Te Waea Whakamate Wai Ohotata: Nga Ripanga Whakataka Hatea Whare (5% ki te 8.25%), Kohuatia ma te teitei, me te Tatari¶

Ina he awhiowhio te waipuke, he ru te wai-matua pakaru, he waipuke te parakaingaki, he roa te mate hiko ka whakapoke i to wai tap, ka kaha ranei to whare ki te rongoa i te ua, te awa, te wai puna ranei, na te hapa kotahi o te horopeta ki te wai maota wai ka waiho to whanau ki nga mate tukumate wai (Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Giardia lamblia, Norovirus, Hepatitis A, a Cryptosporidium) ka whakapahana matū whakapeka mai i nga taapiri horoi paitini. Mēnā i horomia ohoreretia e tētahi hāte waikore, hātea hongi/karekau, rui poka wai kukū ranei, waea atu ki te Poison Control (1-800-222-1222 i roto i te US) ranei to nama ohorere a rohe (911, 112, ranei 999) te whakamahi tonu i a maatau tau ohorere whaiaronga. Tirohia hoki o maatau kaiarahi te haumarutanga o te wai me nga panui wai kohua, oko whawhati tata rokiroki wai me te filtration gravity, a te tunu kai ohorere o roto i te wa e mate ana te hiko.

He aha nga pukaiti ohorere tawhito e kii noa ana "tapirihia kia 8 nga pata hātea mo ia karani" i taka ki runga i nga whata toa hou? Na te mea i roto i nga tau tekau kua hori, ka huri nga kaihanga haahi o Amerika ki te Raki me te ao o te ao i nga whare paerewa Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) kukū mai i nga taonga tuku iho 5.25% (5.0%) tae noa ki te aro 6.0%, 7.5%, me 8.25% ngā tātai, i te wā e whakakī ana i te 70 ōrau o ngā whata toa hoko ki te "Splashless / No-Splash," "Tae-Haumaru," me te "Scented (Lemon / Lavender)" he whakapouri kei roto nga surfactants paitini, polymers whakapakeke, me nga kakara paitini ki te inu.

Te rangatira o ** nga pou e wha o te US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Pokapū Mana me te Aukati i te mate (CDC), me te Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao (WHO) te wai whakakino wai** te whakapumau i te wai inu haumaru ahakoa he raruraru: 1. Kowhewhewhe Hurihuri (1 Minute i te Taumata Moana; 3 Minutes Kei runga 2,000 Meters / 6,562 Feet): Ko te koropuputanga te tikanga kotahi-taahiraa e patu ana i te 100% o nga karaehe tukumate e wha: huakita, wheori, whea protozoan (Giardia), ME chlorine-ātete Cryptosporidium oocysts. 2. Mua-Tatari (1-Micron Absolute Tātari, Whakataua + Kakahu) I mua i te Whakakorenga Matū: Te hātea māota whare (NaOCl) me te iodine te patu huakita me nga huaketo tere, tahuri Giardia katote ata (30 to 60 minutes), me ** KAUA e PATUA Cryptosporidium oocysts me nga pota maota ka taea te inu**. Waihoki, ko te paru me te parataiao pararopi i roto i te wai kapua ka herea te maota kore (chlorine demand), e hiahia ana koe ki te whakarua i te horopeta hātea mena he kapua te wai. 3. Pangarau Whakataka Whakataka Tika (1 Metric Drop = 0.05 mL; Inenga Whainga = 2 mg/L [ppm] Wai Maama / 4 mg/L [ppm] Wai Kapua, Ka wehe atu 0.5 to 2.0 ppm Kore Te toenga maota i muri 30 Minutes): Whakataurite i to tatauranga taka ki te tika NaOCl te ōrau i tāngia ki te tapanga whakauru kaha o tō pounamu hātea. 4. Maroo Calcium Hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2, 65% to 78% Rua Rua Rua) Whakataunga Whakataunga Raarangi e Rua-Taahi: Na te mea kua ngaro te wai hamu o te whare 20% to 50% o tona kaha chlorine ia tau i roto i te rokiroki, e ako ana me pehea te whakaranu i te kirikiri maroke kore e pumau Ca(OCl)2 ohorere poka (which stores dry for 10+ years) ki roto a 1:100 Ko te otinga kararehe waiu ka hoatu ki to whanau he taputapu whakakino mate ohorere tata kore mutunga.

Mahia tenei inaianei¶

1. Mena kei a koe he wahie tunu kai, he hiko pākahiko ranei, he pai ake ki te Roopu Roera (1 full minute i raro 2,000 meters / 6,562 feet teitei; 3 full minutes i runga ake ranei 2,000 meters / 6,562 feet). Ko te wai ka whakapakeke me te patu i nga mate tukumate e kawe ana i te wai tangata (tae atu ki te chlorine-immune. Cryptosporidium) i mua i te mutunga a 1-minute whewhe hurihuri. Kia whakamatao noa te wai; kaua e tāpirihia ngā poraka tio i mahia mai i te wai paipa kua poke.
2. I mua i te whakamahi i te wai whakakini o te whare ki te whakakore i te wai, tirohia te tapanga o mua me muri o te pounamu mo nga whakaritenga e RUA:
3. Tiakitanga 1: Me whakaatu te rarangi Kainga Hohe kei te tapanga o muri Sodium Hypochlorite ... 5.0% to 9.0%(typically 5.25%, 6.0%, 7.5%, or 8.25%) RĀNEI me kawe e te pounamu he EPA Registration Number (EPA Reg. No.) me nga tohutohu horoi / whakakino.
4. Tiakitanga 2: Me 100% Plain, Regular, Unscented Bleach. KAUA e inu i te wai i rongoatia ki te hamu "Splashless / No-Splash", te hāwai kakara, te hāte kiri, te "Tae-Haumaru" (hydrogen peroxide / sodium percarbonate) hātea.
5. Mēnā he kapua, he paru, he matūriki mānu ranei to wai mata: waiho kia tau 30 minutes, ka ringihia ki roto i te tātari kawhe ma, e 4 nga paparanga o te kakahu T-hate miro ma, he a 1-micron absolute (NSF/ANSI 53 or 58) tātari muka-kowha i mua i te taapiri i te hātea. Ki te noho kapua te wai ahakoa i muri i te tātari kakahu, me whakaruarua (2x) te maha o nga heke o te hātea kua whakarārangitia i te tīwae Wai Mārama o te ripanga EPA/CDC i raro nei.
6. Inehia te maha tonu o nga pata (ma te whakamahi i te topata rongoa paerewa kei hea 20 drops = 1 milliliter / 100 drops = 1 teaspoon = 5 mL), whakaohokia pai, ka TAARI 30 FULL MINUTES i mua i te inu. Mēnā he ** huka-makariri te wai (< 10°C / 50°F)**, tatari 60 full minutes (double the contact time), na te mea ka puhoi haere nga mahi whakakino matū 50% mo ia 10°C heke i te pāmahana wai.
7. Mahia te "30-Minute Faint Chlorine Sniff Test" ki ia puranga kua rongoa: I muri i te tatari 30 minutes, wetekina te potae ka hongi i te wai:
8. Mehemea he paku te haunga maaota kauhoe-pokau: Kore maota toenga (0.5 to 2.0 ppm) kei te noho tonu, ko te tikanga i makona katoa te hiahia o te maota me te wai he haumaru ki te inu. (Hei pai ake te reka i muri i te tatari mo te 30 meneti, ringihia te wai ki waenga i nga ipu ma e rua hei whakamahana, ka taapirihia ranei he timiiti iti o ** Huaora C / Ascorbic Acid paura**, ka huri tonu i te hypochlorite kawa ki roto i te hauota kino kore e whakapoke ano i te wai).
9. Mēnā he haunga māota ZERO i muri i te 30 meneti: Ka pau katoa te maota o roto i te wai i mua i te mutunga o te whakakorenga. Taapirihia tetahi atu horopeta ki tonu o te hātea, whakakorikoria, ka tatari ki tetahi atu 15 to 30 minutes.
10. ** KAUA E ngana ki te koropupu, ki te whakapoka ranei i te wai kua poke i nga matū paitini o te ahumahi, te wahie, te pesticides, nga konganuku taumaha (lead/arsenic), he pūkohu puru-matomato ranei (cyanotoxins).** Ko te koroputanga ka whakakorikori nga konganuku taumaha me nga hauota karekau e pahekeheke, ka whakangohu i nga whakarewa pararopi karekau ki roto i to hau kihini, i te wa ka tauhohe te hātea ki te paitini puohu me te hinu hei hanga i nga hua paitini.

Rakau whakatau: Te whiriwhiri me te whakahaere i te tikanga purenga wai tika¶

Whāia tēnei tūtohi rerenga haumanu me te hangarau kia rite ki to puna wai mata me nga taputapu e waatea ana ki te kawa maimoatanga tika.

flowchart TD
    RawWater["E whakapaetia ana he puna wai poke (He Panui Whakawhana, Poka, Te ua, te Awa, te Paera kua rongoatia)"] --> ChemCheck{"Kua pokea te wai ki te wahie, ki nga matū ahumahi, ki te hinu parakaingo o te waipuke, ki te wai kohukohu puru-kakariki ranei te Kokohu Pukohu?"}
    ChemCheck -->|"ĀE: Te matū, te wahie, te cyanotoxin ranei kei reira"| DoNotUse["KAUA E KOPURA, KA HAEWA RANEI: Ko te Kohuatanga Ko nga Metara Taumaha & Ka Whakangohu Wahine; Kimihia He Wai Pounamu/Whakaorangia, Whakamahia ranei te Whakamuri Osmosis / Maturu"]
    ChemCheck -->|"KO: Moorearea Microbiological Anake (Bacteria, Viruses, Giardia, Cryptosporidium)"| ClarityCheck{"STEP 1: He Maamaa te Wai, He Kapua/Kuriuri ranei?"}
    ClarityCheck -->|"Kapua, Puku, Tae ranei"| PreFilter["Te Whakatau + i mua i te Whiriwhiria Tuatahi: Tukuna kia 30 Mins -> Ringihia Ma roto i te Tatari Kawhe, 4-Layer Cotton Cloth, 0.1-to-1.0 Micron Hollow-Fiber Filter ranei"]
    ClarityCheck -->|"Kiriata Maama"| MethodSelect{"STEP 2: Ko Tehea Tikanga Whakataputapu Kei a Koe?"}
    PreFilter --> MethodSelect
    MethodSelect -->|"Wātea te Pūtake Wera (Umu, Kettle, Sterno, Campfire)"| BoilProtocol["KOURA STANDARD BOILING: Kawea mai ki te whewhe hurihuri mo te 1 Minute Katoa (RĀNEI 3 Minutes Katoa i/i runga ake i te 2,000 m / 6,562 ft teitei) -> Ka mate 100% o Bacteria, Viruses, Giardia, & Cryptosporidium"]
    MethodSelect -->|"0.1-ki-1.0 Micron Tātari + Hātea Karekau"| DualProtocol["WHAKAARO MAHI E RUA: (1) Tātari Ma te <=1.0 Micron Tino Tatari (Tangohia te Cryptosporidium & Giardia) -> (2) Taapirihia te EPA Maamaa-Water Bleach Dose (Ka patu i nga Waero-Micron me te Huakita)"]
    MethodSelect -->|"Hatea Whare Kare-Kakahore (5% ki te 8.25% NaOCl) ranei Rua Poaka Rorohiko Anake"| BleachProtocol["CHLORINATION CHEMICAL: Tirohia te % NaOCl i runga i te Tapanga -> Hota mo ia Ripanga EPA (Whakamahia 2x Pota ina Kapua tonu) -> Whakakorikori & Tatari 30 Mins (60 Mins ki te Makao <10C/50F) -> Manatokohia te Hongi Maota Maota"]

Wāhanga 1: He aha te Whakamatea e Ia Tikanga Tiaki Wai (Te Matrix Pathogen)¶

Te mohio ** rahinga mate (microns / µm)** me te maota CT te aukati kore whakahohe e whakamarama ana he aha nga taputapu wai a te taone me nga takuta haerenga ka whakakotahi Filtration + Chlorination ina kore e taea te kohua:

Wāhanga 2: Whakaotia EPA / CDC Whare Whakataka Hawa Whakataka me te Tepu Tepu Whakatupato (5.0% ki 8.25% konutai Hypochlorite)¶

Ko nga tatauranga katoa kei raro iho ka whai i te mana US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Ko nga Pokapū mo te Mana me te Aukati i te mate (CDC), me Whakahaere Hauora o te Ao (WHO) nga paerewa whakakino wai inu ohorere, kua whakatauhia hei tuku tata 2 mg/L (2 ppm) o te Maota Kore E waatea ana (FAC) mo te Wai Maama me 4 mg/L (4 ppm) mo te Wai Kapua/Kuriuri:

• Nga Huringa Ine Paerewa e whakamahia ana ki nga Ripanga Whaimana:
• 1 Standard Medicine Dropper Drop = 0.05 milliliters (mL)(20 drops = 1.0 mL)
• 1/8 Teaspoon = 0.625 mL(- 12 to 13 drops / whakaawhiwhi ki 8 to 16 drops i roto i nga kaari mara ngawari)
• 1/4 Teaspoon = 1.25 mL(- 25 drops)
• 1/2 Teaspoon = 2.50 mL(- 50 drops)
• 1 Full Teaspoon (tsp) = 5.0 milliliters (mL)(100 drops)
• 1 Full Tablespoon (Tbsp= 3 tsp) = 15.0 milliliters (mL)

Ripanga 2A: Te Putunga Iti-Tiki-Imihi Wai Ohotata Te Whakainu Hatea (1 Liter / 1 Quart a 4 Liters / 1 US Gallon)¶

Ripanga 2B: Ipu Puka me te Puka Whakatapunga Whakangao (20 Liters / 5 Gallons a 208 Liters / 55-Gallon Drum)¶

I te wa e rongoa ana i nga tireti wai ohorere nui ake (20 L / 5 gal) ranei nga pae rokiroki HDPE puru-kai (208 L / 55 gal), ine ki te miramira kua puta (mL pūwero waha) ranei ** koko ine ** kaua ki te tatau i te maha o nga pata takitahi:

Ka pewhea mehemea ko to Pounamu o te Hatea Whare 1 to 2 Years Old? (Ture Pahekeheketanga o te Paa-Paa)¶

Te konutai konutai hypochlorite (NaOCl) he matū kore iu, ka puhoi haere ki te tote tepu noa (\(\text{NaCl}\)) me te hāora (\(\text{O}_2\)), ina koa ka penapena ki runga 21°C (70°F): - 0 ki te 6 Marama Tawhito (Pupuri Matao): 100% kaha, na whakamahia te horopeta tepu paerewa i runga ake nei. - 6 ki te 12 Marama Tawhito: Ngaro 20% to 30% mananga, na te mahi tonu i te paerewa ranei +25% horopeta; manatoko me te 30-Minute Chlorine Sniff Test (he iti ranei $10 Korei Maota DPD/Pool Test Strips e whai ana 0.5 to 2.0 ppm i muri i te 30 meneti). - 12 ki te 24 Marama Tawhito: Ngaro 50% nui atu ranei o tona hauota kaha, no reira ruarua (2x) te tatauranga taka me te manatoko kei te mau tonu te kakara o te maota i muri i te 30 meneti. - Neke atu i te 24 ki te 36 Marama Tawhito: Ka tata te whakaheke ki te wai tote, no reira kaua e whakawhirinaki ki te wai hātea 3-tau te pakeke me te kore e whakamatau ki te tarai whakamatautau maota.

Wāhanga 3: Granular Calcium Hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2 "Pool Shock") Math Solution Stock¶

Na te mea ka heke te hātea wai i roto i te 12 marama, ka whakamahia e nga umanga aituā (WHO, Whero Whero, CDC, me EPA) te kowhatu maroke Calcium Hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2, kei roto 65% to 78% māota e wātea ana, hokona i roto i te taputapu me te poka wai toa rite HTH Pool Shock) mo te whakarite ohorere mo te wa roa. Ka penapena maroke ki roto i te peere kirihou kua hiri ki roto i te kati hauhautanga, ka mau tonu te konupūmā hypochlorite maroke 10+ years me te kotahi 454-gram (1-pound) ka whakakino te peke tae noa ki te 38,000 liters (10,000 gallons) o te wai inu.

1. WHAKATATUPATA WHAKAARO: Ko tehea te Rua kaukau he Haumaru me te paitini mo te wai inu?¶

I te hoko a 1-pound peeke o te rukenga poka wai kowhatu maroke i te toa taputapu, ata tirotirohia te tapanga whakauru matū: - HAERE KI TE WHAKAMAHI: Ko te whakauru kaha me Calcium Hypochlorite ... 65% to 78% (me nga kai koretake he tote ngawari noa iho penei i te konutai pūhaumāota/konupūmā waihā) me ** ZERO algicides, clarifiers, parahi ("Blue Shock"), cyanuric acid stabilizers ranei**. - ** KAUA E WHAKAMAHI (Trichlor / Dichlor / "4-in-1 Blue Shock"):** A ape i te wiri poka wai i hangaia ki te Sodium Dichloro-s-Triazinetrione ranei Trichloro-s-Triazinetrione kei roto Cyanuric Acid (stabilizer) ranei Copper Sulfate (algicide) mo te wai inu whare mo te wa roa.

2. Ko te EPA Whaimana / WHO 2-Step "Mother Stock Solution" Kawa¶

Me KORE koe e ngana ki te tuku i nga karepe maroke o 68% Ko te konupora Hypochlorite tika ki roto i te ipu wai 1-rita (ko te witi iti kotahi kua tino kaha mo te 1 rita, ka waiho he parataiao konupora kore). Engari, whakamahia i nga wa katoa te Tikanga Otinga Aa-rua-EPA EPA:

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|  EPA / CDC 2-STEP CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE (65%-78% POOL SHOCK) PROTOCOL    |
|                                                                         |
|  STEP 1: MIX YOUR "LIQUID BLEACH STOCK SOLUTION" (500 mg/L / 0.05%):    |
|  - Add 1 HEAPING TEASPOON (5 to 7 grams / 1/4 ounce) of dry granular    |
|    Calcium Hypochlorite (65% to 78%) into 7.5 LITERS (2 US GALLONS)     |
|    of clean water inside a plastic jug (NEVER mix in a metal container).|
|    (Or for a smaller 1-Liter / 1-Quart Stock Bottle: dissolve a         |
|    LEVEL 1/8 TEASPOON [0.8 grams] of dry granules into 1 LITER [1 Qt]   |
|    of water).                                                           |
|  - Stir with a plastic/wood spoon for 2 minutes until dissolved, let    |
|    any white lime chalk settle, and label the jug:                      |
|    "DO NOT DRINK: CHLORINE STOCK SOLUTION".                             |
|                                                                         |
|  STEP 2: DOSE YOUR DRINKING WATER USING THE 1 : 100 DILUTION RATIO:     |
|  - Add 1 PART of that Liquid Stock Solution to 100 PARTS of raw         |
|    drinking water (this delivers an exact 5 ppm chlorine dose):         |
|    * For 1 LITER (1 Quart) of Raw Water -> Add 10 mL (2 Teaspoons)      |
|      of Stock Solution.                                                 |
|    * For 4 LITERS (1 US Gallon) of Raw Water -> Add 40 mL (8 Teaspoons  |
|      / 2.5 Tablespoons / 1.35 fl oz) of Stock Solution.                 |
|    * For 20 LITERS (5 US Gallons) of Raw Water -> Add 200 mL (scant     |
|      1 Cup) of Stock Solution.                                          |
|  - Stir and wait 30 minutes (60 minutes if cold) before drinking.       |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Wāhanga 4: Kohuatia mā te teitei (1 Minute vs. 3 Minutes) me etahi atu Tikanga Whakamate (Iodine, NaDCC, ClO2, & SODIS)¶

1. He aha i huri ai te teitei teitei i te wa e kohua ai (1 Minute vs. 3 Minutes)¶

I te taumata moana (101.3 kPa / 14.7 psi pehanga hau), ka whewhe te wai parakore i 100°C (212°F). I a koe e piki ake ana ki runga i nga maunga teitei, ka taea e te pehanga hau angiangi te koropuputanga o te wai i te te pāmahana iti:

• Tuhinga Putaiao mo te Whakapaipai Wai (65°C to 75°C / 149°F to 167°F): Ko nga pihinga waiariki-mate-waa moroiti e whakaatu ana i tera Cryptosporidium, Giardia, E. coli, Cholera, Rotavirus, a Hepatitis A ka patua i roto i 1 to 6 minutes i 70°C (158°F) me roto ** hekona i runga ake nei 85°C (185°F)**. Ka tohua e nga tari he "1-meneti whewhe (3 minutes runga 2,000 m)" no te mea karekau nga whare noa e mau ana i nga inemahana taiwhanga taiwhanga: te matakitaki i nga mirumiru nunui e huri kaha ana puta noa i te mata mo te 60 hēkona ka taurangi te nui o te wai. 85°C to 100°C me te kore e hiahiatia he inemahana.

2. Te whakatairite i etahi atu papa me nga tikanga mo te wetewete wai¶

Nga nama ohorere a rohe me nga tikanga umanga¶

I te wa o te raru wai a te taone nui, he tohutohu wai kohua ranei, whakapaa atu ki to taputapu wai o to rohe, tari tari hauora whanui ranei ka whakamahi i enei waea waea whai mana:

• Te Hononga o Amerika: Mo nga matū me te whakangao i nga wa ohorere, waea atu ki te ** US Poison Control i 1-800-222-1222** (ranei 911). Mo nga paerewa wai inu me nga patai maimoatanga, tirohia te EPA Safe Drinking Water Information (epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water) me CDC Wai Hauora (cdc.gov/water-emergency). Rapua nga whiriwhiringa kua whakamanahia ki NSF/ANSI Paerewa 53, 58 ranei (Cyst Reduction) me NSF Protocol P231 (Microbiological Purifiers).
• Kanata: Karangatia Poison Control at 1-844-POISON-X (1-844-764-7669) ranei 911. Whaia Health Canada's Guidance on Issuing and Rescinding Boil Water Advisories and provincial health public units.
• United Kingdom: Waea NHS 111 mo nga tohutohu hauora kore ohorere ranei 999 / 112 mo nga ohorere. Ko nga take ohorere o te kounga o te wai e whakahaeretia ana e te Te Tirotiro Wai Inu (DWI, dwi.gov.uk), te ** UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA)**, me to taputapu wai a-rohe (e tika ana ki te ture ki te tuku wai pounamu ki nga kaihoko kua rehitatia ki te Rehita Ratonga Matua. PSR i te wa e paheke ana).
• Uniana Pakeha: Waea 112 mo nga aitua. Ko nga paerewa wai inu e whakahaerehia ana e te EU Drinking Water Directive (Directive (EU) 2020/2184) me nga whare wananga hauora a-motu.
• Ahitereiria me Niu Tireni: Waea Moohio paihana i 13 11 26 (Ahitereiria) ranei 0800 764 766 (Aotearoa); Ko nga nama ohorere ko 000 (AU) me 111 (NZ). Whaia te NHMRC Australian Drinking Water Guidelines and Taumata Arowai (Water Services Regulator, New Zealand).
• India me Ahia-Kiwa: Waea 112 (India) ranei te Poipori Paona Motu (National Poisons Information Centre) (1800-116-117), ka whai World Health Organization (WHO SEARO / WPRO) nga aratohu maimoatanga wai mo te whare. Tirohia ta maatau rarangi ao katoa i tau ohorere.

Pātai auau¶

He aha te take e kore ai e taea e au te whakamahi "Splashless" or "No-Splash" Clorox bleach ki te pure i te wai inu i te wa ohorere?¶

**He hopi horoi horoi "Kore-kore," "Kore-Splash," me te "Easy-Pour" he hopi horoi, KAUA he wai whakakino wai, he paitini ki te inu.** Ki te tuku i te wai ki te riringi matotoru kia kore e pakaru, ka taapirihia e nga kaihanga nga hopi hopi whakaruruhau (`sodium xylene sulfonate` ranei `amine oxides`), he whakamaroke, he maha nga kakara, i te whakaheke i te konutai hypochlorite ki raro i nga taumata whakakino (`1% to 4%` me te kore rehitatanga EPA disinfectant). Ko te wai inu ka mau ki te pahuka o te hātea karekau i te ruirui, ka puta mai te gastritis me te ruaki. Manatokohia i nga wa katoa kei te kii to pounamu **Ko te Whakapaipai Kare-Kakare-Kaikawa/Plain**, nga rarangi **`Sodium Hypochlorite (5% to 8.25%)`** kei te tapanga o muri, a **kare e pahuka ina ruia**.

Ka tātarihia te ipu pouaka pouaka (Brita ranei PUR ipu waro whakakorikori) kia pai te inu i te wai poke i te wa o te Panuitanga Wai Kohuatia?¶

**Kao.** Nga whiriwhiringa tatau pouaka pouaka me nga ipu waro-whakahohe i runga papa (`NSF/ANSI Standard 42` a `53`) he kirikiri waro wetewete me nga hongere e tuku **100% o te huakita (`E. coli`, `Salmonella`) me nga huaketo (`Norovirus`, `Hepatitis A`) ki te haere tika ki roto i to karaihe**. Ko te ringihanga i te wai waipuke huakita, i te wai tap whewhe ranei na roto i te ipu waro ka poke ano te kariri, me whakakapi ina mutu te panui whewhe. I nga wa katoa **kohuatia to wai i te tuatahi** (whakamahia ranei he `0.1-micron` tātari muka-kowha me te hātea).

Mena ka kohuatia e ahau he wai mo te 10 ki te 15 meneti hei utu mo te 1 meneti, he pai ake te haumaru?¶

Kao: te wai kohua he roa ake i te **1 meneti katoa** (`3 minutes` runga `2,000 meters / 6,562 feet`) whakarato **kore atu painga patu iroriki** (100% o huakita, wheori, `Giardia`, a `Cryptosporidium` ka mate i muri i te 60 hēkona o te whewhe) i te wa e pa ana **e toru nga raruraru**: ka moumou te wahie ohorere, te hiko pākahiko ranei, ka kohuatia te wai inu ki roto i te mamaoa, me te whakakorikori i nga mea poke kore-kore penei i te **paota (`dangerous for infants`)** me **arahi**. Kawea mai te wai ki te whewhe kaha, ka wa mo te 1 meneti (`3 minutes` i te teitei), ka whakaweto tonu i te wera.

Me pehea taku whakakore i te reka o te maota kaukau-kaukau i muri i te whakakore i te wai ki te hātea?¶

Tuatahi, **kaua rawa e ngana ki te tango i te reka o te maota TAE ra ano kia mutu te 30-meneti (te 60-meneti-wai-te-wai ranei) katoa**. Kia pau te 30 meneti ka kitea e koe he haunga maaota ngoikore: **(1) Whakaaea** ma te riringi i te wai whakamaoritanga i waenganui i nga ipu ma e rua nga wa maha; **(2) Taapirihia he paku iti (`10 to 25 mg` mo ia rita) o te paura Huaora C / Ascorbic Acid** (e whakaheke ana i te hypochlorite kawa ki te tote hauota kore reka); ranei **(3) Ringihia te wai kua werohia ki roto i te ipu waro Brita ma** i mua tonu i te inu.

Ka taea e au te whakamahi Hydrogen Peroxide (3% H2O2) ranei te winika aporo cider winika hei utu mo te hātea hei whakakino i te wai inu ohorere?¶

Ko te winika aporo cider me te wai rēmana he tino ngoikore ki te patu `Giardia`, `Cryptosporidium`, `Norovirus`, nga kawenga huakita taumaha ranei. **3% Hydrogen Peroxide (`H2O2`)** he biocide ngoikore ake i te konutai hypochlorite (`NaOCl`), e hiahia ana kia nui te aro me nga wa tatari maha-haora e mamae ai te puku, no reira karekau te **EPA, CDC, WHO** ranei e whakaae ki te whare `3%` Ko te hauwai peroxide hei kai whakakino wai inu ohorere tuatahi. Pikitia ki **whewhe hurihuri, `5% to 8.25%` hātea kore kakara, `NaDCC` (`Aquatabs`), Hauora Hauora (`ClO2`), ranei `68%` Wairewa kararehe konupora Hypochlorite**.

Nga kaiarahi e pa ana¶

• Nga panui mo te haumaru wai me te wai kohua
• Nga oko rokiroki wai ohorere, te hurihanga HDPE-kai-kai, me te tātari taikaha
• Te tunu kai whawhati tata i te wa e mate ana te hiko: Ko te wahie, te patene, me te haumaru CO
• Te horoi ohorere: Te wharepaku peere rua me te akuaku kaore he wai rere
• Te hanga kete ohotata ki te kainga
• Nga tau ohorere

Nga puna me nga aratohu whai mana¶

• Te Tari Tiaki Taiao o te United States (EPA): Ko te Whakakore i te mate ohorere o te wai inu (epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/emergency-disinfection-drinking-water: Whaimana 5% to 6% a 8.25% Ko nga Ripanga Whakataka o te Konupora Hypochlorite Bleach me nga Tauwehenga Whakataunga Whakataunga Ahumahi Konupora Hypochlorite Raraunga).
• Nga Pokapū Whakahaere me te Aukati i te mate (CDC, United States): Te Whakamarumaru i te Wai i roto i te Ohotata (cdc.gov/water-emergency): Whakaritenga Kohuatanga Teitei (1 Minute vs. 3 Minutes Kei runga 6,500 Feet / 2,000 Meters), 1-Micron Absolute Tātari mō Cryptosporidium, me te Iodine Contraindications.
• World Health Organization (WHO): Aratatohu mo te Inu-Water Quality (4^th Edition): Pathogen CT Inactivation Values for Free Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2), Konutai Dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), me te Whakakore Waiparapara (SODIS).
• NSF International / ANSI (NSF/ANSI Standards 53, 58, and P231): Waeine Tiaki Wai Inu, Nga Painga Hauora (Whakaitinga Miihini Miihini mo Cryptosporidium a Giardia i <= 1.0 Micron Nominal/Absolute).
• Wilderness Medical Society (WMS): Nga Aratohu Mahinga Haumanu mo te Whakakore i te Wai i roto i te Marae (Kinetics Halogens Tiaki Maanamahana, Nga Maamaa Pasteurization, me te Whakakoretanga Waikawa Ascorbic).