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Libaka tsa Mabota tse Chesang kapa tse Senyehileng, Li-Switch tse Buzzing, le Likotsi tsa Wiring tsa Aluminium

Linomoro tsa maemo a tšohanyetso li fapana ho ea ka linaha. Leqephe lena le sebelisa 911, nomoro ea United States le Canada. Linaha tse ling tse ngata li sebelisa 112, 999, kapa nomoro e ’ngoe. Fumana nomoro ea naha ea heno.

Motlakase o tloaelehileng oa lebota o sa nyenyefatsang (sekotla) kapa sesebelisoa sa lebone kamehla o lokela ho utloa mocheso oa kamore o pholile ho fihlela ha o thetsoa 'me o sebetse ka khutso. Neng kapa neng ha u ama lebota la sefahleho 'me u utloa eka le futhumetse kapa lea chesa**, hlokomela matšoao a sootho kapa a bosootho bo bosootho ** ho potoloha polaka e otlolohileng, utloa molumo o lerata ** ho lla, ho lla, kapa molumo o lumang oa 60-Hz ka har'a lebokose la lebota, kapa ho nkha monko o makatsang ** tlhapi e bolang, moroto, kapa phaposi ea ho robala e se nang lik'hemik'hale tse sa bonahaleng. phoso ea motlakase e hanyetsanang haholo (khokelo e khanyang) ka har'a lebota la hau. Ho latela U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) le National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), lithapo tsa potoloho ea lekala, lisebelisoa, le li-switches li baka mello e fetang ** 25,000 ea mohaho oa bolulo selemo se seng le se seng **, hangata e hotetsa lithupa tsa lehong le li-cellulose ha mohatelli oa potoloho ka phanele e kholo ** ha ho mohla a tsamaeang **.

Hobaneng ha sekhechana sa potoloho ea 15-amp kapa 20-amp se sa tsamaee ha phallo e ka har'a lebota e qhibiliha 'me e benya cherry e khubelu ho 500 ho isa ho 700 degrees Celsius (930 ho isa ho 1,300 degrees Fahrenheit)? Hobane sekhechana sa potoloho se tloaelehileng sa thermal-magnetic se etselitsoe feela ho bona parallel overcurrent (ha potoloho e hula ho feta 15 kapa 20 amps kakaretso). Ha "brass screw terminal" ka har'a lebota la lerako le lokoloha, ha "backstab" e kentsoeng ka terata ** "backstab" e lahleheloa ke tsitsipano, kapa ha **1965-1973 e tiileng ea lekala la aluminium wiring ** oxidize tlas'a sekoti sa koporo, khokahanyo e hlephileng ha e eketse hona joale; ho e-na le hoo, e etsa sebaka sa sebaka sa **2- ho isa ho 5-ohm se thibelang motlakase ka botlolo **. Ha hitara ea sebaka se nkehang sa 12-amp kapa se omisang moriri se sebetsa potolohong eo, se robeha se bona li-amps tse 12 tse tloaelehileng 'me se lula se ONILE ka thabo, ha se ntse se le ka har'a lebota, \(I^2R\) Joule futhumatsang ($12\text{ A}^2 linako tse 3\,\Omega = 432}-0 screw a $3) **glowing = 432}-0 screw a $3 tšepe ea tšepe ea motlakase ** e epetsoeng ka har'a lebokose la polasetiki haufi le lithupa tsa patsi tse omeletseng. Ho bolotsana le ho feta, hobane mabenkele a ka tlung a hoketsoe ka "ketane ea daisy" (ho fepa ka letoto), sebaka se ka morao ho sofa ea hau se nang le **ho se letho le kentsoeng ho sona ho hang ** se ka tšoara mollo ka tšohanyetso hobane heater ea sebaka e hoketsoe ka phapusing e fapaneng ka ho felletseng holo e hula li-amps tse 12.5 *ka * phaposi ea kamore ea ho phomola e se nang letho. Ho tseba ho koala potoloho ea lekala hang-hang ntle le hula polaka welded tlas'a mojaro, hlwaya khale "litlhapi ba shoeleng" monko oa overheating thermoset polasetiki, 'me felisa backstabbed le un-pigtailed dikgokelo aluminium thibela patiloeng lerako mello.

Le ka mohla u se ke ua lokolla thapo ea sesebelisoa se sizzling kapa se tsubang ka letsoho la hao le sa roala letho PELE O TLOA

Haeba poleke ea lebota kapa polaka ea sesebelisoa se nang le motlakase o mongata (joalo ka heater ea sebaka sa 1,500-watt, air conditioner ea lifensetere, microwave, kapa onto ea toaster) e tsuba, e phatsima, e 'mala oa lamunu e benyang, kapa e qhibiliha holim'a sefahleho, klzzwxh:0067 Ho hula moroalo o boima oa 12-amp inductivkapa o hanang ho tsoa sejaneng se qhibilihisitsoeng, se khuts'oane ho hohela ho foufatsa 2,000-degree-Celsius (3,600-degree-Fahrenheit) arc flash** ka har'a menoana ea hau mme e ka hahola karolo e chesang ea koporo ho tsoa ka haa 'mele, ho siea plug e qhibilihisitsoeng ea polasetiki ho tsoa leboteng. Eya ho phanele ea hau e kholo ea sekhechana sa motlakase PELE 'me u phete sekhechana sa potoloho (kapa Main 100A/200A breaker) hore O TSHOE, 'me u tobetse polaka feela ka mor'a ho netefatsa hore motlakase o felile.

Etsa sena hona joale

  1. KOTSA sekhechana sa potoloho se fepang sebapi se chesang, se lumang, kapa se senyehileng kapa switjha phanele ea hau e kholo ea motlakase hang-hang. Tsamaea ka ho toba lebokoseng la hau la sekheo sa motlakase 'me u phete 15-amp kapa 20-amp circuit breaker hore phaposi eo e FITE. Haeba bukana ea hau ea ho senya e sa ngoloa kapa e fosahetse 'me ntlo e tsuba, e thothomela, kapa e nkha haholo ka polasetiki e chesitsoeng / tlhapi, ** flip the main Service Breaker (100A kapa 200A) holimo holimo ho phanele ho OFF ** ho khaola motlakase ntlong eohle hang-hang, ebe u khutlisetsa li-breaker morao hamorao ha phoso e le teng.
  2. Haeba u bona mosi o sollang ho tloha holim'a sefahleho, malakabe a benyang ka har'a sekotjana sa lebota, kapa u utloa letlapa le ommeng le pota-potileng seketsoana ka holimo ho likhato tse 60 tsa Celsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit): tsoa 'me u letsetse sebaka sa heno. dinomoro tsa tshohanyetso. Le ka mohla u se ke ua fafatsa metsi kapa setima-mollo se nang le metsi sekoting sa motlakase. Lithako tsa lehong (2x4 framing) le fiberglass e shebaneng le pampiri kapa selulo sa selulose se bululetsoeng se patiloeng ka mor'a drywall se ka kubella se sa lemohuoe ho tsoa ka har'a tšepe e chesang haholo kapa lebokose la khokahanyo la fiberglass. Letsetsa 911 United States le Canada, 112 ho pholletsa le European Union, kapa 999 United Kingdom e le hore bo-ralitima-mollo ba ka hlahloba lerako la lebota ka k'hamera ea setšoantšo se futhumetseng. Hlahloba tsa rona mollo oa motlakase le litlhase tataiso ea tšohanyetso.
  3. Hang ha sekheo sa potoloho se tiisitsoe HO HLOKOMELA: ntša ntho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ho tsoa sebakeng seo LE ho tsoa sebakeng se seng le se seng sa potoloho e le 'ngoe. Hopola "Daisy-Chain Feed-Through Rule": haeba u ile ua ama lerako le se nang letho ka mor'a shelofo ea libuka e neng e se na **ho hoketsoe letho ho eona **, leha ho le joalo sephutheloana se ne se chesa ho fihlela ha se ts'oaroa, mocheso o boima o entsoe ke mochini o kenyang motlakase, joalo ka komporo ea motlakase. dryer, kapa iron) e hokeletsoeng **sebakeng se tlase ho feta potolohong e tšoanang **. Hlakola lihitara tsohle tsa sebaka le lisebelisoa tse hulang haholo ka phaposing eo le likamoreng tse haufi.
  4. *Fuputsa monko ofe kapa ofe o makatsang oa "hlapi e shoeleng, shrimp e bolang, kapa moroto oa katse" ka phaposing ka ho fofonela (ho tloha ho 15 centimeters / 6 inches ntle le ho ama) mabota a hau, li-switches le lisebelisoa tsa siling. (Bakelite) le polasetiki ea urea-formaldehyde **. Ha koporo e ka hare e kopa le li-arcs 'me e futhumatsa li-plastiki tse ka holimo ho 150 degrees Celsius (300 degrees Fahrenheit), ho bola ha mocheso ho hlahisa **volatile methylamine le metsoako ea ammonia ** e nkhang **100 lekholong e tšoanang le litlhapi tse shoeleng kapa moroto **. Haeba kamore e nkha joaloka tlhapi, ha u na bothata ba lipeipi tsa metsi kapa litoeba tse shoeleng; o na le sesebelisoa sa motlakase se ikahelang ka mafolofolo ka har'a lebota kapa siling.
  5. Lekola hore na switch e futhumetseng ea lebota ke "Dimmer Switch" e tloaelehileng kapa sesebelisoa se kotsi sa arcing toggle.
  6. Tlwaelehileng: sesebediswa sa dimmer tse tiileng (sesela, rotary, kapa dimmer e bohlale e laolang mabone a mangata a incandescent/halogen kapa mabone a nang le metsi a mangata) e qhala 3 ho isa ho 12 watts tsa mocheso ka hare TRIAC semiconductor heat-sin sink fin mme e thathamisitsoe ho 4 likhato tse futhumetseng ho isa ho 50 Celsius (50 degrees Celsius) 105 ho isa ho 120 likhato tsa Fahrenheit**) ha mabone a ntse a khantšoa.
  7. Tshohanyetso e Kotsi: Mochine o tloahelehileng oa ** ON/OFF oa toggle kapa rocker switch** (o sa nyenyefatseng) kapa sehlahisoa sefe kapa sefe sa polaka ea leboteng ha sea lokela ho ba le mocheso o ka hare o se nang letho 'me ** le ka mohla ** ha oa lokela ho ikutloa u futhumetse. Haeba switjha e tloaelehileng ea lebone kapa sesebelisoa sa plug se ikutloa se futhumetse hanyenyane, kapa haeba switch ea dimmer ** e chesa haholo hore u ka tšoara monoana oa hau hamonate metsotsoana e 5 (ka holimo ho 60°C / 140°F)** kapa e lula e futhumetse ha mabone a tiisitsoe ** HO tima **, koala sekheo hang-hang.
  8. *Le ka mohla o se ke oa sebelisa hape sekoahelo sa lebota se tlabohileng, se qhibilihisitsoeng, kapa se theohileng, 'me le ka mohla u se ke ua hokela hitara ea 1,500-watt ka har'a mohala oa motlakase kapa sejaneng se tsofetseng. Hang ha mahare a ka hare a koporo a se a futhumatse ho feta tekano, motsoako oa koporo o lahleheloa ke plug ea eona ea metallurgical plug (an) prong ka thata-thata hape 'me tla chesa le ho feta ka potlako nakong e tlang ha u plug hong. Boloka sekheo se TLOhile ho fihlela mokelikeli o nkeloa sebaka ke sekoahelo sa khoebo back-wire screw-cla kapa side-screw pigtailed receptacle (kapa CO/ALR-rated device haeba ntlo ea hau e na le wiring ea lekala ea aluminium).

Lits'oants'o tse chesang, switch ea buzzing, le chate ea tlhahlobo ea maeto ea GFCI

Sebelisa chate ena ea boenjiniere ho fumana hore na ke hobane'ng ha sejana sa lebota, switch kapa GFCI se futhumala ho feta tekano, se lla, kapa se khoptjoa.

flowchart TD
    Start["Lebota la Motlakase la Lebota kapa Phetoho e sa Feleng e Fumanehile"] --> Symptom{"1. Hantle-ntle matšoao a teng ke afe?"}

    Symptom -->|"A. Wall outlet e utloahala e le mofuthu/e chesa, e na le marotholi a sootho/e qhibilihile, kapa kamore e nkha joaloka tlhapi e shoeleng."| CutBreaker["KETSO E KANG HAHAKA:<br/>1. Flip Branch Circuit Breaker HO TLOA PELE <br/>2. Tlosa lisebelisoa feela KA MOR'A hore motlakase o TIMA<br/>3. Sheba hore na lebenkele le ne le fepa Space Heater / AC"]

    Symptom -->|"B. Leseli la lebone le utloahala le futhumetse kapa le etsa<br/>molumo o hlabang ha o phetoa"| SwitchCheck{"Na phetoho ke Dimmer switjha<br/>kapa ke sesebelisoa se tloaelehileng sa ho ON/OFF?"}

    Symptom -->|"C. Mabone a ka kamoreng e le 'ngoe aa benya/a fifala ka ho phatsimang<br/>ha microwave kapa heater ea sepakapaka e butse"| LooseWire["FAULT YA DAISY-CHAIN E HAHOLO:<br/>Tsela e sa thekeseleng ya 'Backstab' kapa terata ya Aluminium e nang le oxidized<br/>kahara phanele e pharalletseng pakeng tsa phanele le phaposi ena.<br/>Tima sekeiti 'me u fetole li-backstabs tsohle ho li-pigtails tse ka thōko."]

    Symptom -->|"D. GFCI ka kamoreng ea ho hlapela/kichineng/ karacheng<br/>e lula e khoptjoa kapa e tobetsa ka LED e khubelu/e panya"| GFCITriage{"Na konopo ea GFCI RESET e lula <br/>ka mor'a ho ntša lithapo tsohle?"}

    CutBreaker --> WireAge{"Na lehae leo le hahiloe kapa le kenngoe mehala lipakeng tsa<br/>1965 le 1973?"}
    WireAge -->|"YES: Sheba hore na ho na le lithapo tse tiileng tsa 'mala oa silevera<br/>Aluminium ka lebokoseng"| AlumProtocol["ALUMINUM WIRING HAZARD:<br/>Lisebelisoa tse tloahelehileng tsa brass-screw terata tsa aluminium."]
    WireAge -->|"NO: Wiring ea koporo"| CopperProtocol["Kenya sebaka sa sets'oants'o se kentsoeng/se qhibilihisitsoeng ka<br/>20A Commercial Grade Spec-Grade Outlet;<br/> thatela lihoko tsa koporo tsa J-hook ho ea ka nako tlas'a likurufu tse mahlakoreng."]

    SwitchCheck -->|"Dimmer switch: e futhumetse ka bonolo (40-50 C) FEELA<br/>ha mabone a BONAHALA; ha ho monko kapa ho qhetsola"| NormalDimmer["Mofuthu o Tloaelehileng oa Mocheso oa TRIAC:<br/> Netefatsa kakaretso ea mocheso oa tleloubu ha e fete<br/>tekanyo ea dimmer (derate haeba e le lebokose la lihlopha tse ngata)."]
    SwitchCheck -->|"Tlhōlisano e tloaelehileng ea ho ON/OFF e utloahala e le mofuthu,<br/>OR swichi efe kapa efe ea khephoha, ea hlase, kapa e nkha."| BadSwitch["FAILING / ARCING SWITCH:<br/>Mapache a ka hare a silevera a kentsoeng le a arcing.<br/>Flip breaker OMA hang-hang 'me u emise switch."]

    GFCITriage -->|"Maeto hang-hang leha ho se letho le hoketsoeng"| GroundFault["Mongobo o Tlase ka Lebokoseng la Kantle la Outlet,<br/>Ho Dutla ha Ground Ground, kapa Ba tsofetseng ba GFCI ba hlolehile ho itlhahloba<br/>(LED e Tiileng/E panyang e khubelu = Phetoho ea Bofelo ba Bophelo)"]

Matrix a papiso: lebota le mats'oao a temoso

Sebelisa tafole ena ea litšupiso ho fumana botebo le sesosa sa sesosa sa motlakase ofe kapa ofe kapa matšoao a ka tlung ea hau.

Sensory / Pontšo ea Pono Ho Etsahala'ng ka har'a Lebokose la Lerako Boemo ba Kotsi hanghang Ketso e Tlamang ea ho Lokisa
Litlhapi tse bolang, li-shrimp tse shoeleng, kapa monko oa ammonia/moroto ka phaposing Ka hare arcing kapa hlephileng screw terminal ke ho futhumatsa phenolic / Bakelite / urea-formaldehyde thermoset polasetiki fetileng 150 ho 250°C (300 ho 480°F), off-gassing methylamines BOHLOKOA (Active Fire Precursor) Flip circuit breaker ** OFF ** hang-hang; fumana sebaka se futhumetseng, switch, siling rose, kapa breaker panel lug ebe u nkela sesebelisoa se chesitsoeng le terata e chesitsoeng.
Outlet e ikutloa e futhumetse/e chesa leha ho se letho le hoketsoeng ho eona Sehlahisoa se hoketsoe ka ketane ea ** fepa ka daisy ** (lithapo tse peli tse chesang tse ntšo le lithapo tse peli tse tšoeu tse sa nke lehlakore tse khomaretsoeng 'meleng), le mojaro o boima (heater ea sepakapaka / AC / vacuum) e hoketsoeng ka har'a seketsoana ** se phallang ka har'a **backstab ** kapa sekoti holim'a sekoti sena se se nang letho. ** PHAHAMENG (Kotsi e patiloeng ea Mollo oa Lebota)** Flip circuit breaker **OFF **; ho ntša metsi a futhumatsang lefatše; kenya lebokose hape u sebelisa ** wire-nut pigtail splice ** hore metsi a tlase a se ke a feta 'meleng oa phallo.
Li-prong tsa plug li oela ka thoko ho li-slots tse nang le zero grip tension Li-blades tsa ka hare tsa koporo li lahlehetsoe ke tsitsipano ea nako ea selemo (**liaparo tsa ho ikopanya kapa li-thermal annealing **), li ama plug e holim'a ntlha e nyane ea microscopic e chesang ho feta tlas'a mojaro. ** PHAHAMA (E Etsa Hore plug e Haolohe)** Khaotsa ho sebelisa sesebelisoa hang-hang; koala sekhechana 'me u nkele seketsoana se tsofetseng sa $2 sebaka se secha sa UL-listed Tamper-Resistant (TR) Commercial Spec-Grade receptacle
Matšoao a sootho, a bosootho, kapa a botšo ho potoloha sekotjana se le seng se emeng (hangata ke sekotjana se sephara sa Neutral kapa sesesane sa Hot slot) Ho hanyetsa ka mokhoa o phahameng Joule e futhumatsang (\(P = I^2R\)) pakeng tsa lehare le tsofetseng le hitara ea sebaka kapa polaka ea mohala oa lisebelisoa tsa kichine; mocheso o tsoa ka har'a sekotjana ho ea holim'a sefahleho sa nylon ** PHAHAMA (Mohala oa Khoele le Lebokose)** Flip breaker **TLOA **; lahla kapa u khaole polaka e qhibilihisitsoeng thapong ea sesebelisoa (prong ea koporo ka har'a plug ea rabara le eona e senyehile ebile e entsoe ka oxidized) 'me u nke sebaka sa lebota.
Modumo o hlabang, o thothomelang, kapa wa "bacon-Frying" ha lebone le butswe kapa ha o feta moo ho omelwang teng Series kapa parallel arcing ea motlakase ho haola lekhalo la moea moo terata e sa thekeseleng kapa switch switch e nang le pitted e tlolang litlhase ka 2,000+°C (3,600+°F) E HLOKOMANG (Ho khantša hanghang) Flip circuit breaker ** OFF ** hona joale; u se ke ua tlohela switch sebakeng sa "half-way"; fetola switch ebe u kenya Motsoako oa AFCI (Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter)
Dimmer switch faceplate e ikutloa e futhumetse hanyenyane (joaloka kopi e futhumetseng ea kofi, -43°C / 110°F) ha mabone a KHAMILE Mocheso o tloahelehileng ho tsoa ka hare ho dimmer semiconductor ea boemo bo tiileng ba TRIAC e fetohang makhetlo a 60 ka motsotsoana ka sekoting sa mocheso sa aluminium faceplate SAFE (Ts'ebetso e Tloaelehileng) E bolokehile feela haeba e le switch ea dimmer, e futhumala feela ha mabone a BUTSE, ka tlase ho 60°C (140°F), 'me e khutsitse/e sa nkhe. (Ho nkela mabone a khale a 60W a incandescent ka li-LED tse nyenyefatsang tse 9W ho theola mocheso o lefifi ka 85%).

Fisiks ea "15-Amp Breaker Paradox": Hobaneng ha sekoahelo se bofubelu bo benyang ha se mohla se khopisang sekhechana se tloaelehileng

Maikutlo a fosahetseng a kotsi ka ho fetisisa mabapi le polokeho ea bolulo ke ho lumela: "Haeba ho ne ho e-na le bothata bo kotsi ba motlakase sebakeng sa ka sa lebota, sekhechana sa potoloho se mokatong o ka tlase se ne se tla khoptjoa ebe se koala."

Ke ka lebaka lena sekhechana sa potoloho se tloaelehileng ** se sa khoneng ho bona** khokahanyo e hlephileng, e qhibilihang ho fihlela e se e le morao haholo: 1. Setekanyo se tlwaelehileng sa Thermal-Magnetic Breaker: - Sekhechana se tloaelehileng sa 15-amp kapa 20-amp phanele ea hau se lekanya feela kakaretso ea motlakase (ampere) o phallang ho tsoa ho sekhechana. E na ** ha e na sensor ea mocheso ka har'a lebota la kamore ea hau ea kamore ** mme (ntle le haeba e le sekhechana sa sejoale-joale sa AFCI) ha ho na microprocessor e shebelletseng letoto la li-arcing. 2. Molao oa Ohm le \(I^2R\) Series Heating ("The Glowing Connection"): - A re re u hokela 1,500-watt sefuthumatsi sa motlakase se nkehang habonolo ** ka phaposing ea ho robala seketjaneng sa 15-amp, 120-volt. Ka molao oa Ohm ($ I = P / V\(), hitara ea sebaka e hula **\)1,500\text{W} / 120\text{V} = 12.5\text{amps}\(**. - Hobane ** 12.5 amps e ka tlase ho 15 amps **, 15-amp breaker kamoreng ea hau e ka tlaase ke ** 100% e khotsofetse ** 'me e ke ke ea tsamaea. - Ka har'a sekoahelo sa lebota se phetseng hantle, se tiisitsoeng ke motlakase pakeng tsa terata ea koporo, screw ea brass le blade ea plug e ka tlase ho **0.005 ohms (\)5\text{ milliohms}$). Ka li-amps tse 12.5, mocheso o hlahisoang ka har'a sekoahelo se thata ke \(I^2R = (12.5)^2 \times 0.005 = \mathbf{0.78\text{watts}}\) (e bata ka ho feletseng ho ea ho ho thetsoa). - Joale ha re re "backstab" wire spring-in wire spring ka har'a setsi seo se hoholeha ka lilemo tse 10, kapa li-slot blades lia fela, ho phahamisa khanyetso sebakeng seo ho tloha ho \(0.005\text{ ohms}\) ho isa ho \(2.0\text{ ohms}\). - Kakaretso ea potoloho ea hona joale e theoha hanyane (ho tloha ho li-amps tse 12.5 ho ea ho ** 10.9 amps **, ho etsa hore sekheo sa kamore e ka tlase * se be le monyetla o fokolang oa ho tsamaea.), ** ha e le khokahanong e nyane ea 2-ohm ka har'a lebokose la phallo *, moloko oa mocheso oa lehae o tlolela ho: $\(P = I^2 \nako R = (10.9\mongolo{ A})^2 \makhetlo 2.0\,\Omega = \mathbf{237\text{ watts of pure concentrated heat}}\)$ - E tsepamisitse maikutlo 237 watts (matla a mabone a mabone a khale a 60-watt kapa sethunya sa solder) holim'a hlooho ea 2-millimeter ea koporo ea koporo ka har'a lebokose la lebota la polasetiki le sa kenang moea a khanna sekoere le copper oxide ho feta *600 degrees Celsiu VC wire wire (1,10melting degrees Celsius) ho kenya letsoho, ho chesa lebokose la polasetiki, le ho hotetsa lerako la lepolanka ha sekheo se ka tlaase se bala li-amps tse 10,9 tse nang le khotso.

Kotsi ea 1: "Lits'oants'o tse kentsoeng ka morao" le "Daisy-Chain Trap".

Haeba u lula ntlong e hahiloeng ho tloha lilemong tsa bo-1960 ho fihlela kajeno, 'me u hlokomela hore **sephahla se se nang letho se kenngoeng ho sona se ikutloa se futhumetse **, kapa hore mabone le mabone a phaposing a fifala kapa a shoa ha o hokela vacuum cleaner kapa microwave leboteng le fapaneng, u hlolehile **"backstab" khokahanyo ea daisy-chain **.

Khokahano ea "Backstab" (Push-In) Outlet ke eng?

Ka morao ho ntlo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e theko e tlaase ea $1.50 ea 15-amp duplex outlet ho na le masoba a manyenyane a robeli a bitsoang ** push-in terminals (colloquially called "backstabs" ke litsebi tsa motlakase). - Ho thaela ntlo kapele kamoo ho ka khonehang nakong ea kaho, lihahi li hlobola terata ea koporo ea limilimithara tse 13 (½ inch) le ho khitla terata e otlolohileng e se nang letho lesobeng le ka morao ho sekheo ho e-na le ho phuthela terata ho pota-pota likurufu tse boima tsa mahlakore a koporo. - Ka har'a lesoba leo ho na le pampiri e tšesaane sheet-brass spring thife-edge e lomang lehlakoreng la terata ea koporo holim'a patch e nyane ho feta hlooho ea phini (tlase ho 1 square millimeter). - Ho phaella moo, ho kenya lisebelisoa tse 8 ka kamoreng ea potoloho e le 'ngoe, lihahi li sebelisa' mele oa ho tsoa ka boeona e le borokho ba splice ( daisy-chaining **): terata e kenang e tsoang ho phanele ea ho senya e kenngoa ka sekoting se ka holimo sa mokokotlo, 'me terata e tsoelang pele e fepa li-outlet tse latelang tse 7 ho theosa le moeli o kenngoa ka sekoting se ka tlaase sa backstab. - Hobaneng ha li-backstabs li hloleha: Nako le nako ha motho a hotetsa hitara ea 12-amp space, dryer ea moriri, iron, kapa fensetere ea AC **sebakeng sa ho qetela ka ketane **, li-amps tse 12 li tlameha ho loants'a liliba tse 14 tse ka morao tsa thipa libakeng tse 7 tse holimo. Mohala oa koporo oa atoloha ha o futhumala 'me oa honyela ha o pholile (**baesekele ea mocheso **), e ntse e fokolisa sekhahla se tšesaane sa selemo ho fihlela terata e hula ka karoloana ea millimeter, e qala series arcing, ebe e qhibilihisa phallo e se nang letho e holimo ka har'a lebota.

Tokiso e sa Feleng: "Pigtailing" le Side-Screw Clamping

Ha uena kapa ramotlakase u nkela sebaka leha e le sefe sa lebota se futhumetseng, se paitlamang kapa se tsofetseng: 1. Le ka mohla u se ke ua sebelisa masoba a sutumelletsang ka morao a seketsoana. 2. Le ka mohla u se ke ua sebelisa likurufu tse peli tse ka mahlakoreng tsa thepa e le borokho ba ho phunyeletsa ho theosa le metsi. Ho e-na le hoo, nka terata e chesang e ntšo e kenang phanele, terata e ntšo e tsoang u e ise sebakeng se latelang, le mohala o mokhutšoane oa 15-centimeter (6-inch) oa terata e ntšo ea koporo ("pigtail" ka hare ho terata ea copper e sothehileng hammoho ka hare ho lioache tse tharo. nut (kapa Wago 221 lever-nut)**, 'me u kopanye **feela terata eo e le' ngoe ea pigtail ** ka hook ea J-hook tlas'a sekoti se lehlakoreng la koporo ('me u phete ka pigtail e tšoeu bakeng sa lithapo tse sa nke lehlakore). 3. Ka ** pigtailing **, motlakase o phallang ho ea libakeng tse tlaase o feta ka ho toba ka har'a sekoahelo se tiileng sa koporo-to-copper se ka morao ho lebokose 'me ** ha ho mohla e phallang ka har'a 'mele oa phallo **, e leng ho etsang hore ho se khonehe hore sefuthumatsi sa sebaka se ka tlaase ho moo se futhumatse ka holimo ho metsi.

Kotsi ea 2: Mohala o tiileng oa Lekala la Aluminium (Matlo a hahiloeng 1965 ho isa 1973)

Haeba ntlo ea hau ea toropo, kapa moaho oa folete o hahiloe kapa oa atolosoa lipakeng tsa 1965 le 1973 (ha khaello ea koporo lefatšeng ka bophara e ile ea susumelletsa lihahi ho terata hoo e ka bang limilione tse 2 tsa matlo a Amerika Leboea a nang le terata e tiileng ea 12-AWG kapa 10-AWG e nang le terata e le 'ngoe ea aluminium ea lekala** bakeng sa 15-lebone), ke lebone le futhumatsang. ** maemo a tšohanyetso a holimo **.

U ka tseba joang haeba ntlo ea hau e na le Wiring ea Lekala la Aluminium

(Tlhokomeliso: Lithapo tsa aluminium tse teteaneng tse nang le likhoele tse ngata tse sebelisoang bakeng sa phanele ea mantlha ea 200-amp, sebaka sa motlakase sa 50-amp, kapa 30-amp dryer li bolokehile ha li felisitsoe ka har'a li-paste tse nang le anti-oxidant pente. Kotsi e feteletseng ea mollo e sebetsa ka ho khetheha motlakase o mosesaane, o tiileng oa terata e le 'ngoe le 20- luminum 20-feed terata lisebelisuoa tsa leboteng le li-swichi tsa mabone.) 1. Ha sekheo sa potoloho se tiisitsoe ** TSE LENG , khantša lebone ka har'a lebokose le bulehileng kapa u shebe sekheo sa polasetiki se ka ntle sa likhoele tsa NM tse kenang phanele ea hau e ka tlase ea motlakase: - Lithapo tse entsoeng ka li-conductors tsa aluminium li na le lentsoe AL kapa ALUMINUM kapa ALUM e hatisitsoeng kapa e hatisitsoeng ka lisenthimithara tse ling le tse ling tse 30 ho isa ho tse 60 (maoto a 1 ho isa ho a 2) haufi le baki ea polasetiki e kantle, 'me terata ea tšepe e se nang letho ka har'a linate tsa terata e shebahala selefera e lerootho/e boputsoa ho fapana le koporo e bokhubelu-orange. 2. Hobaneng terata e tiileng ea aluminiamo e tšoara mollo litsing tse tloaelehileng tsa koporo feela (Lintlha tsa Boithuto ba CPSC): - Ho ea ka lithuto tsa bohlokoa tsa naha ka bophara tsa mollo tse entsoeng ke U.S. Komisi ea Tšireletso ea Lihlahisoa tsa Bareki (CPSC Publication 516), matlo a nang le lithapo tse nang le lithapo tse tiileng tsa lekala la aluminium pele ho 1972 li na le monyetla oa ** makhetlo a 55 ho ba le khokahanyo e le 'ngoe kapa tse ngata tsa terata libakeng tse fihlang "Fire Hazard Conditions" ho feta matlo a nang le khoele ea koporo. - **Mekhoa e mene ea ho hloleha ha metallurgical **: 1. Katoloso e Phahameng ea Thermal & "Cold Flow Creep": Aluminium e atoloha 'me e etsa likonteraka 38 lekholong ho feta koporo ha e futhumatsoa ke mojaro oa motlakase. Ha terata e tiileng ea aluminium e koaletsoe ka tlas'a sekoti sa tšepe kapa sa koporo 'me e chesa, aluminiamo e bonolo e ntseng e hola ha e na moo e ka eang teng, kahoo e extrudes ("creeps") ho tsoa tlas'a "screw head" joalo ka sepa sa meno. Ha mojaro o tima 'me terata e theoha, terata e bataletseng ea aluminium e se e le mosesaane ho feta pele, e siea lekhalo le hlephileng tlas'a screw. 2. Filimi ya Instantaneous Insulating Oxide (\(\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3\))**Ha koporo e hola moyeng, koporo oxide e ntse e le semi-conductive. Ha aluminiamo e pepesehile moeeng, hang-hang e etsa letlalo la microscopic la aluminium oxide (zzwxh:0039, ceramic sapphire/corundum), e leng **e leng mochini o sireletsang motlake o haufi le o phethahetseng ** o tsamaisang khanyetso ho ea holimo. 3. Galvanic Corrosion: Limetale tse sa ts'oaneng (terata ea aluminium e amang screw ea koporo moeeng o mongobo) e senyeha ke galvanic corrosion e senyang khokahanyo. 4. Ho thatafatsa le ho phunya ha Brittle Snapping: terata e tiileng ea aluminium e sebetsa ka thata-thata le ho khaoha ntle le matla ha e kobeha ka makhetlo a fetang a mabeli kapa a mararo ha e sutumelletsa ntho e kenang ka lebokoseng.

Litsela tse 3 FEELA tse Amoheletsoeng ke CPSC tsa ho Lokisa Mehala ea Lekala la Aluminium

Haeba u na le lithapo tse tiileng tsa lekala la aluminium ka tlung ea hau 'me phallo e utloa e futhumetse, e tsitsinyeha, kapa e hloka ho nkeloa sebaka, ** LE KA mohla u se ke ua hokela terata e tiileng ea aluminium sebakeng se tloaelehileng sa "CU-Feela" (Copper-Only), 'me U SE KE UA Sotha terata ea aluminium le terata ea koporo hammoho ka har'a terata e tloaelehileng ea lebenkele la hardware** (ho kenyeletsoa le terata e pherese, ho kenyeletsoa le terata e pherese). nalane ea ho chesa haholo tlhahlobong ea CPSC).

Sebelisa o le mong feela oa mekhoa ena e meraro e amoheloang ka molao: 1. Mokhoa oa 1 (Tokiso e Molemohali ea Lebokose la DIY/Setsebi sa Motlakase): King Innovation "AlumiConn" 3-Port Purple Lug Connectors: - E amohetsoe ke CPSC, UL, le bangoli ba li-inshorense, AlumiConn sehokelo ke boloko bo bopherese bo bopherese bo nang le lithanele tse tharo tse arohaneng tsa aluminium mechanical set-screw peste tse tlatsitsoeng pele ka silicone anti-oxidant inhibitor peste. - Hobane terata e kenang ea aluminium, terata ea aluminium e tsoang, le terata e ncha ea copper pigtail e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea tsona e kena ka li-screw port tsa eona (kahoo lithapo tsa aluminium le tsa koporo ha li ka tsa ama kapa tsa siana) 'me li tiisitsoe ka "screwdriver" sa torque, e felisa ka ho sa feleng moea o phoroselang le galvanic corrosion, e u lumellang hore u hokahane le copper e tloaelehileng. 2. Mokhoa oa 2 (Permanent Professional Press Splice): TE Khokahano "COPALUM" Cold-Weld Crimp: - E kentsoe ke ramotlakase ea tiisitsoeng a sebelisa sesebelisoa se khethehileng 10,000-PSI powered hydraulic crimp tool se batang se cheseletsa terata ea aluminium ho pigtail ea koporo ka har'a letsoho la tšepe le nang le perforated, le koahetsoeng ke li-tubing tse boima tse fokotsang mocheso. 3. **Mokhoa oa 3 (Phetiso ea Nako ea Tšohanyetso ea Nako): CO/ALR- Lits'oants'o tse behiloeng ka setempe le li-switches **: - Haeba o tlameha ho khutlisa mochini o futhumetseng kapa o kene ka kotloloho holim'a lithapo tsa aluminiamo ntle le ho kenya pigtailing, reka FEELA sets'oants'o kapa switch e hatisitsoeng ka ho hlaka. CO/ALR (Copper/Aluminium Revised) holim'a leqhama la tšepe (eseng CU/AL, e leng tekanyo ea bo-1970 e sa sebetseng e ileng ea hlōleha tlhahlobo ea tšireletso). CO/ALR lisebelisoa li sebelisa li-screw tse bonolo indium-plated brass tse nang le lihlooho tse kholo tse etselitsoeng ho loma ka aluminium oxide ntle le ho pshatla terata.

Kotsi ea 3: Hobaneng ha mabenkele a GFCI a lula a khoptjoa kapa a tobetsa (Ground Faults vs. End-of-Life)

Kichine ea sejoale-joale, likamore tsa ho hlapa, likarache, likamore tse ka tlase, le mabota a kantle a sebelisa GFCI (Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter) tse nang le TEST le RESET likonopo. Ho fapana le sekhechana se ka kamoreng e ka tlase (se tsamaeang ka li-amps tse 15 kapa tse 20), GFCI e na le transformer ea hajoale e hlokomelang hantle hore na ea hajoale e tloha **Hot slot ** ebe e khutlela ho ** Neutral slot **, e hula matla ka 25 milliseconds haeba esita le **4 ho 6 0 milliamps ho ea ho 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 050 ho ea ho mohlala ho ea ho 0. se omisa moriri se metsi letsohong la hao).

Haeba phallo ea GFCI ka tlung ea hau ka tšohanyetso e qala ** ho tobetsa khafetsa, ho luma, ho bonts'a lebone le tiileng kapa le benyang le lets'oao la RED, kapa ho hana ho lumella RESET konopo lula e sutumelitsoe **:

  1. Hopola thapo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe sebakeng seo sa GFCI LE ho tsoa libakeng tsohle tsa "Downstream Protected":
  2. Sebaka se le seng sa GFCI ka phaposing e ka tlase ea ho hlapela kapa karacheng hangata se hokelloa ka mehala ka eona LOAD liteishene tsa ho sireletsa **mabenkele ohle a kantle a mathule, kamore e ka morao ea ntlo, le likamore tsa ho hlapela tse kaholimo **.
  3. Haeba metsi a pula a kene ka har'a mohala oa katoloso oa khanya ea matsatsi a phomolo mathuleng a ka pele, GFCI e ka har'a karache kapa ntloana e tla khoptjoa 'me ** e hane ho seta botjha ** ho fihlela o tswela ka ntle mme o lokolle thapo e metsi ho tswa ho phahlo e ka ntle.
  4. Khetha lebone le benyang kapa le tiileng la RED LED ho li-GFCI tsa sejoale-joale tsa "Iteite" (UL 943 Post-2015 Standard):
  5. Ho tloha ka Phuptjane 2015, UL 943 e hloka hore mabenkele ohle a macha a GFCI a rekisoang Amerika Leboea a itlhahlobe ka motlakase ka mor'a metsotso e meng le e meng e 15 ho isa ho lihora tse 3* (eo ka linako tse ling e etsang molumo o monyane oa ho tobetsa hanngoe).
  6. Haeba lebone le lenyenyane la LED sefahlehong sa GFCI le bonesa RED kapa RED e tiileng mme konopo ea RESET e hana ho hokela (leha ho se letho le hoketsoeng): The GFCI's internal surge-protect-protection MOV or silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR) e fihlile Bofelo ba-Bophelo (khafetsa ho hloleha ha Bophelo)* (hangata ho tima lebone ka boyona ka mor'a ho kha kapa ho tima) tsoa kahoo e ke ke ea u fa maikutlo a fosahetseng a tšireletso. Koala sekhechana 'me u nke sebaka sa $18 sa GFCI.
  7. Sehatsetsi / Sehatsetsi se kentsoe ka karacheng ea GFCI:
  8. Lihatsetsi tsa khale tsa karache le lihatsetsi tsa sefuba li na le li-compressor tse qalang le li-heaters tse senyang serame tseo ka tlhaho li lutlang 3 ho isa ho 5 milliamps ea capacitive current ho foreime ea tšepe ha konpresser e raha kapa e qhibiliha, e bakang khathatso maetong a GFCI a senyang makholo a lidolara tsa lijo tse leqhoa. E-ba le ramotlakase a kenye sepoto se nang le mokelikeli o le mong kapa sepokelo sa sejoale-joale sa GFCI se lekantsoeng ka enjene bakeng sa lihatsetsi tsa karache, 'me a hokele $15 Alamo e Utloang ea Motlakase oa Motlakase sebakeng se le seng e le hore u utloe ho lla hang-hang haeba karache ea GFCI e ka tsamaea.

Lipotso tse botsoang khafetsa

Ke hobane'ng ha kamore ea ka ea ho robala kapa kamore ea ho hlapela ka tšohanyetso e nkha joaloka litlhapi tse shoeleng tse bolileng le hoja kamore e se na letheba?

Monko oa tšohanyetso oa tlhapi e bolileng, shrimp e shoeleng, kapa ammonia / moroto ka kamoreng, haholo-holo o matlafala ha hitara ea sebaka, moea o futhumatsang moea, lebone la siling kapa se omisang, 'me o nyamela ka mor'a hora e tingoe, ke lets'oao la khale la lik'hemik'hale la mollo oa motlakase o qalang ka har'a lebota, switch switch, siling kapa pane. Mehaho ea motlakase, linate tsa terata, le li-terminal blocks li bōptjoa ho tloha ho thermoset phenolic (Bakelite) le urea-formaldehyde polasetiki tse senyehang ha li futhumatsoa ka holimo ho likhato tse 150 tsa Celsius (300 degrees Fahrenheit) ka terata e hlephileng, e ntša monko oa methyldenamine e shoeleng; koala sekhechana sa potoloho bakeng sa kamore eo hang-hang 'me u hlahlobe sephutheloana se seng le se seng le switch.

Ho tla joang hore seketsoana sa lebota se sa kenngoeng letho ho sona se chese kapa se qhibilihe?

Lithapong tsa bolulo, litsebi tsa motlakase ke ka seoelo li tsamaisang terata e arohaneng ho tloha phanele ea sekhechana ho ea ho motho ka mong; ho e-na le hoo, thapo e le 'ngoe e matha ho tloha phanele ea sekheo ho ea sebakeng sa pele sa ketane, ebe e tlolela ho tloha litsing tsa sebaka seo ho ea sebakeng sa bobeli, sa boraro le sa bone ho theosa le lebota ("daisy-chaining"). Haeba motho a hokela hitara ea sebaka sa 1,500-watt ho Outlet #4 lehlakoreng le hole la phaposi, li-amps tsohle tse 12.5 tsa motlakase oo li tlameha ho phalla ka ho toba ka har'a li-screw kapa liliba tsa "backstab" tsa Empty Outlet #1, #2, le #3 tseleng; haeba Empty Outlet #2 e na le terata e hlephileng ea backstab ka har'a lebokose la eona, hona joale e phallang ka har'a mateano a hlephileng a tla chesa haholo 'me a qhibilihe Empty Outlet #2 leha ho se letho le kentsoeng sefahlehong sa eona.

Ke hobane'ng ha u sa lokela ho hokela hitara ea sebaka sa 1,500-watt ka har'a mohala oa motlakase kapa thapo ea katoloso?

Ho fapana le thelevishene, khomphutha kapa tjhaja ea mohala (e hulang li-amps tse 0,5 ho isa ho tse 2 feela ka nakoana), hitara ea sebaka sa motlakase e nkehang ea 1,500-watt e hula li-amps tse 12.5 ka lihora tse ngata qetellong, e ja karolo ea 83 lekholong ea matla a kakaretso ea potoloho ea ntlo ea 15-amp ka boeona. Methapo e tloaelehileng ea li-multi-outlet le li-surgery li na le lithapo tse tšesaane tsa libese tsa ka hare, switch e nyane ea 15-amp thermal rocker, le thapo ea 16-AWG kapa 14-AWG e sa etsetsoang lihora tse ngata tsa 12.5-amp tse futhumatsang mocheso, tse etsang hore polaka ea motlakase e halehe le ho hola; kamehla plug hitara ea sebaka ka ho toba ka har'a sepokelo sa lebota se tšoarellang ka thata 'me le ka mohla u se ke ua e tlohela e sebetsa e sa lebelloa kapa ha u robetse.

Phapano ke efe lipakeng tsa phallo ea GFCI le sekhechana sa AFCI, 'me ke efe e emisang libaka tse chesang ho qala mollo?

GFCI (Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter) ke sesebelisoa se thibelang motlakase se etselitsoeng ho sireletsa batho libakeng tse mongobo (libaka tsa ho hlapela, libethe, ka ntle) ka ho khaola matla ha 5 milliamps ea hona joale e lutla ka ntle ho potoloho ho ea fatše; Leha ho le joalo, GFCI HA E khone ho bona terata e hlephileng, e benyang-e chesang kapa letoto le ka hare ho phaposi ea kamore e ommeng hobane lisebelisoa tsohle tsa hona joale li ntse li khutlela terateng e sa nke lehlakore. Sesenyi sa AFCI (Combination Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter) se sebelisa microprocessor ho lekola mosaeno oa radio-frequency e phahameng (RF) ea motlakase terateng, ho bona litlhase tse ts'oanang tse tsamaeang ka nako e khuts'oane le letoto la terata e hlephileng kapa thapo e senyehileng le ho phunya lebota.

Mehloli e hlahlobiloe

  • United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC): Phatlalatso 516: Ho Lokisa Mehala ea Aluminium le Likotsi tsa Mollo tsa Motlakase oa Lehae: Lisebelisoa tse hlephileng, li-Backstab Push-In Connections, le Space Heater Failures.
  • Mokhatlo oa Naha oa Tšireletso ea Mollo (NFPA): NFPA 70: Khoutu ea Naha ea Motlakase (NEC) Lingoliloeng 210.12 (AFCI Tšireletso), 210.8 (Ts'ireletso ea GFCI), le 406 (Li-Receptacles le Matšoao a CO/ALR).
  • Underwriters Laboratories (UL): UL 498 (Standard for Attachment Plugs and Receptacles), UL 943 (Standard for Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupters with Auto-Monitoring Self-Test), le UL 1699 (Arc-Fault Circuit)-Interrupt.
  • Motlakase oa Tšireletso ea Motlakase oa Machaba (ESFI) & Tšireletseho ea Motlakase Pele (United Kingdom): Ho Lemoha Litsi tsa Mocheso o Feteletseng, Monko oa Litlhapi oa Phenolic Plastic, le Maqhama a Khanyang a Motlakase.

Litataiso tse amanang