Pyrocumulonimbus (PyroCb) Aprannaa a Ogya De Ba: Downburst Ember Blizzard, Dry-Lightning Ignition, ne Ogya-Tornado Vortex¶

Sɛ abotiri wuram ogya a ano yɛ den hyew fa kwae a ɛyɛ den anaa chaparral mu wɔ wim tebea a ɛyɛ hyew, ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu, na entumi nnyina mu a, ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro a ogyaframa no gyae (often exceeding 10,000 to 50,000 megawatts) de ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro ( .100 to 160 kilometers per hour / . 60 to 100 mph) a ɛbɔ kilomita 10 kosi 16 (anammɔn 33,000 kosi 53,000) kɔ stratosphere a ɛwɔ fam no mu. Bere a nsu a efi ɔhyew ne mframa a ɛkɔ mu no yɛ nwini na ɛyɛ nwini ma ɛbɛyɛ nsukyenee a ɛyɛ nsukyenee a ɛyɛ anvil wɔ -40 to -60 degrees Celsius (-40 to -76 degrees Fahrenheit) wɔ wusiw tuntum adum no atifi no, wuram ogya no ma n’ankasa aprannaa a ɛtumi gyina ne ho a wɔfrɛ no pyrocumulonimbus (PyroCb, anaa flammagenitus). Sɛ wuram ogya dan kɔ PyroCb mu pɛ a, ogya a ɛtrɛw ho mfonini ahorow a ɛyɛ daa no di nkogu na asiane ahorow abiɛsa a emu yɛ den ba wɔ simma kakraa bi mu: (1) Plume-Collapse Downburst ne 360-Degree Ember Blizzard, baabi a nsõ, nsukyenee, ne osutɔ adum a ɛkorɔn no mu yɛ duru dodo sɛ nsu a ɛkɔ soro no betumi agyina akyi na ɛhwe ase tẽẽ kɔ fam asase, ɔtopae ** .100-to-160-km/h (60-to-100-mph) mframa a ɛsen ahum kɛse** a ogyaframa ɔpepem pii a ɛhyerɛn ahyɛ mu ma (ember blizzard) wɔ baabiara, a akyi a wɔde bɛko atia mframa a ɛrebɔ no ka ho; (2) Pyrogenic Dry Lightning Ignition, baabi a nsukyenee a nsukyenee a ɛyɛ nsukyenee abɔ wɔ anvil ogya mu no to anyinam ahoɔden ɔhaha pii a ɛyɛ papa a efi mununkum kɔ fam kɔ ​​soro kodu kilomita 20 kosi 30 (akwansin 12 kosi 18) wɔ ogya anim kɛse no anim a osu ntɔ nkɔ fam, na ɛde ogya foforo a ɛtɔ wɔ mmeae bi twa wɔn a wɔatu afi hɔ no ho hyia ne (3) Tornadic Fire Vortices ("Fire Tornadoes"), baabi a mframa a ɛtwetwe gyina hɔ ne cyclonic vorticity a PyroCb updraft no trɛw mu no twa EF2 kosi EF3 ahum a ogyaframa, nsõ, ne mframa a ano yɛ den 230-km/h (143-mph) (te sɛ 2018 Carr Fire vortex a ɛwɔ Redding, California, 2020 Loyalton Fire ahum, ne 2003 Canberra ne 2019-2020 PyroCb ahum a ɛtɔe wɔ Australia). Sɛ wuhu sɛ wuram ogya wusiw adum bi rehuruhuruw abɛyɛ anvil mununkum a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛhyerɛn, a cauliflower ahyɛ so wɔ wusiw tuntum tuntum atifi a, tu fi hɔ ntɛm ara ansa na plume no abubu, na frɛ wo mpɔtam hɔfo nɔma ahorow a egye ntɛmpɛ (911 wɔ United States ne Canada no, . 000 wɔ Australia no, . 112 wɔ Europa nyinaa, . 999 wɔ United Kingdom) sɛ wɔakyere no a. Sɛ wopɛ wuram ogya ne mframa a ano yɛ den nkwa ho akwankyerɛ a edi mũ a, hwehwɛ yɛn nuanom akwankyerɛfo wɔ ogya a ɛrehuruhuruw, ogya a ɛyɛ hyew, ne pyrocumulonimbus plume a ɛhwe ase, . wuram ogya a ɛtɔ, . wuram ogya ember ntua, ɔdan atifi mframa a wɔde fa mu, nsu a ɛkɔ nsu mu, ne nnua ban a wɔhyew, ofie a wɔma ɛyɛ den, ne simma 15 a etwa to prep checklist, . dry-apranam bust, virgin kwae ignition cluster, ne akyi wusiw-adum ahinanan, na ɔhyew.

Sɛnea wobɛte sɛnea wobɛkenkan PyroCb wusiw adum fi akyirikyiri kilomita 20, sɛnea wobɛguan afi plume-collapse downburst a ɛyɛ digrii 360, ne sɛnea wobɛtra ase wɔ kar anaa ɔdan bi mu bere a ember ahum a ɛkɔ soro anaa ogya a ɛretu twa wo kwan a wobɛfa so atu wo ho no ho hia ma wɔn a wɔte hɔ, karkafo, wɔn a wɔnam fam, ne wuram odumgyafo a wɔwɔ mmeae a ogya taa tɔ wɔ wiase nyinaa.

Yɛ eyi mprempren¶

1. Tutu fi beae hɔ Ntɛm ara bere a wubehu sɛ wuram ogya wusiw adum a ɛyɛ tumm sɛ ɛrefifi fifi a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛhyerɛn na nsukyenee akata so a wɔfrɛ no cauliflower atifi no (pyrocumulus) anaasɛ ɛyɛ petee wɔ soro ma ɛbɛyɛ aprannaa a ɛyɛ nhama (pyrocumulonimbus). Ntena akyi NNYƐ sɛ wobɛfa hose akɔ wo dan atifi anaasɛ wobɛhyehyɛ nneɛma a ɛho nhia bere a PyroCb bi ayɛ wɔ wo soro no. PyroCb adum betumi abubu a wɔmmɔ kɔkɔ wɔ simma 15 kosi 45 mu bere a adu soro a ɛsen biara no, asakra mframa akwankyerɛ digrii 180 na ama ogya atrɛw ntɛmntɛm afi kilomita 3/h kosi 25+ km/h (15+ mph) denam ahum a ɛyɛ anifurae a ɛda fam a ɛyɛ ogyaframa a ɛrehyew so.
2. Hwɛ kwan sɛ ogya no bɛbɔ AKYI ne AKWAN (360 degrees) bere a PyroCb adum bi abubu. Mfa no da sɛ wowɔ ahobammɔ esiane sɛ wowɔ "mframa a ɛkɔ soro" anaa "wɔ afã" wɔ wuram ogya a ɛrehyew wɔ PyroCb mununkum a ɛkorɔn ase kɛkɛ nti. Sɛ PyroCb a osutɔ ne nsõ ahyɛ mu ma no hwe ase wɔ dry microburst / downburst mu a, mframa a ɛsiane no bɔ fam na ɛpae kɔ abɔnten wɔ 360-degree ring mu wɔ 100 kosi 160 km/h (60 kosi 100 mph), na ɛma ogyaframa ne pine cones a ɛrehyew afasu kɔ kilomita 2 kosi 8 (akwansin 1.2 kosi 5) wɔ mframa a ɛkɔ soro ne nkyɛnkyɛn wɔ simma kakraa bi mu.
3. Hwɛ sɛ ogya foforo a ɛrehyew wɔ mmeae bi a ɛrehyew kilomita 5 kosi 30 (akwansin 3 kosi 18) wɔ wuram ogya titiriw no anim wɔ ɔkwan kɛse a wobɛfa so atu afi hɔ no so. PyroCb ahum mununkum ma nnua nnua a ɛrehyew so (firebrands) kɔ soro kɔ jet asuten no mu na ɛma positive-polarity dry lightning strikes kɔ akyirikyiri wɔ ogya line titiriw no anim. Bere a woretu afi hɔ no, ma wo kar no kanea nsɔ kanea kɛse, hwɛ ɔkwan kɛse no afanu nyinaa sɛ wusiw fitaa foforo a anyinam anaa ogyaframa a ɛkɔ akyirikyiri hyew no, na fa kar nkɔ wusiw tuntum/akutu a ɛyɛ den mu wɔ ɔkwan no so da.
4. Sɛ Tornadic Fire Vortex ("Fire Tornado") anaasɛ adum tuntum ne borɔdɔma a ɛkyinkyini a ɛrebobom ba bɛn wo gyinabea a, tu kɔ baabi a ɛyɛ digrii 90 a ɛteɛteɛ ne kwan no so na fa ahum-level structural shelter sɛ wowɔ beae a wɔahyew no akyi a. Ogya ahum a PyroCb de aba ankasa (a ɛne turo-su ketewa bi a ne tenten yɛ mita 10 bɔ abira mfutuma/ogya a ɛrehuruhuruw) betumi ayɛ mita 300 kosi 500 (anammɔn 1,000 kosi 1,650) tɛtrɛtɛ a mframa a ɛbɔ EF2 kosi EF3 (180 to 265 km/h / . 110 to 165 mph) a ɛtutu nnua, ɛdannan odumgyafo mfiri, na ɛtetew afie atifi. Nanso, mma wo ho ntra dan a mfɛnsere nni mu a ɛwɔ ofie a ɛrehyew anaasɛ enni den mu da sɛ wuram ogya anim no ankasa rehyew ɔdan no a: ɛsɛ sɛ wotra ɔdan no mu wɔ ntade a wɔde aboa nhoma/cotton ayɛ a ogya dum afiri ne nsu a wode ma mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wubetumi afi adi akɔ asase tuntum a wɔahyew dedaw so ntɛm ara a mframa ahum ne ogyaframa a ɛhyerɛn no bɔ no.
5. Sɛ wo kar no twa PyroCb ember blizzard anaa ogyaframa anim wɔ ɔkwan a enni kwan a wɔfa so guan no so a, fa si mfutuma, gravel, anaa asphalt clearing a ɛda hɔ kwa no so sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ yiye biara, gyaw engine no idling, dane AC ma RECIRCULATE, na kɔ DOWN wɔ window glass no ase. Mmɔ mmɔden da sɛ wobɛbɔ outrun a 100-km/h downburst ogyaframa anim wɔ nantew so. Fa kar si hɔ wɔ kɔnkrit jersey akwanside akyi anaa twa bank no fi nnua ho, dan asiane akanea ne kanea a ɛwɔ anim, to mfɛnsere ne mframa a ɛkɔ mu nyinaa mu denneennen, fa 100% wool blanket (ɛnyɛ synthetic fleece anaa nylon da) kata obiara so wɔ fam boards a ɛwɔ glass windows no ase no so na asiw radiant infrared heat ano, na twɛn simma 3 kosi 10 ma ogyaframa titiriw no anim sɛ ɛbɛtwam ansa na woafi adi akɔ baabi a ahyew tuntum no sɛ ogya tɔ kar no tae anaa akyi a.
6. Sɛ woakɔda nantew so wɔ akyi asase so wɔ bere a PyroCb a ɛrepaapae anaasɛ anyinam a ɛyɛ dry-lightning cluster a, guan kɔ "Black" asase a wɔahyew dedaw, abotan scree afuw a ɛtrɛw, anaa asubɔnten/ɔtare a emu dɔ; MMTU mmirika nkɔ soro da ogya no anim anaasɛ nkɔ ɔtare teateaa bi mu ("chimney"). Frɛ 911 / . 000 / . 112 / . 999 anaasɛ wobɛkanyan wo satellite SOS beacon (Garmin inReach / Apple SOS) ntɛm ara denam wo GPS coordinates so, na fa 100% cotton bandana a ɛyɛ dry anaasɛ ɛyɛ nwini kakra so home bɛn fam de bɔ wo mframa kwan ho ban fi mframa a ɛyɛ hyew dodo ho (> 150 C / . 300 F).

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Atmospheric & Fire-Weather Physics: Sɛnea Wim Ogya Yɛ N’ankasa Aprannaa (PyroCb) .¶

Wiase Wim Tebea Ho Ahyehyɛde (WMO) de mununkum a ogya de ba no to cumulus flammagenitus (pyrocumulus / PyroCu) ne cumulonimbus ɔyare mmoawa ( .pyrocumulonimbus / PyroCb) na ɛyɛ. Sɛ wopɛ sɛ wote sɛnea kwae mu ogya dan aprannaa a ɛwɔ stratospheric a etumi ma EF3 ahum ne anyinam a ɛyɛ nwunu a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri kilomita 30 ba no ase a, hwehwɛ engine a ɛwɔ afã anan a ɛma ahoɔden yɛ hyew no mu:

1. Ɔfã 1: Ɔhyew a Ɛkɔ Anim a Ɛyɛ Den & Plume-Dominated Convection (The Inverted Funnel) .¶

Sɛ wuram ogya dan fi ogya a ɛwɔ soro mu kɔ abotiri ogya a ɛka bom koraa wɔ pɛtro a emu yɛ duru mu (especially when atmospheric conditions match a High Haines Index of 5 or 6), mframa a ɛyɛ hyew ( .800 C to 1,100 C wɔ ogyaframa beae) trɛw na ɛtow rɔke kɔ soro wɔ mita 30 kosi 50 wɔ sekan biara mu (110 to 180 km/h) na ɛyɛ. Sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔde saa mframa a ɛtow tuo kɔ soro no nyinaa asi ananmu no, mframa a ano yɛ den de ahopere fi afã nyinaa kɔ mu wɔ fam kɔ ogya adum no ase, na ɛma ogyaframa no nya mframa pa.

2. Ɔfã 2: Ɔhyew a Ahintaw Turbocharging ( .Pyrocumulus -> Pyrocumulonimbus) .¶

Bere a mframa adum a ɛyɛ hyew a wusiw ahyɛ mu ma no kɔ soro mita 4,000 kosi 6,000 fi fam no, ɛyɛ nwini adiabatically kosi sɛ ne nsu a ɛyɛ hyew no bɛbom ayɛ wusiw nketenkete abɛyɛ nsu mununkum nsu (pyrocumulus). Saa nsu a ɛyɛ nwini no ma ɔhyew a ahintaw a ɛma ɛyɛ hyew (2,500 kilojoules per kilogram), san yɛ mframa a ɛrekɔ soro no hyew sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ɛbɛkɔ soro ntɛmntɛm denam awɔw dodow no so (0 C) ne nucleation level a ɛyɛ pɛ ( .-38 C), a ɛdan nsukyenee-ahwehwɛ pyrocumulonimbus ( .PyroCb) anvil wɔ mita 10,000 kosi 16,000 (anammɔn 33,000 kosi 53,000).

3. Ɔfã 3: Microphysics a Ɛwɔ Nsõ, Aprannaa a Ɛyɛ Dry, ne Plume Collapse (Downburst) .¶

Wɔde 100,000+ wusiw aerosol asinasin wɔ cubic centimeter biara mu na ɛmene PyroCb updraft bi, na ɛkyekyɛ mununkum mu nsu mu ma micro-droplets nketenkete ɔpepepem pii a ɛyɛ nketewa dodo sɛ ɛbɛtɔ sɛ osu a ɛretɔ ansa na ayɛ nwini ayɛ no nsukyenee ahwehwɛ a ɛkorɔn wɔ anvil no mu. Bere a nsukyenee ahwehwɛ ne graupel hwe ase fi PyroCb nnyinaso a ɛkorɔn no mu (3,000 to 5,000 meters above ground) kɔ mframa a ɛyɛ nwunu a ɛyɛ hyew dodo a ɛwɔ ase hɔ no mu (relative humidity < 10% to 15%), wɔyɛ nwini na wɔyɛ sublimate wɔ mframa mfinimfini (virga). Nsukyenee a ɛreyɛ ayɛ hyew no wia ɔhyew fi mframa a atwa ho ahyia no mu, na ɛma mframa a ɛyɛ nwini kotoku a ɛyɛ den ba soro a ɛhwe ase kɔ asase so (downdraft velocity 60 to 100 km/h) na ɛpetepete abɔnten wɔ asase no so sɛ 100-kɔ-160-km/h (60-kɔ-100-mph) radial downburst ember blizzard.

4. Ɔfã 4: Pyrogenic Dry Lightning & Tornadic Ogya Vortex Genesis¶

• Positive-Polarity Dry Lightning: Wɔ anvil a nsukyenee ayɛ no mu (-20 C to -50 C), nsukyenee a wɔde wusiw akata so ne asukɔtweaa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a ɛbɔ (graupel) kyekye electrostatic charge, mpɛn pii no wɔde inverted positive charge nhyehyɛe. High-amperage positive mununkum-kɔ-asase (+CG) anyinam huruw fi anvil a ɛkorɔn no mu na ɛbɔ kwae mu pɛtro a ɛyɛ kusuu wɔ ogya no anim kilomita 5 kosi 30 a osu ntɔ biara nka ho, na ɛsɔ wuram ogya foforo du du pii bere koro mu.
• Tornadic Fire Vortices (Fire Tornadoes): Nea ɛnte sɛ nketewa, bere tiaa bi ogya a ɛrehuruhuruw (1 to 15 meters wide, lasting 1 to 5 minutes), PyroCb ogya ahum ba bere a wɔde mframa a ɛtwetwe nkuruwankuruwa a ɛkɔ soro no dannan no tẽẽ na wɔtrɛw kɔ soro denam PyroCb a ɛkɔ soro a ɛyɛ kilomita 150/h (a wɔkora angular momentum so), a ɛtow mu wɔ ogyaframa ne EF2/EF3 mframa a ɛkyinkyini a ne tɛtrɛtɛ yɛ mita 300 a ebetumi atra hɔ simma 30 kosi 90 mu.

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Ntotoho Table: Standard Wind-Driven Wildfire vs. PyroCb Plume-Collapse Downburst vs. Ogya Whirl vs. PyroCb Ogya Ahum¶

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Anamɔn biara Nkwagye ho Nhyehyɛe: Tumi a Wɔde Tumi, Kar a Wɔde Sie, Nneɛma a Wɔde Bɔ Nneɛma Ho Ban, ne Akwantu a Wɔkwati¶

Tebea A: Wim Akenkan ne Tumi a Wobɛtu Mfi Hɔ a Wobɛyɛ¶

Sɛ wuram ogya rehyew wɔ kilomita 10 kosi 40 (akwansin 6 kosi 25) fi wo fie, nsraban, anaa w’adwumam: 1. Yɛ Simma 15 Wim Hwɛ no: - Safe / Predictable Plume: Wusiw kɔ so yɛ tan, gray, anaa brown, kotow kɔ soro tẽẽ ne mframa a ɛwɔ soro no, na enni mununkum a ɛda hɔ a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛhyerɛn wɔ soro. - Kɔkɔbɔ a Ɛho Hia (Pyrocumulus): Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wusiw adum no gyina hɔ gyina hɔ te sɛ ogya bepɔw a ɛpae, ɛdan kɔbere tuntum a ɛte sɛ fango anaa tuntum wɔ ase, na ɛyɛ kɔbere a ɛyɛ crisp, a ɛrefɔw a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛhyerɛn wɔ soro. Fa w'abusua ne w'ayɛmmoa gu kar mu na kɔ MPREMPREN. - Atoyerɛnkyɛm a Ɛrebɛn (Pyrocumulonimbus / PyroCb): Nsukyenee a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛhyerɛn no yɛ nsukyenee a ɛyɛ aprannaa anvil a ne soro yɛ tratraa a ɛyɛ fuzzy a ɛresen fi soro, wote aprannaa a ɛkɔ akyirikyiri a ɛkɔ so fi wusiw adum no mu, anaasɛ virga nsensanee a ɛyɛ sum fi ase sian fi mununkum no ase. Plume a ɛhwe ase digrii 360 na ember blizzard a ɛpae betumi abɔ wɔ simma kakraa bi mu. 2. Paw Wo Evacuation Route Atwa Plume no Ho Ahyia: - Mfa bepɔw so kwan teateaa a ɛyɛ kyinhyia a kwae wom a ɛfa PyroCb mununkum a ɛyɛ sum ase tẽẽ anaasɛ ɛfa ɔtare a ɛso yɛ toro a nsu fa mu da (chimney). - Fa kar kɔ nkoko a ɛtrɛw, kuayɛ mfuw, mpoano akwan akɛse, nkurow akɛse mu asphalt mfinimfini, anaa asase tuntum a wɔahyew dedaw wɔ ogya no akyi sɛ ogya a ɛwɔ baabi a anyinam a ɛyɛ kusuu twaa ɔkwan kɛse a ɛkɔ anim no mu a.

Tebea B: Nkwa a Wobɛte Ase Wɔ Kar a Wɔakyere no mu wɔ Downburst Ember Blizzard anaa Flame Front mu¶

Ogya a ɛtɔ wuram ɔhaha pii wuwu bere a PyroCb mframa a ɛsakra mpofirim no twa wɔn a wɔatu akɔ akyiri wɔ akwan a nnipa ayɛ so ma so no. Sɛ ɔfasu a ɛyɛ anifurae a ɛyɛ ogyaframa a ɛkɔ soro, wusiw tuntum, ne ogyaframa twa ɔkwan a ɛwɔ anim ne akyi no a: 1. NNYU Wo Kar no Ntu mmirika Fa Nantew Fa Petrol a Ɛnhyew Mu: - Onipa a ɔretu mmirika kilomita 10 kosi 15 dɔnhwerew biara wɔ wusiw ne mframa a ɛyɛ hyew dodo mu (200 C to 400 C) bɛhyew a ɛyɛ hyew a ɛyɛ hu ne honam ani hyew a ɛhyerɛn wɔ sikɔne 30 kosi 60 mu. - Kar a wɔato mu a ɛwɔ dade nipadua no ma wonya ɔhyew kyɛm a ɛhyerɛn ne mframa kotoku a ɛhome a ɛho hia a ebetumi ama woatra ase denam simma 2 kosi 5 ogyaframa a ɛbɔ kɛse no so sɛ wode si baabi a ɛfata a. 2. Kar no gyinabea ho nhyehyɛe a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ (Seconds Count): - Hwɛ ntɛm ara beae a pɛtro nnim a ɛtrɛw sen biara: mfutuma a ɛda hɔ kwa, ɔkwan mmati a abotan ayɛ, abotan a wɔatwa, asphalt nhyiam a ɛtrɛw, anaa beae a ahyew tuntum dedaw. - Mfa kar nsi nnua a ɛsensɛn so ase da, brush/chaparral a ɛyɛ den nkyɛn, anaa sare atenten a ayow so (a ɛbɛhyew wɔ wo chassis ne petrol tank ase). - Sɛ wɔhyɛ wo ma ogyina ɔkwan teateaa a wɔabɔ so so a, fa kar si ɔbotan/mfutuma a wɔatwa-bank a ɛda hɔ kwa so (nkɔ abɔnten ano a ɛwɔ ɔtare a ɛso yɛ toro a afifide wɔ so a ogyaframa a ɛreforo kɔ soro no bɔ tẽẽ kɔ koko no so da). - Fa kar no hwene kyerɛ baabi a wobɛguan, gyaa engine no ma ɛnyɛ adwuma (ɛnyɛ adwuma) gye sɛ ogyaframa a emu yɛ duru rekata hood intake no so tẽẽ, dan headlights ne 4-way hazard flashers ON (enti odumgyafo mfiri ne karkafo afoforo renbɔ wo wɔ zero-visibility black wusiw mu), na fa mframa a wɔde yɛ adwuma no to RECIRCULATE (Closed Outside Vent). 3. Wɔ Cabin no mu Bere a Flame Front Pass: - Bobɔ mfɛnsere nyinaa UP koraa (even a 2-centimeter crack allows 100-km/h ember winds to fill the car with burning sparks). - Yi obiara fi nkongua so na da fam ntaaboo a ɛwɔ ahwehwɛ mfɛnsere no ase. Ɔhyew a ɛhyerɛn a ɛwɔ infrared no fa mfɛnsere ahwehwɛ a emu da hɔ a wɔahyɛ no den mu tẽẽ wɔ ahoɔhare a hann de ba mu; sɛ wɔtra dade apon no ase a, esiw hann a ɛhyerɛn no ɔha biara mu nkyem 90 ano. - Twe 100% wool blanket, heavy cotton coat, anaa leather jacket koraa fa wo ti, wo kɔn, ne wo nsa so, na nom nsuo na ama w’ano ayɛ nwini. - MMFA ehu nka bere a tae no popa, abɔnten plastic trim no nwene, anaasɛ wusiw kɔ mu no: Peak radiant flame front of a fast-moving brush/forest crown fire passes a stationary point in 90 seconds to 4 minutes. Sɛ ogyaframa ɔfasu titiriw no twam na abɔnten so hyew kɔ fam pɛ a, hwɛ sɛ kar no tae anaa emu asɔ anaa; sɛ kar no rehyew a, fa aboa nhoma kuntu no kata wo ho na fi adi tẽẽ kɔ akwan tuntum a wɔahyew dedaw no so.

Tebea C: Dabere a Ɛho Hia Ntɛmntɛm Wɔ Ofie Mu Bere a Wɔatwa Tumi a Wɔbɛtu Afiri Mu no¶

Sɛ PyroCb a ɛpae anaa ogya ahum bi bɔ wo mpɔtam hɔ ansa na woatumi atu afi hɔ a: 1. Fa Obiara Brɛ Fie, Fa Cotton/Wool/Leather, Ntare Ahosiesie, ne Prep Water: To mfɛnsere, apon, kar dan apon, ne abansoro so mframa a wɔde fa mu nyinaa mu. Dum propane tank valves ne natural gas mita abɔnten sɛ sikani 60 ma kwan a, yi ntama a wɔde ayɛ a ɛyɛ hyew fi mfɛnsere mu, sɔ ofie akanea nyinaa sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wusiw tuntum bɛda fie no mu, na gyaw abɔnten apon wɔntow. 2. Active Interior Survival vs. Ogya Ahum Nkɛntɛnso: Sɛ Ahum Ogya Vortex (180-265 km/h winds) ɔbobom kɔ wo abɔnten so, san w’akyi kɔ ɔkwan bi a ɛwɔ mu wɔ abansoro kɛse no so a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri fi mfɛnsere ho sekan 60 kosi 120 a egye vortex core no na ɛtwam bere a okura kanea a wɔde tow, ogya dum afiri, ne ntama a wɔde aboa nhoma ayɛ no. Ntɛm ara a mframa a ano yɛ den no ano brɛ ase no, MMFA wo ho nhyɛ dan a mfɛnsere nni mu anaa dan ase: nantew fa fie no mu kɔhwɛ mfɛnsere, ɔdan atifi, ne ɔdan atifi apon no mu sɛ ogya a ɛyɛ hyew atɔ mu anaa. Sɛ ogya tɔ ofie no mu a wuntumi nni so a, tu kɔ dan bi a abɔnten pon tẽẽ a ɛkɔ kar kwan a wɔabue, sare, anaa asase tuntum a wɔahyew dedaw mu, twɛn simma 3 kosi 5 kosi sɛ abɔnten ogyaframa anim no bɛtwam, na fi adi a wode aboa nhoma/cotton ntama abɔ mu akɔ asase tuntum a ahyew no so.

Nsɛm tebea D: Akyi Nnantew ne Wildland Guankɔbea ("Into the Black") .¶

Sɛ wɔkyere wo sɛ wo nantew wɔ sare so bere a PyroCb adum bi si anaasɛ anyinam a ɛyɛ nwunu sɔ ogya twa w’akwan no ho hyia a, mmɔ mmɔden da sɛ wubetu mmirika asen ogya akɔ soro anaasɛ wobɛforo ɔtare bi (fire races uphill 4 to 16 times faster than on flat ground). Sɛ ogyaframa a ɛwɔ afã horow a emu nnɔ ( .< 1 meter high) tetew wo fi nsõ tuntum a wɔahyew dedaw a ɛtrɛw a ɛwɔ baabi a pɛtro a ɛwɔ soro no ayera, de aboa nhoma/kotoku kata wo honam ani, kura wo home mu fa ntama mu, na tu mmirika fa mu kɔ Abibifo no mu. Sɛ asase tuntum biara nni hɔ a worentumi nkɔ hɔ a, hwehwɛ alpine abotan talus/scree afuw a ɛtrɛw, asubɔnten a ɛso yɛ abotan, ɔtare kɛse, anaasɛ mfutuma kwan a ɛda hɔ kwa no grading, popa pine nnade ne duff nyinaa mita 3 twa ho hyia, da fa w’ani kyerɛ fam a wo nan kyerɛ ogya a ɛreba no so wɔ aboa nhoma ntama anaa mineral efĩ ase, na home mframa kotoku a ɛyɛ nwini no tia mineral no pɛɛ asase ( .35 C at dirt level versus 300 C at chest height).

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Ntɛmntɛm Triage ne Evacuation Gyinaesi Dua¶

flowchart TD
    A["PyroCb Fire-Generated Thunderstorm Detected:: Wusiw tuntum adum a ɛkorɔn a nsukyenee a ɛyɛ fitaa a ɛhyerɛn, aprannaa a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri, anaa virga a ɛyɛ sum"] --> B{"So wubetumi akɔ so atu afi hɔ dwoodwoo denam kwan so ANSA na plume no abubu?"}
    B -- "YIW: Akwan a Wɔabue" --> C["TUMI TU NTƐM (Ntwɛn sɛ aban ahyɛde):: 1. Hyɛ 100% cotton/wool/leather (NO synthetic polyester/fleece): 2. Ka kar a headlights & hazards ON, AC on Recirculate: 3. Hwɛ 10 kosi 30 km w’anim ma dry-lightning spot ogya foforo"]
    B -- "DABI: Ɔkwan a Ember Blizzard / Ogya Anim Twitwa" --> D{"Ɛhe na woakɔda mprempren?"}
    D -- "Wɔ Kar Bi Mu" --> E["VEHICLE SURVIVAL PROTOCOL:: 1. Fa si asphalt/gravel/fĩ a ɛda hɔ kwa anaa ‘Black’ asase a wɔahyew so a ɛne nnua/brush ntam kwan ware: 2. Gyae engine no idling, headlights/hazards ON, windows UP, AC on Recirculate: 3. Da fam boards BELOW window glass ase 100% wool blanket ase ma ogyaframa simma 2-5 pass"]
    D -- "Ofie / Ɔdan bi mu" --> F["ACTIVE STRUCTURE SURVIVAL PROTOCOL:: 1. To mfɛnsere/mfɛnsere nyinaa mu, twe ntama a ɛtumi hyew kɔ fam, dan kanea ON: 2. Sɛ Ogya Ahum bi bɔ a, brace wɔ dan bi a ɛwɔ mu mu simma 1-2 kɔsi sɛ vortex bɛtwam: 3. MMFA wo ho nhyɛ dan/ase a mfɛnsere nni mu mu DA: patrol for embers, na sɛ ofie no hyew a,: fi adi kɔ ASASE TUTUMI A WƆAhyew DEDEA no so bere a abɔnten ogyaframa anim no atwam no"]
    D -- "Wɔ Nantew so wɔ Backcountry" --> G["BACKCOUNTRY ESCAPE PROTOCOL:: 1. MMUNTU mmirika nkɔ soro anaa nkɔ soro wɔ canyon chimney teateaa bi so DA: 2. Guan kɔ asase a wɔahyew dedaw ‘Black’ so, abotan a ɛtrɛw, anaa asubɔnten/ɔtare bi mu: 3. Ɔkwan a etwa to: twitwiw mineral asase a ɛda hɔ kwa, da FACE DOWN nan ase kɔ ogya, home mframa a ɛyɛ fĩ"]
    C --> H{"So obi hyewee anaasɛ wusiw a ɛyɛ hyew dodo a ɔhome?"}
    E --> H
    F --> H
    G --> H
    H -- "YIW: Nnipa a Wɔapirapira Wɔ Hɔ" --> I["Frɛ 911 / 000 / 112 / 999 anaa kanyan Satellite SOS ntɛm ara:: * Hwɛ sɛ mframa kwan mu ɔhyew hyew (singed nasal hairs, hoarse voice, stridor): * Fa nsuonwini a ɛreworo so ma ɔhyew a ɛyɛ nwini simma 20, kyekyere wɔ dry sheet/cling film a ɛho tew mu"]

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Aduruyɛ mu Mmoa a Edi Kan: Mframa Akwan a Ɛyɛ hyew dodo, Honam ani Ɔhyew a Ɛhyerɛn, ne Aniwa mu Ember Trauma¶

1. Recognizing Imminent Upper Airway Obstruction from Superheated Gas Inhalation¶

Wɔ PyroCb downburst anaa entrapment mu no, mframa a ɛyɛ hyew dodo a wɔhome (> 150 C / . 300 F) a wɔde mframa a ɛyɛ awuduru a ɛma ogya hyew ( .carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, acrolein) ma mframa kwan a ɛwɔ soro no mu hyew ntɛmntɛm (epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, ne ɛnne nhama): - Kɔkɔbɔ Nsɛnkyerɛnne a Ɛho Hia (15-to-60-Minute Airway Closure Window): - Singed nasal hairs anaa eyebrows, nsuo a atwa ano anaa hwene mu ntokuru ho ahyia; - Carbonaceous (tuntum, soot-flecked) ahurututu bere a ɔfe; - Nne a ɛyɛ dede, raspy, anaa "hot-potato", kɔbere ɔfe, anaasɛ ɛnne a ɛkorɔn inspiratory stridor; - Anofafa, tɛkrɛma, anaa kɔn mu a ɛho ahonhon. - Adeyɛ a wɔyɛ ntɛm ara: Frɛ 911 / . 000 / . 112 / . 999 sɛ Priority-1 Mframa kwan so Ntɛmntɛm. Ma ɔyarefo no ntra ase trenee (High Fowler's / Tripod position) sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛtew gravitational edema a ɛwɔ menewa mu no so no, fa oxygen a ɛsen kɛse a ɛyɛ humidified 100% ma sɛ ɛwɔ hɔ a (a ɛno nso ma carbon monoxide hohoro ntɛmntɛm mpɛn 5), na fa ntɛm ara kɔ dwumadibea a ɛbɛn wo a wɔhwɛ ntɛmpɛ so anaa helikopta rendezvous sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a ayaresabea adwumayɛfo betumi ayɛ early endotracheal intubation ansa na swelling no aka trachea no ano koraa wɔato mu.

2. Ɔhyew a Ɛhyew ne Ntade a Wɔayɛ a Ɛyɛ Nwene a Wɔhwɛ So¶

• Cool the Burn, Warm the Patient: Fa nsuo a ɛyɛ nwini a ɛsen fa nsuo a wɔnom (15 C to 20 C / . 59 F to 68 F) simma 20 a edi mũ de asiw honam ani hyew a ɛkɔ so no ano. Mfa nsukyenee anaa nsukyenee nsu nni dwuma da (a ɛma ntini no mu yɛ den na ɛma ntini a ɛyɛ mmerɛw no mu dɔ, ne nea ɛka ho no, ɛkanyan ɔhyew a ɛba fam wɔ ɔhyew akɛse mu).
• MMFA Ntade a Wɔayɛ no Nsuo: Sɛ polyester, nylon, anaa aboa nhoma ntade ayɛ honam ani bere a ember blizzard retu a, fa nsu nwini yiye na twa ntama no anoano a ɛyɛ hare no ho hyia, na gyaw plastic a abata ho a ayɛ hyew no wɔ nea ɛwɔ hɔ ma oprehyɛn debridement wɔ beae a ɛhyew.
• Fa Cling Film kata so / Clean Dry Sheet: Sɛ ɛyɛ nwini wie a, fa ofie a ɛho tew plastic cling wrap (aduan a wɔde kyekyere) to ɔhyew no so tenten wɔ ɔhyew no so (mmfa nkyekyere akwaa bi denneennen da te sɛ tourniquet, efisɛ akwaa a ahyew no hohoro kɛse) na ama ɛyaw a efi mframa a ɛretu mu no asiw na amma nsu a ɛbɛbɔ no ntumi nkɔ (hwɛ ɔhyew na ɔhyew a emu yɛ den ne nnuru a wɔde hohoro nipadua no).

3. Anim Ember & Alkaline Nnua-Nsõ Flush¶

PyroCb nsõ a ɛtu (wet wood ash has an alkaline pH of 10 to 12) ne cinders a ɛyɛ hyew ma ani no yɛ mmerɛw kɛse na alkali aniwa hyew. Fa nkyene a ɛnyɛ yareɛ pii anaa nsuo a ɛho tew a wɔde ahyɛ toa mu hohoro w’ani ntɛm ara simma 15 bere a worebobɔw aniwa no, mfa kyɛm a ɛbɔ wo ho ban kata aniwa a apira kɛse no so (hwɛ aniwa a ɛyɛ ahɔho ade, ani a ɛyɛ mmerɛw, ne welding flash).

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Nsɛm a wɔtaa bisa¶

Dɛn ne pyrocumulonimbus (PyroCb) mununkum, na wobɛyɛ dɛn ahu biako afi fam?¶

Pyrocumulonimbus (PyroCb), a Wiase Wim Tebea Ho Ahyehyɛde no frɛɛ no ​​cumulonimbus flammagenitus wɔ aban kwan so no yɛ aprannaa a ogya de ba bere a wuram ogya a ano yɛ den a ɛkɔ soro ma ɔhyew, wusiw, ne nsu kɔ soro kilomita 10 kosi 16 (anammɔn 33,000 kosi 53,000) kɔ wim tebea a ɛwɔ soro ne wim tebea a ɛwɔ fam no. Wubetumi afi fam ahu PyroCb a ɛrenya nkɔso bere a wusiw adum a ɛyɛ bruu anaa tuntum tuntum bi kɔ soro tẽẽ te sɛ ogya bepɔw a ɛpae na ɛyɛ kɔla mununkum fitaa a ɛhyerɛn na ɛrefɔw wɔ soro (pyrocumulus) a afei ɛyɛ petee na ɛtrɛw wɔ soro ma ɛbɛyɛ aprannaa a ɛyɛ nhama a ɛyɛ nsukyenee, a mpɛn pii no aprannaa ne hann ka ho wɔ wusiw adum no mu no.

Dɛn nti na PyroCb plume a ɛhwe ase ma wuram ogya no bɔ mpofirim kɔ baabiara prɛko pɛ?¶

Bere a PyroCb a ɛforo kɔ soro no de nsõ, nsõ, ne nsu a ɛyɛ hyew tɔn ɔpepem pii kɔ soro kɔ soro wim a ɛyɛ nwini no, awiei koraa no, nsukyenee ahwehwɛ ne osutɔ mu nneɛma nketenkete no mu yɛ duru dodo sɛ nsu a ɛkɔ soro no betumi akura soro, anaasɛ ɛbɛyɛ mframa a ɛyɛ nwunu a ɛwɔ mfinimfini. Onwini a ɛyɛ nwini ma mframa a ɛyɛ den na ɛyɛ nwini kotoku kɛse bi ba wusiw adum no mu a ɛkɔ fam tẽẽ kɔ fam wɔ 60 kosi 100 km/h (a ɛyɛ dry microburst anaa downburst). Sɛ saa adum a ɛrehwe ase no bɔ asase no mu a, ɛpetepete abɔnten digrii 360 kɔ baabiara wɔ ahum ahoɔhare mu (kilomita 100 kosi 160/h / mph 60 kosi 100), na ɛpae ahum a ɛkɔ soro a ɛyɛ ogyaframa a ɛredɛw wɔ mframa, mframa a ɛtwam, ne mframa a ɛba fam bere koro mu.

So "ogya ahum" a ɛba bere a PyroCb adeyɛ bi rekɔ so no yɛ ahum ankasa anaasɛ ogyaframa a ɛyɛ mfutuma ɔbonsam kɛse bi kɛkɛ?¶

Bere a adum dodow no ara a ɛkyinkyini wɔ wuram ogya so no yɛ ogya a ɛrehuruhuruw wɔ mpɔtam hɔ (ne tɛtrɛtɛ yɛ mita 1 kosi 30, ɛkyɛ simma kakraa bi, te sɛ mfutuma abonsam) no, PyroCb betumi ama ahum a ɛte sɛ supercell ankasa aba. Sɛ PyroCb aprannaa a ɛbɔ denneennen no trɛw mframa a ɛkɔ soro a ɛkɔ soro no mu kɔ mununkum no ase a, ebetumi twitwa mesocyclonic ogya ahum a ne tɛtrɛtɛ yɛ mita 300 kosi 500 (anammɔn 1,000 kosi 1,650) a mframa boro kilomita 220 kosi 265 dɔnhwerew biara (135 kosi 165 mph, EF2 kosi EF3), sɛnea wɔakyerɛw ho asɛm no denam Doppler radar ne NWS ahum nhwehwɛmu so wɔ afe 2018 Carr Ogya a ɛtɔe wɔ Redding, California (143 mph / 230 km/h) ne 2020 Loyalton Ogya a ɛtɔe wɔ California, faako a Ɔman Wim Tebea Dwumadibea no de abakɔsɛm mu Ahum Kɔkɔbɔ a edi kan mae wɔ ahum a ɛyɛ hyew ho.

Dɛn nti na ɛnsɛ sɛ woto wo ho mu da wɔ dan ase anaa ɔdan a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a mfɛnsere nnim mu bere a worebɔ wo ho ban afi wuram ogya anaa PyroCb a ɛpae ho no?¶

Wɔ ahum a osu tɔ a ɛyɛ daa mu no, ɔdan a ɛwɔ fam anaa ɔdan a wɔde nneɛma gu mu a mfɛnsere nnim ne beae a ahobammɔ wɔ sen biara. Wɔ wuram ogya anaa PyroCb downburst ember blizzard mu no, sɛ wobɛto wo ho mu wɔ dan a wuntumi nhu abɔnten mu a, ɛyɛ owuyare: mframa a ɛbɔ kilomita 130/h taa bubu mfɛnsere anaasɛ ɛhyɛ ogyaframa ma ɛfa abansoro so mframa mu, na ɛhyew ofie a atwa wo ho ahyia no bere a wusiw a ɛyɛ hyew dodo ne carbon monoxide hyɛ dan no mu ma no. Sɛ woakɔda ofie bi a ɔkwan biara nni hɔ a wobɛfa so atu afi hɔ mu a, fa wo ho hyɛ mu wɔ ɔkwan bi a ɛwɔ mu a ɛne ahwehwɛ ntam kwan ware wɔ bere tiaa bi a mframa a ɛbɔ kɛse a ɛyɛ simma 1 kosi 2 a ɛbɔ kɛse wɔ ahum bi mu no nkutoo mu, afei fa nsiyɛ hwɛ ofie no so hwɛ sɛ ogyaframa biara nni mu na tra bɛn abɔnten apon abien a ɛne ne ho di nhwɛanim sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wubetumi afi adi akɔ asase tuntum a ahyew dedaw so bere a abɔnten ogyaframa titiriw no anim twam no.

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Fibea ne aban akwankyerɛ¶

• Ɔman Wim Ogya Ntamgyinafoɔ Kuo (NWCG) & U.S. Kwaeɛ Dwumadibea (USFS, United States): Asɛm a Ɛsisiiɛ Ho Mmuaeɛ Pocket Guide (IRPG): Wim Ogya a Plume-dominated, Pyrocumulonimbus Column Collapse, Downburst Winds, ne Last-Resort Entrapment Survival.
• Ɔman Po ne Wim Tebea Ho Dwumadibea (NOAA) & Ɔman Wim Tebea Dwumadibea (NWS, United States): Pyrocumulonimbus (PyroCb) Dynamics, Tornadic Fire Vortices (Carr Fire & Loyalton Fire Case Studies), ne High-Base Dry Microburst Mechanics.
• Wiase Wim Tebea Ho Ahyehyɛde (WMO) & U.S. Po so Asraafo Nhwehwɛmu Dwumadibea (NRL): Amanaman Ntam Mununkum Atlas: Cumulonimbus Flammagenitus (PyroCb), Stratospheric Wusiw a Wɔde Gu Mu, ne Pyrogenic Lightning Climatology.
• Ɔman Ogya Aban (CFA, Victoria) & NSW Nkuraase Ogya Dwumadibea (Australia): Kwae mu Ogya Nkwagye Ho Akwankyerɛ: Ɔhyew a Ɛhyerɛn, Kar a Wɔde Kwan Ho Nhyehyɛe, Wool Blanket Ahobammɔ, ne Active Structure Shelter-in-Place.
• Amerika Ɔhyew Fekuw (ABA) & Wilderness Medical Society (WMS): Ɔhyew Nkwa Mmoa a Ɛkɔ Anim (ABLS): Inhalation Thermal Airway Injury Triage, Mfiase Intubation Criteria, ne Prehospital Burn Cooling.

Akwankyerɛ ahorow a ɛfa ho¶

• Ogya a ɛrehuruhuruw, ogya a ɛrehuruhuruw, ne pyrocumulonimbus plume no bubu
• Ogya a ɛtɔ wuram
• Wildfire ember ntua, ɔdan atifi mframa a wɔde fa mu, gutters, ne nnua ban a wɔhyew, ofie a ɛyɛ den, ne simma 15 a etwa to prep checklist
• Dry-apranam bust, virgin kwae ignition cluster, ne akyi wusiw-adum ahinanan
• Ɔhyew a ɛyɛ hyew