Mokelikeli oa Mobu oa Tšisinyeho ea Lefatše, Mathopa a Lehlabathe, Ho hasana ka Lateral, le Phapamiso ea Tšebeliso e Epetsoeng.¶

Nakong ea tšisinyeho ea lefatše e mahareng kapa e matla (Magnitude 5.5+), ho sisinyeha ho matla ha lefika ke halofo feela ea kotsi. Ho pholletsa le lithota tse lebopong la leoatle, linōka tsa deltas, matša a khale, le libaka tsa maiketsetso tse tletseng likou, maqhubu a tšisinyeho ea lefatše a fetang mobung o hlephileng, o tletseng metsi a lehlabathe le seretse a etsa hore lithollo tsa mobu li oele hammoho, ho tsamaisa khatello ea metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše.pore-water pressure) ho ea holimo ho fihlela lithollo tsa lehlabathe li phaphamala li lokolohile ka ho feletseng. Nakong ea metsotsoana e 10 ho isa ho e 30 ea ho sisinyeha, mobu o tiileng o lahleheloa ke hoo e ka bang liphesente tse 100 tsa matla a ho kuta 'me o fetoha mokoloko o teteaneng, o hatellang mokelikeli o mokelikeli, ketsahalo ea geotechnical e tsejoang e le mokelikeli oa mobu. Mehaho ea lifolete tse boima tsa konkreite le lipilara tsa borokho lia teba kapa li sekame ho fihlela likhato tse 60 mahlakoreng a tsona (bearing capacity failure), liliba tse hatelitsoeng tsa metsi a seretse le lehlabathe li phatlola mapatsong a lijarete le likamoreng tse ka tlaase (sand boils), matsoapo a thellang ho ea linōkeng le likoung (lateral spreading), 'me litanka tsa likhoerekhoere tse ka tlas'a lefatše tse sekoti, likoti le liliba tsa mafura li phaphametse ho ea holimo ka ntle ho tsela e katiloeng joalo ka likoti tse ka bateng, tse hohotseng lipompo tsa khase ea tlhaho le tsa metsi. Haeba u e-ba le tšisinyeho ea lefatše e lateloang ke ho petsoha ha lefatše, ho thekesela, kapa monko oa khase e lutlang, letsetsa sebakeng sa heno. dinomoro tsa tshohanyetso hang-hang 'me u ikopanye le batataisi ba rona ho litšisinyeho tsa lefatše: Theola, Koahela, 'me U Itšoare, ka mor'a litšisinyeho tsa lefatše, ho kena mohahong hape, le ho koaloa ha khase, le masoba le ho kokobela fatshe.

Etsa sena hona joale¶

1. Theoha, Koahela, 'me U Itšoare ka nako ea ho sisinyeha ha litšisinyeho tse matla: Le ka mohla u se ke ua leka ho mathela ka ntle ha mobu o ntse o reketla; lifasetere tse oelang fatše, tse pshatlehang lifensetere tse mokatong o ka holimo, le lehora le helehang haufi le sebaka se ka ntle sa mehaho, li bolaea batho ba bangata ho feta ba mokelikeli oa mobu ka booona.
2. Tloha hang ha ho reketla ho emisa haeba moaho oa hau o thekesela, o teba, kapa o na le mamati a petetsaneng le matlapa a motheo a petsohang: Ho fapana le moaho o holim'a lefika le tiileng o emisang ho sisinyeha ha tšisinyeho ea lefatše e fela, mohaho o lutseng holim'a lehlabathe le nang le mokelikeli o ka tsoela pele ho teba, oa lula ka mokhoa o sa leka-lekaneng, kapa oa thekesela ka nako **metsotso e seng mekae ho isa ho lihora tse ngata ka mor'a hore ho sisinyeha ho hoholo ho ka emisa ka ho feletseng.
3. Ea fofonela 'me u mamele liphaephe tse phatlohileng tsa khase ea tlhaho tse ka tlas'a lefatše 'me u koale mitha ea hau ea khase FEELA ha u utloa ho nkha khase kapa u utloa molumo oa mololi: Meaho e ka thōko le meaho e arohaneng le lipeipi tse thata tsa tšepe le lipeipi tsa khase moo li kenang teng. Haeba u utloa monko o bolileng oa lehe la mercaptan kapa u bona litšila/metsi a fokang ho tsoa mothapong oa liphaephe tse patiloeng, fetola belofo ea bokantle ba mithara ea khase ka kotara e shebileng phaephe ka sekoere ebe u tsoa moeeng.
4. Futuha le hole le mabōpo a linōka, mabota a likanale, li-bulkheads, le bluffs e lebōpong la leoatle: Likarolo tsa mobu o kolobisitsoeng ka tlas'a matsoapo a bonolo (esita le mobu o shebahalang o bataletse, o nang le moepa oa likhato tse 0.5 ho isa ho tse 3) o thellela ka thoko mabopong a maholo a robehileng ho ea likotong tsa metsi a bulehileng (lateral spreading), ho bula mapheo a tebileng a fatše a bophara ba limithara tse 1 ho isa ho tse 3 (maoto a 3 ho isa ho a 10).
5. Le ka mohla u se ke ua khanna holim'a marokho, litselana tse atamelang litsela tse kholo, kapa litsela tse koahetsoeng ke seretse se foqohang seretse se chesang ("pheliso ea lehlabathe") kapa likoahelo tsa likoti tse phahamisitsoeng: Ho qhibiliha ho etsa hore mekoallo ea letsopa e mathokong a mabeli a borokho e theohele tlase ka limithara tse 0.5 ho isa ho tse 2, ha likoti tsa likhoerekhoere tse patiloeng ka konkreite li phaphamala ka ho otloloha ho 1.5 metres.
6. Tšoara metsi ohle le seretse se tsoang mathopa a lehlabathe le mapetsong a mokatong o ka tlase e le likhoerekhoere tse tala le lik'hemik'hale tse kotsi: Ha mokelikeli o phatloha ka tlas'a lefatše 'me o phaphamisa litanka tsa likhoerekhoere, metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše a phunyeletsang literateng, libakeng tsa ho khasa le likamoreng tse fatše a silafatsoa ke likokoana-hloko tse ngata (E. coli, Vibrio, hepatitis A) le petroleum hydrocarbons.

Sefate sa ho etsa qeto: Ho sisinyeha ha mobu ho sisinyeha le karabelo ea ho hloleha ha mobu¶

flowchart TD
    Quake["Tšisinyeho e Matla ea Lefatše (Theoha, Koahela, 'me U Itšoare ho fihlela Tšisinyeho e Khaotsa)"] --> CheckGround{"Ho Reketla ho Ema: Sheba Moaho le Sebaka se U Potileng"}
    CheckGround -->|"Moaho o Sekamang, o Kobelang, Menyako e Tshoelehileng, kapa Leretse le Phallang Mokatong"| GasCheck{"Ho nkha Khase e Lutsang, Ho Utloa Mololi, Kapa U Bona Litlhase?"}
    GasCheck -->|"Ee"| EvacNoSwitch["SE KE UA ama Light Switches; Tloha Hang-hang; Koala Belofo e Ntle ea Khase Hafeela e Sireletsehile ha U Tsoa"]
    GasCheck -->|"Che"| EvacTilt["Tloha Moaho Hang-hang ka Litepisi (Le ka mohla Elevator); Tsamaisa Bophahamo ba Moaho oa 1.5x Hole"]
    CheckGround -->|"Ka ntle Haufi le Riverbank, Harbour Seawall, kapa Reclaimed Bay Fill"| LateralCheck{"Ho Petsoha ha Lefatše ho Bapana le Metsi, Mabota a Nketseng a Tsoelang Pele a Tsoelang Pele, Kapa Ho Phahamisa Mathopa a Lehlabathe?"}
    LateralCheck -->|"Ee"| MoveInland["Matha ka ho sa Feleng ka hare ho naha / Ho nyolosa hole le Lebōpo la Noka, Kanale, kapa Lebopo la Leoatle Pele Banka e Atileng e Fallang"]
    LateralCheck -->|"Che, Haufi le Lebopo"| TsunamiRule["Hopola Bohlokoa ba Tsunami: Haeba U le Lebopong le Bulehileng Ka mor'a Tšisinyeho ea Nako e telele / e Matla, Tsoela Sebakeng se Phahameng Hang-hang."]
    EvacTilt --> HazardZone["Qoba Lithapo Tsa Motlakase Tse Theohileng, Likoti tse Phahamisitsoeng, Litsela tsa Borokho ba Sunken, le Silt e Silafalitsoeng ke Lehlabathe la Lehlabathe"]
    MoveInland --> HazardZone
    HazardZone --> AftershockPrep["Lebella Re-Liquefaction Nakong ea Aftershocks; U se ke Ua Noa Metsi a Tepe ho fihlela Utility e netefatsa hore Metsi a Metsoana a tiile"]

Geotechnical mechanics: Kamoo mobu o tiileng o fetohang seretse se metsi¶

Ho utloisisa hore na ke hobane'ng ha libaka tse ling li fetoha lehlabathe nakong ea tšisinyeho ea lefatše ha matlo a maralleng a bohōle ba lik'hilomithara tse peli a sa bone ho hloleha ha mobu ho hang, baenjiniere ba hlahloba metsoako e meraro ea geotechnical e tlamehang ho ba teng ka nako e le 'ngoe: **mobu o hlephileng o sa kopaneng oa granular , ** metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše a sa tebang, le cyclic seismic shear stress.

1. Lintho tse tharo tse hlokahalang bakeng sa ho qhibiliha ha mobu¶

1. Lehlabathe le hlephileng, le sa kopaneng kapa lehlabathe leo e seng la polasetiki (Holocene deposits and uncompacted hydraulic fill):
2. Mobung o omileng kapa o omileng ka tloaelo, lithollo tsa lehlabathe le lehlabathe li ikamahanya le tse ling ka har'a moralo oa marapo o bulehileng, o hlephileng.high void ratio). Boima ba meaho le mobu o okametseng li tšehetsoa ka ho felletseng ke khohlano ea lijo-thollo libakeng tsa ho kopana lipakeng tsa likaroloana tsena tsa lehlabathe (effective stress, e hlalosoang e le sigma-prime).
3. Ha se hangata mobu o nonneng oa letsopa o qhibilihang ka tsela ea khale hobane liplatelete tsa letsopa tse nyane li hokahanngoa hammoho ke matla a ho hokahana a motlakase, athe lehlabathe le hloekileng le lithollo tsa lehlabathe li na le ho hokahana 'me li itšetleha ka khohlano.
4. Tafole ea metsi a sa tebang (Ka har'a limithara tse 1 ho isa ho tse 15 / maoto a 3 ho isa ho a 50):
5. Sebaka se seng le se seng sa pore sa microscopic pakeng tsa lithollo tsa lehlabathe ka tlas'a tafole ea metsi ke 100% e tletseng metsi a metsi a sa tsitsang.
6. Ho sisinyeha ho potlakileng ha cyclic seismic (ho roala ho sa tsitsang):
7. Ha tšisinyeho ea lefatše Maqhubu a S (maqhubu a kuta) a fetela holimo ka har'a kholomo ea mobu, a kuta lehlabathe le hlephileng ka makhetlo a mangata ka metsotsoana e 15 ho isa ho e 45.
8. Ho thothomela hona ho sisinya lithollo tsa lehlabathe tse hlephileng ho tsoa tlhophisong ea tsona e bulehileng, 'me ho li qobella ho leka ho phutheha hammoho ho etsa tlhophiso e tiileng, e teteaneng (contractive behavior).
9. Leha ho le joalo, kaha likheo tsa masoba li tletse metsi 'me ho tsukutleha ho etsahala ka potlako haholo hore metsi ao a tsoe mobung, lithollo tsa lehlabathe tse oelang li petetsa metsi a pore.
10. Khatello e sebetsang e se nang letho (sigma-prime = 0): Khatello ea metsi a pore (uskyrockets ho fihlela e lekana le boima ba 'mele ho ea tlase ba mobu o okametseng (sigma). Ka Terzaghi's Effective Stress Equation (sigma-prime = sigma - u), ha khatello ea li-pore-water e lekana le khatello ea kelello e feteletseng, matla a sebetsang a ho kopana pakeng tsa lithollo tsa lehlabathe a theohela ho **zero **. Ha lijo-thollo li se li fanyehiloe metsing a hatelitsoeng ntle le ho thetsana, mobu ha o na matla a ho kuta 'me o sebetsa joalo ka mokelikeli o boima o nang le boima ba yuniti e ka bang 1,800 ho isa ho 2,000 kg/m3 (112 ho isa ho 125 lb/ft3), e teteaneng habeli ho feta metsi a hloekileng.

2. Moo metsi a leng teng: Mefuta e kotsi haholo ea libaka¶

• ** Ho tlatsoa ha hydraulic e sa kopanngoeng le mobu o tsosolositsoeng **: Litereke tsa boema-kepe, boema-fofane, nts'etsopele ea bolulo e pel'a metsi, le lihlekehleke tsa maiketsetso tse entsoeng ka ho hula lehlabathe le seretse ho tloha mokatong oa kou le ho le pompa ka mor'a lebota la leoatle ntle le tšisinyeho e tebileng (joalo ka Setereke sa San Francisco's Marina, Tokyo Bay / Urayasu Island, Kou ea Kou ea Boston, Sehlekehleke sa Kou ea Boston le Sehlekehleke sa Kou ea Kou ea Boston).
• Matsoapo a linōka, libaka tse tletseng likhohola, le litselana tse lahliloeng tsa noka (oxbows le point bars): Lehlabathe le lenyenyane la alluvial le lehlabathe le tšetsoeng ke linōka tse tsoelipanang lilemong tse 10 000 tse fetileng (tse kang Christchurch Avon River Corridor New Zealand, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, Mississippi River New Madrid sesism zone, le Fraser River Delta haufi le Vancouver).
• Makhotla a litutulu tse lebopong la leoatle le matangoana a thibelang mathe: Lehlabathe le hlephileng le fehloang ke moea le lutseng holim'a litafole tse phahameng tsa lebopo la leoatle.

Papiso ea likotsi tse hlano tse kholo tsa mokelikeli¶

Ho elelloa le ho phonyoha mokelikeli nakong le hang ka mor'a tšisinyeho ea lefatše¶

Seo liquefaction e shebahalang ka sona, se utloahala, 'me se utloahala fatše¶

1. Ho sisinyeha ho tloha mats'oenyehong a nchocho ho ea "moalo oa metsi" butle, ho nyekeloa ke pelo kapa ho thetheha ha seketsoana: Ha lehlabathe le ka tlase le qhibiliha, ho thothomela ha maqhubu a phahameng le ho tšekaletseng hoa fokotseha ebe ho nkeloa sebaka ke maqhubu a fatše a nako e telele (0.5 to 2 Hz) tse etsang hore ho tsamaya kapa ho ema ho be thata.
2. Li-geyser tsa metsi a seretse a thuntseng tseleng e katiloeng le mapetsong a mohloa: Nakong ea metsotsoana e 10 ho isa ho e 60 ka mor'a ho qala ho tsukutleha, metsi a tlas'a khatello a phunyeletsa bokaholimo ba bokaholimo. U ka bona metsi a litšila kapa a matšo a phallang ** 0.5 ho 2 metres (1.5 ho 6.5 feet) moeeng ** ka ntle ho mapetsong a fatše, ho atolosoa ha litsela tsa konkreite, kapa ho pota-pota lipalo tsa mohala le likutu tsa lifate.
3. Lipalo tsa mohala, mabone a seterateng, le likoloi tse pakiloeng li teba ka pel'a mahlo a hau: Lipalo tse boima li teba li otlolohile kapa li tšetlehile ka li-angles tse hlanyang ha sekontiri se li pota-potileng se ntse se hohla.

Ho tloha moahong o tebang kapa o sekameng mohato ka mohato¶

Hang ha ho sisinyeha ho matla ho kokobela ho lekana hore o ka ema:

1. Sheba ho sekama ha sebopeho hang-hang: Sheba liforeimi tsa mamati, liforeimi tsa lifensetere, lisebelisoa tsa mabone a leketlileng, kapa beha ntho e chitja/botlolo ea metsi fatše. Haeba fatše ho na le moepa, kapa haeba u tlameha ho sututsa ka matla holim'a foreime ea lemati e rachetsoeng ho e qobella hore e bulehe, motheo oa moaho oa hau o senyehile ka mokhoa o fapaneng.
2. Apara lieta tse tiileng, tšoara mokotla oa hao, 'me u tsoe ka litepisi hang-hang:
3. Le ka mohla u se ke ua sebelisa li-lifti: Esita le liporo tsa lifti tse sekamang tse 1-degree 'me li tšoasa li-cabs lipakeng tsa mekato.
4. Shebella mehato ea hau ho mokatong o ka tlase oa ho tsoa: Ha moaho o boima o teba ka lisenthimithara tse 30 ho isa ho tse 90 (maoto a 1 ho isa ho a 3) mobung o nang le mokelikeli, tsela ea ka ntle e ka 'na ea thekesela menyako ea ho tsoa e mokatong o ka tlaase, kapa litepisi tse ka ntle li ka 'na tsa huleha ka ho feletseng ka lehlabathe le bulehileng, le siea lehlabathe le bulehileng.
5. O se ke wa ba le moriti o helehileng wa moaho (1.5 times building height): Ha u le ka ntle, u se ke ua phuthehela ka thōko ho tsela haufi le mohaho o sekametseng oa mekato e mengata. Suthela serapeng sa boikhathollo se bulehileng, mateanong a litsela tse sephara, kapa moo ho pakoang makoloi bonyane 1.5 makhetlo a bophahamo ba moaho hole le sebaka se sekametseng.

Ho laola ts'ebeliso ea ka morao ho tšisinyeho ea lefatše le likotsi tsa bophelo bo botle libakeng tsa mokelikeli¶

Litšisinyeho tsa lefatše tse kholo tsa litoropong (joalo ka tšisinyeho ea lefatše ea Christchurch ea 2011, e ileng ea ntša lithane tse fetang ** 400,000 tsa liquefaction silt ** literateng tsa toropo, kapa litšisinyeho tsa lefatše tsa 1995 Kobe le 1989 Loma Prieta), mokelikeli o senya lisebelisoa tsa "mohala" tse patiloeng literekeng tsohle ka nako e le 'ngoe:

1. Metsi a robehileng a kopantsoe le mehala ea khase e phatlohileng (Conflagration risk)¶

• **Hobaneng ha lipompo tsa metsi li omella **: Ho qhibiliha le lipeipi tsa metsi tsa masepala tsa asbestos-samente sebakeng se seng le se seng, ho theola khatello ea metsi ho fihla ho zero ka nako eo mehala ea litšebeletso tsa khase ea tlhaho e phatlohileng e hotetsa mello ka har'a matlo a mapolanka a fetotsoeng.
• U ka sireletsa lehae la hau joang:
• U se*** ua tima mitha ea hau ea khase ka bo eona haeba ho se monko oa khase, ho se na molumo oa mololi, 'me ho se na mokhoa oa ho falla / ho sekamela ha ntlo ea hau (kaha lik'hamphani tse sebetsang li tlameha ho hlahloba le ho khantša mitha e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e koalang, e ka nkang libeke mariha).
• ** ETSA koala valve ea hau e kholo ea khase hang-hang ** haeba ntlo ea hau e theohile holim'a motheo oa eona, haeba mapetsong a ka morao a tšela jarete ea hau haufi le mohala oa khase, kapa u nkha khase kapa u utloa molumo oa mololi.
• Koala sephahla sa ntlo ea hau ea mantlha ea metsi (moo metsi a kenang ka tlung ka mor'a mithara ea seterata) ho ts'oara metsi a nooang a hloekileng ka har'a lipeipi tsa hau tsa lapeng le tanka ea se futhumatsang metsi pele liphaephe tse phatlohileng tsa literata li hula metsi a likhoerekhoere a silafetseng ka morao ka har'a lipeipi tsa hau.

2. Litanka tsa likhoerekhoere tse phaphametseng, liphaephe tsa likhoerekhoere tse robehileng, le tlhoekiso ea lehlabathe la biohazard¶

• Hobane hoo e ka bang 100% ea letsopa le feptjoang ka matla a khoheli le likhoerekhoere tsa likhoerekhoere tsa PVC lia robeha ha mokelikeli o fetola fatše ka lisenthimithara tse fetang 10 (4 inches), metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše a phallang ka mathopa a lehlabathe lijareteng, literateng le likamoreng tse ka tlaase ** a tsoakane le likhoerekhoere tse tala tsa batho **.
• Le ka mohla u se ke ua lumella bana kapa liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng ho bapala lehlabatheng li belisa seretse kapa marotholi a emeng a mokelikeli.
• **Ha ho kolobisoa seretse sa mokelikeli o tsoang ka ntle ho matlo le litselana **:
• Apara lieta tsa rabara tse sa keneleng metsi, liatlana tse thibelang metsi, tšireletso ea mahlo, le N95 / FFP2 particulate respirator (haholo-holo hang ha lesela le letle la glacial/alluvial rock-flour silt le omella lerōleng la silika matsatsing a latelang, ho baka kotsi e matla ea ho hema e tsejoang Christchurch e le "lifefo tsa lerōle la liquefaction").
• Seretse se kolobileng sa kharafu ho ba liqubu tse pel'a tsela (le ka mohla u se ke ua hlatsoa lehlabathe le mokelikeli ho theosa le liphaephe tsa malapa kapa likotopo tsa sefefo sa masepala, kaha lehlabathe le boima le koala likhoere-khoere hang-hang joaloka samente 'me le baka likhohola tse matla seterateng nakong ea sefefo se tlang).

Ho fokotsa tšisinyeho ea lefatše pele ho tšisinyeho: Ho hlahloba limmapa le ho sireletsa thepa ea hau¶

Haeba u lula sebakeng se nang le tšisinyeho ea lefatše sebakeng se lebopong la leoatle, la noka, kapa matsoapong:

1. Sheba 'mapa ea molao ea kotsi ea ho qhibiliha ha jeoloji:
2. United States, liphuputso tsa naha tsa jeoloji (tse kang California Geological Survey CGS Seismic Hazard Zones, Washington DNR, Oregon DOGAMI, le Utah UGS) le USGS li phatlalatsa mahala, seterata ka seterata Liquefaction Susceptibility Maps inthaneteng.
3. **Metheo le puseletso ea ts'ebeliso bakeng sa libaka tsa mokelikeli **:
4. Tekanyetso ea tšisinyeho ea lefatše e tloaelehileng (ho kenya lipoleiti tsa sill ea lehong ho ea sebakeng se sa tsitsang sa perimeter strip footing) hangata ha hoa lekana haeba mobu o qhibiliha 'me o hasana ka mahlakoreng, hobane sebaka sa maoto ka boeona sea arohana. Matlo a libakeng tse nang le mokelikeli o mongata a hloka matlapa a konkreite a matlafalitsoeng, li-grids tse tšehelitsoeng ka morao, kapa liqubu tse tebileng tse theoletsoeng ka har'a letoto le teteaneng le sa keneng metsi.
5. Kenya masenke a tenyetsehang a tšepe kapa likhokello tse lohiloeng tsa seismic mithang ea hau ea khase ea tlhaho, se futhumatsang metsi, le mola o kenang metsing e le hore 15 ho isa ho 30 centimeters (6 ho isa ho 12 inches) ea sebaka se fapaneng pakeng tsa seterata le ntlo ea hau e se ke ea kuta lipeipi tse thata leboteng.

Linomoro tsa libaka tsa tšohanyetso le liprothokholo tsa mekhatlo¶

Lipotso tse botsoang khafetsa¶

Ke hobane'ng ha mobu o tiileng o fetoha metsi nakong ea tšisinyeho ea lefatše?¶

Mobung o hlephileng, o lehlabathe kapa o seretse o ka tlas'a metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše, boima ba meaho le mobu o ka holimo hangata bo tšehetsoa ke ho hohlana moo lithollo tsa lehlabathe ka bomong li hatellanang. Ha maqhubu a tšisinyeho ea lefatše a sisinya fatše ka matla, lithollo tsa lehlabathe tse hlephileng li leka ho lula sebakeng se thata haholoanyane, li peteletsa metsi a koaletsoeng masobeng a manyenyane haholo a pakeng tsa lithollo. Hobane ho tsukutleha ho etsahala ka potlako haholo hore metsi a tsoe, khatello ea metsi e phahama ho fihlela e sutumelletsa lithollo tsa lehlabathe. Ha lijo-thollo li phaphametse ka metsing a hatelitsoeng ho e-na le ho tšoarana, mobu o lahleheloa ke matla 'ohle a ho hohlana 'me o itšoara joaloka seretse se boima sa metsi.

"Mathopa a lehlabathe" kapa "lithaba tsa lehlabathe" ke eng, hona na li kotsi?¶

Mathopa a lehlabathe (a boetseng a bitsoa ho foqoha ha lehlabathe kapa seretse se foqohang seretse se chesang) a hlaha ha lehlabathe le tletseng metsi le metsi a limithara tse 2 ho isa ho tse 10 ka tlas'a lefatše le qhibiliha tlas'a khatello e matla 'me le phatlohe ho ea holimo ka mapetsong a mobu o omeletseng o holim'a metsi kapa matlapa a konkreite. Metsi ana a hatelletsoeng a jara lehlabathe le fanyehiloeng le leputsoa kapa le sootho holimo, 'me a haha ​​litutulu tsa masela a mongobo a tlohang ho lisenthimithara tse 30 ho isa ho tse 'maloa ka bophara. Le hoja mocheso oa metsi o bata (eseng seretse se chesang sa seretse se chesang), mathopa a lehlabathe a kotsi hobane a phunya masoba ka tlas'a litsela le metheo, a koahela fatše ka seretse se matla, 'me hangata a silafatsoa ke likhoerekhoere tse tala tse tsoang liphaepheng tsa likhoerekhoere tse robehileng ka tlas'a lefatše.

Ke hobane'ng ha likoahelo tsa likoti tse epetsoeng, litanka tsa metsi a litšila le matamo a ho sesa li hlaha fatše nakong ea mokelikeli?¶

Ha lehlabathe le tletseng metsi le qhibiliha nakong ea tšisinyeho ea lefatše, seretse se bakoang ke lehlabathe le metsi se na le sekhahla se phahameng haholo sa mokelikeli o ka bang 1,900 kilogramme ka cubic meter (e batlang e lekana le metsi a hloekileng habeli). Ho ea ka molao-motheo oa Archimedes oa ho buoyancy, setshelo sefe kapa sefe se sekoti se patiloeng seo boima ba sona ho cubic meter e leng bobebe ho feta lehlabathe la mokelikeli le potolohileng, joalo ka mokoti oa likhoerekhoere o se nang letho, tanka e se nang letho ea fiberglass, tanka ea peterole e ka tlas'a lefatše, kapa letangoana la ho sesa ka jareteng, e sutumelletsoa ka matla holimo ebe e phaphamala joalo ka 2 metres ho tloha 0.

Na motho a ka teba ka holim'a hlooho ea hae 'me a khangoa ke lehlabathe le nang le metsi nakong ea tšisinyeho ea lefatše?¶

Che, motho a ke ke a teba ka ho feletseng ka tlas'a lehlabathe le bataletseng le nang le mokelikeli o le mong feela. Hobane 'mele oa motho o na le letsoalo le haufi le 1,000 kg/m3 ha lehlabathe le qhibilihisitsoeng le na le letsoalo le haufi le 1,900 kg/m3, motho o tla phaphamala hoo e ka bang botebo ba lengole ho isa thekeng. Leha ho le joalo, liquefaction e ntse e ka tšoasa kapa ea bolaea batho ba tsamaeang ka maoto ka litsela tse tharo: ea pele, hang ha metsi a tsoa lehlabatheng le bela, lehlabathe le notlela maotong a hao joaloka samente e tiileng; ea bobeli, mapheo a ka thōko a bula maphao a tebileng haufi le mabōpo a linōka ao batho kapa likoloi li ka oelang ho ona; 'me ea boraro, matsoapong a phahameng ho feta likhato tse 3, ho qhibiliha ho ka tsosa seretse se phallang ka lebelo le phahameng (`flow slide`).

"lateral spreading" ke eng, hona ke hobane'ng ha e senya matlo a haufi le linōka le likou?¶

Ho hasana ka morao ho etsahala ha karolo e ka holimo ea mobu o tiileng oa holim'a metsi (moo ho hahoang matlo, litsela le lipeipi tsa lisebelisoa) e lutse holim'a lehlabathe le patiloeng le qhibilihang nakong ea tšisinyeho ea lefatše. Esita le haeba mobu o tsoelipana ka mokhoa o sa bonahaleng oa likhato tse 0.5 ho isa ho tse 2 ho ea kotopong ea noka, kanale, pel'a letša, kapa lebota la leoatle, bokaholimo bo ka holimo bo thella bo theohetse holim'a lehlabathe le metsi joalo ka leqhoa le thellang holim'a mafura. Ha mobu o ntse o otloloha ka mahlakoreng ka limithara tse 0.5 ho isa ho tse 5+ ho ea metsing, o petsola mapetsong a tebileng a bapileng a haholang metheo ka halofo le ho kuta metsi a mang le a mang a patiloeng, a likhoerekhoere le peipi ea khase.

Haeba mohaho oa ka o thekesela hanyenyane nakong ea tšisinyeho ea lefatše empa o se na marako a robehileng, na ho sireletsehile ho lula ka hare?¶

Che, u tlameha ho tsoa mohahong ofe kapa ofe o bonahalang o sekametse kapa o tebile fatše hang ha ho reketla ho emisa. Le ha konkreite kapa foreimi ea lehong e shebahala e sa robeha, moaho o sekameng o tlositse setsi sa eona sa boima ho tloha bohareng (`the P-Delta effect`), ho beha khatello e feteletseng ea matla a khoheli karolong e ka tlaase ea motheo ha mobu o ka tlaase o ntse o le metsi ebile o fokola. Ha ts'isinyeho ea pele e matla e otlang metsotso kapa lihora hamorao, lehlabathe le ka tlas'a lehlakore le tlaase le boela le qhibiliha hoo e ka bang hang-hang, e leng se ka etsang hore mohaho o sekameng hanyenyane o oele ka lehlakoreng la oona kapa o oele ka ho feletseng. Emela hore moenjiniere oa meralo a hlahlobe le ho beha liplakate mohahong.

Litataiso tse amanang¶

• Litšisinyeho tsa Lefatše: Theola, Koahela, 'me U Itšoare ka mehato ea ho pholoha
• Tšisinyeho ea lefatše ka mor'a litšisinyeho tsa lefatše, mohaho o senyehileng oa ho kena hape, le tlhahlobo ea ho koaloa ha khase
• Litšiea, ho putlama ha fatše, le ho putlama ha motheo
• Ho hoholeha ha mobu, ho hoholeha ha seretse, le ho ntšoa ha litšila
• Tsunami: ts'isinyeho ea lefatše e theolelang lebopong le phalliso e otlolohileng

Mehloli le tataiso ea semmuso¶

• United States Geological Survey (USGS) - Lenaneo la Likotsi Tsa Litšisinyeho Tsa Lefatše: Leqephe la 'Nete la ho Liquefaction ha Mobu, Mokhoa oa Sebele oa Nako ea 'Nete oa ho Faila ha Mobu, le Tekolo ea Kotsi ea Phatlalatso ea Lateral.
• Setsi sa Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) & Lenaneo la Naha la Phokotso ea Likotsi tsa Litšisinyeho tsa Lefatše (NEHRP, United States): Ho Fokotsa Likotsi Tsa Litšisinyeho Tsa Litšisinyeho Tsa Mehaho e Leng Teng le Mehaho ea Litsela tsa Bophelo Mebung e Tloaelehang ho Liquefaction.
• GNS Science, Toka Tū Ake EQC, & Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE, New Zealand): * Tataiso ea Meralo le Boenjiniere bakeng sa Mobu o ka Nolofalitsoeng (Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission Lithuto)*.
• California Geological Survey (CGS, United States): Phatlalatso e Khethehileng 117A: Tataiso ea ho Lekola le ho Fokotsa Likotsi Tsa Litšisinyeho Tsa Lefatše (Liquefaction and Seismic Landslides) California.
• National Research Council (NRC) - National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (United States): State of the Art and Practice in the Assessment of Earth-Induced Soil Liquefaction and Its Results.