Earthquake Ivhu Kunyungudutswa, Jecha Boils, Lateral Spreading, uye Buried Utility Float¶

Panguva yekudengenyeka kwenyika kwakadzikama kusvika kwakaipisisa (Magnitude 5.5+), kuzununguka kunotyisa kwedombo inongova hafu yengozi. Mhiri kwemapani emahombekombe, rwizi deltas, madhamu ekare, uye nzvimbo dzekugadzira-zadza nzvimbo, masaisai ekudengenyeka kwemhepo achipfuura nemajecha akazara nemvura uye ane ivhu anoita kuti zviyo zvevhu zvipunzike pamwe chete, zvichityaira kumanikidza kwemvura yepasi (pore-water pressure) kuenda kumusoro kusvikira tsanga dzejecha dzayangarara pasina imwe neimwe. Mukati memasekonzi gumi kusvika makumi matatu ekuzunguzika, ivhu rakasimba rinorasikirwa nechikamu chinosvika zana muzana chesimba rekugera uye rinoshanduka kuita gobvu, rakamanikidzwa **mvura inotsvedza **, chiitiko che geotechnical chinozivikanwa se kunyunguduka kwevhu. Zvivakwa zvekongiri zvinorema uye ma pier ebhiriji anonyura kana kurereka kusvika madhigirii makumi matanhatu pamativi azvo (bearing capacity failure), matsime akadzvinyirirwa emvura ine madhaka nejecha anoputika nemumitswe mumayadhi nedzimba dzepasi (sand boils), materu anotsvedza nedivi akananga kunzizi nezviteshi (lateral spreading), uye matangi esuweji epasi pevhu asina makomba, makomba, uye matangi ehutsi zvinoyangarara zvichikwira kumusoro kunze kwegwaragwa semapango ari mubhavhu, achipwanya gasi chaiwo nemapombi emvura. Kana iwe ukasangana nekudengenyeka kwenyika kunoteverwa nekutsemuka kwepasi, kurereka zvivakwa, kana kunhuwa kwegasi rinobuda, fonera nzvimbo yako. nhamba dze emergency nekukurumidza uye bvunza vatungamiriri vedu pa kudengenyeka kwenyika: Donhedza, Kuvhara, uye Batisisa, kudengenyeka kwepasi shure kwekudengenyeka, kupindazve kwechivako, uye kuvharwa kwegasi,uye sinkholes uye pasi pasi.

Ita izvi ikozvino¶

1. ** Donhedza, Kavha, uye Bata Pakare panguva yekudengenyeka kwenyika**: Usamboedza kumhanya panze apo pasi pachiri kuzunguzika; madziro anodonha anodonha, mahwindo euriri hwepamusoro ari kuputsika, uye madziro anodonha ari nechokunze kwezvivako zvinouraya vanhu vakawanda zvikuru kupfuura kunyungudutswa kwevhu pacharo.
2. Ibva pakarepo panomira kuzununguka kana chivako chako chiri kurereka, kunyura, kana kuti magonhi akajairika uye kutsemuka kwenheyo masirabhu: Kusiyana nechivako chiri padombo rakasimba chinomira kufamba panopera kudengenyeka, chivako chakagara pajecha rakanyungudutswa chinogona kuramba chichinyura, kugadzika zvisina kuenzana, kana kupenengura pamusoro pe**maminetsi akati wandei kusvika kumaawa mushure mekunge chivakwa chikuru chinomira zvishoma nezvishoma.
3. Hohwidza uye teerera kune kuputika kwemapombi egasi epasi pevhu uye vhara mita yako yegasi CHETE kana uchinzwa kunhuwa gasi kana kunzwa muridzo: Ivhu rakatambanudzwa uye kupatsanurwa kwechivako chekugara shear yakaoma kukanda-simbi nesimbi pombi dzegasi chaipo padzinopinda nheyo. Kana ukanzwa kunhuwa kwezai rakaora kana kuti ukaona tsvina/mvura ichivhuvhuta kubva papombi yakavigwa, shandura gasi mita yevharuvhu kuita kota-inotenderera papombi nechipanera wobuda nemhepo.
4. Svedera uchikwira uye kure nemahombekombe enzizi, madziro emugero, makomo ezvikepe, uye mahombekombe egungwa: Ivhu rakanyungudutswa riri pasi pemateru akapfava (kunyangwe ivhu rinotaridzika kunge rakati sandarara, rine mutsetse we 0.5 kusvika ku3 madhigirii chete) inotsvedza nedivi mumatombo makuru akatsemuka akananga kunzira dzemvura dzakashama (lateral spreading)
5. ** Usambofa wakatyaira pamusoro pemabhiriji, nzira dzenzira huru, kana migwagwa yakafukidzwa nematope anoputika ("jecha boil") makoni kana mavharo emugodhi akasimudzwa**: Kunyunguduka kunoita kuti magumo evhu ari kumagumo ese ebhiriji adonhe achidzika ne0.5 kusvika 2 metres, ukuwo akavigwa makongiri esuweji manhole kuti ayangarara mudenga nemamita 1.5.
6. Basa mvura yese nemadhaka ari kubuda mumamota ejecha uye pakatsemuka pasi pepasi setsvina yakasvibira uye kemikari biohazard: Kana liquefaction ikatsemuka mapombi epasi pevhu uye nekuyangarara matangi emvura, mvura yepasi yakamanikidzwa inoputika ichipinda mumigwagwa, nzvimbo dzinokambaira, nemakamuri epasi inotapurwa netsvina.E. coli, Vibrio, hepatitis A) uye petroleum hydrocarbons.

Muti wesarudzo: Kudengenyeka kwevhu kunyunguduka uye kutadza kwevhu kupindura¶

flowchart TD
    Quake["Kudengenyeka Kwepasi Kwakasimba"] --> CheckGround{"Kudedera Kwakamira: Tarisa Chivakwa & Ground Yakakutenderedza"}
    CheckGround -->|"Kuvaka Kurerekera, Kunyura, Magonhi Akajairika, kana Madhaka Anofamba Nepasi"| GasCheck{"Kunhuwa Gasi Rinobvinza, Kunzwa Kurira, kana Kuona Sparks?"}
    GasCheck -->|"Hongu"| EvacNoSwitch["USAbata Chiedza Chiedza; Bvisa pakarepo; Vhara Kunze Kwegasi Varuvha Chete Kana Yakachengeteka Panzira Inobuda"]
    GasCheck -->|"Aihwa"| EvacTilt["Bvisa Chivakwa Pakarepo kuburikidza nemasitepisi (Usambofa Elevator); Fambisa 1.5x Kuvaka Kureba Kure"]
    CheckGround -->|"Kunze Pedyo neRwizibank, Harbour Seawall, kana Reclaimed Bay Kuzadza"| LateralCheck{"Ground Kutsemuka Kufanana neMvura, Kuchengeta Masvingo Kuputika, kana Jecha Mamota Anoputika?"}
    LateralCheck -->|"Hongu"| MoveInland["Mhanya Perpendicularly Inland / Kukwidza Kure Kubva KuRwizi, Canal, kana Seawall Isati Yapararira Yakapararira Yakaputsika Bank"]
    LateralCheck -->|"Kwete, Near Coastline"| TsunamiRule["Rangarira Kukosheswa kweTsunami: Kana Pakuvhurika Kwegungwa Mushure meKudengenyeka Kwenguva refu / Kwakasimba, Enda kuPamusoro Pakarepo"]
    EvacTilt --> HazardZone["Dzivisa Mitsetse Yemagetsi Yakaderedzwa, Manhole Akasimudzwa, Sunken Bridge Ramps, uye Sewage-Yakasvibiswa Jecha Boil Silt"]
    MoveInland --> HazardZone
    HazardZone --> AftershockPrep["Tarisira Re-Liquefaction Panguva Aftershocks; Usanwe Mvura Yepombi Kusvikira Utility Yasimbisa Mains Yakasimba"]

Geotechnical mechanics: Ivhu rakasimba sei rinoshanduka kuita mvura slurry¶

Kuti unzwisise kuti sei dzimwe nharaunda dzichichinja kuita jecha rinokurumidza panguva yekudengenyeka kwepasi apo dzimba dzemumakomo dziri makiromita maviri kubva kure dzisina kutadza kwepasi zvachose, mainjiniya anoongorora zvinhu zvitatu zve geotechnical izvo zvinofanirwa kunge zviripo panguva imwe chete: ** yakasununguka yakabatana isina granular ivhu **, ** kudzika kwemvura yepasi pasi **, uye ** cyclic seismic shear stress **.

1. Zvinodiwa zvitatu zvekunyungudusa ivhu¶

1. ** Yakasununguka, isina kubatana jecha kana isiri-plastiki silt (Holocene deposits and uncompacted hydraulic fill)**:
2. Muvhu rakaoma kana rinowanzodirwa, tsanga dzejecha nejecha dzinogara dzakatarisana muvhu rakavhurika, rakasununguka rakazara skeletal framework (high void ratio) Huremu hwezvivakwa uye ivhu rakafukidzira rinotsigirwa zvachose ne **kukwesha kwezviyo-kune-zviyo panzvimbo dzekusangana ** pakati pezvimedu zvejecha (effective stress, inoratidzwa kuti sigma-prime)
3. Ivhu-rakapfuma ivhu hariwanzo kunyunguduka mupfungwa yechinyakare nekuti maplatelet evhu asingaonekwi anosungwa pamwe chete nemagetsi akabatana, nepo jecha rakachena uye tsanga dzesilt dzine zero kubatanidzwa uye dzichitsamira pakukweshana.
4. ** Tafura yemvura isina kudzika (Mukati me1 kusvika 15 metres / 3 kusvika 50 tsoka dzepamusoro) **:
5. Yese microscopic pore nzvimbo pakati pejecha tsanga iri pazasi petafura yemvura i100% yakazadzwa neincompressible fluid mvura.
6. Kurumidza cyclic seismic kudedera (Undrained loading):
7. Kana kudengenyeka kwepasi S-waves (mafungu eshear) achipfuura nepamusoro pembiru yevhu, anogera ganda rejecha rakasununguka richidzoka nekudzoka kakawanda mumasekonzi gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi mana nemashanu.
8. Kudengenyeka uku kunozunungusa tsanga dzejecha dzakasununguka kubva mukurongeka kwadzo uye kunovamanikidza kuti vaedze kurongedza pamwechete kuita yakasimba, dhizaini yekumisikidza (contractive behavior)
9. Zvakadaro, nekuti nzvimbo dzemapore dzinozadzwa nemvura uye kuzunguzika kunoitika nekukurumidza zvakanyanya kuti mvura iyoyo ibude muvhu, tsanga dzejecha dziri kudonha dzinosvina mvura yakavharirwa.
10. Zero inoshanda kushushikana (sigma-prime = 0): Pore-water pressure (u) skyrockets kusvika yaenzana nehuremu hwepasi hwese hwevhu rakavharika (sigma) Na Terzaghi's Effective Stress Equation (sigma-prime = sigma - u), kana pore-water pressure yakaenzana nekuremerwa nekuremerwa kwese, simba rekubata rinoshanda pakati petsanga dzejecha rinodonha kusvika zero. Nezviyo zvino zvakaturikwa mumvura yakamanikidzwa pasina kugunzvana, ivhu rine zero frictional simba rekugera uye rinoita semvura inorema ine huremu hweyuniti hunosvika 1,800 kusvika 2,000 kg/m3 (112 kusvika 125 lb/ft3), yakakora zvakapetwa kaviri semvura yakachena.

2. Panoitika liquefaction: High-risk terrain types¶

• **Isina kuomeswa hydraulic inozadza uye yakadzoserwa ivhu **: Matunhu ePort, nhandare dzendege, kumberi kwemvura budiriro yekugara, uye zvitsuwa zvekugadzira zvakagadzirwa nekubvisa jecha rakasununguka nedhaka kubva pauriri hwebay nekuipomba kuseri kwemadziro egungwa pasina kudzika kwekudengenyeka kwepasi (seSan Francisco's Marina District, Tokyo Bay / Urayasu Bay / Urayasu Bay yakadzoserwa ivhu, Boston Back Port kuzadza).
• Nzizi dzerwizi, mafashama, uye nzira dzenzizi dzakasiiwa (oxbows uye point bars): Jecha diki nejecha rakaiswa nenzizi dzinoyerera mumakore 10 000 apfuura (akadai seChristchurch Avon River corridor muNew Zealand, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, Mississippi River New Madrid sesmic zone, uye Fraser River Delta pedyo neVancouver).
• Mikoridho yeCoastal dune uye zvipingamupinyi zvinopfira madziva: Jecha rakasununguka rinopeperetswa nemhepo rakagara pamusoro pematafura emvura emahombekombe.

Kuenzanisa kwematambudziko makuru mashanu ekunyungudutsa¶

Kuziva uye kurarama liquefaction panguva uye pakarepo mushure mekudengenyeka kwenyika¶

Iyo liquefaction inoratidzika, inonzwika, uye inonzwa sei pasi¶

1. Kuzununguka kubva kune kwakapinza kuenda painononoka, kusvotwa "pamubhedha wemvura" kana kuti chikepe-deki yekutenderedza: Panguva iyo jecha repasi parinonyunguduka, yakakwira-frequency yakatwasuka uye yakachinjika vibrations inonyoroveswa uye inotsiviwa nenguva refu, inotenderedza pasi masaisai (0.5 to 2 Hz) zvinoita kuti kufamba kana kumira zvisaite.
2. **Magiya emvura ine madhaka ari kubuda mumigwagwa uye pakatsemuka lawn **: Mukati memasekonzi gumi kusvika makumi matanhatu mushure mekutanga kuzunguzika, mvura yepasi yakamanikidzwa inopwanya denga repamusoro. Unogona kuona mvura yakasviba pfumbu kana nhema ichiyerera **0.5 kusvika 2 metres (1.5 kusvika 6.5 tsoka) mumhepo ** kunze kwekutsemuka kwevhu, majoini ekuwedzera mumigwagwa yekongiri, kana kutenderedza mapango erunhare nemahunde emiti.
3. Mapango erunhare, marambi emumugwagwa, nemota dzakamiswa dziri kunyura pamberi pemeso ako: Matanda anorema anonyura akananga pasi kana kuzembera pamakona anopenga uku asphalt yakaapoteredza ichirira.

Nhanho-ne-nhanho kubuda kubva muchivako chinonyura kana chinorerekera¶

Kamwe kuzununguka kunotyisa kwadzikira zvakakwana kuti usimuke:

1. Tarisa kurerekera kwechimiro nekukasika: Tarisa mafuremu emagonhi, mafuremu emafafitera, mwenje inorembera, kana kuisa chinhu chakatenderera/bhodhoro remvura pasi. Kana pasi pakanyatsotenuka, kana kana uchifanira kusunda zvine simba pagonhi remapuranga rakatsemurwa kuti rivhurike, hwaro hwechivako chako hwave nedambudziko rekugadzika kwemvura.
2. **Pfeka shangu dzakasimba, tora bhegi rako, uye buda nemasitepisi nekukurumidza **:
3. ** Usambofa washandisa ma elevator**: Kunyangwe 1-degree inorereka warps njanji yekutungamira uye inoteya makabati pakati peuriri.
4. Tarisa nhanho yako pa pasi-pauriri hwekubuda pachikumbaridzo: Kana chivakwa chinorema chanyura 30 kusvika 90 masendimita (1 kusvika 3 tsoka) muvhu rakanyoroveswa, nzira yekunze inogona kukwidibira ichikwira nepamusoro pemasuo ekubuda nepasi, kana masitepisi ekunze anogona kunge akadhonzwa kure nejecha rakadzika rakavhurika, richisiya pakakoromoka.
5. Gara kure nemumvuri wekuputsika kwechivako (1.5 times building height): Kana mava panze, musaunganidze parutivi pechivako chine nhurikidzwa dzakawanda. Enda kupaki yakavhurika, mharadzano yakafara, kana nzvimbo yekupaka inokwana ** 1.5 yakapetwa kureba kwechivako ** kure nefacade yakatsamira.

Kugadzirisa mushure mekudengenyeka kwepasi uye njodzi dzehutano munzvimbo dzekunyungudika¶

Mukudengenyeka kwenyika kukuru kwemadhorobha (sekudengenyeka kwenyika kwa2011 Christchurch, uko kwakabvisa pamusoro pe **400,000 matani e liquefaction silt ** mumigwagwa yemuguta, kana 1995 Kobe uye 1989 Loma Prieta kudengenyeka), liquefaction inoparadza yakavigwa "nzira yehupenyu" zvivakwa mumatunhu ese panguva imwe chete:

1. Pombi dzemvura dzakatsemuka dzakabatanidzwa netambo dzegasi dzakaputika (Conflagration risk)¶

• **Nei mapombi emvura emoto achioma **: Kunyunguduka uye kupararira kwepashure kunodhonza mapaipi emvura emunisiparati ane brittle cast-simende pajoini yega yega, zvichiita kuti mvura yemuguta isvike pazero panguva chaiyo inoputika tambo dzegasi rechisikigo dzinobatidza moto mukati medzimba dzemapuranga dzakachinjwa.
• **Maitiro ekuchengetedza imba yako **:
• Rega ** kwete ** kudzima gasi mita yako otomatiki kana pasina kunhuwa kwegasi, pasina ruzha rwekuridza mhere, uye pasina chimiro chekutamisa / kurereka kwemba yako (sezvo makambani anoshanda anofanirwa kuongorora uye kuvheneka mita yega yega yakavharwa, inogona kutora mavhiki muchando).
• ** Ivhara vharafu yako huru yegesi pakarepo ** kana imba yako yakashandura panheyo yayo, kana lateral yakapararira yakatsemuka ichiyambuka yadhi yako pedyo nemutsara wegesi, kana iwe unonzwa kunhuwa gasi kana kunzwa kuchema.
• Dzima mavharuvhu emvura yemumba yako (apo mvura inopinda mumba mushure memita yemumugwagwa) kuteya mvura yekunwa yakachena mukati mepombi dzepamba pako uye tangi rehiya yemvura isati yatsemuka mapombi emumugwagwa anosveta mvura ine tsvina yepasi neshure mupombi dzako.

2. Matangi emvura anoyangarara, pombi dzesuweji dzakapwanyika, uye kuchenesa silt yebiohazard¶

• Nekuti ingangoita 100% yevhu repasi pevhu rakadyiswa negiravhiti uye mitsetse yetsvina yePVC inotyoka kana kunyunguduka kuchichinja pasi nekupfuura masendimita gumi (4 inches), mvura yepasi inotubuka nemumamota ejecha mumayadhi, mumigwagwa, nemudzimba dzepasi** yakasanganiswa netsvina yetsvina yevanhu**.
• Usamborega vana kana mhuka dzinovaraidza dzichitamba mujecha dzichifashaidza madhaka kana madhaka ekunyungudutsa akamira.
• ** Paunenge uchifoshora marara emvura kunze kwedzimba uye mumigwagwa **:
• Pfeka bhutsu dzerabha dzisingapindi mvura, magirovhosi anorema asingapindi mvura, kudzivirira maziso, uye ** N95 / FFP2 particulate respirator** (kunyanya kana iyo yakanaka glacial/alluvial rock-flour silt ikaoma muguruva resilica rinofambiswa nemhepo mumazuva anotevera, zvichigadzira njodzi huru yekufema inozivikanwa muChristchurch se "liquefaction dust storms").
• Foshoro inonyorovesa silt kuita mirwi padivi pemugwagwa (usambogeza jecha rinonyungudusa pasi pemadhini emumba kana madhamu emvura emunisiparati, sezvo jecha rinorema rinobva ravhara masiweji emvura akasimba sesimende uye kukonzera mafashamo makuru emumugwagwa munguva inotevera dutu).

Pre-Earthquake kuderedza: Kutarisa mamepu uye kuchengetedza pfuma yako¶

Kana iwe uchigara munzvimbo inodengenyeka-ine mahombekombe, rwizi, kana delta nharaunda:

1. Tarisa zviri pamutemo geological liquefaction hazard mepu:
2. MuUnited States, mamiriro ekuongorora geological (akadai se California Geological Survey CGS Seismic Hazard Zones, Washington DNR, Oregon DOGAMI, uye Utah UGS) neUSGS zvinoburitsa pachena, mugwagwa-nemumugwagwa Liquefaction Susceptibility Mepu online.
3. **Nheyo uye utility retrofits ye liquefaction zones **:
4. Standard earthquake bolting (bolting wood sill plates to an unreinforced perimeter strip footing) kazhinji haina kukwana kana ivhu richinyunguduka uye richipararira nechemberi, nokuti tambo inotsika pachayo inodhonza. Dzimba dziri munzvimbo dzekunyungudika dzakakwirira dzinoda akasimbiswa kongiri mat slabs, post-tensioned grids, kana maturu akadzika anodziirwa pasi muhombe isingaite liquefiable strata.
5. Isa ** inochinjika yemarata isina-simbi kana yakarukwa seismic zvibatanidza** pamamita ako egasi chaiwo, hita yemvura, uye mutsetse mukuru wekupinda mvura kuitira kuti masendimita gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi matatu (6 kusvika 12 inches) emusiyano wepasi pekugara pakati pemugwagwa nemba yako usagere pombi dzakaomarara kumadziro.

Nhamba dzenharaunda dzechimbichimbi uye zvirongwa zveagency¶

Mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa¶

Nei ivhu rakaoma richishanduka kuita mvura panguva yekudengenyeka kwenyika?¶

Muvhu rakasununguka, jecha kana marara riri pazasi petafura yemvura yepasi, huremu hwezvivakwa nepasi pamusoro zvinowanzo tsigirwa nekukweshana uko tsanga dzejecha dzega dzega dzinodzvanyirirana. Kana masaisai ekudengenyeka kwenyika achizunguza pasi nechisimba, tsanga dzejecha dzisina kusimba dzinoedza kugara munzvimbo yakamanikana, dzichisvina mvura yakavharirwa mumaburi maduku pakati petsanga dzacho. Nekuda kwekuti kuzununguka kunoitika nekukasira kuti mvura ibude, dzvinyiriro yemvura inokwira kusvika yasundira tsanga dzejecha nepakati. Nezviyo zvinoyangarara mumvura yakamanikidzika pane kubata mumwe nemumwe, ivhu rinorasikirwa nesimba rose rekukwesha uye rinoita semvura inorema.

Chii chinonzi “mamota ejecha” kana kuti “makomo anoputika ejecha,” uye ane ngozi here?¶

Mamota ejecha (anonziwo jecha rinoputika kana kuti madhaka anoputika) anoumba apo musara wejecha rakazadzwa nemvura 2 kusvika 10 metres pasi pevhu rinonyunguduka pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya uye rinoputika richikwira kumusoro kuburikidza nepakatsemuka muvhu rakaoma kana matombo ekongiri. Mvura yakamanikidzwa iyi inotakura jecha rakaturikwa regrey kana shava kuenda pamusoro, ichivaka mirwi yakaita sekoni yejecha rakanyorova rinobva pamasendimita makumi matatu kusvika pamamita akati wandei kuyambuka. Kunyange zvazvo tembiricha yemvura ichitonhora (kwete mabota anopisa anoputika), mamota ejecha ane ngozi nokuti anochera makomba ari pasi pemigwagwa nenheyo, anofashamira pasi nevhu rinorema, uye anowanzosvibiswa netsvina isina kuchena inobva mupombi dzepasi pevhu dzakaputsika.

Sei zvivharo zvemigodhi yakavigwa, matangi emvura, uye madziva ekutuhwina achibuda kubva pasi panguva yekunyura?¶

Kana jecha rakazara rikanyunguduka panguva yekudengenyeka kwenyika, slurry yejecha-nemvura inokonzeresa ine mvura yakanyanya kusimba inosvika 1,900 kilograms per cubic metre (inoda kurema zvakapetwa kaviri semvura yakachena). NeArchimedes 'musimboti webuoyancy, chero chigaba chakavigwa chakavigwa chine huremu hwese pa cubic metre yakareruka pane jecha remvura rakatenderedza, senge buri rekongiri sewer manhole shaft, isina chinhu fiberglass septic tank, yepasi pevhu-chiteshi chemafuta, kana dziva rekugezera rekuseri kwemba, inosundirwa zvine simba kumusoro uye inoyangarara pasi semamita maviri kunze kwe5.

Munhu anogona here kunyura pamusoro pemisoro yavo uye kunyura mujecha rine munyu panguva yekudengenyeka kwenyika?¶

Aiwa, munhu haakwanisi kunyura zvachose pasi pejecha rakati sandarara rakanyunguduka kuburikidza nebuoyancy chete. Nekuti muviri wemunhu une density padyo ne1,000 kg/m3 nepo liquefied sand slurry ine density iri padyo ne1,900 kg/m3, munhu anoyangarara pakadzika ibvi kusvika muchiuno. Zvisinei, kunyunguduka kunogona kuramba kuchiteya kana kuuraya vanofamba netsoka munzira nhatu: kutanga, panongobuda mvura kubva mubhodhoro rejecha, jecha rinovhara makumbo ako semendi yakasimba; chechipiri, nyuchi dzinoparadzira nyuchi dzinovhura maburi akadzika ari pedyo nehova dzenzizi dzinogona kuwira vanhu kana kuti motokari; uye chechitatu, pamateru anokwira kupfuura madhigirii matatu, kunyunguduka kunogona kukonzeresa kuyerera kwemadhaka kwakakura-kumhanya (`flow slide`)

Chii chinonzi "lateral spreading" uye nei ichiparadza dzimba dziri pedyo nenzizi nezviteshi?¶

Kupararira kunoitika apo ivhu repamusoro revhu rakasimba (panovakwa dzimba, migwagwa, uye pombi dzekushandisa) rinogara pamusoro pejecha rakavigwa rinonyunguduka panguva yekudengenyeka kwenyika. Kunyangwe ivhu rakatsvedza pakona isingaonekwe inongori madhigirii 0.5 kusvika ku2 akananga kumugero werwizi, mugero, pamberi pegungwa, kana chiteshi chegungwa, iyo crust yepamusoro inotsvedza yakachinjika ichidzika pamusoro peiyo jecha remvura sechivharo chechando chinotsvedza pagirizi. Sezvo ivhu richitambanuka nemativi nemamita 0.5 kusvika ku5+ richienda kumvura, rinotsemura mitswe yakadzika yakafanana inotsemura nheyo nepakati uye kugera mvura yese yakavigwa, seweji, uye pombi yegasi.

Kana chivako changu chakarereka zvishoma panguva yekudengenyeka kwenyika asi chisina madziro akaputsika, hazvina njodzi here kugara mukati?¶

Aiwa, unofanira kubvisa chero chivako chakarereka kana kunyura pasi panongomira kuzununguka. Kunyangwe iyo kongiri kana furemu yehuni ichiita kunge isina kuputsika, chivakwa chakarereka chakachinja nzvimbo yayo yehukuru kubva pakati (`the P-Delta effect`), kuisa kushushikana kwakanyanya kwegiravhiti padivi rezasi renheyo nepo ivhu riri pasi richiramba rakazara nemvura uye risina simba. Kana kudengenyeka kwekutanga kwakasimba kunoitika maminetsi kana maawa gare gare, jecha riri pasi pedivi rakaderera rinonyunguduka pakarepo, izvo zvinogona kukonzera chivako chinorereka zvishoma kuti chitenderere padivi pacho kana kudonha zvachose. Mirira mainjiniya ekugadzira kuti aongorore uye anyore chivakwa.

Mazano anoenderana¶

• Kudengenyeka kweNyika: Donhedza, Kuvhara, uye Bata Pamatanho ekupona
• Kudengenyeka kwepasi kunotevera, chivako chakakuvadzwa kupindazve, uye ongororo yekuvhara gasi
• Masinho, kuderera kwepasi, uye nheyo dzinoputsika
• Kukoromoka kwevhu, madhaka, uye marara-kuyerera kwemvura
• Tsunami: kudonha kwekudengenyeka kwemahombekombe uye kusimuka kwakatwasuka

Nzvimbo uye nhungamiro yepamutemo¶

• United States Geological Survey (USGS) - Earthquake Hazards Programme: Soil Liquefaction Fact Sheet, Real-Time Ground Failure Modelling, uye Lateral Spreading Hazard Assessment.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) & National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Programme (NEHRP, United States): Kuderedza Seismic Njodzi dzeZvivakwa Zviripo uye Lifeline Infrastructure muLiquefaction-Prone Soils.
• GNS Sainzi, Toka Tū Ake EQC, & Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE, New Zealand): Kuronga uye Injiniya Guidance for Potentially Liquefiable Land (Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission Zvidzidzo).
• California Geological Survey (CGS, United States): Special Publication 117A: Mirayiridzo Yekuongorora uye Kuderedza Seismic Hazards (Liquefaction and Seismic Landslides) muCalifornia.
• National Research Council (NRC) - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (United States): State of the Art and Practice in Assessment of Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction and Its Conseques.