeye c’urukoba, ususurutse urukoba rwakonje mu 37°C gushika kuri 39°C (98.6°F gushika kuri 102.2°F) NeERce tissue de amazi yo kwoga n’ n’urukoba rudafise ikintu (koresha urukoba rukingira canke amaganzu y’ivyuma) kandi ntukigere umira canke utanga ibinyobwa canke "impwemu y’ikiyoka" irimwo azote y’amazi idahinduka umwuka canke ibice vy’urubura rwumye bikomeye, bikonja kandi bikatobora umuhogo n’inda iyo bikoranye.

Igiti c'ingingo: urubura rwumye n'amazi y'azote mu kibanza gipfutse vyihutirwa¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Ivyihutirwa vy’Ibarafu ryumye (CO2) canke Azote y’amazi (LN2)"] --> Location{"None ivyo gushirwa ahabona canke gusesa amaraso biri hehe?"}

    Location -->|"1. MU MODOKA IGENDA CANKE IHAGAZE: Gutwara Ibarafu ryumye canke LN2 Dewar ."| CarAction["GUSOHORA UMWUKA MU MODOKA UBWO nyene: 1. Hindura amadirisho 4 yose hasi ubwo nyene 2. Hindura HVAC ku muyaga mwiza wo hanze (zimya Recirculation) n’umuyaga ushire umuyaga mwiza 3. Kura inzira, uhagarike, hanyuma usohoke mu modoka uyishire mu muyaga mwiza d igikapu gifise amadirisho yasadutse"]

    Location -->|"2. COOLER, FREEZER, CANKE ICYUMBA GITO: Dewar yamenetse canke Ibarafu yumye yabitswe"| RoomCheck{"Mbega umuntu yoba yaguye mu cumba?"}

    RoomCheck -->|"Oya: Gusuka canke gutera imbere gusa"| VentRoom["PROTOCOL YO GUSOHOKA AMAZI ATARIHO: 1. NTUKIJE mu gikoresho co gukonjesha canke mu cumba gipfutse 2. Ushire urugi rw’inyuma 100% rwuguruye ukoresheje igikoresho kiremereye kiva hanze 3. Ushireko ama ventilateur y’inyubako n’umugozi ukure ku muryango 4. Rindira ve 30%+ O <2. 0.5% n'igipimo ca gazi"]

    RoomCheck -->|"Ego: Umukozi canke uwuriko arabona yacitse intege hasi"| RescueTriage{"Woba ushobora kubikura ku mbuga mu masegonda < 5?"}

    RescueTriage -->|"Ego: Uwagirizwa ari ku muryango wuguruye"| FastDrag["THRESHOLD HOLD-BREATH EXTRICATION: 1. Urugi rw’urusenga rwuguruye cane kugira ngo rudashobora guhunga inyuma yawe 2. Humeka cane mu kirere ciza, ufate impwemu, ufate amaguru/ibara ry’umubiri ry’uwagirizwa, hanyuma urukure hanze 3. Tangira rescue immediate breaths in CPR"]

    RescueTriage -->|"Oya: Imbere mu cumba canke igihu cera kinini"| CallSCBA["RINDIRA UMURIRO WA SCBA: 1. NTUKIGERE winjira mu cumba gifise igihu c’azote ata gikoresho co guhumeka 2. Urugi rwuguruye cane ruvuye hanze maze ushire umuyaga wo gutwara umuyaga mu muryango 3. Hamagara 911 / 112 / 999 kugira ngo ubone ubufasha bwihuse"]

    Location -->|"3. GUTERA URUKOBA, IJO, CANKE GI MU GI: Gukora ku Barafu Yumye canke Kumira LN2."| CryoBurn["CRYOGENIC INJURY TRIAGE: 1. Urukoba: Sukura canke wibike urukoba rwakonje mu mazi asusurutse ku bushuhe bwa 37 C gushika kuri 39 C (98.6 F gushika kuri 102.2 F) (ntiwigere uyisiga) 2. Niba urukoba rwumye/icuma: rwakonje ku rukoba, usuke amazi asusurutse kugira ngo urekure junction3ne. Hamagara 911 ubwo nyene kugira ngo ukore triage y’ugutoboka kw’inda; NTUVUZE gukorora"]

Igitigiri c'ukwaguka kwa gazi: kubera iki ibiro 5 vy'urubura rwumye bihindura imodoka ahantu h'akaga¶

Abantu benshi batwara barafu yumye imbere mu nzu y’abagenzi canke mu kibanza c’imizigo y’imodoka yabo batazi ingene \(\text{CO}_2\) ikomeye yihuta guhinduka gaze, canke ko carbone dioxide ari ubumara bukora mu nzira y’imitsi yo hagati, atari gusa ikintu gisanzwe gikuraho umwuka w’ikirere.

1. Igipimo c'ugutera imbere n'uguharura umubare w'ibarabara¶

• Ikigereranyo c'ukwaguka: Ikilo kimwe (\(2.2\text{ amapawundi}\)) c'urubura rwumye rukomeye rufise uburemere bungana n'amadolari 0.64\text{ litres}$, ariko iyo ruhindutse \(\text{CO}_2\) gazi ku \(20°C\) (\(68°F\)) kandi rukagira umuvuduko w'ikirere kuri $141, amaguru) y'umuyagankuba \(\text{CO}_2\)** (igipimo c'ukwaguka c'ibice nka 845-ku-1 ku rugero).
• Igitigiri c’ugutera imbere mu modoka isusurutse: Imbere mu gikoresho co gukonjesha canke umufuko w’impapuro ushizwe mu nzu y’imodoka y’amadolari 22°C$ (\(72°F\)), urubura rwumye rutera hejuru ku rugero rwo hafi 1% gushika kuri 3% kw’isaha iyo wicaye, kandi **gushika kuri 5% gushika kuri 10% iyo uriko uratera canke amabuye y’agaciro yamenetse (nk’amabuye y’agaciro yo gutera barafu yumye canke amabuye y’agaciro yo gupakira barafu apfutse).
• Ikibanza c’abagenzi c’amalita 3.000: Igikoresho gisanzwe canke c’ubunini hagati gifise umuyaga wo mu mutima ungana n’amalita 2.800 gushika kuri 3.200 (100 gushika kuri 113 cubic feet).
• Kugira ngo umuntu azamure \(\text{CO}_2\) imbere muri iyo nzu y’imodoka y’amalita 3.000 avuye mu kirere gisanzwe co hanze (\(0.04\%\text{ canke }400\text{ ppm}\)) ku **OSHA Ubwo nyene Bitera Akaga ku Buzima canke ku Buzima (IDLH) bisaba **0%2 gusa,0pp2. litiro za \(\umwandiko{CO}_2\) gazi.
• **Litiro 120 za gaze \(\text{CO}_2\) zivuye mu gutera imbere kw'ibarafu ryumye ry'amagarama 220 gusa (amapawundi 0,48 / ama ounce 7,7) **
• Iyo umushoferi ashize isandugu y’ibilo 10 y’ibipande vy’urubura rwumye canke amabuye y’agaciro mu modoka amadirisho yayo yugaye kandi umuyaga wo ku rubaho rw’imodoka ukaba ushizwe kuri "MAX A/C / Recirculate", 2,2 kw’ijana gusa vy’urwo barafu rwumye bica bitera hejuru mu minota 20 gushika kuri 40%. \(\text{CO}_2\), mu gihe 500 grams (1.1 pounds) sublimating isunika inzu y’indege irenga 9% gushika kuri 10% \(\text{CO}_2\), ivyiyumviro bitera guhungabana, gusinzira, n’urupfu mu minota mikeyi (nk’uko vyabaye mu bikorwa vyinshi vy’urupfu rw’umuryango canke urupfu rw’umuryango mu gutwara imodoka zifise urubura rwumye).

2. Kubera iki ububiko bw’ibikoresho buca buva mu nzu y’abagenzi¶

Abashoferi benshi biyumvira yuko gushiramwo barafu yumye imbere mu gisanduku (boot) c’imodoka y’inzugi 4 bica bitandukanya rwose gazi n’abagendera mu ntebe z’imbere n’inyuma. Abahinga mu vy’imiduga barahingura imodoka zitwara abantu ku buryo umuyaga mwiza winjira mu bihimba vy’imbere vy’umubiri, ukanyura mu nzu y’abagenzi, uca mu bihimba vy’inyuma vy’ibipapuro, ukaja mu gisanduku, ugasohoka biciye mu bipfukisho vy’imipira vyihishijwe inyuma y’igipfukisho c’inyuma. Iyo imodoka ihagaze, iriko irakora ataco ikora, canke iriko iratwara HVAC iri ku Recirculate, sublimating \(\text{CO}_2\) itera umukazo mu gitereko c’imodoka maze igakwiragizwa imbere biciye mu migongo y’intebe y’inyuma ishobora gupfungwa, ikaja mu nzu y’abagenzi.

Igereranyo ry'Ibarafu ryumye (\(\igisomwa{CO}_2\)) n'Azote y'amazi (\(\igisomwa{LN}_2\)) n'Ikinyabuzima (\(\igisomwa{CO}\))¶

Uko wotwara barafu yumye n'azote y'amazi mu modoka ata nkomanzi¶

Igihe cose ubwirizwa gutwara urubura rwumye canke amazi y’azote mu nzira, ukurikize aya mategeko akomeye yerekeye umutekano w’ibikoresho bifise gazi n’ibikoresho bishobora gutera akaga (ahuye n’itegeko rya DOT PHMSA, Ishirahamwe ry’amazi y’amazi [CGA] Pamphlet P-12, na UK HSE / BCGA CP30):

1. Ihitamwo ryiza ry’imodoka: Gutwara barafu yumye canke azote y’amazi imbere mu gitanda gifunguye c’ikamyo canke imbere mu imodoka itwara ibintu ifise igikingi c’icuma kidashobora gushikamwo umwuka itandukanya ahantu umuntu atwara ibintu n’aho umushoferi atwara kandi ifise igikoresho co guhumeka gizunguruka igisenge.
2. Niba utegerezwa gukoresha imodoka itwara abantu, SUV, canke minivan:
3. Ntukigere utwara dewar y’amazi y’azote imbere mu nzu y’imodoka y’abantu nimba hari imodoka y’imizigo iriho; iyo bigoberewe mu gihe c’ivyihutirwa, ushire dewar igororotse n’imikanda/imigozi kugira ngo ntishobore gutembagazwa no gusuka azote y’amazi ku tapi yo hasi mu gihe uriko urahagarika cane.
4. Ugumye nibura amadirisho abiri (rimwe imbere, irindi riteganye n’inyuma) uzungurutse nibura amasentimetero 5 (2 inches) mu rugendo rwose, utaravye imvura canke ubukonje.
5. Shiraho ikirere c’imodoka kuri FRESH OUTSIDE AIR (zimya buto ya Recirculate) hanyuma ushire umuyaga w’umuyaga kuri Medium canke High kugira ngo umuyaga mwiza wo hanze ukomeze gusukura inzu kuva imbere gushika inyuma.
6. Ntukigere wicara mu modoka ihagaze, itagenda irimwo barafu yumye canke azote y’amazi, mbere n’iminota 5 urindiriye mu kibanza co guhagarara.
7. Igihe ushitse aho uja: Fungurira inzugi zose z’imodoka maze ureke umuyaga wo mu gitereko/ivy’imizigo usohoke mu masegonda 60 imbere y’uko wishingikiriza umutwe wawe mw’iriba ry’imizigo ry’imbere kugira ngo ukureho igikoresho gikonjesha kiremereye.

Ivyo gukonjesha, ibikoresho vyo gukonjesha vyo munsi y'ubutaka, n'ibimeneka vyo muri laboratwari¶

Amafiriji yo mu maresitora, amaduka akomeye yo gushiramwo inyama, ivyumba vy’ibitaro bikonjesha, n’ibibanza vyo gutereramwo inzoga ni amasandugu atagira umwuka afise ikidodo. Iyo umuyagankuba uzimye mu restora canke mu iduka ry’ibifungurwa, abarongozi barakunda kugura ibiro 50 gushika ku 200 vy’ibipande vy’urubura vyumye maze bakabirundanya ku bitanda biri imbere mu gikoresho co gukonjesha umuntu ashobora kwinjiramwo kugira ngo ivyokurya ntivyononeke.

1. Umutego w'Urupfu Ukonjesha¶

• Igikoresho co gukonjesha gikoreshwa n'amaguru \(2.4\inyandiko{-ku-}3.0\inyandiko{-ku-}2.4\inyandiko{-meter}\) (\(8\inyandiko{-ku-}10\inyandiko{-ku-}8\inyandiko{-ibirenge}\)) gifise uburemere bw'imbere bw'amazi 17.280 litiro (640 cu-c)ir feea vents** (ibikoresho vyayo vy’uguhindura umwuka bisubira gusa guhindura umuyaga wafunzwe imbere mu gasandugu).
• Gushiramwo ibilo 25 (amapawundi 55) vy’urubura rwumye imbere muri ico gikoresho co gukonjesha gipfutse ijoro ryose bitanga amalita 13.500 y’umuyagankuba \(\text{CO}_2\), bihindura metero 1,5 zo hasi (amafuti 5) z’ico gikoresho co gukonjesha zikaba $7{xtCO}0%. icumba.
• Bukeye mu gitondo, umukozi arafungura urugi ruremereye rwo kwinjiramwo, yinjiramwo kugira ngo afate igitereko c’ibifungurwa, areka urugi rwuzuye amapfundo rukanda rukafunga inyuma yabo, ahumeka impwemu zibiri z’ibice 50% \(\text{CO}_2\), aca yikubita hasi, aho \(_in dy\)less{CO} minutes iri hejuru cane. umuntu wo hanze arababona mw’idirisha.

2. Itegeko ry’Umutekano ry’Itegeko ryo Gukoresha Ibarafu ryumye mu Bikonjesha canke mu Bikonjesha:¶

1. Shira ikimenyetso kinini, kigaragara cane AKAGA - UBARAFURO RUMUYE (\(\text{CO}_2\)) AKAGA K'UBUMENYI - NTUKIJE ATA MUMENYETSO ikimenyetso gicapuwe ku gipfukisho c'umuryango wo hanze n'igipfukisho c'ibikoresho vyose vyo gukonjesha canke icumba.
2. Ntukigere winjira mu gikoresho co gukonjesha gifise urubura rwumye ijoro ryose gushika ushize urugi runini rwuguruye 100 kw’ijana n’igikoresho kiremereye maze ugafuha umuyaga mwiza imbere ukoresheje umuyaga w’agasanduku nibura iminota 15 gushika kuri 20.
3. Ntukigere wemera ko urugi rw’igikoresho co gukonjesha rwo mu nzu rufise amapfundo rufunga igihe uri imbere nimba hariho barafu yumye, azote y’amazi, canke ibipimo vy’isoko ry’inzoga/soda \(\text{CO}_2\) bifise amapfundo bibitswe imbere mu gasandugu.
4. Suzuma imbere mu mwijima umuco w’urugi rw’ivyihutirwa imbere yo gukoresha igikoresho cose co gukonjesha kugira ngo ushobore gusunika urugi rwo gufungura ruvuye imbere mbere no mu mwijima wose.

Imfashanyo ya mbere ku guturika kw'ibikomere, kwifatanya n'urukoba, no gufata azote y'amazi yo guteka¶

1. Gukorana n’urukoba n’amaso (-78,5°C Ibarafu ryumye canke -196°C Azote y’amazi)¶

• Kubera iki amazi makeyi y’azote atera urukoba (The Leidenfrost Effect), kandi kubera iki impuzu zitose zitera akaga: Iyo amatonyanga makeyi y’amazi y’azote y’amadolari -196°C$ (\(-320°F\)) atera ku ruhu rudafise ikintu, rushushe kandi rwumye, amatonyanga y’amazi y’amazi akora ku ruhu rudafise ikintu, rushushe kandi rwumye umwotsi w’azote uri munsi y’itonde (ingaruka ya Leidenfrost) ukingira urukoba mu masegonda 1 canke 2 uko ayo matonde agenda aratemba ataco akora. Ariko rero, iyo azote y’amazi ipfutse ku mpuzu z’ipampa, ku nkweto z’impuzu, ku masaha, canke imbere mu gipfukisho c’igitambaro co kwikingira, iyo mpuzu iranywa iyo azote kandi ikayifata ku rukoba mu masegonda 10 gushika kuri 60, igatuma urukoba rukonja, ibinure biri munsi y’urukoba bikonja, n’amagufa akomeye.
• Intambwe ku yindi ubufasha bwa mbere bwo guturika:
• Nimba azote y’amazi yinjiye mu gipfukisho, mu gipfukisho canke mu gipfukisho: Uce ukura iyo mpuzu irekuye ubwo nyene nimba itarakonja ku rukoba. Iyo impuzu canke igice c’urubura rwumye/icuma gikanye gikomeye ku rukoba, NTUKIKURE canke ngo ugitaburure kigumye, kugitabura bikuraho urukoba rwose rwakonje. Ahubwo, usuke amazi y’uruzi asusurutse (\(37°C\text{ gushika kuri }39°C\) [\(98.6°F\text{ gushika kuri }102.2°F\)]) ku kintu cafashe gushika iyo barafu ipfutse maze ikarekura neza.
• **Subira gushusha urukoba rwakonje mu gitereko c’amazi azunguruka gifise ubushuhe bwa \(37°C\text{ gushika kuri }39°C\) (\(98.6°F\text{ gushika kuri }102.2°F\)) mu minota 15 gushika kuri 30 gushika urukoba rwakonje, rukomeye, ruhindutse umutuku/umutuku n’umutuku. Ntukigere ukoresha amazi ashushe arenga \(42°C\) (\(108°F\)), ntukigere ukoresha ubushuhe bwumye buca ibibatsi (nk’igikoresho co gushushanya mu kirere), kandi ntukigere usiga canke ukaraba urukoba rwakonje (gusiga bisya amabarafu yo mu mutima ku ntungamubiri z’ingingo).
• Zingira neza mu mpuzu yumye idashobora gutera inda (ushire ivyuma vy’impuzu hagati y’intoke canke amano arwaye), ntushire ibivyimba bigaragara, ushire umuti witwa ibuprofen iyo ufise ubwenge, kandi urondere ubuvuzi.
• Iyo azote y’amazi ipfutse mu maso: Uce woza ijisho ryuguruye ubwo nyene n’amazi menshi asukuye canke umunyu utagiramwo ubumara mu minota 15, ufunge amaso yompi ataco ukoresheje, hanyuma ushiremwo ubuvuzi bw’amaso bwihutirwa.

2. Guteka "Impwemu y'Ikiyoka" / Gufata Inzoga y'Azote (Barotrauma y'Inda)¶

Amabarabara, amasoko, n’amaduka y’ibintu bishasha vy’ibarafu rimwe na rimwe akoresha azote y’amazi canke ibarafu yumye ikomeye kugira ngo akore inzoga zinywa itabi canke ibinyobwa vy’intete (“Impwemu y’Ikiyoka”). Ishirahamwe ry’Amerika ryitaho ivy’ibifungurwa n’imiti (FDA) be n’ibigo bijejwe gukingira ibifungurwa kw’isi yose biragabisha ko azote yose y’amazi n’urubura rwumye rukomeye bitegerezwa guhinduka umwuka canke guhinduka umwuka 100 kw’ijana IMBERE y’uko ivyo biryo canke ivyo kunywa bishikirizwa umuguzi. - Bigenda gute iyo umuntu amize mbere na militiro 5 gushika kuri 10 (ibiyiko 1 gushika kuri 2) vy’amazi y’azote canke igice c’urubura rwumye: 1. Bituma umuntu ahita agira ububabare bwo mu kanwa, mu nzira y’amaso, mu nzira y’umuhogo no mu ruhome rw’inda. 2. Imbere mu nda isusurutse y’amadolari 37°C$ (amadolari 98,6°F$), militiro 10 z’amazi y’azote zica zihita ziteka zigacika litiro 7 (amagaloni 1,85) y’umuyagankuba w’azote ukoresheje umukazo vyihuta kuruta uko umutsi w’umuhogo ushobora kuyisohora. Inda iravyimba nk’umupira maze igaturika (barotrauma y’igifu / gutoboka kw’inda), igasuka gaze n’aside yo mu nda mu mfuruka y’igifu (tension pneumoperitoneum), ivyo bikaba bisunika hejuru ku gipfukisho c’igifu bigatuma umuntu ahagarara guhema n’umutima. - Ubutabazi bwa mbere bwihuse: Hamagara 911 / 112 / 999 ubwo nyene kugira ngo utware abagwa vyihutirwa. Ntukigere utera urusenda kandi ntuhatire umurwayi kunywa amazi menshi mu nda itoboye; umurwayi agume yicaye ahagaze igice kugira ngo ashobore guhema neza gushika abaganga bashitse.

Inomero z'ivyihutirwa zo mu karere n'amategeko y'ibigo¶

• Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika: Hamagara 911 ubwo nyene ku bijanye n’ugusenyuka kwose kw’ikibanza gikingijwe, ubumara bw’imodoka \(\text{CO}_2\), canke ukunywa ivyuma bifise ububabare, maze ubwire uwugurungika vyihariye ko ubumara bw’umuyagankuba (urubura rwumye) canke ubumara bw’amazi bw’azote biri muri ivyo $$2-gaz. abagenzuzi na SCBA. Ku bibazo bitatera ubwoba ubuzima, hamagara Ishirahamwe rijejwe kugenzura ubumara kuri 1-800-222-1222. Imipaka y’aho umuntu akora itegekanijwe na **OSHA (29 CFR 1910.1000: \(\text{CO}_2\) Amasaha 8 PEL = 5.000 ppm; NIOSH STEL = 30.000 ppm; IDLH = 40.000 ppm [4%]; umutekano mutoyi.9.
• Canada: Hamagara 911 kugira ngo ubone gutabara vyihutirwa, canke 1-844-UBUROMA-X (1-844-764-7669) ku bibanza vy’ubumara. Ugutwara urubura rwumye n’azote y’amazi bitegekanijwe n’itegeko ry’Transport Canada TDG (Ugutwara ibintu biteye akaga: UN1845 Carbon Dioxide, Ibikomeye; UN1977 Azote, Amazi y’Ifiriji).
• Ubwongereza: Hamagara kuri 999 canke 112. Itegekanijwe n'Umuyobozi w'Ubuzima n'Umutekano (HSE)** (EH40 Imipaka yo Gushikirwa n'Imigera ku Kazi: \(\text{CO}_2\) LTEL y'amasaha 8 = 5.000 ppm, STEL y'iminota 15 = 15.000 ppm) n'Ishirahamwe ry'Igihugu ry'Ubwongereza (CP26 ku Azote y’amazi menshi, CP30 ku gukoresha neza azote y’amazi Dewars, na GN11 ku bidukikije bifise umwuka w’ikirere ugabanutse).
• Ubumwe bw'Uburaya: Hamagara 112 mu bihugu vyose bigize Ubumwe bw'Uburayi. Igenzurwa na Ishirahamwe ry’Uburaya ry’Imiyaga y’Inganda (EIGA) ingingo ngenderwako z’umutekano (EIGA Doc 44: Ivyago vy’Imiyaga Idakora n’Ugutakaza Umwuka w’Ikirere na *EIGA Doc 67: Gukoresha neza Ibikoresho vy’Imiyaga y’Ikirere n’Ibarafu ryumye).
• Ostraliya na Nouvelle-Zélande: Hamagara kuri 000 muri Australiya (Amakuru yerekeye ubumara 13 11 26) canke 111 muri Nouvelle-Zélande (Ikigo c’Igihugu c’Ubumara 0800 764 766). Itegekanijwe na Safe Work Australia na AS 5034 (Gushiramwo no gukoresha imyuka idakora mu gutanga ibinyobwa no mu bibanza vyo munsi y’ubutaka).

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Mbega igikoresho co mu nzu gisanzwe kimenya umwuka w’ikirere (CO) coba gitera inkengeri iyo urubura rwumye rwuzuye ivyuka vy’umuyagankuba (CO2) mu cumba?¶

Oya, igikoresho co kumenya umuyagankuba ($\text{CO}$) n’igikoresho co gupima umuyagankuba ($\text{CO}_2$) ni ibikoresho bibiri bitandukanye rwose bifise ubushobozi bwo gutahura umusaraba. Inkengeri zisanzwe zo mu rugo no ku kazi $\text{CO}$ zikoresha umuyagankuba ukora gusa ku mwuka w’umuyagankuba ($\text{CO}$, uva ku muyagankuba canke umuyagankuba uturitse). Naho urubura rwumye rwuzuye mu cumba canke mu gikoresho co gukonjesha rwo mu nzu rufise 10% (100.000 ppm) vy’umwuka w’ikirere ($\text{CO}_2$) canke azote y’amazi itetse bigabanya urugero rw’umwuka w’ikirere kugera kuri 5%, igikoresho gisanzwe co kumenya umwuka w’ikirere kizosoma never a m 0. Amaresitora, amahinguriro y’inzoga, n’amalaboratwari bitegerezwa gushiramwo ibikoresho vy’infrared $\text{CO}_2$ n’ibimenyetso vy’ugutakaza umwuka w’ikirere ($\text{O}_2$) bishizwe ku burebure bwo guhema no ku burebure bwa santimetero 30 (inci 12) hejuru y’ivu.

Ni kuki 8% vy’umuyaga w’ikirere (CO2) wica mu minota mikeyi naho mu cumba coba kirimwo 19% vy’umwuka w’ikirere?¶

Udakunze azote, helium canke argon, ari vyo bidukikije bitagira ico bikora, bitera ingorane gusa iyo bisunikiye umwuka w’ikirere munsi ya 16% gushika kuri 19,5%, umwuka w’ikirere ($\text{CO}_2$) ni ikintu gikora cane mu bihimba vy’umubiri umubiri wawe utegerezwa gukomeza gusohora amaraso $7 mu mahaha yawe. Iyo umuyaga uhumekera usanze urimwo 5% gushika kuri 8% $\text{CO}_2$, urugero rw’ugutera imbere mu maraso yawe rurahinduka: amahaha yawe ntashobora gusubira gusohora $\text{CO}_2$, kandi $\text{CO}_2$ uhumekeye irasenyuka mu maraso yawe kugira ngo ikore aside y’umuyagankuba . ($\umwandiko{H}_2\umwandiko{CO}_3$). Mu minota mikeyi, pH y’amaraso yo mu mitsi iragwa munsi y’amadolari 7,0$ (**profound acute respiratory acidose**), bigatuma ubwonko bugira imitsi myinshi, umuvuduko wo mu mutwe ukaduga, umutima ugatera nabi, ugacika intege, n’uguhagarara kw’impwemu, naho nyene umuyaga wo mu cumba woba ukirimwo 19% vy’umwuka w’ikirere.

Noshobora kwambara igikoresho co guhumeka canke igikoresho co gukingira inkungugu N95 kugira ngo nkize umuntu yaguye mu gikoresho co gukonjesha umuntu agendagenda cuzuye barafu yumye canke azote y’amazi?¶

Ntukigere winjira mu kibanza kidafise umwuka mwiza canke gifise $\text{CO}_2$ nyinshi wambaye igipfukisho ca N95, igipfukisho c’umwotsi w’ibinyabuzima gifise igice c’uruhanga, canke igipfukisho c’umuyaga. Ivyo guhumeka bisukura umuyaga biyungurura gusa utugingo ngengabuzima canke bikakurikirana umwotsi w’imiti mu kirere kiri hafi; ntizitanga umwuka w’ikirere kandi ntizishobora gukuraho 50.000 ppm z’ $\text{CO}_2$. Kwinjira mu gikoresho co gukonjesha gikoreshwa n’azote canke gifise $\text{CO}_2$ wambaye igipfukisho c’iyunguruzo bizokukwica mu bihembo bibiri nyene nk’aho winjira ufise mu maso ata co ufise. Igikoresho co guhumeka gifise umuvuduko mwiza **Igikoresho co guhumeka cigenga (SCBA)** gifise itangi ryaco ry’umuyaga canke igikoresho co guhumeka c’indege gifise umuyaga mwiza ni co conyene gitanga umuyaga wo guhumeka.

Mbega igicu cera c’igihu kiri hejuru y’amazi y’azote canke urubura rwumye ni co gazi nyayo ubwayo?¶

Igihu cera kiboneka kigenda kiva ku gitereko c’urubura rwumye canke ku mazi y’azote si $\text{CO}_2$ canke $\text{N}_2$ gazi, gazi ya carbone n’azote zompi ntiziboneka 100 kw’ijana kandi nta mabara zigira. Ico gicu cera ni gusa ubukonje busanzwe bw’umwotsi w’amazi mu kirere co mu cumba bwahindutse amatonyanga y’amazi makeyi cane (ibicu) amaze gukonjeshwa n’iyo gazi itaboneka ikaze. Igihambaye cane, uko iyo gazi $\text{CO}_2$ canke $\text{N}_2$ ishuha ikarenga aho ikime c’icumba gishika, **igihu cera kirazimangana burundu mu gihe iyo gazi itaboneka iguma ipfutse mu cumba canke mu modoka**. Ntukigere wiyumvira ko ikibanza ari ciza co guhema kubera gusa igihu cera kiboneka cavuyeho.

Ni ubufasha ubuhe bwa mbere noha umuntu aherutse guhema CO2 yinjijwe mu gikoresho co gukonjesha c’urubura rwumye, kandi ariko arahumeka cane afise umutwe utera cane?¶

Uwo muntu uce ubwo nyene umujana mu kirere ciza co hanze kure y’imodoka canke inyubakwa, hanyuma umubwire yicare agororotse mu kibanza ciza. Kubera ko guhumeka $\text{CO}_2$ bitera ugukangura cane igice c’ubwonko gihumeka, uwo muntu azohumeka ningoga kandi cane mu minota 5 gushika kuri 15 uko amahaha yiwe afuha $\text{CO}_2$ irenze urugero yanyuze maze agasubizaho pH y’amaraso isanzwe. Bahumurize, barekure amaboko apfutse, ubahe umwuka w’inyongera nimba uhari, kandi uhamagare 911 / 112 / 999 iyo bacitse intege mu gihe gitoyi, bababaye mu gikiriza, baguma bavyura urujijo, canke bacitse intege mu kubona. Gufata inyigisho y’ubuhinga bwa CPR n’ubutabazi bwa mbere buva ku Musaraba Mutukura, St John Ambulance, canke umuganga wo mu karere bigutegurira gufasha mu bibazo vy’ugupfa.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Umwuka w'ikirere, ugutera imbere kw'urubura rwumye, azote y'amazi, n'ubutabazi bwa mbere bwo guhumeka
• Ugupima mu kibanza gikingijwe: imyobo, amasilo, n'ibidengeri
• Gazi ipfutse umuvuduko w'amazi, itangi ry'ibisasu, n'ibivuza
• Hypothermie n'ubukonje bw'ubutabazi bwa mbere vyihutirwa

Amasoko n'ubuyobozi buzwi¶

• Ikigo kijejwe umutekano n’ubuzima ku kazi (OSHA) n’ikigo c’igihugu kijejwe umutekano n’ubuzima ku kazi (NIOSH): Imburi y’akaga: Gukingira impfu ziterwa n’umuyaga w’ikirere (Dry Ice) n’ugupfa kw’amazi y’azote mu bibanza bifunze, mu bikoresho bikonjesha bigendagenda, no mu modoka zitwara ibifungurwa.
• Ishirahamwe ry’Imiyaga Ikomeye (CGA) n’Ishirahamwe ry’Imiyaga y’Inganda ryo mu Buraya (EIGA): *Igitabu ca CGA P-12 (Gukoresha neza amazi ashobora gukomera), CGA G-6.1 (Umutekano wo gukuraho gazi y’umuyagankuba / barafu yumye), n’Inyandiko ya EIGA 44 (Ivyago vyo gukuraho gazi y’umuyagankuba na Inertxy).
• Ishirahamwe ry’Ubwongereza ryitaho ubuzima n’umutekano (HSE) n’ishirahamwe ry’Ubwongereza ryitaho imyuka ipfutse (BCGA): Itegeko ry’ibikorwa rya BCGA CP30 (Ikoreshwa ryiza ry’amazi y’azote Dewars ashika kuri litiro 500) na GN11 (Ikirere c’umwuka w’umwuka)ol mu bibanza vyo munsi y’ubutaka na.
• Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe ivy'ibifungurwa n'imiti (FDA): Imburi y'umutekano ku bijanye no kwongerako azote y'amazi n'urubura rwumye ku biribwa n'ibinyobwa aho bigurishwa (Gastric Barotrauma na Cryogenic Perforation).
• Ibigo bijejwe kugenzura no kwirinda indwara (CDC / MMWR): Iraporo z'indwara z'ibicurane zishobora gutuma umuntu apfa mu gihe c'ugutwara n'ugubika urubura rwumye mu modoka.