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Concert, festival, uye nightclub kuchengetedza: kuona mhomho yevanhu inoteya misungo kare

Nhamba dze emergency dzinosiyana nenyika. Iri peji rinoshandisa 911, nhamba yeUnited States neCanada. Dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzinoshandisa 112, 999, kana imwe nhamba. Tsvaga nhamba yenyika yako.

Mhemberero dzemimhanzi dzinogamuchirwa, makirabhu ehusiku akazara mukati, nhandare yekamuri yekumira, uye maforamu emumugwagwa anogona kushandura kubva kumafaro kuenda kunjodzi yehupenyu mumasekonzi asingasviki zana nemakumi maviri. Mhomho yezvekuchengetedza masayendisiti yakaratidza kuti vanhu vanouraya vanopwanya havawanzo kuitika nekuti boka revanhu "rikutya" kana "kutsika." Pane kudaro, zvinoitika kana kuwanda kwechaunga chemunharaunda kukwira chinyararire kupfuura ** 5 kusvika 6 vanhu paskweya mita (10.7 masikweya mafiti)** mukati mebhodhoro remuviri, kushandura mhomho kuti ive huturu hwemvura husingaite uko kufamba kwega kusingabviri uye kudzvanywa kwechipfuva kunodzivirira kufema. Nekuita scanner yekubuda kwesekondi makumi matanhatu kana wasvika uye nekuziva mabiko ekutanga density mugadziri asati atora nhanho, unogona kubuda mumusungo weboka nguva refu kuvhiya kusati kwatanga.

Ita izvi ikozvino

  1. **Tsvaga angangoita maviri echipiri ekubuda kwechimbichimbi panguva yaunofamba munzvimbo ipi neipi **: Sayenzi yemunhu inokonzeresa makumi masere kusvika makumi mapfumbamwe muzana evatengi vari munjodzi kuti vamhanye neupofu kudzokera kumusuwo mukuru wekupinda napo, zvichigadzira bhodhoro rinouraya. Usati watenga chinwiwa kana kufamba wakananga pachikuva, tarisa kumadziro egirinhi kana zvitsvuku zvakavhenekerwa ** EXIT ** zvinotungamira zvakananga kunze kana mumatanho emoto, uye sarudza yekutanga uye yekukiya yekubuda kumashure kana kudivi renzvimbo yako yekuona.
  2. **Ibva panzvimbo yako nekukasika kana vanhu vachikubata kumativi anopfuura maviri pakuzorora **: Uyu ndiwo mutemo umwechete wakakosha wekupona musainzi yeruzhinji. Chero bedzi iwe uchikwanisa kutambanudza magokora ese pasina kukwesha vanhu vausingazive (pasi pevanhu vatatu pamativi emamita), une rusununguko rwakakwana rwokubuda kunze. Iyo nguva yaunonzwa kuenderera mberi kwekubata kwemuviri kumberi kwako, kumashure, uye mapendekete ese akamira (5+ vanhu paskweya mita), ** tanga kufamba diagonally uchienda kumucheto kwekunze nekukurumidza **, usamirire rwiyo runotevera kana chiitiko chikuru.
  3. **Unza maoko ese ari maviri kumusoro mu "boxer stance" pamberi pembabvu dzako kana kuvhiya kukatanga **: Usambofa wakasiya maoko ako akaroverwa pasi pamativi ako mumhomho yakawanda. Bata maoko ako akachinjika pachipfuva chako sebhokisi achidzivirira chirebvu chavo nembabvu, uchigadzira 5-kusvika-8-centimita (2-kusvika-3-inch) yakaomarara keji pamberi pemapapu ako kuitira kuti mbabvu yako irambe ichikura kufema kunyangwe ikadzvanywa kubva kumativi ese.
  4. ** Fambai nechaunga nechaunga chevanhu, usamborwa wakanangana nekuvhiya **: Kana mhomho yevanhu ichisunda kumberi kana kudivi sefungu regungwa, dyara tsoka dzako paupamhi hwemapfudzi zvakaparadzana munzvimbo yakadzedzereka apo masaisai achikufambisa, uye kana masaisai angomira pakati pemasurgery, nhanho ** diagonally (pa45-side degree aperiislemeter) Usambofa wakasundidzira kumashure wakanangana nemhomho iri kukwira, iyo inoparadza mweya weokisijeni uye inoita kuti ufambe.
  5. ** Usambofa wakakotama kuti utore foni yakadonha, shangu, magirazi, kana bhegi mumhomho inofamba **: Kudonhedza pasi mumabvi ako mumhomho yevanhu kupfuura vanhu 4 paskweya mita kunoita kuti usaonekwe nevanhu vari shure kwako; mukati memasekonzi, kuenderera mberi kweboka kucharovera vamwe pamusoro pako, zvichigadzira zvinouraya kuputsika kweboka revanhu (murwi). Zvinhu zvakadonhedzwa ngazviende pakarepo.
  6. Pembera panzvimbo yefetus iri kuruboshwe yakavhara musoro wako nechipfuva kana wadonhera pasi: Kana ukagumburwa uye usingakwanisi kusimuka nekukasika, usarara wakatsetseka nemanhede kana nedumbu (apo kurema kumusana kana mudumbu kunopwanya mapapu ako pakarepo). Kukungurukira kudivi rekuruboshwe, dhonza mabvi ako kumusoro kuchipfuva chako, wokiya maoko ako nemagokora pamberi pechiso chako nepambabvu kuti uchengetedze homwe yekufema.

Pre-surge yekuona uye ruzhinji kutiza sarudzo inoyerera

Shandisa iyi sarudzo nzira kubva paunosvika pakonzati, kirabhu yehusiku, kana nhandare kusvika wabuda panzvimbo.

flowchart TD
    Arrive["Svika kuConcert, Festival, Nightclub, kana Stadium"] --> ScanExits["1. Ita 60-Second Venue Scan: Spot 2 yakavhenekerwa Side/Rear Emergency Exits uye dzivirira akafa-magumo anovharira makona."]
    ScanExits --> MonitorDensity{"Unogona Kuwedzera Makumbo Ako Pasina Kubata Vatorwa pamativi ese mana?"}
    MonitorDensity -->|Yes: Under 3 to 4 People per Square Meter| SafeZone["2. Safe Density: Ramba uchiziva nezvekuchinja (headliner kupinda, madutu emvura, kana pyrotechnics)"]
    MonitorDensity -->|No: Pressed on 3 to 4 Sides or Feet Moving Involuntarily| ExitEarly["2. YAMBIRO CHIKONZO (5+ Vanhu/sq m): Usamirira; nhanho diagonally wakananga kudivi perimita kana kumashure soundboard ZVINO"]
    ExitEarly --> SurgeCheck{"Ko Ane Active Crowd Wave, Shockwave, kana Pileup Yatotanga?"}
    SurgeCheck -->|No: Dense but Still Walkable| ClearOut["3. Taurirana nevamwe, batanidza maoko paakareba chipfuva, uye shandai muchienda kunzvimbo yakavhurika"]
    SurgeCheck -->|Yes: Active Crowd Surge or Crush| BoxerStance["3. Fungidzira Mamiriro eBhokisi (kusimudza maoko mudenga achidzivirira mbabvu), tsoka dzodzedzereka, uye ramba wakasimudza musoro; Usamboridza mhere pasina chikonzero"]
    BoxerStance --> WaveStep["4. Tasva masaisai ose usingarwi nawo; panguva yekumbomira kwemasekondi mashanu pakati pemasaisai, nhanho 45 madhigirii diagonally kumadziro epadivi"]
    WaveStep --> FallCheck{"Iwe kana Mumwe Munhu Ari Padivi Pako Wakawira Pauriri?"}
    FallCheck -->|No: Still Standing| ReachEdge["5. Svika kumucheto, kwira papuratifomu yakatsiga kana iripo, kana kubuda panzvimbo uye fonera 911/112/999."]
    FallCheck -->|Yes: Knocked Down| FetalPosition["5. Pembera ipapo uende Kuruboshwe Kudivi muFetal Position nemabvi mudenga uye maoko achigadzira chipfuva nemusoro."]

Kuwanda kwehuwandu hwehuwandu: Kuziva iyo 5-munhu-per-square-mita yekunongedza nzvimbo.

Vazhinji vanoenda kumakonzati havanetseki kuona kana mhomho yavatovatsikirira, panguva iyi kazhinji vanenge vanonoka kubuda vakasununguka. Crowd dynamics researchers (zvakadai saProf. Keith Still naFruin's Level of Service standards) vanoyera kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu muvanhu paskweya mita (\(1\text{ m}^2 = 10.76\text{ sq ft}\), inenge nzvimbo yepasi peimba diki yekugezera).

Bata nemusoro aya mashanu ekuona uye emuviri density mazinga kuti iwe uverenge kamuri kana nhandare yemutambo uchingotarisa:

Density Level (Vanhu pa\(\text{m}^2\)) Zvazvinotaridzika uye Zvinonzwa Senge Pauri Pauri Crowd Physics uye Movement Rusununguko Chiito Chako Chako Pakarepo
1 kusvika ku2 vanhu / \(\text{m}^2\) (Green, Kuyerera Kwemahara) Une kureba kweruoko rwakazara (0.8 kusvika 1.0 m / 2.5 kusvika 3.3 ft) yenzvimbo yakazaruka yakatenderedza muviri wako; unogona kufamba nekumhanya kwakajairwa mune chero nzira usingatenderere mapendekete ako. Zero contact pressure; kudzora kwega kwega pamusoro pekumhanya uye kwakananga. Yakachengeteka: Shandisa nguva ino mhomho isati yazadza mukati kuti ufambe nepakati, tarisa panovhurwa magedhi echimbichimbi, uye tora nzvimbo yekusangana kunze.
vanhu 3 / \(\text{m}^2\) (Yero, Yakabatikana Concert Floor) Iwe unogona kusimudza magokora ako akakotama zvishoma pasina kurova vavakidzani; Dzimwe nguva kuputika kwepfudzi kunoitika kana vanhu vapfuura, uye iwe unofanira kutendeukira kumativi ("crab-step") kuti uende kubhawa kana chimbuzi. Yakachengeteka yakanyanya kutariswa density yeruzhinji-inogamuchirwa yakamira mhomho, asi kuyerera kunodzikira pamusuwo wakamanikana. ** Nyatsoongorora **: Tarisa kumashure kwako. Kazhinji mhomho iri pedyo nedariro inonzwa yakasununguka pavanhu vatatu/\(\text{m}^2\) ukuwo zviuru zvevanonoka vanenge vachirongedza kubva kumashure zvisingaonekwe.
vanhu 4 kusvika ku5 / \(\text{m}^2\) (Orange, Critical Transition Threshold) Uri kubata vanhu vausingazive pamativi maviri kusvika matatu uchienderera wakamira; haugone kudzikisa maoko ako kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi pasina kukwesha pamutumbi wemumwe munhu; kufamba wakananga kumashure kunoda kukumbira munhu wese kuti asvine parutivi. The Tipping Point: Rusununguko rwekufamba rwemunhu rwuri kupera; chero kamwe kamwe kusunda kubva kumashure kunotumira simba kubva pafudzi kuenda pafudzi. ** SIYA IYI ZONE pakarepo **: Usamirire mamwe masekondi makumi matanhatu. Tanga kufamba diagonally wakananga kudivi remikoto kana kumashure kweruzha booth izvozvi iwe uchigona kutsika pakati pevanhu.
vanhu 6 kusvika ku7 / \(\text{m}^2\) (Red, Fluid / Shockwave Phase) ** Kuenderera mberi kwe4-sided body compression **; tsoka dzako dzakasimudzwa kana kukweshwa pasi pasi kunyangwe usiri kuedza kutsika; mhomho yavanhu inofamba zvishoma nezvishoma, isingaite semvura inonyura mumugomo (mhomho yevanhu). Involuntary fluid dynamics: Macheni ekumanikidza anoungana mumazana emitumbi, achigadzira mazana emakirogiramu ekumanikidzika kweparutivi pamadziro esimbi. Survival Mode: Simudza maoko epamberi mu boxer stance nekukasira, chengetedza mweya wekufema, kudzedzereka tsoka, uye shanda madhigirii makumi mana neshanu diagonally pakati pemasaisai akananga kumucheto wekunze kana kubvunza chengetedzo kumberi njanji kuti ikudhonze.
8 kusvika ku10+ vanhu / \(\text{m}^2\) (Dema, Compressive Asphyxiation & Collapse) Miviri yakanyatsobatanidzwa zvekuti vanhu havagone kudonha pasi kunyangwe vakafenda, kana munhu mumwechete anogumburwa anovhura "sinkhole" umo vanhu vazhinji vanodonhera pamusoro peumwe neumwe kunge madomino. ** Lethal compressive asphyxiation **: Lateral pressure inopfuura 3,000 kusvika 4,500 Newtons (675 kusvika 1,000 lbs-force) inodzivirira kuwedzera kwembabvu mushure mekufema; kurasikirwa kwekuziva kunoitika mumasekonzi makumi matatu kusvika makumi mapfumbamwe. Chengetedza nzvimbo yako yechipfuva chero ipi zvayo nemaoko akakiyiwa; kana padyo nenjanji yakasimba kana yakakwira inonzwika/kamera chikuva, kukwira kana kusimudzwa kubva mumhepo yakachinjika yekumanikidza.

Danger

Muchaunga chakanyanya kupwanyika, vanenge vawirwa nenjodzi havawanzofa ne“kutsikwa” pasi petsoka. Chikonzero chekurapa chekufa mune inopfuura 90 muzana yenjodzi dzemhomho ndeye ** compressive asphyxiation ** (mechanical asphyxia): pese paunofema kunze, mhomho yakapoteredzwa inopinda mukati meimwe centimita, ichiita tambo yakatenderedza ribcage yako seboa constrictor kusvika iwe usingachakwanise kuwedzera chipfuva chako kuti utore mweya wako unotevera. Kuchengeta maoko ako akakiyiwa pamberi pechipfuva chako kusati kwanyanya kudzvanywa ndiko kunochengetedza iyo yakakosha 5-centimita (2-inch) gap rekufema.

Architectural chaunga misungo: Iyo 6 nzvimbo dzakafa zvakanyanya kumira munzvimbo

Usati wasarudza pekumira pamutambo wemimhanzi, pasi penhandare, pati yemumugwagwa, kana kirabhu yeusiku yemukati, tarisa geometry yenzvimbo. Boka revanhu rinopwanya rinotarisa zvinofungidzirwa pamatanho matanhatu ekuvaka:

1. Mapeni akasimba "U-shaped" kana "T-shaped" pamberi-ye-stage mapeni asina magedhi ekuburitsa parutivi.

Pamitambo mikuru yekunze, varongi vanoshandisa simbi yakakwira muchiuno Mojo barricades kuparadzanisa mhomho. Nepo akapatsanurwa **D-zvipingamupinyi ** kana akawanda-peni masisitimu ane migero yemativi yakafara anodzivirira mhomho nekupwanya kudzvinyirirwa kwemashure, chivhariso chakasimba chemberi chinoenderera chakabatana chakananga kumadziro akasimba eparutivi (kuumba bhokisi rakavharwa 3-mativi kana U-chimiro) inoteya munhu wese anosundidzirwa mberi kubva kumashure.

  • ** Pekumira panzvimbo **: Kana iwe uchida kuva padyo nepamberi penzvimbo yemutambo, mira ** 3 kusvika 5 metres (10 kusvika 16 tsoka) wakananga kunze kuruboshwe kana kurudyi bapiro redanho ** uko varindi vekuchengetedza vane mukoto wakavhurika weparutivi, kana kumira pamberi pepakati ** Mberi-kwe-Imba (FOH) inonzwika uye yekuvhenekesa dumba ** - 4 padivi pechivharo chesimbi chine simbi yesimbi. uye nekuona kwakajeka, kukudzivirira kubva kumashure kwemashure).

2. Kuchinjisa mafaniro, tunnel, uye nhete zambuko/masitepisi anodzipwa

Pese panofambwa nemutambo wemamita makumi maviri (65-foot-wide), kongiresi yenhandare, kana kuti mugwagwa unoerekana wanyomba mugero revanofamba netsoka nemamita matatu (10-fadhi-kufara), pasi, zambuko, kana nhanho imwe chete, mafomu echinyakare funnel trap:

  • Vanhu vari seri kwenzvimbo yakafara vanoona nzvimbo yakashama kumberi uye vanoramba vachifamba vachienda mberi nokumhanya kwenguva dzose, vasingatombozivi kuti mukoto mutete wemamita 30 (mafiti 100) mberi wakamira.
  • Masitepisi nezvikwiriso panguva yekukwira kukuru: Munhu mumwechete anotsvedza pamusoro pekapu yedoro yakanyorova pamasitepisi enhandare akazara vanhu kana kumira escalator inokonzeresa kuwanda kwedomino ipapo ipapo. Kana masitepisi eegress akazara pamapfudzi kusvika papfudzi, mira panzvimbo yakafararira yakavhurika kwemaminetsi gumi kusvikira kukwirira kwemasitepisi kwadonha, kana shandisa imwe masitepisi kudivi risinganyanyozivikanwa renhandare.

3. Imba yepasi pasi kana mahwindo eusiku asina mahwindo ane mukati-anotenderera kana akasungwa magonhi

Zvakaitika kare, moto wakanyanya kufa mukati mekirabhu yehusiku nekupwanya zvinogovana katatu kutyorwa kwekodhi yekuvaka iyo iwe yaunogona kuona mumasekonzi makumi matatu paunopinda:

  • **Zviratidzo zvine njodzi yekusiya kirabhu nekukurumidza **:
  • Iwe unofamba uchidzika nenhanho imwe yakatetepa mukamuri yepasi kana kumusoro isina hwindo loft isina ** inoonekwa yakavhenekerwa yechipiri kubuda ** kuseri kwekamuri.
  • Unoona makiyi, cheni dzemabhasikoro, kana mbariro dzakavharwa dzakavharwa pamagonhi ekubuda kwechimbichimbi ekumashure (dzimwe nguva anoitwa zvisiri pamutemo nevashandisi venzvimbo vasina kutendeseka kumisa vasingabhadhare kuti vasaverevedza).
  • Sirin'i kana dariro madziro akamisikidzwa neyakachipa polyurethane ** zai-crate acoustic foam **, marata epurasitiki, bamboo huswa, kana yakaderera-yakarembera machira ekudhirowa uku ari mukati ** stage pyrotechnics (gerbs/sparklers) ** kana yakavhurika murazvo zvinwiwa zvemoto zviri kushandiswa. Polyurethane acoustic foam inobatidza mumasekonzi matatu kubva papyrotechnic spark uye inozadza kirabhu yehusiku ine opaque, cyanide-laced utsi dema mukati me90 seconds. Zvemukati pyrotechnic moto kupona, ona yedu stage pyrotechnics, nightclub indoor fire, uye acoustic foam ignition guide.

Panoitika masurgery: Iwo 4 anofanofungidzira anokonzeresa nguva

Mhomho yechaunga pamakonzati uye zviitiko zvemitambo hazviwanzoitika zvisina tsarukano pakati peseti yakanyarara. Simudza ruzivo rwako rwemamiriro ezvinhu uye uende kunzvimbo yakaderera-density perimeter zone ** maminetsi gumi pamberi pe** chero ipi yeiyi nguva ina ine njodzi yekuchinja:

  1. **Maminetsi mashanu pamberi chaipo uye sezvo mukuru wemusoro anofamba achikwira pachikuva **: Munguva yekuzorora kwemaminetsi makumi matatu pamberi pemukurumbira wemusoro, zviuru zvevateveri vanosiya mabhawa nezvimbudzi vorongedza chinyararire kuseri kwemunda mukuru. Chechipiri chaiyo mwenje wemba inosviba, intro bass inodonha, uye muimbi anofamba achibuda, hafu yese yekumashure yeboka revanhu inofamba ichienda mberi 3 kusvika 5 metres (10 kusvika 16 tsoka) panguva imwe chete kuti ione padhuze, ichimanikidza munhu wese ari kumberi 20 metres (65 tsoka) kupesana nesimbi.
  2. Mamiriro ekunze anongoerekana achinja (mheni, chimvuramabwe, kana mafashamu emvura) pamitambo yekunze: Kana mheni yakangoerekana yarova panzvimbo yemutambo, vanhu 20,000 panguva imwe chete vanomhanya vakananga kutende riri pedyo rakafukidzwa rekutengesa, nzira yepasi, kana gedhi rekubuda. Ibva panzvimbo yemutambo kana makore akasviba asvika paradar, mvura isati yatanga.
  3. Maaramu enhema, kuburitswa kwepepper spray, firework pops, kana kurwa mumhomho yevanhu: Muuriri hwevanopinda vanhu kana mutambo wemumugwagwa, kana vanhu vaviri vakatanga kurwa kana mumwe munhu akapfapfaidza mhiripiri (kana kudonhedza bhodhoro regirazi rinonzwika sekurira kwepop), denderedzwa remamita mashanu (mamita gumi nematanhatu) revanhu rinosvetuka nekudzokera kumashure kubva kune mhirizhonga. Mhete iyoyo yekunze yakangoerekana yarovera pakati pemhomho yakakomba, zvichikonzera mhirizhonga yeradial shockwave.
  4. Kupera-kwe-show misa yekubuda kana maviri anopokana achiyerera apindirana: Kana vanhu zviuru makumi mashanu vachisiya nhanho huru na11:00 PM vamwe vanhu zviuru makumi maviri vachifamba nenzira yakatarisana nechikamu chechipiri chehusiku kana chiteshi chepasi pevhu, ** cross-flow gridlock ** inoitika pamharadzano dzenzira.

Nhanho-ne-nhanho nzira dzekupona kwemuviri mukati meboka rinoshanda rinowedzera

Kana ukabatwa mukati memhomho yayambuka vanhu 6 paskweya mita uye masaisai ekumanikidza arikukusundidzira kubva pachiyero, ita izvi ma mechanics nekukurumidza. Tarisa yedu yakatsaurirwa mhomho inopwanya uye kupukunyuka gwara kune mamwe maronda ekurwadziwa.

1. Kiya munzvimbo yako yekufema (The Boxer Stance)

  • Hunza maoko ese ari maviri kumusoro pamberi pecollarbones uye bata magokora ako zvishoma kunze uye kumberi kuitira kuti maoko ako aite nhanhatu yakaoma yakachinjika pamberi pechipfuva chako.
  • Usabatanidza zvigunwe zvako zvakasununguka, gadzira zvibhakera kana kubata ruoko rwako rwakapesana/ruboshwe zvakasimba kuitira kuti simba repashure rirege kudonhedza maoko ako pasi achitarisana nepfuti yako.
  • Kana mudiki kana mwana muinaye: Usambofa wakabata mwana mudiki pachiyero chechiuno panopwanyika chiuno nezvipfuva. Kana simudza mwana zvachose uchimuisa pamapfudzi ako (pamusoro pendege yakachinjika yechipfuva-crush) kana, kana akareba, mira pakarepo kumashure kwavo wakatarisa kwakananga uye simbisa ** maoko ako** kumusana/kumativi emunhu ari pamberi pake kuti aite keji yekudzivirira yakatenderedza torso yemwana.

2. Chengetedza okisijeni uye dzora kufema kwako

  • Rega kuridza mhere kunze kwekunge uchiratidzira zvakananga murindi ari kure nemamita maviri kuti anogona kukudhonzera kunze: Kuridza mhere kunobudisa mweya wasara mumapapu ako, kunobvisa vhoriyamu yembabvu yako panguva chaiyo iyo mhomho inosvina nechomukati, uye inokurumidza kukonzera kufema uye kutya mumunhu wese akakupoteredza.
  • Tora kupfupika, kudzorwa kufema pese apo masaisai akadzikama kwekanguva pakati pekuvhiya.

3. Footwork uye "Accordion Wave" diagonal kupukunyuka

  • Nyora tsoka dzako ngadzidzedzereke (imwe tsoka hafu yenhanho pamberi peimwe, mabvi akakotama zvishoma): Kumira netsoka dzose dziri mbiri-ne-padivi kunoita kuti udzokere kumashure kana kumberi sepini yebowling paunosaidzirwa kubva kumashure.
  • Usambozembera mberi kana kumashure muchiuno: Chengeta musoro wako nemuzongoza zvakati twasa pamusoro pehudyu yako kuitira kuti makumbo ako atakure uremu hwako.
  • Shandisa kumira pakati pemasaisai: Mhomho yemhomho inofamba mumasekonzi ane mutinhimira anogara masekonzi mashanu kusvika gumi nemashanu, ichiteverwa nekanguva kapfupi 3-kusvika-8-masekondi apo dzvinyiriro inodzika zvishoma.
  • Apo masaisai arikusunda: Enda nemasaisai. Usashinga uchirwa nevanhu mazana mashanu vanokusundidzira, kuti zvitsitsinho zvako zvirege kusungirira pasi pako. Sungai tsoka dzako munzira yekusundidzira kuti ugare wakatwasuka.
  • **Pakarepo masaisai anomira : Tora nhanho mbiri dzeune ** diagonally (45 madhigirii mberi-kuruboshwe kana kumberi-kurudyi) wakananga kumucheto uri padyo, muchinjiziri wepadivi, kana nzira yakashama. Kudzokorodza iyi diagonal nhanho kuyambuka mashanu kana matanhatu mafungu ekutenderera kunokuendesa kunze kwepamusoro-kudzvanywa kwepakati rukova uchipinda muchikamu chinononoka chemuganho parutivi.

4. Kusimudzwa pamusoro pebarricade yepamberi kana kukwira kumusoro

  • **Kana iwe uri mukati memamita maviri kusvika mana (mamita matanhatu kusvika gumi nematatu) emberi kwechivharo chekuvharira kana chepakati chinonzwika njanji **: Tarisana maziso nevarindi vegomba vakapfeka yunifomu vakamira pakamuka pakati pechivharo nechikuva, nongedza pauri kana kudzvanya pamusoro pemusoro wako (chiratidzo chepasi rose chekuti "ndisimudze kunze"), uye woregedza iwe wevakidzani vekuchengetedza vabatsiri kuti vavhure vabatsiri vekuchengetedza.
  • Tsvaga pekupotera: Kana ukadzvanyirirwa pambiru yakasimba, chigadziko chekuvheneka, chikuva chakakwirira cheVIP, kana tafura/kaunda yakasimba muclub yehusiku, kukwira kukwira masendimita makumi matanhatu (mafiti maviri) panzvimbo yakakwirira kunobvisa chipfuva chako kubva mundege yakachinjika yekupwanya nekukasika. (Usambofa wakakwira fenzi dzemachira dzenguva pfupi dzisina kusimba kana masipika asina kugadzikana anogona kupenengura mhomho.)

Kufamba sevaviri, mhuri, kana boka pasina kurasikirwa nevana munzvimbo yakaoma

Kufamba nemunhandare yenhandare yakazara, kubuda mumugwagwa mushure mekonzati, kana kuti nhandare yemutambo nemumwe wako, hama yechikuru, kana mwana mudiki zvinoda maumbirwo chaiwo ekubatanidza kuitira kuti kuvhiya padivi kurege kubvarura boka rako.

1. Sei kubata maoko nezvigunwe kunotadza mumhomho yevanhu

Apo vanhu vakuru vaviri kana kuti mubereki nomwana vanongobata maoko kupfurikidza nokupinza zvigunwe pamwero wehudyu, munhu mumwe chete ari kusundana necheparutivi pakati pavo anomanikidzira maoko ake kudzokera shure kujoini rechigunwe chisina simba, achityoka kubata ipapo ipapo. Shandisa aya matatu akasimba maumbirwo emuviri pachinzvimbo:

  • Iyo "Forearm-to-Wrist" kana Belt/Strap Grip yeVakuru: Panzvimbo pekubata minwe, bata ruoko rwemumwe wako kana ruoko rwepamberi chaipo pamusoro pebhonzo reruoko (uye ita kuti vabate rako muchiuno chechiuno), kana kubatirira kuseri kwebhandi remuchiuno chemunhu ari kufamba mumutsara wakananga mumutsara. Cheni yefaira-imwechete inopa mbiri yakatetepa papfudzi kune chaunga uye inotsvedza nemumikoto yakamanikana zviri nyore kupfuura vanhu vaviri vanofamba padivi nepadivi.
  • Kutakura Vacheche Nevana Vadiki Pamusoro PeNdege Inopwanyika: Usambofa wakasaidzira chingoro chemwana kana kurega mwana achifamba netsoka dzake mukati memhomho inodarika vanhu vatatu paskweya mita. Zvifambiso zvinomonereka zvopwanyirwa pasi peurefu hwechiuno chevakuru pasina anozviona, uye mwana ari pasi pemamita 1.3 (mamita mana nemasendimita) akareba ane musoro nechipfuva zviri paurefu chaihwo hwemagokora nemahudyu, apo mhepo inodziya zvikuru, carbon dioxide inogara, uye masimba emuhudyu akasimba zvikuru. Takura vana vadiki kumusoro pachipfuva chako mutakuri wemberi akasimba (nemaoko ako akaumbwa zvakavatenderedza) kana kuti akavharirwa zvakachengetedzeka pamapfudzi ako nezvishino zvavo zvakabatwa zvakasimba pacollarbones yako.
  • Sharpie Emergency Phone Number paRuoko rweMwana: Usati wapinda munhandare ipi neipi, fairground, kana mutambo nevana, shandisa chikwangwani chisingapindi mvura (kana kuti chitupa chekuchipatara) kunyora nhamba yako yenhare mbozha, kusanganisira nekodhi yenyika yako kana uchifamba, zvakananga paruoko rwemukati memwana, rwakavharwa nesmear yebhandeji remvura kana kuti risabvisa dikita. Dzidzisa mwana kuti kana mazoparadzana, anofanira kugara pedyo nedumba rine chiedza (panotengeswa zvinhu, kaunda yeredhiyo, kana kuti tende rerubatsiro rwekutanga) uye oratidza ruoko rwake kumushandi akapfeka yunifomu neredhiyo. Ona yedu mwana akarasika gwara rematanho akazara enhandare uye mutambo wekubatanidza.

Zvekuita mushure mekupunyuka kweboka revanhu: Kuongororwa kwekurapa uye kushungurudza zviratidzo zveasphyxia

Kana iwe kana mumwe waunofamba naye masvika pamusoro pechivharidzo kana kubuda kuenda kumusangano wakavhurika mushure mekumanikidzwa mumhomho ine vanhu vakawanda, usakurumidza kudzokera kumota yako kana hotera kana paine akasangana nekutsikirirwa kwechipfuva, kupera simba, kana kupiniwa kwenguva refu. Tsvaga kuongororwa kutende rekuchipatara kana kufonera nhamba yako yekukurumidzira yekwako (911 muUnited States neCanada, 112 mhiri kweEuropean Union, 999 muUnited Kingdom) kana imwe yeiyi mireza matsvuku ekurapa yakaonekwa:

Post-Crush Condition Zviratidzo uye Zviratidzo zvekutarisa Underlying Medical Emergency Pakarepo First Aid Action
Perthes Syndrome (Traumatic Asphyxia) Madiki anonongedza mavara matsvuku kana epepuru eropa (petechiae) pameso emaziso, machena emeso (subconjunctival hemorrhage), kumeso, mutsipa, nechipfuva chepamusoro; bluish-yepepuru ganda rakasvibiswa pamusoro pecollarbones; kuvhiringidzika kana kuona kwechinguvana kuchinja. Kudzvinya kwakanyanya kwechipfuva kwakamanikidza ropa kudzoka kumashure kubva pamoyo uye yepamusoro vhena cava kupinda mumacapillaries madiki emusoro nemutsipa uku ichinyima mweya weokisijeni muuropi. Gadzirisa munhu wacho (kana achiziva uye pasina kukuvara kwemuzongoza) kurerutsira kufema, kupa mweya weokisijeni wakawandisa kuburikidza nevanorapa nzvimbo, uye kumuendesa kuchipatara chedhipatimendi rekukurumidzira kuti asaite cerebral edema kana pulmonary contusion.
** Chipfuva chinoputika, Kutsemuka Mbabvu, kana Pneumothorax ** Kurwadza kwekubaya muchipfuva kunorwadza kana uchifema, kufema kusinganyanyi kudzika, kukosora sputum yepingi ine furo, kana rimwe divi rechipfuva richikwira zvisina kuenzana. Yakanyanyisa lateral barricade kana mhomho yevanhu vanomanikidza mbabvu dzakatyoka kana kuboora pleural lining yemapapu. Usaputira kana kusunga chipfuva zvakasimba; chengetedza munhu akagara munzvimbo yavo yekunyaradza (kazhinji akazendamira zvishoma kudivi rakakuvara) uye fonera vabatsiri ve emergency nekukurumidza.
Crush Syndrome (Rhabdomyolysis & Hyperkalemia) Kuzvimba kwetsandanyama kwakanyanya, chiveve, kupera simba, kana mavanga mumakumbo kana mutumbi mushure mekupinirwa pasi pemurwi kweanopfuura maminetsi gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi matatu, zvichiteverwa neshava dema "tea-ruvara" kana "cola-ruvara" weti. Yakapwanyika tsandanyama fiber inoburitsa muchetura myoglobin uye potassium muropa kana kudzvanywa kwangoburitswa, izvo zvinogona kukonzeresa kusungwa kwemoyo kamwe kamwe kana kutadza kweitsvo. Dana 911 / 112 / 999 yechipatara IV yekumutsiridza mvura kunyange kana munhu wacho achigona kumira nekufamba mushure mekudhonzwa kubva pamurwi; ongorora yedu kupwanya kukuvara uye compartment syndrome guide.
**Kupera Kupisa, Kupera mvura, uye Syncope ** Kudikitira zvakanyanya, ganda rakacheneruka, dzungu, kusvotwa, mhasuru dzemhasuru, kana kupera simba mushure mekumira kwemaawa mu38-degree-Celsius (100-degree-Fahrenheit) yemuviri-inopisa microclimate pedyo nedariro. Kunyangwe manheru kwaitonhorera, mweya wakavharirwa pakati pezviuru zvezvitunha mukati megomba rekonzati unosvika \(35^\circ\text{C}\text{kusvika ku}42^\circ\text{C} (95^\circ\text{F}\text{ kusvika }108^\circ\text{F})\) ine hunyoro hwepedyo-100%. Enda kunzvimbo ine mumvuri, ine mhepo yakavhurika, hembe dzinosunungura, tonhodza mutsipa nemahapwa nemachira akanyorova, uye ipa diki diki remvura kana electrolyte mhinduro kana wakangwarira.

Pre-event Concert uye nightclub gadziriro yekuongorora

Usati waenda kune konzati huru, mutambo, kirabhu yeusiku, kana chiitiko chemitambo, tora maminetsi mashanu kugadzira idzi dziviriro dzinoshanda neboka rako:

  • Pfeka bhutsu dzakavharika, dzakafuratira dzakasungwa tambo (hadzimbofiridzi-flops, manyatera, kana zvitsitsinho zvakakwirira): Muchaunga chakatsikirira, shangu dzakavhurika dzinotsikwa uye kubvarurwa tsoka dzako mukati memasekondi, dzichisiya tsoka dzako dzakashama dziri pagirazi rakatyoka uye kutsika, nepo tambo dzebhutsu dzisina kusungwa dziri njodzi huru yokugumburwa.
  • **Dzivisa mashavha asina kusimba, maketani marefu, mahoodies ane tambo refu dzehuro, kana mabhegi anorema **: Chese chakasungirirwa pamutsipa wako chinogona kubatwa pachipfeko chemumwe munhu kana njanji panguva yekuvhiya nekukudzipa. Chengetedza foni yako, ID, uye kiredhiti kadhi muhomwe yekumberi ine zipper kana slim chest pouch.
  • **Sarudza yemuviri "Kunze-kwe-Venue Meetup Landmark" usati wapinda **: Nharembozha munhandare nemitambo yemimhanzi inoremerwa zvizere ne50,000 mafoni uye inotadza panguva yenjodzi. Bvumirana neshamwari dzako usati wafamba nepamagedhi: "Kana tikaparadzana kana kuti tichibva tabuda, tichasangana pachiteshi chepeturu pakona ye4th uye Main 400 metres kuchamhembe kweGedhi B."
  • Dzidza nezve "Crossed Arms Overhead" chiratidzo chekushungurudzika kwemitambo: Kana mumwe munhu muboka rako akadonha kana kurwara nechimbichimbi mukati memhomho yekonzati, ita kuti vanhu vatatu kana vana vamire vakavakomberedza kuti vagadzire mhete yebuffer, bata matochi efoni yako akanongedza kumusoro padenga/denga achifamba achitenderera, uye bata ** pamusoro pemusoro wako uchipururudza*" X "MEDIC" pamwe chete pamwe chete vakananga kuchikuva kana kuti ruzha. Vanyori nevatambi pashongwe dzemwenje dzakasimudzwa vanodzidziswa kuona kumusoro kwe "X" uye kumbomira showo kujekesa nzira yekurapa.

Tip

Kana mumwe munhu akadhonzwa kubva muboka revanhu akapwanya asingateereri uye asingafemi sezvakangoita, mwoyo wake unomira mukati memaminitsi kunze kwekunge okisijeni yadzorerwa. Kutora maoko-paCPR uye kosi yerubatsiro rwekutanga kubva kuRed Cross, St John Ambulance, kana mupi wepano anokupa hunyanzvi hwekuita kuponesa kufema uye kudzvanywa kwechipfuva nekukurumidza apo vanobatsira varwere vanoshanda nzira yavo kuburikidza nenzvimbo.

Mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa

At what crowd density does a concert or festival become dangerous, and how can I tell without measuring?

A crowd becomes dangerous as soon as density reaches 4 to 5 people per square meter (10.7 square feet), and reaches the lethal threshold for crowd crushes at 6 or more people per square meter. You can measure this instantly using your own body: if you can extend both bent elbows without touching strangers, density is under 3 people per square meter and safe; the moment strangers are pressing against your body on three or four sides continuously while you are standing still, density has hit 5 people per square meter and you must leave that area immediately.

Why should you move diagonally instead of pushing straight back toward the exit during a crowd surge?

Once a crowd reaches fluid density (6+ people per square meter), pushing straight backward against hundreds of people surging forward is physically impossible and will only exhaust your oxygen or cause your feet to tangle and trip. Instead, ride the forward or sideways wave while keeping your balance, and during the brief 3-to-8-second pause between waves, step at a 45-degree diagonal angle toward the left or right outer edge of the crowd where density is always lower.

How do people actually lose consciousness in a crowd crush, and how does the boxer stance prevent it?

Most fatalities in a crowd crush are caused by standing compressive asphyxiation rather than falling down and being trampled. When lateral pressure from the crowd squeezes your torso from all sides, every time you exhale your chest cavity shrinks and the crowd presses inward to fill that space, preventing your lungs from expanding on the next breath; locking your forearms horizontally across your ribs in a boxer stance creates a rigid 5-to-8-centimeter (2-to-3-inch) protective cage in front of your chest so your lungs still have room to expand.

What should I do if I am knocked to the ground in a moving crowd and cannot stand back up?

Never lie flat on your stomach or flat on your back, as another person falling onto your spine or chest will prevent your diaphragm and ribcage from moving. Immediately roll onto your left side, pull your knees tightly up toward your chest in a fetal ball, and lock your forearms and elbows over your ribcage and face to protect your critical organs and preserve a small pocket of breathing room around your chest and mouth.

Kwatariswa

  • Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom): HSG195 The Event Safety Guide (Kutarisira Mapoka Zvakachengeteka paMumhanzi uye Zviitiko Zvakafanana) uye Safe Crowd Density Thresholds.
  • National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, United States): NFPA 101 Life Safety Code (Assembly Occupancy Egress Capacity, Panic Hardware, uye Festival/Nightclub Crowd Manager Standards).
  • World Health Organisation (WHO): Hutano Hweruzhinji Kuungana KweMisa: Mafungiro Akakosha, Kudzivirirwa Kweboka reKupwanya, uye Kurwiswa Kwevanhu vakawanda.
  • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) neCybersecurity uye Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA, United States): Nzvimbo Inotungamira Yekuchengetedza uye Misa Kuunganidza Emergency Evacuation Planning.
  • Global Crowd Management Alliance (GCMA) uye Prof. G. Keith Zvakadaro (* Nhanganyaya kuCrowd Science *): *Fruin Level of Service Density Metrics, Progressive Crowd Collapse Mechanics, uye Shockwave Mitigation *.

Mazano anoenderana