Poka Rakau me te Paura Hohonu Te Ruku Hukarere (SIS)¶

Te Hukarere Rumaki Hukarere (SIS), ka kiia hoki he Kore-Avalanche Related Snow Rumaki Mate (NARSID), occurs when an alpine skier, snowboarder, or backcountry rider falls inverted (headfirst) into a tree well or a deep bank of unconsolidated storm powder and suffocates inside the loose snow. Ko te puna rakau he mea huna, he koorewa te ahua kore o te mokowhiti me te paura karekau kia tae ki te 2 to 3.5 meters (6.5 to 11.5 feet) hōhonu e karapoti ana i te kātua o te kākāriki karakariki iti e iri ana, ko te nuinga ** kauri subalpine (Abies lasiocarpa), Pacific silver fir, mountain hemlock, or Engelmann spruce**, whose dense lower branches act like an umbrella, blocking falling snow from filling in or consolidating around the base of the trunk. When a skier or snowboarder catches an edge or loses control in the trees and pitches headfirst into that hidden funnel, their heavy skis or snowboard become wedged in the branches above while their head and torso plunge upside-down into a collapsing cone of cohesionless powder.

I nga whakamatautau tohu i whakahaerehia e te Northwest Avalanche Center (NWAC) and resort ski safety researchers in the United States and Canada, 90 percent of volunteers placed inverted in a real tree well were completely unable to rescue themselves. Kaore i rite ki te tohenga i runga i te pari mahorahora, ka kitea mai i tawhiti, ka tanumia te mahunga o te patunga ki raro i nga manga kakariki. 3 meters (10 feet) i waho o te oma retireti kare e kitea ki te kore e maataki mai to ratou hoa reti retihuka ranei i te wa tonu i ngaro atu ai. If your partner disappears in tree terrain or falls into a tree well, shout for help, call Ski Patrol directly (keep your resort's Ski Patrol Emergency Number saved on your phone speed-dial) or call your local emergency number (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom) using our directory of tau ohorere, ka timata tonu ** te keri hoa whakapae ki te huarahi rererangi o te patunga** me te kore e tatari mo tetahi hēkona kia tae mai a Ski Patrol. Mo nga raru o te takurua me te maunga, tirohia o maatau kaiarahi te rumaki pai o te rakau me te hukahuka hohonu, te retireti, te papa hukarere, me nga aituā pikitanga, a te mate huka o te koraha me te oranga makariri.

Mahia tenei inaianei¶

1. Grab the tree trunk or solid inner branches with both hands the instant you pitch into a tree well. If you are falling toward a conifer in deep powder, never try to "ride out" the line around the tree skirt. Tukua o pou hiku (kia kaua rawa e herea o ringaringa ki o ringaringa i roto i nga rakau), kuhu ki roto ki te awhi i te katua rakau totoka, i nga manga o roto ranei ki nga ringa e rua, ka takai i o waewae ki te katua kia mutu to paheketanga whakararo i mua i te horomia o to mahunga e te hukapapa.
2. Stop all frantic kicking, thrashing, and wriggling immediately if you land inverted. A tree well functions exactly like dry quicksand or a grain silo: every time you kick your legs or thrash your shoulders while upside-down, you shake hundreds of kilograms of loose snow down off the surrounding walls and branches, packing the snow around your ribcage so tightly that your chest can no longer expand when you exhale.
3. Create a breathing air pocket in front of your mouth and nose and spit out snow. Before the collapsing snow sets around your face, cup one hand or your forearm over your mouth and nose, rock your head gently from side to side (5 to 8 centimeters [2 to 3 inches]) ki te kiki i tetahi kohanga manawa iti ki mua i to kanohi, ka toia to kara o to koti me to kaki (Buff) i runga i to waha hei tātari hukarere.
4. Keep your breathing slow and shallow, and release one or both ski bindings only if reachable without thrashing. Inhale slowly and calmly to conserve the oxygen inside your air pocket and delay carbon dioxide (CO2) hangahanga. If you can reach a ski binding release lever with your hand or kick the opposite ski heel piece cleanly without triggering a snow collapse, release your skis; i runga i te papa hukarere, toka marie kia mau tonu ki te peka i te wa e whakatangihia ana to Fox 40 pealess whistle tope ki to kara.
5. Mēnā ko koe te hoa i runga i te mata: KAUA rawa e eke ki te taha o runga o te rākau i runga rawa ake i te patunga. Ka kitea e koe te hiako, te papa hukarere ranei o to hoa e piri ana ki raro i te puna rakau, kaua rawa e hikoi ki runga ake i te poka, ka takahia ranei ki runga i te kohanga hukarere huri noa i nga manga. Ko te pikinga ki runga ake o te patunga ka tiango he papa nui o te hukarere marere tika tonu ki roto i to ratou pute manawa, ka pakaru to ratou ara hau.
6. Tunnel HORIZONTALLY inward from the downhill side straight to the victim's head and airway first. Approach the tree well from below (downhill) or from the side, duck under the low evergreen boughs to locate the victim's head near the trunk, clear the snow out of their mouth and nose within 60 seconds to restore breathing, and only then unclip their ski/snowboard bindings and pull them out along he awaawa whakapae.

Te puna rakau me te Hukarere Rumaki Hukarere (SIS) te rakau whakatau oranga me te whakaora¶

Follow this tactical flow depending on whether you are the skier/snowboarder falling into the tree well or the partner executing an immediate buddy rescue.

flowchart TD
    A["Poka Rakau / Paura Hohonu Rumaki Ohotata"] --> B{"Ko tehea mahi kei a koe inaianei?"}

    B -->|1. Victim Falling Into Tree Well or Deep Powder| C["Kawa Tiaki Whaiaro o te Parurenga"]
    B -->|2. Partner / Witness on the Slope| D["Kawa Whakaoranga Hoa Tonu (4 Minute Tuatahi)"]

    C --> C1["Whakatakahia nga here Pou me te Hopu i te Taapapa Rakau, i nga Peka o roto Matotoru ranei"]
    C1 --> C2{"I tu tika koe ki te pupuri i te katua, ka taka ranei ki te mahunga?"}

    C2 -->|Stopped Upright Against Trunk| C3["Kia mau ki te pupuri i te taraka, waea mai / whiowhio hoa, whana hikoi, tuku ranei i te reti reti"]
    C2 -->|Inverted Headfirst in Loose Snow Funnel| C4["STOP ALL THRASHING & KICKING Immediately (Prevent Quicksand Packing)"]
    C4 --> C5["Kapu Ringa / Pukoro ki runga i te Waha me te ihu + Toka Upoko Ataahua hei Pukoro Hau"]
    C5 --> C6["Manawa Ata, Whakatangihia te Kara Whistle, Taria mo Buddy Horizontal Dig"]

    D --> D1["Kia mau tonu te Whakatika Ataata i runga i te Rakau + Karanga mo te awhina & Karangatia te Kaitirotiro Ski"]
    D1 --> D2["KAUA E Taria mo te Huti Hukarere: Me timata tonu te keri (4-Mini te Karaka Asphyxia)"]
    D2 --> D3["Whakatata ki te Rakau Pai Mai i Raro (Ki raro): KAUA e eke ki runga Rim Runga"]
    D3 --> D4["Tirotiro / Parera i raro i nga Peka hei kimi i te Upoko me te Maamaa i te Rererangi TUATAHI"]
    D4 --> D5["Wetewetehia nga herenga Retipapa/Snowboard + Keri i te awa Whakapae ki waho i te Taaka"]
    D5 --> D6{"Kua Tangohia te Manawa o te Paruru?"}
    D6 -->|Yes| D7["Maamaa te Waha, Wewete Mai i te Matao, Aroturuki mo te Hypothermia & Pulmonary Edema"]
    D6 -->|No: Unresponsive & Apneic| D8["Maamaa te Hukarere kua kapi mai i te Oropharynx + Timata Whakaoranga Manawa & CPR Inamata"]

Anatomy o te puna rakau conifer me te ahupūngao o te whakapoipoi hukahuka¶

He maha nga tangata mohio ki te reti reti me nga kaieke hukarere e mau potae ana me te kawe i nga kaiwhakawhiti rerenga i te tuawhenua kei te whakahawea ki nga puna rakau na te mea he ahua kino te ahua o te puna rakau, he paura pupuhi i raro i tetahi rakau ataahua. Ma te mohio ki te huaota o nga kaawai subalpine me nga miihini wai o te hukarere kaore i whakakotahihia, ka whakamarama te take i tino whakamate ai te puna rakau.

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|       ANATOMY OF A SUBALPINE FIR / SPRUCE TREE WELL & INVERTED FALL     |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                         |
|                     / \                                                 |
|                    / | \    Conifer Crown (Umbrella Effect)             |
|                   /  |  \   Blocks falling snow from compacting         |
|  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/~~~|~~~\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ <-- Deep Snowpack   |
|  Consolidated   /    |    \      [Skis / Board]         (2 to 3m deep)  |
|  Snowpack      /     |     \      Wedged in Boughs                      |
|  Wall         /      |      \        \   /                              |
|              |  LOOSE|POWDER |       [Legs]                             |
|              |  FUNNEL VOID  |         ||                               |
|               \      |      /       [Torso] <-- Snow packs tight around |
|   [RESCUER]    \     |     /          (Head)    chest if victim kicks   |
|   Digs Inward   \    |    /       (Air Pocket)                          |
|   HORIZONTALLY ==\==>|   /        Next to Trunk                         |
|   From Below      `--|--'                                               |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

1. He pehea te hanga pai o te rakau me te aha i huna ai¶

During heavy winter storm cycles in maritime and intermountain snowpacks (such as the Cascade Range of Washington and Oregon, British Columbia's Coast and Columbia Mountains, California's Sierra Nevada, Idaho, Montana, Colorado, and the deep-powder Yuki-gun mountains of Hokkaido and Honshu in Japan), 2 to 5 meters (6.5 to 16 feet) o te hukarere ka putu ki te papa ngahere: - Ka toro atu nga peka iti o te subalpine kauri, kauri ma, hemlock, me te spruce 1 to 2 meters (3.3 to 6.5 feet) ki waho mai i te katua ka paheke whakararo ano he tuanui o te teneti. - While the snowpack outside the drip-line of the branches settles and consolidates into a supportive base, the space underneath the branches directly around the trunk remains an empty hollow void (1 to 3 meters hohonu) ki tonu i nga huruhuru o te hukarere marama-marama, kore-kiato-kore. - I te wa e paheke ana te hukarere i te hau ki waho o nga peka o raro, ka hanga he te paenga tirohanga teka (te remu rakau) e huna ana i te rua hohonu huri noa i te katua tae noa ki te huri tata rawa atu te kaieke retihuka ranei ki te tuanui o te rakau ka pakaru to ratou taha ki te arai o waho o nga manga ki roto i te kohanga o raro.

2. He aha te raruraru ka puta te "Snow Quicksand" me te tere o te hau¶

When a skier or snowboarder pitches headfirst into that unconsolidated funnel, death occurs via three overlapping physiological mechanisms inside 4 to 15 minutes:

1. Ko te Kore Hurihuri / Te Painga Whakakotahi witi-Silo (Hohehia Miihini):
2. Nā te mea he rite te hanga o te puna rākau ki te kōrere-V teitei e whāiti ana ki ngā pakiaka, ka tau te patunga ki raro (180 degrees Hurihurihia) me o ratou mahunga me o ratou pakihiwi i te raro whaiti o te koeo me o ratou putu ka tapahia ki te a 170-centimeter he hikareti takirua, he a 160-centimeter te papa hukapapa kua kumea ki nga manga maro o runga.
3. I te wa e ngana ana te tangata ohorere ki te whana i ona waewae, ki te kopikopiko i ona hope, ki te pana ki runga ranei i te paura o raro, e rua nga mea ka puta: ka totohu te tinana ka hohonu ake ki te pito whaiti o te koekoe, ka wiriwirihia e ratou nga rau kirokaramu o te hukarere maru i nga pakitara o te hukarere a tawhio noa, me nga manga ki raro huri noa i to ratou rama.
4. I roto i te 15 hēkona o te tohenga, ka tau te hukarere maru, ka whiti ki te taha o te uma me te puku ano he raima maku. I nga wa katoa ka *whakaahua te tangata kua pa ki a ia, ka iti haere te reo o te uma 2 centimeters, ka paheke te haupapa nui o te hukarere ki roto ki te whakaki i te aputa, ka kati i o ratou ribcage kia kore ai e hoha i te manawa o muri mai (compressive / positional asphyxia).
5. Te Mono Ararere Tika ("Snow Cork"):
6. Mēnā ka hau te pārurenga i runga i te tukinga me te kore e hipokina tona waha, ka huri ranei tona mata ki te katua, ka uru te paura hukarere ki roto i nga pongaponga, waha, me te pharynx o muri, ka hanga he puru hukapapa e tino aukati ana i te rere o te hau.
7. Hipercapnia (CO2 Narcosis) me te Tio-Maaka Karaihe:
8. Ahakoa ka hangaia e te tangata he pute hau iti te rahi o te ringa, ka mahana te manawa makuku (37°C / 98.6°F) ka rewa te mata o roto o te kohao hukarere, ka whakatio tonu ki roto i te karapa koretake o te huka totoka e arai ana i te hau hou kia kore e rere ki roto i te hukarere i te wa e mau ana i te waro hauhā (CO2), ka ngaro te mahara i roto i nga meneti.

Whakatauritenga: Poka Rakau / Paura Hohonu (SIS) vs. Slab Avalanche Tanum¶

Kawa-a-taahiraa mo te Buddy Rescuer: Me pehea te keri i tetahi hoa i raro i te 4 meneti¶

Na te mea ka timata te pakaru o te roro mai i te hauhautanga anoxic i roto i te 4 ki te 6 meneti i te wa e purua ana te huarahi rererangi o te tangata kua paopao ki te hukarere, a na te mea he tere rawa te haerenga Ski Patrol 10 ki te 20 meneti kia waeahia mai, eke ki runga tuuru, me te reti reti ki te oma rakau, 100 paihēneti te oranga o te tangata kua paheke ki tana hoa reti reti i naianei.

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|     RIGHT VS. WRONG EXCAVATION PATH FOR A TREE WELL BUDDY RESCUE        |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                         |
|   [WRONG: Stepping on Top Rim]          [RIGHT: Horizontal Tunneling]   |
|                                                                         |
|     Rescuer steps on top of               Rescuer approaches from       |
|     snow rim above branches:              BELOW (downhill) side:        |
|                                                                         |
|        [Rescuer Steps Here]                      / \                    |
|            |    / \                             / | \                   |
|            v   / | \                           /  |  \ [Skis Visible]   |
|     ~~~~~~~|~~/~~|~~\~~~~~~~          ~~~~~~~~/~~~|~~~\~~~~~~~          |
|     COLLAPSES/   |   \                       /    |    \                |
|     SNOW    /  [Head] \         [RESCUER] ==/====>| [Head / Airway]     |
|     ONTO   /  CRUSHES  \        Digs Straight     |  Cleared First      |
|     VICTIM   AIR POCKET         Inward to Trunk   |  in < 60 Seconds    |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Hipanga 1: Kaua rawa e ngaro te whakapiri tirohanga: Kia mau tonu te ture "Hoa i te Mata".¶

1. I te wa e pekepeke ana, e eke hukarere ranei i roto i nga rakau i te ra paura (30+ cm / 12+ inches o te hukarere hou), kaore rawa e "peke" (kei te peke te tangata ki raro i te tirohanga ka tatari ki raro o te oma). Ka eke ki runga whakaahua mata titiro tika atu ki te tuara o to hoa, whakamahia ranei te tohu rakau poto ki te waahi ka tu te kaihoe reti ki tetahi waahi haumaru me te titiro tonu ki te hoa o runga ki raro.
2. Ka ngaro atu to hoa hoa:
3. Whakatikahia o kanohi ki te rakau tika, ahuatanga whenua ranei i kite koe i to koti, rehu hukarere ranei.
4. Kia kaha te karanga ("AWHINA, SKIER IN A TREE WELL") ki te kimi i nga kaireti e haere ana i roto i nga taringa, whakatangihia to whiowhio kia toru nga wa, a mena kei reira tetahi tangata tuatoru, waea atu ki a Ski Patrol Dispatch me te ingoa oma me te hapai i te tau pourewa ka timata koe ki te keri tonu.

Hipanga 2: Whakatata mai i raro (Whakararo): Kaua rawa e takahi i te taha o runga¶

1. Kaua e ngana ki te hopu i te reetie/papa hukarere o te patunga ka toia totika ki runga ake:
2. Ina he 80-kilogram (176-pound) ka tanumia te pakeke ki roto 2 meters o te hukarere me 30 kilograms o te hukarere e tau ana ki runga ki o ratou uma me o ratou pakihiwi, ka kumea whakarunga ki runga ki o ratou ponapoka, ki nga here papa hiona ranei kaore e hiki ake; ka totoro noa nga hononga o nga turi i te wa e wiri ana i te maha o te hukarere mai i nga manga ki runga ki o ratou mata.
3. Maka iho ki raro i te Poka Rakau:
4. Hukarere, huri haere ranei ki te whakaheke (i raro) taha o te puna rakau.
5. Tango i a koe ake reti reti, papa hukarere ranei kia mau tonu to turanga.
6. Parera i raro i nga manga kaakaariki o raro (ka whati/tuia nga manga o raro mai i te ara) ki te titiro ki roto i te rua tuwhera i te taha o te katua.

Hipanga 3: Ūkuia te ara rererangi TUATAHI i roto i te 60 hēkona¶

1. Whaia te Tinana o te Paruru ki raro ki to ratou Upoko:
2. Ma te whakamahi i o ringaringa me te mata koko o te tohenga (te tihorea te hukarere atu mai i te mata o te tangata kua paheke, ka heke iho ki waho o te rua), whai i te tinana o te tangata kua paheke ki raro ki te katua rakau ki te kimi i to ratou potae, kanohi, waha, me tana ihu.
3. Tahia te Waha me te Ihu kia Ma, Ka Tiro Te Manawa:
4. Maama he whanui 30-centimeter (12-inch) kohanga manawa huri noa i o ratou mahunga me o ratou uma kia taea ai e o ratou ngongo te toro noa.
5. Whakamahia kia rua nga maihao karekau ki te tahia i te hukarere i roto i te waha me te pongaihu.
6. A ani nui mehemea ka taea e ratou te manawa. Ka hurahia o ratou kanohi me o ratou uma ki te hau hou o waho, ka mutu te karaka whakapoipoi mo te 4 meneti, ka whai wa koe ki te wetewete i o ratou waewae me o ratou here.

Hipanga 4: Wetekina te herenga retireti, papa hukarere ranei ka tango whakapae¶

1. Waewae te Waewae i runga:
2. I a koe e whakamarumaru ana i te huarahi rererangi i raro, toro atu (kia toro atu he kaiwhakaora tuarua mai i te taha) ki te pehia ki raro te rekereke o nga here rekereke ka ** wetewete i nga here rekereke me nga matimati o nga herenga papa hukarere** kia kore rawa nga putu o te tangata i paopaohia i te papa/rereke i herea ki nga manga.
3. Toia te Parurenga ki waho i te awa Whakapae:
4. Keria he waikeri putanga whakapae ki waho mai i te katua i te taha whakararo, tautokohia te mahunga me te tuara o te kopu o te tangata kua paopao, ka panaia ki waho ki te hukarere pakari.
5. Whakaora Inamata mena he Apneic (Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest):
6. Na te mea ka mau te ngakau o te rakau-poka na te hypoxia/asphyxiation (penei i te toremi, te nehu tohenga ranei), he mea tino nui te manawa whakaora (nga hau). Horoia nga hukarere katoa mai i te waha, whakatuwheratia te ara (head-tilt/chin-lift ranei jaw-thrust ki te whakapaehia he mamae ki te tuara), tukuna 5 nga manawa whakaora tuatahi ka whai muri i te paerewa 30:2 CPR (30 te kopeketanga o te uma ki te 2 manawa whakaora), me te tono i te AED ina tae mai a Ski Patrol. Ka tino taunaki matou ki te tango i tetahi akoranga CPR me te Awhina Tuatahi mai i te Ripeka Whero, St John Ambulance, me to kaiwhakarato whakaoranga maunga o to rohe.

Te tautiaki whakanekeneke o te ao me nga tikanga whakaora maunga mo nga ohorere poka rakau¶

• Te Hononga o Amerika me Kanata (Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, Rockies, Sierras):
• In-Bounds Ski Resort: Waea atu ki te rereke Ski Patrol Emergency Dispatch number (i taia ki te mapi ara, nga pourewa tuuru, te Epic/Ikon taupānga ranei; tiakina i roto i o Makau i mua i to oma tuatahi) me tohu ranei ki raro i te kaiwhakahaere ara tata, te kaiparapara kowhai-whero ranei. Te karanga 911 mai i nga ara titaha retireti ki te kaikawe tari a te kaunihera i roto i te riu, katahi ka tukuna atu te waea ki runga ki te Ski Patrol, e 3 ki te 5 meneti utu nui te utu.
• Tauwhenua / Taha (Kei waho o te rohe): Waea 911 me te whakaoho i to Garmin inReach, Rararo Whaiaro Whaiaro (PLB) ki te whakakorikori i te Kaute Rapu me te Whakaora (SAR) ranei Parks Canada Visitor Safety.
• European Union & Switzerland (Alps, Pyrenees, Dolomites, Scandinavia):
• Waea 112 (Tau Ohotata a te Pakeha) waea atu ranei ki te auau whakaora i nga maunga: France (112 / PGHM), Switzerland (1414 REGA), Austria (140 Alpinnotruf), Itari (118 / 112 CNSAS).
• Hapanihi (Hokkaido: Niseko, Rusutsu, Furano, Kiroro; Honshu: Hakuba, Nozawa Onsen, Myoko):
• Ko nga rakau birch me te bamboo (Sasa) teitei o Hapani kua honoa me nga kaawai subalpine me 15+ meters o te hukarere-a-tau ka hangai he tino morearea rumaki paura-hohonu (tae atu ki nga kohao waiariki huna). I roto i nga rohe o te haerenga, waea atu ki te Ski Patrol number kua taia ki runga i to paahi hiki; mo nga mate ohorere ki waho, waea atu ki te 110 (Police Mountain Rescue) ranei 119 (Fire/Ambulance).
• Australia me Aotearoa: Waea 000 (Australia Ski Patrol / Alpine Police Rescue in NSW and Victoria) ranei 111 (New Zealand Ski Patrol / LandSAR).

Pātai auau¶

He nui ake te mate o te hunga kaihoe, te hunga reti reti ranei ki te mate i roto i te puna rakau?¶

Ko nga kaieke reeke me nga kaieke hukarere he rite tonu nga wahanga o nga mate o te puna rakau (tata ki te 55 ki te 60% nga kai reti reti me te 40 ki te 45% nga kaieke hukarere puta noa i nga papaa raraunga maiki o Amerika Te Tai Tokerau), engari he rereke nga take miihini. A te kai reeke Ka taea e nga here DIN ka taea te tuku tetahi reti i te wa e takahuri ana, engari ki te waiho e te kaieke reeke ona ringa ki roto nga here o te pou here waewae, ka titi nga ringa ki runga ake i o ratou mahunga kia kore ai e taea e ratou te horoi i te pute hau. He rereke, a te kaihoe hukarere non-releasable strap-in bindings keep both feet permanently locked to a wide 155 ki te 165 cm board that acts like an anchor jammed in the branches above, making it impossible to turn right-side-up until a partner unbuckles the bindings.

Why shouldn't I try to ski close to tree trunks where the powder is untouched?¶

Whai muri i te tupuhi i te wa e araia ana nga oma tuwhera, ka whakamatautauhia nga kaieke reeke me nga kaieke hukapapa ki te huri matau ki raro i nga manga o waho o nga rakau kaakaariki e titiro hohonu ana te hukarere, kaore ano kia whai. That "untracked" apron beneath the branches is not a solid slope; ko te he tuanui teka o te poka rakau. Always keep your ski or snowboard tracks outside the raina-waho o te maru o te rakau, never aim at the base of a conifer to control your speed, and always look at the nga waahi tuwhera i waenganui i nga rakau kaua e titiro ki nga rakau.

If I fall into deep powder on a flat or low-angle run away from trees, can I still suffocate?¶

Yes, while roughly two-thirds of Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS) deaths occur inside conifer tree wells, the remaining one-third occur in paura tuwhera hohonu (`> 60 to 90 cm / 2 to 3 feet` o te hukarere awha karekau) when a skier or snowboarder catches a tip ("tomahawks" or "augurs in") headfirst into a deep drift, creek bed, or terrain depression. Mena ka tau tuatahi koe ki te paura tuwhera hohonu, noho marino, kati te patupatu, toia to mahunga ki te hanga waahi hau, ka huri whakapae ki to taha, ki muri ranei, kaua ki te pana tika ki raro ki te hukarere o raro.

Why did 90% of test subjects fail to escape a tree well in scientific experiments?¶

In famous controlled experiments led by tree-well safety pioneer Paul Baugher (Te Pokapū Avalanche ki te raki / Crystal Mountain Ski Patrol), fit adult skiers and snowboarders were placed inverted into a real tree well with safety spotters standing by and told to get themselves out. E iwa i roto i te tekau nga marau i rahua katoa a me toia e te roopu haumaru na te mea ka taka tonu nga korikori o o ratou ringa, o ratou rama, o ratou waewae ranei i nga pakitara o te kohanga hukarere mahorahora ki roto, ka hohonu atu te tanu me te titi i o ratou uma i roto i te 30 hēkona.

Me whakakaha au i aku tautuhinga DIN here here ki te morahi i te ra paura hohonu kia kore au e ngaro i te reti reti?¶

Kao, ka huri i o uara tuku here here (`DIN`) kei runga rawa atu i to tūtohi teitei/taimaha/kaiwhakarereke-momo karekau "kaore e tukuna i mua i te paura" ka tino kino ki nga rakau. Mena ka maka tuatahi koe ki roto i te rakau me nga herenga DIN kua tino kati (me nga here waea/hangarau kaore e taea te tuku kua mau ki roto. `Tour/Ski-Lock` aratau piki), to `180-centimeter` Ka mau tonu te reiki ki o putu, ka piri ki roto i nga manga rakau i runga ake, ka mau koe ki raro. Engari, kia mau tonu o here ki te waahi tuku tika me te taapiri i te nylon kanapa taura paura / rīpene ka mau ki roto i to awhi tarau ki te maaharahara koe mo te kimi i te reti reti i roto i te hukarere hohonu.

Kia pehea te roa e ora ai te tangata ki runga ki raro i te puna rakau mena ka hangaia e ia he pute hau pai?¶

Ko te wa ora ka whakawhirinaki katoa ki te rahi o te pute hau me te maamaa o te huarahi rererangi: mena kua kiki te waha me te ihu i te hukarere, ka pohehe 2 ki te 3 meneti a ka timata te whara o te roro e kore e taea te huri 4 ki te 6 meneti. Heoi, ki te noho tonu te patunga, ka arai i tona mata ki tona ringa, kara koti ranei hei tiaki i tetahi 15-henemita (6-inihi) pute hau i te taha o te katua rakau, me te manawa puhoi, kua noho mohio nga morehu o te ao. 30 ki te 90+ meneti tae noa ki te whakaoranga.

Nga kaiarahi e pa ana¶

• Te ruku poka rakau me te whakapoapoa o te hukarere hohonu
• Te retireti, te eke hukarere, me nga aituā pikitanga
• Ko te mate werawera o te koraha me te oranga makariri
• Ko te hinganga o Crevasse, ko te haerenga o te hukapapa, ko te hopu i a koe ano, ka hinga te piriti hukarere
• Ko te motuka hukarere, te ATV ranei i pakaru i roto i te roto hukapapa, kua paea ranei i roto i te whakaora i te waikeri paura hohonu me te whakamarumaru hauhau

Nga puna me nga aratohu whai mana¶

• National Ski Areas Association (NSAA) & DeepSnowSafety.org (United States & Canada): Te Rakau Pai me te Hukarere Hohonu Nga Aratohu Whaimana, NARSID / SIS Tatauranga Tatauranga, me nga Kawa Hoa-i-Sight (Paul Baugher / Northwest Avalanche Center Rangahau).
• Wilderness Medical Society (WMS, United States): He Aratohu Mahinga Haumanu mo te Aukati me te Whakahaere i nga Paanga Hukarere Hukarere me te Hukarere Kore-Waihoa.
• National Ski Patrol (NSP) & Canadian Ski Patrol (CSP, North America): Whoour Emergency Care (OEC): Tree Well Extrication Mechanics, Airway Clearance, Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation.
• Ko te Komihana o te Ao mo te Whakaora Alpine (ICAR / CISA-IKAR, International): Te Whakaoranga o te Hukarere Tanunga me nga Patua Hukarere i nga Taiao Alpine.
• Kaunihera Whakaora Pakeha (ERC) & American Heart Association (AHA): Nga Tikanga Motuhake o te Whakaora: Hypothermia Accidental and Snow Burial Airway/Ventilation Priority.