Umuriro wo munsi y’ubutaka, imyobo y’imizi ipfutse, n’ugusenyuka kw’ivu¶

Mu buryo butandukanye n’umuriro w’ishamba wihuta cane uturira ibiti n’amasonga y’ibiti bifise imbeya ziboneka, umuriro wo munsi y’ubutaka uturira buhoro buhoro kandi utaboneka metero 0,5 gushika ku 5 (amafuti 1,6 gushika ku 16,4) munsi y’ubutaka imbere mu bibanza vy’amazi vy’amazi, boreal muckyer for, imirongo y’amakara yo munsi y’ubutaka. Ivyo bikoreshwa n’ubushuhe buva ku bushuhe bwa **\(400^\circ\text{C}\) gushika ku \(700^\circ\text{F}\) gushika ku $1.290^ igice c’ivu co hejuru, c’ibitoke canke c’ivu ryera kitagiramwo ikintu, kimeze nk’igisanzwe.

Ku bagendagenda mu misozi, ba nyen’ubutaka bwo mu misozi, ababa inyuma y’umuriro w’ishamba, n’abakoresha ibikoresho bikomeye, umuriro wo munsi y’ubutaka n’uw’imizi utera ingorane zitatu zishobora kwica: ugusenyuka kw’ubutaka mu buryo butunguranye mu binogo vy’ivu vyo munsi y’ubutaka bishushe cane, ibiti vy’ivyatsi bitoto bigwa vyacitse imizi. ibicu vy’umuyagankuba w’ubumara (\(CO\)) n’umwotsi w’ibice bitobito (\(PM_{2.5}\)) bifatwa n’uguhinduka kw’ubushuhe mw’ijoro. Iyi nkuru itanga amategeko yo kumenya ivy’umuriro mu mirima, intambwe zo kwirokora mu mwobo w’ivu, n’ingingo ngenderwako zo gukingira impwemu zigenzuwe n’Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’Amashamba ryo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USFS), Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’Uguhuza Umuriro w’Ishamba (NWCG), Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’Umuriro w’Ishamba ryo muri Kanada (CIFFC), n’Ishirahamwe ry’Ubuzima kw’Isi (WHO). Ku bijanye n’ugukuraho urubeya rwo ku butaka, soma ivyacu umuriro w'ishamba; ku bijanye n'ukuyungurura uburyo bw'umuyaga, soma guhumeka umwotsi w'umuriro w'ishamba n'ivu.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Usubire inyuma ubwo nyene ukurikije ibirenge vyawe vy’ukuri biza iyo wumvise umwotsi w’ibitoke umeze nk’uw’ibitoke, wumva ubushuhe buca mu nkweto zawe, canke ubonye umwotsi w’ubururu n’umweru uduga uva mu myobo mitoyi yo hasi. Ntutere intambwe imbere kugira ngo utore umwotsi w’umwotsi canke umwotsi w’izuba. Mu gishanga c’ibitovu gipfutse umwotsi canke hasi mw’ishamba ry’inyuma y’umuriro, umwotsi uboneka ni umuyoboro gusa w’umwotsi wo munsi y’ubutaka wagutse cane ushobora gusenyuka kubera uburemere bwawe gushika ku metero 3 (amafuti 10) uvuye aho umwotsi uva.
2. Suzuma intambwe yose iri imbere yawe ukoresheje inkoni y’icuma y’amametero 1,5 (amafuti 5), inkoni y’ibiti bikomeye vy’icatsi kibisi, canke igikoresho co gufata igiti c’umukaraba nimba ugoberewe gusohoka ahantu haturitse canke hari ibitovu. Shira igiti gikomeye hasi metero 1 (amafuti 3,3) imbere y’inkweto yawe y’amabuye y’agaciro imbere y’uko utera. Iyo iyo nkingi iteye bukwi na bukwi ica mu gice c’imbere gishobora gusenyuka ikaja mu mfuruka yoroshe, igakura ivu ry’umweru rishushe, canke igasohoka ishushe iyo uyikozeko, uhagarare ubwo nyene maze uhindukire uja ku rutare rudafise ikintu canke mw’ivu ry’amabuye y’agaciro ry’amazi.
3. Raba hejuru ibiti bifise ubuzima ("abapfakazi b'ivyatsi bitotahaye") imbere y'uko ugenda ahantu hose hafi y'igisaka c'ivyatsi bitotahaye canke inkovu y'umuriro iherutse gusha. Umuriro wo munsi y'ubutaka ugendagenda ku mizi y'ibiti vy'ibiti, utwika imizi y'ibiti n'imizi y'ibiti vy'ibiti vy'ibiti vy'ibiti vy'ibiti vy'ibiti vy'ibiti vy'ibiti vy'ibiti vy'ibiti vy'ibitoke vy'ibitoke. ivyatsi bitotahaye vyose kandi bifise amagara meza. Iyo umuyaga utagira, ivyo biti vyacitse intege biratembagazwa ata n’umwe abimenyesheje; ntukigere ukambika, uhagarara, canke ngo ugende mu uburebure bw’ibiti bibiri vy’ibiti bimera mw’ivu ry’ibinyabuzima ry’umwotsi.
4. Nimba ubutaka busenyutse munsi y’ikirenge cawe ugaca ugwa mu mwobo w’ivu canke mu mwobo w’imizi, utere umubiri wawe hasi maze ushire hasi mu buryo buringaniye ku butaka bukomeye ubwo nyene. Ntukigere ugerageza guhaguruka canke gusunika hasi n’ibiganza vyawe imbere mu mwobo w’ivu; gusunika hasi bitera ibiganza vyawe n’amaboko yawe atagira ikintu mu makara yaka amadolari 500^\circ\text{C}$ (\(930^\circ\text{F}\)). Gugwa hasi kugira ngo ugabanye uburemere bw’umubiri wawe, uzunguruke mu ruhande uvuye mu mfuruka, ushire ivu ry’umuriro ku mpuzu zawe ukoresheje inkoni canke ukuboko gufise amaganzu, hanyuma ukonjeshe urukoba rwaturitse n’amazi meza kandi akonjeye, n’imiburiburi iminota 20; reba ivyacu guturira umurongozi w'ubutabazi bwa mbere.
5. Muve mu biyaya biri hasi, mu binogo vy’ibitoke, no mu bibanza vyo munsi y’ubutaka mu gicugu igihe umuyaga utose wo mw’ijoro ufata umwotsi w’ibitovu uhobera hasi. Bitandukanye n’ibipfunsi vy’umuriro w’ishamba bishushe biduga hejuru mu kirere, umuriro w’ibitoke ushushe uduga hejuru cane mu kirere, umuriro w’ibitovu ugira ubushuhe buke nta bushobozi bwo gutera umwotsi w’ibitovu kandi urekura ammoni, de\(5). formaldehyde, n’ibintu bikomeye cane (\)PM_{2.5}$) ku kiro c’amavuta y’ibinyabiziga ku rugero rwo hasi. Ambara igikoresho co guhumeka NIOSH N95 canke EN FFP2/FFP3 gifatanye neza hanze (menya ko N95 ipfuka ibihimba vy’umubiri ariko NTIZIBUZE gaze ya carbone) kandi ukoreshe igikoresho co gusukura umuyaga gikora neza cane HEPA mu nzu.
6. Hamagara inomero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe ubwo nyene iyo hari umuntu yaturitse n’ivu canke iyo ubonye ahantu hari umwotsi hafi y’inyubakwa canke uburoso bwumye. Hamagara 911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Canada, 112 mu Bumwe bw’Uburayi bwose, canke 999 mu Bwongereza, canke urabe urutonde rwacu rwose rw’abantu inomero z'ivyihutirwa. Ntukigere ugerageza kuzimya umuriro w’ivu ryinshi ukoresheje umuyoboro w’itongo gusa; amazi yo hejuru y’ubutaka akuraho ivu ryumye ry’amazi mu gihe asiga umuriro wo munsi y’ubutaka uriko uragurumana werekeza ku mushinge w’inzu yawe.

Umuriro wo munsi y'ubutaka n'ikinogo c'ivu¶

Koresha iki giti c’ingingo igihe uhuye n’umwotsi, ubushuhe canke ukudashikama kw’ubutaka mu bibanza vy’ibitovu, mu butaka bw’ibitoke vy’uburimyi, mu bice vy’amakara, canke mu bibanza vy’umuriro w’ishamba biherutse guturika.

flowchart TD
    Start["Ivyago vy'Umwotsi wo munsi y'Ivu Bikekwa:<br/>Umunuko w'Ivu, Ivu ryera,<br/>canke Inkovu y'Inyuma y'Umuriro w'Ishamba"] --> Scenario{"Ni igiki gica<br/>gushikirwa n’ivyihutirwa?"}

    Scenario -->|"1. KUGENDA MU GIKOKO CANKE MU KIGOBE<br/>Isi Imeze nk’Iponji, Ishushe, Canke Ifise Imyobo"| FootEscape["AMATEGEKO YO GUHUNA UBUSA BURI MU BUZIMA:<br/>1. Gukonja mu kibanza; reba ibirenge vyawe vy'ukuri biza<br/>2. Gupima ubutaka 1 m (3.3 ft) imbere n’inkoni y’icuma canke ishami rikomeye<br/>3. Intambwe GUSA ku rutare rudafise ikintu, amabarabara y'amabuye, canke ubutaka bw'amabuye y'agaciro<br/>4. Gumana >= 2 ibiti-uburebure kure y'ibiti vyacitse intege (abapfakazi)"]

    Scenario -->|"2. UMUNTU YAGUYE MU KIBOBO C'IVU<br/>Ukuguru canke Umubiri Vyarohamye Mu Busa Bushushe Buri munsi y'Ubutaka"| AshRescue["GUKURAMWO IVUZA NO KWITWARARIKA GUTURIKA:<br/>1. Uwagirizwa: Gutera hasi kugira ngo ukwiragize uburemere & uzunguruke mu buryo buringaniye<br/>2. Umurokozi: Shira ingazi, urubaho, canke ishami rirerire ku ruhande rukomeye<br/>3. Kata inkweto zashaje/impuzu zikozwe mu buryo bw’ubuhinga BITAMAYE ku ruhu<br/>4. Ivyo guturika bikonje n’amazi meza akonje mu minota 20; hamagara kuri 911/112/999"]

    Scenario -->|"3. UMWOTSI MUNINI UHOBERA ISI<br/>Ijoro Guhinduka Hejuru y'Umuriro w'Ivu / Amakara"| SmokeInversion["UBURINZI BW'IBIMENYETSO VY'UBUMARO:<br/>1. Gukura abantu mu binogo vy’ibitovu vyo hasi no mu biyaya imbere y’uko izuba rirenga<br/>2. Gufunga amadirisho y’inzu; n’ugushiraho HVAC kugira ngo Isubire gukoresha + MERV-13/HEPA<br/>3. Gukoresha amabateri y'inkengeri z'umuyagankuba (CO) ku rwego rwose<br/>4. Ambara igikoresho co guhumeka N95 / FFP2 hanze (uvemwo iyo ugira ibicurane kubera CO)"]

    Scenario -->|"4. UMURIRO W'IBIBUMBANO UNYENGANYA HAFI Y'ITUNGA<br/>Ivu ry'Umwotsi Rikwegera Ivyumba"| TrenchDefense["UMUGOBO W'IBUTABU RY'AMABUTA N'UMWUZUME:<br/>1. Hamagara igisata c’umuriro / ikigo c’amashamba co mu karere ubwo nyene<br/>2. Ntukigere wizigira gutera imiti ku butaka (ivu ryumye rikunda amazi)<br/>3. Kwimba umugende gushika hasi gushika mw’ibumba ry’amazi/ibuye ry’agaciro<br/>4. Umwuzure w'umugende canke amazi yo gutera amazi + ikintu co gutonyanga gushika kure"]

Ingene umuriro wo munsi y’ubutaka ugurumana ata rubeya rumara amezi canke imyaka .¶

Nk’uko abashakashatsi ku bijanye n’ugusha kw’umuriro bo mu gisata c’amashamba co muri Amerika citwa Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory no muri kaminuza ya Imperial College London babivuga, ugusha kw’umuriro ni co kintu gikomeye kuruta ibindi vyose kw’isi. Iyo umuriro wo munsi y'ubutaka umaze guturirwa n'umuriro wo hejuru, umuravyo, uguturika kw'imyanda yo mu buhinzi, canke kwishushanya, umuriro wo munsi y'ubutaka urashobora kurokoka imvura nyinshi n'imbeho ziri munsi ya zero zo muri Arctique, ugasubira gusohoka ku butaka haciye amezi makeyi nk'"zofimbired" canke "holdover" canke "zofimbired" canke "zofimbired".

1. Amatongo y’ibitovu, boreal muskeg, n’ubutaka bw’ibitoke vy’uburimyi buvuye amazi¶

Ivu ni ikirundo c’ibitoke vyitwa sphagnum moss, sedges be n’ibintu vy’ibiti vy’ibitoke vyaboze bimwebimwe vyabayeho mu myaka ibihumbi n’ibihumbi mu bibanza vy’ibitoke vyuzuye amazi. Iyo amapfa, imigende y’amazi y’abantu canke ubukonje buhoraho bugabanuka amazi yo muri ako karere, igice co hejuru c’ivu c’ivu gifise utunogo kiri ku metero 0,5 gushika kuri 4 kirakama kigacika igitanda c’amavuta y’umuyagankuba gikomeye cane. - Kubera iki ivu riturika munsi y'ubutaka: Umwuka w'ikirere urakwiragizwa buhoro buhoro biciye mu gice co hejuru c'ubutaka gifise utunogo kugira ngo ugaburire imbere y'ivu ry'umuriro ryaka ku **\(400^\circ\text{C}\) ku \(600^\circ\text{C}\) (\(750^\circ\text{F}\)){\circ\text{F}$0 Hagati aho, igice c’ivu n’ivu bitaturitse bikora nk’ikintu gikingira ubushuhe (nk’ifuru y’amatafari), kigafata 90 kw’ijana vy’ubushuhe buri munsi y’ubutaka ku buryo umuriro unyura mu buryo buringaniye kandi ukamanuka ku **1 gushika kuri 50 centimeters kw’isaha22 (0.4 gushika kuri ho) ku ruhande. - Inzitizi y’ubutaka bushobora gutera amazi: Ivu ryumye kandi rishushe rigira igipfukisho c’umukara, igipfukisho c’amazi (gishobora kwirukana amazi). Naho imvura nyinshi y’imilimetero 50 yogwa hejuru y’ikiyaya c’ivu kigurumana, amazi y’imvura arava hejuru canke akaja mu binogo bitobito ataco atose umurongo w’umwotsi ukayangana uri ku masentimetero 60 uri musi.

2. Inyuma y'umuriro w'ishamba, imyobo y'imizi y'ibiti ("Imyobo y'Ibiti" n'"Imyobo y'Ivu")¶

Inyuma y’aho umuriro w’ishyamba ururumba uciye mu gitereko c’ibiti, urubeya rwo hejuru rurazima mu masaha makeyi, ivyo bikaba bituma umuntu yumva ko afise umutekano w’ikinyoma. - Imizi ikoreshwa: Ibiti binini vy’ibiti vy’imiberoshi n’ivy’ibiti bikomeye bifise imizi myinshi y’amabuye y’agaciro n’imizi yo mu ruhande igera kuri metero 1 gushika kuri 3 (amafuti 3,3 gushika ku 10) mu burebure no ku metero 5 gushika kuri 15 (amafuti 16 gushika ku 50) ija hanze y’igiti. Igihe igiti gifashe umuriro, umuriro upfutse urakurikira umugende wose w’imizi uri munsi y’ubutaka mu kiringo c’indwi 2 gushika ku 8 inyuma y’aho umuriro mukuru w’ishamba umenyeshejwe ko uhagaze. - Umutego w’ivu ryihishijwe: Uko umuzi w’igiti gikomeye uturika burundu munsi y’ubutaka, usiga ubusa, urutonde rw’imigende y’amashami yuzuye ivu ry’ibiti ryera ry’ubwoya, ritagira uburemere n’amakara yakayangana ku \(500^\circ\text{C}\}\) gushika kuri \(700 (\)930^\umurongo\umwandiko{F}$ ku \(1.290^\umurongo\umwandiko{F}\)). Igipande c’ivu ry’ishyamba canke inshinge z’imiberoshi zikozwe hejuru kimeze nk’aho ata co gihungabanya gushika aho uwugendagenda, nyen’inzu, umwana canke imbwa ateye hejuru y’ico kinogo maze akagwa agororotse mw’ifuru iri musi.

3. Umuriro w’amakara yo munsi y’ubutaka¶

Mu turere tw’ubutaka dufise amakara kw’isi yose (nka Pennsylvania, Wyoming, Colorado na Utah muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika; Ubudage; Ubuhindi; Ubushinwa; na Ostraliya), amakara agaragara canke acukuwe arasha kandi agaturika munsi y’ubutaka mu myaka mirongo canke ibinjana. - Ivyuma biva mu mazi n’imiyaga y’ubumara: Umuriro w’amakara wo munsi y’ubutaka ushika ku bushuhe burenze **\(800^\circ\text{C}\) gushika ku madolari 1.000^\circ\text{C}$ (\(1.470^\circ\text{F}\) kugeza ku madolari 1.830^\circ\text{F}$ imivyimba yo hasi irafunguka ikaba imivyimba y’umuriro be n’ibinogo vy’amazi bitunguranye. Ivyo binogo bica bitera umwuka w’ikibiriti (\(CO\)), umwuka w’ikibiriti (\(SO_2\)), umwuka w’ikibiriti (\(H_2S\)), metane (\(CH_4\)), n’umwuka w’ikibiriti bica mu kirere co hejuru. Ku bijanye n’ubuhinga bwagutse bwo gusenyuka mu bibanza vy’amamine, soma uburongozi bwacu ku yahevye gusenyuka kw'imine n'ubusa bwo munsi y'ubutaka.

Kugereranya ingorane z'umuriro wo munsi y'ubutaka n'ibimenyetso vy'imburi vyo mu murima¶

Koresha iyi mbonerahamwe kugira ngo umenye ubwoko butatu buhambaye bw’umuriro wo munsi y’ubutaka be n’ibimenyetso vyawo vyihariye vy’umubiri imbere y’uko utera intambwe mu karere k’akaga.

Amategeko atandatu yo mu murima yo kugenda ata nkomanzi hafi y’inkovu z’umuriro, ahantu h’ibitoke, n’ahantu h’umwotsi¶

Igihe cose usubiye mu misozi inyuma y’umuriro w’ishamba, gutembera mu misozi hafi y’ibitovu vy’amazi mu gihe c’amapfa, canke gusuzuma ubutaka bw’ibitoke vy’uburimyi, ukurikize Itegeko ry’Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu Rijejwe Guhuza Umuriro w’Ishamba (NWCG) ry’Umutekano wo Gusukura n’Ivu:

1. Ntukigere wizigira ibara ry’ubutaka; kwiga "Imburi y'Ivu Ryera".¶

Mu kuzimya umuriro mu mashamba, ivu ryera ni ikimenyetso c’ubushuhe bukaze bwo munsi y’ubutaka: - Black char bisigura inkwi canke ivyatsi vyaturiwe mu gihe gitoyi ku ruhande rw’isi hanyuma bikakonja imbere y’uko umuriro wose uba. - Ivu ryera, ry’umuhondo, canke ry’umweru w’umuhondo bisigura amavuta y’ibinyabuzima aturika yose akagira ivu ry’amabuye y’agaciro mu masaha menshi imbere mu mwobo wo munsi y’ubutaka ushushe cane kandi ukingiye. Igihe cose ubonye igice canke umurongo w’ivu ryera hasi mw’ishamba, ugifate nk’igipfukisho c’umwobo wuguruye kinyegeje ifuru y’amadolari 600^\circ\text{C}$ (\(1,110^\circ\text{F}\)) ataco ihinduye munsi yayo.

2. Scan mu gatondo canke biciye mu bikoresho vy'amaso kugira ngo ubone "Heat Shimmer" n'ubukonje¶

• Early morning condensation plumes: Igihe izuba rirashe iyo umuyaga wo mu karere ukonjeye kandi utose, umuriro w’ivu n’uw’imizi wo munsi y’ubutaka utanga utugingo ngengabuzima dutoduto tw’umuriro w’umweru n’umwotsi w’ubururu biduga biva mu myobo y’imbeba, mu binogo vy’imizi, no mu binogo vy’ubutaka. Ku muhingamo, umuyaga n’ikirere c’umye birashwiragiza ivyo bikoko ku buryo isi isa n’iyikanye cane kandi ipfuye mbere n’igihe iriko irasha cane gushika ku masentimetero 30 (12 inches) hasi.
• Refractive heat shimmer: Shira amaso yawe ku metero 1 (amafuti 3,3) hejuru y’ubutaka maze urabe mu buryo buringaniye hejuru y’ubutaka wikeka ko uri ku mfuruka y’umwiza; imipfunda y’ikirere ikayangana yerekana ahantu hashushe munsi y’ubutaka.

3. Raba "Umupfakazi w'Icatsi kibisi Acitse Imizi".¶

Mu mashyamba asanzwe, ibikoko bipfuye ni vyo bigaragara cane ko bishobora gutuma igiti kigwa. Mu muriro w’ibitoke canke w’ibitovu, ibiti vy’icatsi kibisi bisa n’ibifise amagara meza akenshi birateye akaga cane: - Uko umuriro wo munsi y’ubutaka urya imizi y’ibinyabuzima, ibiti vy’imiberoshi, ivy’imiberoshi, ivy’imiberoshi n’ivy’imiberoshi biratakaza ibice 80 gushika ku 100 kw’ijana vy’aho bishingira munsi y’ubutaka mu gihe ibiti vyavyo vyo hejuru biguma bidakozweko n’umuriro. - Ibimenyetso vy’imburi vy’igiti gisenyutse: Rondera ibiti bihengamye, imivyimba mishasha canke ibirundo biduzwe mu rubavu rw’ivu bikikuje umutwe w’igiti, ivu canke char biboneka hagati y’imizi, canke ibiti bizunguruka bitajanye n’igihe ugereranyije n’igiti kiri hafi - Iyo umuyaga uteye ku giti gihagaze, bica bigwa mu domino chain reaction ata n’ijwi rirenga ry’ugusaduka risanzwe ribanza imbere y’igiti gica (kubera ko imizi gusa isohoka mu ivu ryoroshe ata co ivuze).

4. Ntukigere utwara imodoka zitwa ATV, amataratara, amakamyo canke amabulldozer hejuru y’ivu ritasuzumwe canke ivu ry’inyuma y’umuriro .¶

Buri mwaka, ba nyen’amatongo yo mu misozi be n’abakoresha ibikoresho bikomeye barapfa canke bagaturirwa cane iyo tracteur, skid-steer canke imodoka itwara ibintu vyose (ATV) imenetse mu mfuruka y’itongo ry’ivu riri munsi y’ubutaka: - Igihome c’uburebure bwa santimetero 30 (uburebure bwa santimetero 12) c’ivyatsi vyumye bitaturitse gishobora gushigikira bitagoranye imbwebwe y’ibilo 10 canke mbere umuntu agenda yiyubara, ariko kigaca gisenyuka biteye akaga kubera umukazo wo hasi w’ikilo 400 (900-pound ATV-pound). - Iyo imodoka iguye mu mwobo w’amabuye y’agaciro ufise uburebure bwa metero 2 (uburebure bw’amafuti 6,5), amakara ashushe aca aturira amapine y’imipira, amahose y’amazi, n’itangi ry’amavuta ya peteroli, bigatuma uwuyikoresha agira umutego w’umuriro ukomeye wo ku ruhande rw’iyo modoka.

5. Gumana imbwa ku mugozi mugufi w'umubiri w'imetero 1,5 (amafuti 5)¶

Imbwa zihunga zitagira umugozi mu bikomere vy’umuriro w’ishamba canke mu binogo vyumye ni zo zikunda gushikirwa n’ibinogo vy’ivu. Imbwa ntizimenya ko ivu ryera ari akaga k’ubushuhe; ziruka zijabuka umwobo w’igiti c’umuberoshi uriko urafumba, zica mu gipfukisho c’ivu, maze zigasha amaguru ane yose n’igikiriza. Imbwa yawe iyo iguye mu mwobo w’ivu, NTUKIRUKE usohoke ku mfuruka y’ivu kugira ngo uyifate; n’ugufata urukoba rwavyo canke umugozi wavyo n’ishami rirerire canke igiti kivuye hasi bikomeye maze ubikure mu mwobo mu buryo buringaniye.

Imfashanyo ya mbere ku mva y'ivu iri munsi y'ubutaka n'umuriro w'ivu¶

Ivu ry’umuriro ni rimwe mu bikomere bikomeye cane vy’ubushuhe biboneka mu bugaragwa no mu buvuzi bw’ivyago kubera ko ivu ryiza, ry’ifu ry’amadolari 500^\circ\text{C}$ (\(930^\circ\text{F}\)) risuka imbere mu birenge vy’ibirato, amasoseti, n’amaguru y’ipantalo, rigafatanya n’ibiganza,k n’urukoba.

Intambwe ku yindi gucungera umuriro w'umurima¶

1. Kura uwo muntu yakomeretse ku butaka bukomeye kandi bukonje utateye intambwe ku ruhande rw’umwobo wewe nyene: Nusabe uwo muntu yakomeretse yikure ku nda canke ku mugongo kugira ngo akwiragize uburemere bwiwe, canke ushire ishami rirerire ry’igiti, igiti, ingazi, canke umugozi wo gukurura uva mw’ivu rikomeye ry’amabuye y’agaciro kugira ngo umukuremwo.
2. Hagarika igikorwa co guturira ubwo nyene (Itegeko ry'Impuzu n'Impuzu zikozwe mu Masegonda 60):
3. Ivu ry’ibiti n’ivu ry’ibiti bica ibibatsi biguma bishushe imbere mu mpuzu z’ibirato no mu bipfukisho vy’amapantalo mu minota mikeyi umaze gukura ukuguru kwawe hasi.
4. Icara uwo muntu hasi hakonje maze ubwo nyene umufungure umugozi maze ukureho inkweto n’amasoseti yiwe (canke uce imigozi y’inkweto n’icumu) kugira ngo ushire hanze ivu ry’umuriro ryari ryafashwe kiretse iyo nkweto canke iyo soseti yashonze ifashe ku mubiri n’urukoba rwakozwe n’umuriro.
5. Ntukigere ukuraho impuzu z’ivyuma zishonze canke umupira w’ibirato ushonze ufatanye n’igikomere c’umuriro; n’uce hirya no hino y’ico gitambaro kifatanye n’umukasi canke icumu maze usige ico gipande kifatanye kugira ngo abaganga babaga abaturitse mu bitaro bakureho.
6. Kura ivu ryumye IMBERE yo gusuka amazi nimba ivu ari ryinshi, hanyuma uyisukure n'amazi menshi akonje:
7. Niwihutire gukuraho ivu ryumye canke inkwi zikayangana n’inkoni canke igitambaro, hanyuma ubwo nyene ushire urukoba rwaturitse amazi akonje kandi asukuye (\(15^\circ\text{C}\) gushika ku \(20^\circ\text]text{C}\) [$59^\circ\text \(6\text{F}\) ku Iminota 20.
8. Ntukigere ushirako barafu, urubura, amavuta, amavuta canke amavuta ku giturika c’ivu: Ubukonje bukaze buva ku barafu canke ku rubura butera ugucika intege cane kw’imitsi bituma utugingo ngengabuzima tugira ubushuhe bwinshi, mu gihe amavuta afata ubushuhe imbere mu ruhu.
9. Ukureho impeta zose, amasaha, imiringa, imikanda, n’ibipfunsi bikomeye ubwo nyene: Ibikomere vy’ibiganza, ku maboko, no ku maguru vy’agaciro gakomeye vy’urugero rwa kabiri n’urwa gatatu biravyimba cane mu minota 15 gushika kuri 30 (uguturika kw’ibirenge). Impeta y’icuma isigaye ku rutoke rwaturitse ikora nk’igipfukisho gica amaraso mu mitsi.
10. Zingira ivyuma bikonje mu gipfukisho c'ipulasitike gisukuye kandi cyumye (Saran wrap) canke mu gipfukisho c'impuzu kidafata:
11. Dukurikije amabwirizwa y’Ishirahamwe ry’Ubuzima ryo mu Bwongereza (NHS), Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’Ubuvuzi ryo muri Ostraliya na Nouvelle-Zélande (ANZBA), n’Ishirahamwe ry’Umusaraba Mutukura, gushira igitambaro co mu nzu gisukuye co gupfuka ibifungurwa mu burebure (ntiwigere uzingira neza mu nziga zikikuje igihimba c’umubiri) hejuru y’umuriro ukonjeje ni vyiza cane: bigabanya ububabare bw’imitsi. iratuma umwanda n’ivu bitaza, ntizokwifatanya n’ibihimba bitagiramwo ibinure, kandi ituma abaganga babona igikomere batagifunguye.
12. Uvure umubabaro w’umuriro w’umubiri (hypovolemic burn shock) kandi utegure ko umuntu ahita amujana mu kigo c’umuriro w’akarere: Uwuturitse cane mu maguru canke mu biganza bisaba kubagwa vyihuse no gusubiza ubuzima mu mutsi. Gumana abakomeretse bashushe n’ibitambaro vyumye hejuru y’umubiri wabo utaturitse maze usome ivyacu vyose . guturira umurongozi w'ubutabazi bwa mbere.

Gukingira amahaha yawe n'inzu yawe umwotsi w'ibitovu¶

Ibiro vy’ubuzima bwa bose, harimwo n’ikigo ca Amerika kijejwe gukingira ibidukikije (EPA) n’ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryitaho ubuzima (OMS), biragabisha ko umwotsi w’ibitoke n’amakara ufise ubumara bwinshi cane mu vy’imiti ku metero kibe kuruta umwotsi uva mu muriro w’ishyamba.

Kubera iki umwotsi upfutse ari umwicanyi w’ijoro ucereje¶

1. Ubushuhe buke butatunganye: Umuriro w’umuriro uturika ku madolari 800^\circ\text{F}$ ku madolari 1.100^\(\circ\text{C}\) (\(1.470^\circ\text{F}ke\) ku madolari 2.010^\circ\text{F}ke$ ku madolari 2.010^\circ\text{F}\(), ugahindura umuyagankuba mwinshi (umuyagankuba_2\))mo plume ibihumbi vy’ibilometero mu gice co hejuru c’ikirere. Umuriro w’ibitoke uturika mw’ivu ry’inzara y’umwuka w’ikirere ku madolari 400^\circ\text{C}$ gushika ku madolari 550^\((\)750^\circ\text{F}$ gushika ku madolari 1.020^\circ\carbone{F}\(), ugatuma habaho ivyuma vyinshi cane vy’amazi (**c\)carbon$ monorode). (PAHs), benzene, formaldehyde, akroleine, siyanide y’iyidrojeni (\(HCN\)), n’ibinyabuzima bifise ubuzima bwiza cane (\(PM_{2,5}\) na \(PM_{1,0}\))**.
2. Imishwarara y’ijoro ihinduka ifata gazi ku rugero rw’isi: Kubera ko umwotsi upfutse usohoka hasi ku madolari 30^\circ\text{C}$ gusa gushika ku madolari 60^\circ\text{C}$ (\(86^\circ\text{F}o\) gushika ku madolari 140^\circ\text{F}o$ kugeza ku madolari 140^\circ\text al{F}$), Izuba rirenze, iyo ubutaka bukonje maze hakaba uguhinduka kw’ubushuhe mw’ijoro, umwotsi w’ibitovu ukonnye kandi ukomeye cane uratera nk’uruzi rutaboneka ukamanuka mu bibanza vyo hasi mu biyaya, mu binogo vy’inzira ndende, mu migende y’amazi, mu bibanza vyo gukwegakwega, no mu bibanza vyo munsi y’ubutaka.
3. Ibirundo vy'umuhanda munini bitaboneka neza "Superfog": Iyo ubukonje bushushe n'umwotsi mwinshi biva mu gishanga canke mu gishanga bivanze n'umuyaga utose kandi wuzuye mw'ijoro (\(100\%\) ubukonje busanzwe), birahinduka Supervisibility highlight,an kubona ku birengeye metero 1 (amafuti 3,3) mu metero 50 z’inzira igaragara, bikaba bituma haba ibirundo vy’imiduga myinshi bitera akaga hagati y’intara (na cane cane ku nkengera y’ikiyaya co ku nkengera y’ikiyaga Ikiyaga ca Mexique, Florida, Louisiana, Carolinas, n’ibiyaya vy’ibitoke vyo mu buraruko bw’Uburayi). Kugira ngo ushobore gutwara imodoka mu gihu kinini, raba ivyacu (Gulf of Mexico) Isupu y'ibitoke y'imishwarara y'igihu n'umuhanda munini w'ibirundo.

Urutonde rwo kwikingira mu nzu no mu guhema kw'umuntu ku giti ciwe¶

• Shiraho ibikoresho bikora bikoreshwa na bateri bipima Carbon Monoxide (\(CO\)) ku rugero rwose rw’inzu yawe, cane cane mu vyumba vyo hasi no mu vyumba vyo hasi: Nimba uba mu bilometero 5 (3 miles) uvuye ku gishanga c’ivu, umuriro w’ivu, canke amakara yo munsi y’ubutaka, ivyumba bitagira akamoto birashobora gutera \(CO\)n. Iyo inkengeri yawe ya \(CO\) ivuze canke umuntu wese akagira umutwe utera, akagira iseseme canke akagira iseseme, uce wimukira ahantu hejuru ubwo nyene; Raba ubumara bwa monoxide ya carbone.
• Rema "Icumba c'Umuyaga Usukuye" imbere mu nzu yawe: Funga amadirisho yose n'inzugi zo hanze, funga ibipfukisho vy'umuriro, hindura umuyaga wawe wo hagati canke umuyaga w'ifuru ku Recirculate (Funga umuyaga mwiza), shiramwo MERV-13 anditer air, wubake Isanduku ya Corsi-Rosenthal mu gushiramwo amayunguruzo ane y’ifuru y’amasentimetero 50 MERV-13 mu gice c’umubiri gifise umuyaga w’agasanduku w’amasentimetero 50 ushizwe hejuru).
• Ambara igikoresho co guhumeka ca N95 / P100 canke c’i Buraya FFP2 / FFP3 cemewe na NIOSH hanze: Ibitambaro vy’impuzu, amamasiki yo kubaga, n’ibitambaro vy’amaboko bitose bituma 80 gushika ku 95 kw’ijana vy’umwotsi w’ibitoke (\(PM_{2.5}o) ushobora guca mu maraso yawe. Ibuka ko ibikoresho vyo guhumeka bifise utugingo ngengabuzima (\)N95\(/\)P100\() bifata amatonyanga y’umwotsi n’ivu **ariko ntibitanga uburinzi bwa zero ku gazi ya carbone (\)CO$)**.

Ingene ba nyen’ubutaka bwo mu misozi n’abazimya umuriro bahagarika umuriro w’ivu uri munsi y’ubutaka¶

Nimba umuriro w’ivu canke w’ivu ryinshi uriko urakwegakwega munsi y’ubutaka werekeza ku nzu yawe, ku kigega, ku murima w’amazi, canke ku kibanza c’ibiti, ntiwigere utera amazi hejuru y’ubutaka maze ugende wiyumvira ko umuriro wazimye. Kurikiza izi ntambwe z'ubuhinga bw'umuriro w'ishamba:

1. Tora uruzitiro nyarwo rwo munsi y'ubutaka ukoresheje igikoresho co gupima ubutaka c'icuma canke igipimo c'ubushuhe c'infrared:
2. Umuriro w’ivu upfutse akenshi uturika metero 2 gushika ku 5 (amafuti 6,5 gushika ku 16,4) imbere y’umurongo w’ivu uboneka wo ku butaka uri munsi y’ivyatsi vy’icatsi kibisi. Sunika inkoni y’icuma y’uburebure bwa metero 1,5 (amafuti 5) canke igikoresho co gupima ubutaka mu butaka buri metero 1 (amafuti 3,3) ukikuje uruzitiro wikekwako maze wumve neza umutwe w’icuma ukoresheje inyuma y’ukuboko kwawe gufise amaganzu (canke upime n’igipimo c’ubushuhe bw’ubutaka) kugira ngo ubone aho ahantu hashushe ruhera.
3. Imba umugende wo guca gushika mu butaka bw’amabuye y’agaciro butashobora kwaka (ibumba, umusenyi, canke urutare rwo hasi) canke ku mazi:
4. Umurongo w’ugukaraba wo hejuru ukuraho ivyatsi gusa uzoca munsi nyene n’imbere y’ubutaka ipfutse umwotsi.
5. Ukoresheje ibipfunsi canke igikoresho co kwimba gishizwe ahantu heza cane ku butaka bukomeye kandi butaturitse, wimba umugende **ubwaguke bwa sentimetero 30 gushika kuri 60 (amafuti 1 gushika kuri 2) gushika ushitse ku mfuruka y’ivu ryirabura ry’umuhondo, umusenyi, amabuye y’agaciro, canke ubutaka buhagaze.
6. Menya inzitizi y'amazi n'urushinge rw'amazi n'ibikoresho vyo gutonyanga:
7. Amazi asanzwe asukwa ku mabuye y’ivu yumye hejuru nk’amazi ari ku gipfukisho c’imodoka gipfutse. Abahinga mu vyo kuzimya umuriro mu mashamba bongerako 0,1% gushika kuri 0,5% vy’umuriro wo mu bwoko bwa A (canke mu gihe c’ivyago vyihutirwa, akavunji gatoyi k’isabune y’amazi ishobora gusenyuka ku ndobo y’amazi y’amalita 20) kugira ngo bace umuvuduko w’amazi kugira ngo amazi yinjire mu mazi.
8. Aho gutera imiti ku butaka, ushire umuyoboro canke umuyoboro w’icuma wo gufungura imizi mu butaka buriko burafuha, ushire umwobo wo munsi y’ubutaka mu mfuruka y’ivu, hanyuma ugerageze ivu n’ibiganza gusa umaze gukonja kugira ngo umenye ko ata bihimba bishushe bisigaye.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

"Umuriro wa Zombie" (Umuriro w'Igihe c'Imbeho) ni iki, kandi umuriro ushobora gute guturika munsi y'ubutaka munsi ya metero imwe y'urubura ku madolari -40^\circ\text{C}$ (\(-40^\circ\text{F}\))?¶

Umuriro w’ibikoko (mu buryo bw’ubuhinga witwa umuriro wo guhagarika igihe c’urushana) ni umuriro uri munsi y’ubutaka mu mfuruka z’amabuye y’agaciro canke mu mfuruka y’amashamba maremare cane, ukaba ugurumana mu gihe c’umuriro w’ishamba wo mu ci, ukaba utera uburebure bwa metero 0,5 gushika kuri 3 (amafuti 1,6 gushika ku 10) ukaba uri munsi y’ubutaka. Kubera ko ivu ryumye riri hejuru y’ivu n’urubura rwo hejuru bifise ubushobozi buke cane bwo gutwara ubushuhe (bikora nk’ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama), ubushuhe buva mu guhinduka buhoro buhoro kw’ivu ry’ivu ryinshi ($400^\circ\text{C}$ gushika ku $600^{\circ\text{C}$ [$750^\circ\te $1.110^\circ\text{F}$]) irenze ubushuhe butakaye ku butaka bwakonje buri hejuru. Iyo urubura rushonze muri Ndamukiza canke Rusama maze umuyaga wo mu mpera z’umwaka ukawuma ivyatsi vyo hejuru, iyo mirongo y’umuriro yo munsi y’ubutaka irasubira hejuru maze igacana umuriro mushasha w’ishyamba ry’umuriro amayinga makeyi imbere y’uko mbere igihe c’imiravyo co mu ci gitanguye.

Ni kubera iki imvura nyinshi canke ibisasu bitera amazi mu kirere bidashobora kuzimya umuriro w’ibitovu wo munsi y’ubutaka?¶

Hari imvo zibiri z’umubiri zituma imvura nyinshi n’amazi y’indege bidashobora guhangana n’umuriro w’ibitovu vy’amabuye y’agaciro: ukuntu ubutaka butagira amazi be n’ukuntu ubutaka bushobora gukingira amazi. Ica mbere, iyo ubutaka bw’ibitoke bumeze neza bukashuha hejuru y’amadolari 150^\circ\text{C}$ ($300^\circ\text{F}$), ibintu bifise ibinyabuzima bifise ibishashara birahinduka umwuka maze bikapfuka ibice vy’ubutaka, bigatuma igice co hejuru gishobora gukunda amazi cane (kidashobora guterwa n’amazi). Amazi avuye mw’ijuru arasohoka gusa ku butaka akaja mu migende canke akaja mu binogo bitobito bihagaze ataco yinjiye mu ruhande rw’ivu ry’ivu ry’umuriro. Ubwa kabiri, kuzimya metero kibe y’ivu ry’umuriro rikayangana bisaba ko umuntu ashira ubukonje bwaryo hejuru y’ibice 100 gushika ku 150 kw’ijana akoresheje uburemere bwumye; uburyo bumwe rudende bwo kuzimya umuriro munini w’ibitovu ni ugukingira imigende y’amazi yo muri ako karere, gushira hejuru amazi yose yo munsi y’ubutaka kuva hasi gushika hejuru mu kiringo c’amayinga menshi, canke gucukura n’ubuhinga bw’amashini maze ukavanga ivyo bitovu bisha bikagira ivu ry’ivu ryuzuye.

Ni ryari inyuma y’umuriro w’ishyamba ryo hejuru, bishoboka ko umuntu agenda ata nzira ataco yiganyira ku binogo vy’ivu bishushe?¶

Dukurikije ibivugwa n’Ishirahamwe ry’Amashyamba ryo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika be n’ibisata vy’amashyamba vyo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, ibiti bininibinini be n’ibinogo vy’imizi bishobora kuguma ku madolari 400^\circ\text{C}$ gushika ku madolari 650^\circ\text{F}mes$ gushika ku madolari 1.200^\circ\ce\text{F}mes umuriro w’ishamba urazima burundu, kandi ibipande vy’ivu canke vy’ivu bikomeye birashobora kuguma bishushe mu kiringo cose c’imbeho gushika urubura rwinshi rwo mu mpera z’umwaka rwuzuye ubutaka bukaba urutare. Naho haciye imyaka iyo ivu ikonjeye burundu, imigende yo munsi y’ubutaka iri ubusa aho imizi minini minini y’ibiti yaturitse iraguma ari imitego y’umubiri yihishije kandi ituma ibikoko vy’ibisiga vyapfuye bihagaze bisenyuka ata n’umwe abimenyesheje. Ntukigere uva mu nzira z’ubutaka bw’amabuye y’agaciro zashinzwe imbere mu nkovu iherutse guturika utasuzumye hasi imbere yawe.

"Superfog" ni iki, kandi ni kuki umuriro w'ibishanga n'uw'ibitovu utera umwotsi w'ibitovu utuma haba ibirundo vy'amabarabara manini vyica abantu ku bilometero vyinshi?¶

Superfog ni ikivange c’umwotsi n’umwotsi w’amazi gikomeye cane, gifata hasi, kikaba kigabanya ukuntu umuntu abona ibintu mu buryo buringaniye, kikaba kiri munsi ya metero 1 canke 3 (amafuti 3 canke 10). Ibaho mw’ijoro no mu gatondo iyo umwotsi ususurutse kandi ufise ubukonje bwinshi uva ku mfuruka z’ibitovu, ku mfuruka z’ibitovu canke ku mfuruka z’amashamba ziremereye zivanze n’ikirere gikonje cane, hafi yuzuye ($95\%$ gushika ku $100\%$ ubukonje busanzwe). Umwotsi wose mutoyi cane ukora nk’igicu gikora nk’igicu (CCN), kigatuma haba utudodo dutoduto tw’umwotsi dupfutse amazi amamiliyoni kuri metero kibe duhobera ibiyaya vy’amabarabara manini manini n’ibiraro vy’uruzi. Abashoferi bagenda ku muvuduko w’ibilometero 110 kw’isaha mu kirere gitomoye canke mu gihu gitoyi, barashobora gutwara imodoka mu kinogo c’amazi maze bagatera uruhome rw’umuyaga Superfog utaboneka ataco ubona mu segonda imwe.

Amasoko yasuzumwe¶

• Ishirahamwe ry’amashamba ryo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USFS), Laboratwari y’ubuhinga bw’umuriro ya Missoula n’Ikigo c’ubushakashatsi ku misozi y’ibitandara: Ugusha kw’umuriro mu butaka bufise ubuzima, umutekano wo gusukura imizi, n’ubuhinga bw’umuriro mu gihe c’imbeho.
• Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu Rijejwe Guhuza Umuriro w’Ishamba (NWCG, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Igitabo c’Ivyiyumviro vy’Ivyiyumviro (IRPG): Ivyago vyo mu Kinogo c’Ivu, Ibiti vy’Ivyatsi Bitobito Bigoyagoya kubera Imizi (Abapfakazi), n’Ingingo ngenderwako zo Gusukura.
• Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe gukingira ibidukikije (EPA) n’ibigo bijejwe kugenzura no kwirinda indwara (CDC): Ingaruka ku buzima z’umwotsi w’umuriro wo mu gahinga (\(PM_{2.5}\) na Carbon Monoxide), Gutegura Ivyumba vy’Umuyaga Usukuye, no Guhitamwo Ivyo Guhumeka.
• Ishirahamwe mpuzamakungu ryitaho ubuzima (OMS) n’Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’Ubuzima ryo mu Bwongereza (NHS): Ugucungera indwara ziterwa n’ivu ry’ubushuhe (Iminota 20 y’amazi akonje n’amasezerano yo kwambara ivyuma bifatanye).
• Ibiro vy’ugusubizaho ubucukuzi bwo ku butaka no gukurikiza amategeko (OSMRE, Igisata c’Imbere mu Gihugu ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Imiriro y’amakara yo munsi y’ubutaka, Ivyago vyo gusenyuka kw’amabuye y’agaciro, n’imiyaga y’ubumara.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Inkongi z'umuriro: kwitegura, kwirukana abantu, no kurokoka
• Umwotsi w'umuriro w'ishamba n'uburinzi bwo guhumeka ivu
• Guturika no gusha: ubutabazi bwa mbere bwihutirwa
• Ubumara bwa monoxide de carbone: ibimenyetso n'uguhunga ubwo nyene
• Igihu c'imishwarara y'isupu y'ibitoke, igihu c'imishwarara, n'ibirundo vy'umuhanda munini