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Pabalesego ya konsarata, meletlo, le ya tlelabo ya bosigo: go lemoga dirai tsa kitlano ya boidiidi go sa le gale

Dinomoro tsa tshoganyetso di farologana go ya ka dinaga. Tsebe eno e dirisa 911, e leng nomoro ya United States le Canada. Dinaga tse dingwe tse dintsi di dirisa 112, 999 kgotsa nomoro e nngwe. Batla nomoro ya naga ya gaeno.

Meletlo ya mmino e e amogelwang ka kakaretso, ditlelapa tsa bosigo tse di tletseng tsa ka fa teng, bodilo jwa diphaposi tsa go ema mo lebaleng le diphareiti tsa mo mebileng di ka fetoga go tswa mo meletlong go ya go e e tsenyang botshelo mo kotsing mo metsotswaneng e e kwa tlase ga e le 120. Borasaense ba pabalesego ya boidiidi ba supile gore go thulana ga boidiidi go go bolayang ga go direge ka sewelo ka gonne boidiidi bo "tshogile" kgotsa bo "kgataganya." Go na le moo, di diragala fa kitlano ya boidiidi jwa lefelo leo e tlhatloga ka tidimalo go feta batho ba le 5 go ya go ba le 6 ka sekwere sa metara (10.7 square feet) mo teng ga bothata jwa mmele, go fetola boidiidi go nna bontsi jwa dieledi tse di sa itireleng koo motsamao wa motho ka bongwe o sa kgonegeng mme kgatelelo ya sehuba e thibela go hema. Ka go dira tshekatsheko ya go tswa mo lefelong la metsotswana e le 60 fa o goroga le go lemoga melelwane ya kitlano ya pele ga motshamiki wa setlhogo a tsaya serala, o ka tswa mo seraing sa boidiidi nako e telele pele ga go simolola go tlhatloga ga metsi.


Dira se jaanong

  1. Batla bobotlana ditsela tse pedi tsa go tswa ka tshoganyetso ka nako e o tsenang mo lefelong lengwe le lengwe: Boithutatlhaloganyo jwa motho bo dira gore diperesente di le 80 go ya go di le 90 tsa bareki ba ba mo maemong a tshoganyetso ba itlhaganele ba boela kwa kgorong e le nngwe fela e kgolo e ba tseneng ka yone, mme seno se dira gore go nne le bothata jo bo bolayang. Pele o reka seno kgotsa o tsamaela go ya kwa seraleng, leba go dikologa mabota a a mo tikologong go bona matshwao a EXIT a a bonesitsweng ka botala kgotsa bohibidu a a isang ka tlhamalalo kwa ntle kgotsa mo ditepising tsa molelo, mme o tlhophe tsela ya go tswa ya konokono le ya bekapo kwa morago kgotsa kwa letlhakoreng la lefelo la gago la go lebelela.
  2. Tlogela lefelo la gago ka bonako fa batho ba go ama ka matlhakore a a fetang a mabedi fa o ikhutsitse: Ono ke molao o le mongwe fela o o botlhokwa thata wa go falola mo saenseng ya boidiidi. Fa fela o ka kgona go atolosa dikgopo ka bobedi ntle le go tlhatswa batho ba o sa ba itseng (ka fa tlase ga batho ba le 3 ka sekwere sa metara), o na le kgololesego e e feletseng ya go tswa. Motsotso oo o utlwang ho amana ha mmele ka ho tswella ka pele, ka morao, le maheleng ka bobedi ha o ntse o eme (batho ba 5+ ka sekwere sa mitara), simolola ho tsamaya ka tshekamelo ho ya dintlheng tse ka ntle hanghang, o se ke wa emela pina e latelang kapa ketso e kgolo.
  3. Tlisa matsogo ka bobedi kwa godimo mo "boxer stance" fa pele ga dikgopo tsa gago fa go simolola go tlhatloga: Le ka motlha o se ke wa tlogela matsogo a gago a tlhomilwe fa fatshe mo matlhakoreng a gago mo boidiiding jo bo kitlaneng. Tshwara matsogo a gago a a kwa pele ka go rapama go kgabaganya sehuba sa gago jaaka motshameki wa mabole a sireletsa seledu le dikgopo tsa gagwe, o dira lesaka le le gagametseng la popego ya disentimetara di le 5 go ya go di le 8 (disentimetara di le 2 go ya go di le 3) fa pele ga mafatlha a gago gore lesaka la gago la dikgopo le nne le atologa go hema le fa le gatelelwa go tswa kwa matlhakoreng otlhe.
  4. Tsamaya ka go tshekeletsa le lekhubu la boidiidi, le ka motlha o se ke wa lwa ka tlhamalalo kgatlhanong le tlhakatlhakano: Fa tlhakatlhakano ya boidiidi e kgoromeletsa kwa pele kgotsa ka fa thoko jaaka lekhubu la lewatle, jala maoto a gago ka bophara jwa magetla go tswa mo seemong se se tshekeletsa fa lekhubu le go tsamaisa, mme fela fa lekhubu le ema fa gare ga tlhakatlhakano (diaer to-de )5. lebota la molelwane kgotsa phaseje ya letlhakore**. Le ka motlha o se ka wa kgoromeletsa kwa morago ka tlhamalalo kgatlhanong le boidiidi jo bo tlhatlogang, jo bo senyang okosejene mme bo dira gore o kgopiwe.
  5. O se ka wa inama go tsaya founo, setlhako, digalase, kgotsa kgetsana e e digetsweng fa fatshe mo boidiiding jo bo tsamayang: Go wela fa fatshe ka mangole mo boidiiding jo bo kitlaneng go feta batho ba le 4 ka sekwere sa metara go dira gore o se ka wa bonala mo bathong ba ba ka fa morago ga gago; mo metsotswaneng, tlhotlheletso ya kwa pele ya boidiidi e tla thula ba bangwe mo godimo ga gago, e bopa go phutlhama ga boidiidi go go tswelelang pele (pileup) go go bolayang. A dilwana tse di latlhetsweng di tsamaye ka bonako.
  6. Ikgoge mo seemong sa lesea le le mo letlhakoreng la molema le le khurumetsang tlhogo le sehuba sa gago fa o ka kgopiwa fa fatshe: Fa o kgopiwa mme o sa kgone go boela kwa godimo ka bonako, o se ka wa rapama o le sephaphathi ka mokwatla kgotsa ka mpa (mo bokete mo mokwatleng wa gago kgotsa mo sehubeng bo tla thubaganyang mafatlha a gago ka ponyo ya leitlho). Phitlholela mo letlhakoreng la gago la molema, gogela mangole a gago kwa godimo go ya kwa sehubeng sa gago, mme o notlele matsogo a gago a kwa pele le dikgopo fa pele ga sefatlhego sa gago le kgopo ya gago go boloka kgetsana ya go hema.

Go lemoga pele ga tlhatlogo le kelelo ya tshwetso ya go tshaba ga boidiidi

Dirisa tsela eno ya go dira tshwetso go tloga ka nako ya fa o goroga kwa khonsarateng, kwa tlelapong ya bosigo, kgotsa kwa lebaleng go fitlha o tswa mo lefelong la metshameko.

flowchart TD
    Arrive["Goroga kwa Konsarateng, Moletlong, kwa Tlelapong ya Bosigo, kgotsa kwa Setadiamong"] --> ScanExits["1. Dira Sekene sa Lefelo sa Metsotswana e le 60: Leba Ditsela tsa Tshoganyetso tsa Letlhakore/Kwa Morago tse di bonesitsweng tsa 2 mme o tile dikhutlo tsa dikgoreletsi tse di sa feleng"]
    ScanExits --> MonitorDensity{"A O Ka Atolosa Dikhuno Tsa Gago Kwantle ga go Ama Batho ba O Sa Baitseng Mo Matlhakoreng Otlhe A 4?"}
    MonitorDensity -->|Yes: Under 3 to 4 People per Square Meter| SafeZone["2. Kitlano e e Babalesegileng: Nna o lemogile diphetogo (botseno jwa tlhogo, dipula tsa matlakadibe, kgotsa di-pyrotechnic)"]
    MonitorDensity -->|No: Pressed on 3 to 4 Sides or Feet Moving Involuntarily| ExitEarly["2. MOLEKO WA TLHAGISO (5+ Batho/sq m): O se ka wa leta; kgato ka tshekeletsa go ya kwa molelwaneng wa letlhakore kgotsa boto ya modumo e e kwa morago JAANONG"]
    ExitEarly --> SurgeCheck{"A Lekhubu la Boidiidi jo bo Matlhagatlhaga, Lekhubu la Tshoko, kgotsa Pileup le Setse le Simolotse?"}
    SurgeCheck -->|No: Dense but Still Walkable| ClearOut["3. Buisana le ditsala, golaganya diatla ka bogodimo jwa sehuba, mme o itshidile go ya kwa lefelong le le bulegileng"]
    SurgeCheck -->|Yes: Active Crowd Surge or Crush| BoxerStance["3. Tsaya Boxer Stance (matsogo a kwa pele a tlhatlositswe go sireletsa dikgopo), maoto a thekesela, mme o nne o tsholetse tlhogo; LE ka motlha o se ke wa goa go sa tlhokege"]
    BoxerStance --> WaveStep["4. Palama lekhubu lengwe le lengwe o sa le lwantsha; ka nako ya go kgaotsa ga metsotswana e le 5 fa gare ga makhubu, tsamaya ka didikirii di le 45 ka go tshekeletsa go ya kwa leboteng le le kafa thoko"]
    WaveStep --> FallCheck{"A Wena Kgotsa Mongwe yo o Bapileng le Wena o Wetse Fa Fatshe?"}
    FallCheck -->|No: Still Standing| ReachEdge["5. Fitlhelela ntlha e e kwa ntle, tsena mo sethaleng se se tlhomameng se se kwa godimo fa se le teng, kgotsa tswa mo lefelong mme o letsetse 911 / 112 / 999"]
    FallCheck -->|Yes: Knocked Down| FetalPosition["5. Ikgoge ka bonako mo Letlhakoreng la Molema mo Boemong jwa Lesea ka mangole a le kwa godimo le matsogo a a kwa pele a foreimile sehuba le tlhogo"]

Sekale sa kitlano ya boidiidi: Go lemoga ntlha ya go fetoga ga batho ba le 5 ka sekwere sa metara

Bontsi jwa batho ba ba yang dikhonsarateng ga ba na bothata jwa go lemoga fa boidiidi bo setse bo ba thubaganya, mme ka nako eo gantsi go nna thari thata go tswa ka kgololesego. Babatlisisi ba diphetogo tsa boidiidi (jaaka maemo a Boemo jwa Tirelo a ga Mop Keith Still le Fruin) ba lekanya pabalesego ya boidiidi ka **batho ka sekwere sa metara (\(1\sekwalwa{ m}^2 = 10.76\sekwalwa{ sq ft}\), mo e ka nnang sebaka sa fa fatshe sa shawara e nnye ya mo gae)**ll.

Tshwara ka tlhogo maemo ano a matlhano a kitlano ya pono le ya mmele gore o kgone go bala phaposi kgotsa lebala la moletlo ka bonako fela:

Boemo jwa Kitlano (Batho ka \(\sekwalwa{m}^2\)) Se se Lebegang le go Utlwala Jang mo Go Wena Fisika ya Boidiidi le Kgololesego ya go Tsamaya Kgato ya gago ya ka bonako
Batho ba le 1 go ya go ba le 2 / \(\sekwalwa{m}^2\) (Botala, Kelelo e e Lokologileng) O na le boleele jo bo tletseng jwa letsogo (0.8 go ya go 1.0 m / 2.5 go ya go 3.3 ft) jwa sebaka se se bulegileng go dikologa mmele wa gago; o ka tsamaya ka lobelo lo lo tlwaelegileng go ya ntlheng epe fela o sa retolose magetla. Zero kgolagano kgatelelo; feletseng motho ka mong taolo ka lebelo le tataiso. Safe: Dirisa nako eno pele ga boidiidi bo tlala go tsamaya mo tikologong, tlhola gore dikgoro tsa tshoganyetso di bulega kae, mme o tlhophe letshwao la kopano kwa ntle.
Batho ba le 3 / \(\sekwalwa{m}^2\) (Bosetlha, Bodilo jwa Konsarata jo bo Tlhagafetseng) O ka tsholetsa dikgopo tsa gago tse di obegileng go sekae kwantle ga go itaya baagelani; Go tlhapa magetla nako le nako go diragala fa batho ba feta, mme o tshwanetse go retologela kwa thoko ("crab-step") go tsamaela go ya kwa bareng kgotsa kwa ntlwaneng. Kitlano e e kwa godimo e e babalesegileng ya boidiidi jo bo emeng jwa kamogelo ka kakaretso, le fa kelelo e fokotsega kwa dikgorong tse di tshesane. Ela tlhoko ka kelotlhoko: Lebelela ka fa morago ga gago. Gantsi boidiidi jo bo gaufi le serala bo ikutlwa bo phuthologile ka batho ba le 3/\(\text{m}^2\) fa diketekete tsa batho ba ba tlang morago ga nako ba phutha go tswa kwa morago ba sa bonwe.
Batho ba le 4 go ya go ba le 5 / \(\text{m}^2\) (Mmala wa Namune, Molelwane wa Phetogo e e Botlhokwa) O ama batho ba o sa ba itseng mo matlhakoreng a le 2 go ya go a le 3 o sa kgaotse fa o ntse o eme fela; ga o ka ke wa folosa matsogo a gago go tswa mo go a a tsholeditsweng go ya kwa tlase o sa gotlhane le mmele wa motho yo mongwe; go tsamaya o tlhamaletse kwa morago go tlhoka gore o kope motho mongwe le mongwe go pitlaganya kwa thoko. Ntlha ya Tipping: Kgololesego ya go tsamaya ya motho ka bongwe e a nyelela; go kgoromeletsa gope fela ka tshoganyetso go tswa kwa morago go fetisa maatla ka tlhamalalo go tswa mo legetleng go ya kwa legetleng. TSWANG MO ZONE ENO KA BONAKO: O se ka wa leta metsotswana e mengwe e le 60. Simolola go tsamaya ka go tshekeletsa go ya kwa ditseleng tse di fa thoko kgotsa kwa lefelong la modumo le le kwa morago gone jaanong fa o sa ntse o ka gata fa gare ga batho.
Batho ba le 6 go ya go ba le 7 / \(\text{m}^2\) (Bohibidu, Seeledi / Kgato ya Lekhubu la Tshoko) Go gatelelwa ga mmele ka matlhakore a le 4 go go tswelelang; dinao tsa gago di tsholediwa kgotsa di tlhakatlhakanngwa go kgabaganya fa fatshe le fa o sa leke go gata; boidiidi bo tshikhinyega ka makhubu a a bonya, a a sa itireleng jaaka metsi a a tshologang mo kgamelong (khuduego ya boidiidi). Diphetogo tsa diedi tse di sa ithaopeng: Diketane tsa maatla di aga go ralala makgolokgolo a mebele, di ntsha makgolokgolo a dikilogerama tsa kgatelelo ya matlhakore kgatlhanong le dithibelo tsa tshipi. Mokgwa wa go Falola: Tsholetsa matsogo a kwa pele mo boemong jwa motshamiki ka bonako, boloka mowa, thekesela maoto, mme o dire ka didikirii di le 45 ka go tshekeletsa fa gare ga makhubu go ya kwa ntlheng e e kwa ntle kgotsa kopa tshireletso kwa seporong se se kwa pele go go gogela kwa godimo.
Batho ba le 8 go ya go ba le 10+ / \(\text{m}^2\) (Bontsho, Go Hupelwa le go Phutlhama) Ditopo di wedged thata mo batho ba ka se kgoneng go wela fa fatshe le fa ba idibetse, kgotsa motho a le mongwe fela yo o kgopiwang o bula "sinkhole" mo batho ba le masomesome ba welang mo godimo ga ba bangwe jaaka di-domino. Go hupelwa go go bolayang ka go gatelelwa: Kgatelelo e e kwa thoko e e fetang 3,000 go ya go 4,500 Newtons (675 go ya go 1,000 lbs-force) e thibela go atologa ga kgopo morago ga go hema; go idibala go diragala mo metsotswaneng e le 30 go ya go e le 90. Sireletsa sebaka sa gago sa sehuba ka ditsela tsotlhe ka matsogo a a notletsweng; fa e le gaufi le seporo se se tiileng kgotsa polatefomo e e kwa godimo ya modumo/khamera, palama kgotsa o tsholediwe go tswa mo sefofaneng sa kgatelelo e e rapaletseng.

Danger

Mo go thubegeng go go tseneletseng ga boidiidi, ga se gantsi batswasetlhabelo ba swa ka ntlha ya go "gatakiwa" ka fa tlase ga dinao. Selo se se bakang loso mo diperesenteng di feta 90 tsa masetlapelo a boidiidi ke compressive asphyxia (go hupelwa ka metšhini): nako le nako fa o hema, boidiidi jo bo go dikologileng bo pitlaganya mo teng ka sentimitara e e oketsegileng, bo tlhotlhora thata go dikologa sehuba sa gago jaaka sethibela-boa go fitlha o sa tlhole o kgona go hema. Go boloka matsogo a gago a kwa pele a notletswe fa pele ga sehuba sa gago pele ga ditlhora tsa kgatelelo ke sone se se bolokang phatlha eo e e botlhokwa ya go hema ya disentimetara di le 5 (2-inch).


Dirai tsa boidiidi tsa dikago: Mafelo a le 6 a a bolayang thata go ema mo lefelong

Pele ga o tlhopha gore o tla ema kae kwa moletlong wa mmino, mo bodilong jwa lebala la metshameko, kwa phathing ya mo mebileng kgotsa kwa tlelapong ya bosigo e e mo teng ga ntlo, sekaseka jometeri ya lefelo leo. Go thubega ga boidiidi go tlhoma mogopolo mo dithibelong di le thataro tse di rileng tsa boagi:

1. Dipene tse di tiileng tsa "sebopego sa U" kgotsa tsa "sebopego sa T" tsa moletlo tse di kwa pele ga serala tse di senang dikgoro tsa go golola tse di fa thoko

Kwa meletlong e megolo ya kwa ntle, barulaganyi ba dirisa tshipi e e fitlhang mo lethekeng Mojo barricades go kgaoganya boidiidi. Fa segmented D-dikgoreletsi kgotsa dithulaganyo tsa dipene tse dintsi tse di nang le ditsela tse di bulegileng tsa matlhakore di sireletsa boidiidi ka go thuba kgatelelo ya kwa morago, sekgoreletsi se se tswelelang pele se se tiileng se se kopantsweng ka tlhamalalo le mabota a a tiileng a matlhakore (se bopa lebokoso le le tswetsweng la matlhakore a le 3 kgotsa sebopego sa U) se tshwara mongwe le mongwe yo o kgoromelediwang kwa pele go tswa kwa morago.

  • O ka ema kae boemong jwa seo: Fa o batla go nna gaufi le kwa pele ga serala sa moletlo, ema dimitara di le 3 go ya go di le 5 (maoto a le 10 go ya go a le 16) go ya kwa lefukeng le le kwa ntle la molema kgotsa la moja la serala kwa badisa ba tshireletso ba nang le phaseje e e bulegileng ya letlhakore, kgotsa ema ka tlhamalalo fa pele ga Hooundch andFront boo (FO-of)w e nna mo teng ga setlhaketlhake se se tiileng sa tshipi se se nang le matlhakore a le 4 se se nang le badiri ba tshireletso le mela e e bonalang sentle, se go sireletsa mo go tlhatlogeng ga diphoso kwa morago).

2. Difanele tse di kopanang, dithanele, le dintlha tse di tshesane tsa borogo/ditepisi

Nako le nako fa lefelo la go tsamaya la moletlo le le bophara jwa dimitara di le 20 (bophara jwa dikgato di le 65), lebala la metshameko, kgotsa mmila o ngotlega ka tshoganyetso go nna thanele ya batsamaya ka dinao e e bophara jwa dimitara di le 3 (bophara jwa dikgato di le 10), tsela e e fetang ka fa tlase ga lefatshe, borogo, kgotsa ditepisi di le dingwe, go nna le serai sa thanele sa bogologolo:

  • Batho ba ba kwa morago ga plaza e e bulegileng ba bona lefelo le le bulegileng kwa pele mme ba nna ba tsamaya kwa pele ka lobelo lo lo tlwaelegileng, ba sa itse gotlhelele gore botseno jo bo tshesane jwa thanele jo bo dimitara di le 30 (maoto a le 100) kwa pele bo eme tsi.
  • Ditepisi le di-escalator ka nako ya go tswa ka bontsi: Motho a le mongwe yo o relelang mo koping ya biri e e metsi mo ditepising tse di tletseng tsa lebala la metshameko kgotsa mo ditepising tse di emeng go dira gore go nne le domino e e kgobokaneng ka bonako go tswa kwa godimo. Fa ditepisi tsa go tswa di tletse ka magetla, leta mo maemong a a bulegileng a a bulegileng metsotso e le 10 go fitlha kitlano ya ditepisi e wela tlase, kgotsa dirisa ditepisi tse dingwe mo letlhakoreng le le sa rategeng thata la lebala la metshameko.

3. Phaposi e e kwa tlase kgotsa ditlelapa tsa bosigo tse di senang difensetere tse di nang le mabati a a akgegang mo teng kgotsa a a bofilweng ka dikeetane

Go ya ka hisitori, melelo e e bolayang thata ya di-nightclub tsa mo teng ga ntlo le dithulano di na le ditlolo di le tharo tsa melao ya kago tse o ka di bonang mo metsotswaneng e le 30 fa o tsena:

  • Matshwao a tlhagiso a a kotsi thata a go tswa mo tlelapong ka bonako:
  • O fologa ditepisi tse di tshesane tse di le nosi o tsena mo kamoreng e e kwa tlase kgotsa o tlhatlogela kwa godimo mo ntlong e e kwa godimo e e senang fensetere e e nang le tsela ya bobedi e e bonesitsweng e e bonalang kwa morago ga phaposi.
  • O bona diphetheloko, diketane tsa dibaesekele, kgotsa dibara tsa go thula di tswaletswe ka megala mo dikgorong tse di kwa morago tsa go tswa ka tshoganyetso (ka dinako tse dingwe di dirwa e se ka fa molaong ke badirisi ba lefelo le le sa ikanyegeng go thibela bareki ba ba sa dueleng go tsena ka bokukuntshwane).
  • Siling kgotsa lebota la serala le tsentswe ka polyurethane e e tlhwatlhwatlase foam ya modumo ya lebokoso la mae, polasetiki e e nang le masenke, bojang jwa bamboo, kgotsa dikhapete tsa letsela tse di lepeletseng kwa tlase fa go dirisiwa dino tsa ka fa teng tsa di-pyrotechnic tsa serala (di-gerb/sparklers) kgotsa dino tsa go tuka ga kgabo e e bulegileng. Foam ya modumo ya polyurethane e tuka mo metsotswaneng e le 3 go tswa mo tlhaseng ya pyrotechnic mme e tlatsa tlelabo ya bosigo ka mosi o montsho o o sa bonaleng sentle, o o nang le cyanide mo metsotswaneng e e ka fa tlase ga 90. Go bona go falola molelo wa pyrotechnic wa ka fa teng, leba rona dithunyi tsa mo seraleng, molelo wa mo teng ga tlelabo ya bosigo, le go tuka ga foam e e nang le modumo kaela.

Fa go tlhatloga ga metsi go diragala: Dinako tse 4 tse di ka bonelwang pele tsa go tlhotlheletsa

Go tlhatloga ga batho kwa dikhonsarateng le kwa metshamekong ga se gantsi go diragalang ka go sa rulaganngwa mo gare ga setlhopha se se didimetseng. Oketsa temogo ya gago ya maemo mme o fudugele kwa lefelong le le kwa tlase la kitlano Metsotso e le 10 pele ga epe ya dinako tseno tse nne tse di kotsi thata tsa phetogo:

  1. Metsotso e le 5 pele fela ga le fa motshameki yo mogolo a tsena mo seraleng: Ka nako ya boikhutso jwa metsotso e le 30 pele ga motshameki yo mogolo wa setlhogo, balatedi ba le diketekete ba tswa mo dibara le mo matlwaneng a boithomelo mme ba phutha dilo di didimetse kwa morago ga lebala le legolo. Motsotso o o tlhomameng fa dipone tsa ntlo di nna lefifi, intro bass e a wela, mme motaki o a tswa, halofo yotlhe e e kwa morago ya boidiidi e tlhatlogela kwa pele ka dimitara di le 3 go ya go di le 5 (maoto a le 10 go ya go a le 16) ka nako e le nngwe go bona pono e e gaufi, e gatelela mongwe le mongwe yo o kwa pele sekgoreletsi sa dimitara di le 20 (maoto a le 65) kgatlhanong le steel.
  2. Go fetoga ga maemo a bosa ka tshoganyetso (legadima, sefako, kgotsa dipula tse di maatla) kwa meletlong ya kwa ntle: Fa setsuatsue sa tshoganyetso se itaya lebala le le bulegileng la moletlo, batho ba le 20 000 ka nako e le nngwe ba tabogela kwa tanteng e e gaufi e e khurumeditsweng ya dithoto, tsela e e fetang ka fa tlase ga lefatshe, kgotsa kgoro ya go tswa. Tlogela mabala a moletlo fela fa maru a mantsho a anvil a atamela mo radar, pele ga pula e simolola.
  3. Dialamo tsa maaka, go gololwa ga seporei sa pepere, go thunya ga dithunyi, kgotsa dintwa mo boidiiding jo bo kitlaneng: Mo bodilong jo bo tletseng jwa kamogelo ya kakaretso kgotsa mo moletlong wa mo mebileng, fa batho ba babedi ba simolola go lwa kgotsa mongwe a ntsha seporei sa pepere (kgotsa a latlhela lebotlolo la galase le le utlwalang jaaka pop e e kwa godimo kwa morago), sediko se se gaufi sa leap6-10 go tswa go batho ba le 5-foot) kgoreletso. Mogala oo wa tshoganyetso o o tswang kwa ntle o itaya boidiidi jo bo kitlaneng jo bo di dikologileng, o tsosa lekhubu le le bogale la go tshoga ga radial.
  4. Go tswa ga bontsi kwa bokhutlong jwa pontsho fa diphallo tse pedi tse di ganetsanang di kopana: Fa batho ba le 50 000 ba tswa mo seraleng se segolo ka 11:00 PM fa batho ba bangwe ba le 20 000 ba tsamaya ka tsela e e fapaaneng go ya kwa seraleng sa bobedi sa bosigo thata kgotsa kwa seteisheneng sa terena e e tsamayang ka fa tlase ga lefatshe, **cross-currs grid.

Dithekeniki tsa go itshedisa ka kgato ka kgato mo teng ga boidiidi jo bo matlhagatlhaga

Fa o tshwarwa mo teng ga boidiidi jo bo kgabagantseng batho ba le 6 ka sekwere sa metara mme makhubu a kgatelelo a go kgarameletsa kwa ntle ga tekatekano, diragatsa mekgwa eno ya mmele ka bonako. Tlhola go thubaganngwa ke boidiidi le go falola go thulana kaedi ya dintlha tse dingwe tsa kgobalo.

1. Lotlela sebaka sa gago sa go hema (Boemo jwa Motshamiki wa Mabole)

  • Tlisa diatla ka bobedi kwa godimo fa pele ga marapo a gago a molaleng mme o tshware dikgopo tsa gago go le gonnye kwa ntle le kwa pele gore matsogo a gago a kwa pele a bope khutlotharo e e rapaletseng e e gagametseng fa pele ga sehuba sa gago.
  • O se ka wa tshwaraganya menwana ya gago ka tsela e e sa gagamalang, dira ditlhabano kgotsa tshwara letsogo/letsogo la gago le le fapaaneng ka thata gore maatla a a kwa thoko a se ka a phutlhamisa matsogo a gago a le sephaphathi kgatlhanong le sternum ya gago.
  • Fa motho yo monnye kgotsa ngwana a na le wena: Le ka motlha o se ke wa tshwara ngwana yo monnye mo selekanyong sa letheka fa dinoka le dihuba tsa bagolo di tla mo thubaganyang teng. E ka nna ya tsholetsa ngwana gotlhelele kwa godimo mo magetleng a gago (kwa godimo ga sefofane se se rapaletseng sa go thuba sehuba) kgotsa, fa ba le baleele, ema ka bonako ka fa morago ga bone ba lebile ntlheng e e tshwanang mme o tshegetse matsogo a gago a kwa pele kgatlhanong le mokwatla/matlhakore a motho yo o fa pele ga bone go bopa lesaka le le sireletsang go dikologa mmele wa ngwana.

2. Somarela okosejene mme o laole go hema ga gago

  • Emisa go goa ntle le fa o supa ka tlhamalalo lepodisi la tshireletso le le dimitara di le 2 go tswa foo yo o ka go gogelang kwa ntle: Go goa go leleka mowa otlhe o o setseng mo mafatlheng a gago, go phutlhamisa bolumu ya dikgopo tsa gago ka nako e e tshwanang le e boidiidi bo pitlaganyang mo teng ka yone, mme go dira gore motho a heme thata le go tshoga ka bonako mo go mongwe le mongwe yo o go dikologileng.
  • Hema ka bokhutshwane, ka tsela e e laolwang nako le nako fa kgatelelo ya makhubu e iketla ka nakwana fa gare ga go tlhatloga ga makhubu.

3. Tiro ya dinao le go tshaba ga "Lekhubu la Accordion"

  • Boloka maoto a gago a thekesela (leoto le lengwe le halofo ya kgato kwa pele ga le lengwe, mangole a obegile go se kae): Go ema ka maoto ka bobedi go bapile go dira gore o tlhotlhorege kwa morago kgotsa kwa pele jaaka pini ya bowling fa o kgoromelediwa go tswa kwa morago.
  • O se ka wa sekama kwa pele kgotsa kwa morago mo lethekeng: Boloka tlhogo le lerapo la mokwatla di tlhamaletse mo godimo ga dinoka tsa gago gore maoto a gago a rwale bokete jwa gago.
  • Dira dikgaotso fa gare ga makhubu: Go tlhakatlhakana ga boidiidi go tsamaya ka makhubu a a tshosang a a nang le morethetho a a tsayang metsotswana e le 5 go ya go e le 15, mme morago ga moo go nne le go ritibala go go khutshwane ga metsotswana e le 3 go ya go e le 8 fa kgatelelo e fokotsegang go se kae.
  • Fa lekhubu le ntse le kgarametsa: Tsamaya le lekhubu. O se ka wa itshwarelela ka thata mo bathong ba le 500 ba ba go kgoromeletsang, kgotsa dikhutshwane tsa gago di tla bofa kafa tlase ga gago. Tlhatlhakanya maoto a gago ka ntlha ya go kgoromeletsa gore o nne o eme sentle.
  • Ka nako ya fa lekhubu le ema: Tsaya dikgato tse pedi ka boomo ka go tshekeletsa (didikirii di le 45 kwa pele-ka fa molemeng kgotsa kwa pele-ka fa mojeng) go ya kwa ntlheng e e gaufi ya kwa ntle, sekgoreletsi sa letlhakore, kgotsa phaseje e e bulegileng. Go boeletsa kgato eno e e tshekeletsa go kgabaganya dipotologo di le tlhano kgotsa di le thataro tsa makhubu go go ntsha mo molapong wa bogareng wa kgatelelo e e kwa godimo go tsena mo llageng e e bonya ya molelwane go bapa le matlhakore.

4. Go tsholediwa mo godimo ga leparego le le kwa pele kgotsa go palamela kwa godimo

  • Fa o le mo sebakeng sa dimitara di le 2 go ya go di le 4 (maoto a le 6 go ya go a le 13) a leparego la serala se se kwa pele kgotsa seporo sa leobo la modumo le le mo gare: Leba ka tlhamalalo le balebedi ba tshireletso ba mokoti ba ba apereng yunifomo ba ba emeng mo phatlheng e e fa gare ga sekgoreletsi le serala, itshupa kgotsa o tobetse kwa godimo ga tlhogo ya gago (letshwao la universal let me out"). go ya kwa godimo gore tshireletso e kgone go go gogela mo godimo ga seporo go tsena mo phashiting e e bulegileng ya pabalesego.
  • Batla botshabelo jo bo emeng: Fa o gateletswe kgatlhanong le kholomo e e tiileng ya serala, motheo wa truss ya go bonesa, polatefomo e e kwa godimo ya VIP, kgotsa tafole/khaontara e e tiileng mo tlelapong ya bosigo, go gata go ya kwa godimo disentimetara di le 60 (maoto a le mabedi) mo godimo ga boalogodimo jo bo kwa godimo go tlosa sehuba sa gago mo crush e e sa rapalang ya planmediate. (Le ka motlha o se ka wa palama magora a letsela a nakwana a a sa tlhomamang kgotsa dibui tse di sa tlhomamang tse di ka tlhomang boidiidi.)

Go fuduga jaaka para, lelapa, kgotsa setlhopha kwantle ga go latlhegelwa ke bana mo lefelong le le kitlaneng

Go tsamaya mo lebaleng le le tletseng la metshameko, go tswa mo mmileng morago ga konsarata, kgotsa lebala la moletlo le molekane, wa losika yo o godileng, kgotsa ngwana yo monnye go tlhoka dipopego tse di rileng tsa go golaganya mmele gore go tlhatloga ga metsi go go yang kwa thoko go se ka ga gagola setlhopha sa gago.

1. Ke eng fa go tshwarana ka diatla ka menwana go palelwa mo lekhubung la boidiidi

Fa bagolo ba babedi kana motsadi le ngwana ba tshwarana fela ka diatla ka go tshwaraganya menwana mo selekanyong sa dinoka, motho a le mongwe fela yo o kgoromeletsang ka fa thoko fa gare ga bone o pateletsa matsogo a bone go boela kwa morago kgatlhanong le lelokololo le le bokoa la monwana wa kgonope, a kgaoga go tshwara ka bonako. Dirisa dipopego tseno tse tharo tse di nonofileng tsa mmele boemong jwa seo:

  • Tshwaro ya "Forearm-to-Wrist" kgotsa Lebanta/Mogala wa Bagolo: Mo boemong jwa go tshwara dintlha tsa menwana, tshwara letsogo la molekane wa gago kgotsa letsogo la gago ka tlhamalalo fa godimo ga lerapo la letsogo (mme o dire gore ba tshware la gago ka selotlolo sa letsogo se se kopanetsweng), kgotsa tshwara ka thata lebanta la kwa pele la motho yo o tsamayang ka tlhamalalo "conga mola" sebopeho. Ketane ya faele e le nngwe e bontsha boidiidi porofaele e le nngwe fela e e tshesane ya magetla mme e relela mo ditseleng tse di tshesane bonolo thata go feta batho ba babedi ba ba tsamayang ba bapile.
  • Go Rwala Masea le Bana ba Bannye Fa Godimo ga Sefofane sa Crush: Le ka motlha o se kgoromeletsa kolotsana ya masea kgotsa wa letlelela ngwana yo monnye go tsamaya ka dinao tsa gagwe mo teng ga boidiidi jo bo fetang batho ba le 3 ka sekwere sa metara. Dikolotsana di a wedged le go thubega ka fa tlase ga bogodimo jwa letheka la batho ba bagolo kwa go se nang ope yo o ka di bonang teng, mme ngwana yo o boleele jo bo ka fa tlase ga dimitara di le 1.3 (4 feet 3 inches) o na le tlhogo le sehuba sa gagwe se se mo bogodimong jo bo tshwanang jwa dikgopo le dinoka tsa batho ba bagolo, kwa mowa o leng bothitho thata gone, khabonetaeokosaete e nnang teng, le maatla a a nonofileng a dinoka a a kwa thoko. Rwala bana ba bannye kwa godimo mo sehubeng sa gago mo setshoding se se tiileng sa kwa pele (matsogo a gago a a kwa pele a foreimilwe go ba dikologa) kgotsa o ba tlhomile sentle mo magetleng a gago ka ditlhaa tsa bone di tshwaretswe thata mo marapong a gago a molaleng.
  • Nomoro ya Mogala wa Tshoganyetso ya Sharpie mo Letsogong la Ngwana: Pele ga o tsena mo lebaleng lengwe le lengwe, lebala la dipontsho, kgotsa moletlong le bana, dirisa tshwao ya leruri e e sa tseneng metsi (kgotsa lebanta la letsogo la ID ya kalafi) go kwala nomoro ya gago ya founo ya selulafouno, go akaretsa le khoutu ya gago ya naga ya boditšhabatšhaba fa o le mo loetong, ka tlhamalalo mo seaparong se se nang le seaparo sa ngwana. sunscreen e e phepa gore mofufutso o se ka wa e gotlha. Ruta ngwana gore fa lo ka kgaogana, ba tshwanetse go nna gaufi fela le leobo le le bonesitsweng (lefelo la dithoto, khaontara ya thebolelo, kgotsa tante ya thuso ya potlako) mme ba bontshe modiri yo o apereng yunifomo yo o nang le radio letsogo la bone. Bona tsa rona ngwana yo o timetseng kaedi ya dikgato tse di feletseng tsa go kopanya lebala la metshameko le moletlo.

Se o tshwanetseng go se dira morago ga go falola go tshwarwa ke boidiidi: Tlhatlhobo ya kalafi le matshwao a go hupelwa mo maikutlong a a utlwisang botlhoko

Fa wena kgotsa molekane wa gago lo sena go feta leparego kgotsa lwa tswa lwa ya kwa lefelong le le bulegileng morago ga go gatelelwa mo boidiidi jo bo tletseng, o se ka wa boela kwa koloing ya gago kgotsa kwa hoteleng ka bonako fa mongwe a ne a gatelelwa mo sehubeng, a idibala kgotsa a pitlaganngwa ka nako e telele. Batla tshekatsheko kwa tenteng ya kalafi ya lefelo kgotsa leletsa nomoro ya gago ya tshoganyetso ya lefelo leo (911 kwa United States le Canada, 112 go ralala Kopano ya Yuropa, 999 kwa United Kingdom) fa e le gore go tlhagelela dipe tsa difolaga tseno tse dikhibidu tsa kalafi tsa morago ga go thubega:

Maemo a Morago ga go Thubega Matshwao le Ditshupo tse o tshwanetseng go di tlhola Maemo a Tshoganyetso a Kalafi Kgato ya Ka bonako ya Thusopotlako
Bolwetse jwa ga Perthes (Go hupelwa go go utlwisang botlhoko) Mabala a mannye a madi a a bohibidu kgotsa a a phepole a a tlhomameng (petechiae) go kgabaganya diphuka tsa matlho, bosweu jwa matlho (go dutla madi mo tlase ga leitlho), sefatlhego, molala, le karolo e e kwa godimo ya sehuba; go fetoga ga mmala wa letlalo le le botala jo bo phepole fa godimo ga marapo a molaleng; tlhakatlhakano kgotsa diphetogo tsa pono tsa nakwana. Go pitlagana thata ga sehuba go ne go pateletsa madi go boela kwa morago go tswa mo pelong le mo vena cava e e kwa godimo go tsena mo di- capillaries tse dinnye tsa tlhogo le molala fa go ntse go amoga boboko okosejene. Dudisa motho a tlhamaletse (fa a idibetse mme a se na kgobalo ya lerapo la mokwatla) go hema bonolo, mo neye okosejene e e elelang thata ka dingaka tsa lefelo, mme o mo ise kwa lephateng la maemo a tshoganyetso la bookelo go kgaphela kwa thoko go ruruga ga boboko kgotsa go thunya ga makgwafo.
Go Thubega ga Sehuba, Dikgopo, kgotsa Pneumothorax Botlhoko jo bo bogale jo bo tlhabang mo sehubeng fa o hema, go hema ka bonako go go seng boteng, go gotlhola mathe a a pinki a a nang le bupi, kgotsa letlhakore le lengwe la sehuba le tlhatloga ka go sa lekalekane. Feteletseng lateral barricade kapa bongata matla robehileng dikgopo kapa phunya pleural lesela la makgwafo. O se ka wa phuthela kgotsa wa bofa sehuba ka thata; boloka motho a ntse mo boemong jwa gagwe jwa kgomotso (gantsi a sekametse go sekae kwa letlhakoreng le le gobetseng) mme o letsetse bathusi ba kalafi ba maemo a tshoganyetso ka bonako.
Bolwetse jwa go Thubega (Rhabdomyolysis le Hyperkalemia) Go ruruga go go tseneletseng ga mesifa, go utlwa botlhoko, go nna bokoa, kgotsa go tlhotlhorega mo maotong kgotsa mo mmeleng morago ga go tshwarwa ka fa tlase ga pileup metsotso e e fetang 15 go ya go 30, go latelwa ke moroto o o borokwa jo bontsho wa "mmala wa teye" kgotsa "mmala wa cola". Ditlhale tsa mesifa tse di thubegileng di golola myoglobin e e botlhole le potasiamo mo mading fa kgatelelo e sena go gololwa, e leng se se ka dirang gore pelo e eme ka tshoganyetso kgotsa diphilo di se ka tsa dira sentle. Leletsa 911 / 112 / 999 go bona go tsosolosiwa ga seeledi sa IV kwa bookelong le fa motho a ka kgona go ema le go tsamaya morago ga go gogwa mo pileup; tlhatlhoba kgobalo ya go thubaganngwa le bolwetse jwa phaposi kaela.
Go lapa ka ntlha ya mogote, go felelwa ke metsi mo mmeleng, le go idibala Go fufula thata, letlalo le le bosetlha le le tlhotlhoregang, go tsewa ke sedidi, go feroga sebete, go tshwarwa ke mesifa, kgotsa go idibala morago ga go ema diura di le dintsi mo tlelaemeteng e nnye ya mogote wa mmele wa didikirii tsa Celsius di le 100 gaufi le serala. Le mo maitseboeng a a tsidifetseng, mowa o o tshwaregileng fa gare ga ditopo di le diketekete tse di tletseng mo teng ga mokoti wa konsarata o fitlha go $35^\mokwalo wa sediko{C}\mokwalo{ go ya go }42^\mokwalo wa modikologo{F}0\mokwalo{ go ya go }108^F}\mokwalo wa sediko{F}0\mokwalo{ go ya go }108^F}\mokwalo o o latelang. Sutela kwa lefelong le le bulegileng le le nang le moriti, le le nang le phefo, bofolola diaparo, tsidifatsa molala le matlhako ka matsela a a metsi, mme o nwe metsi a mannye kgotsa tharabololo ya electrolyte fa o le kelotlhoko ka botlalo.

Lenaanenetefatso la go baakanyetsa konsarata le tlelabo ya bosigo pele ga tiragalo

Pele ga o ya kwa khonsarateng e kgolo, kwa moletlong, kwa tlelapong ya bosigo, kgotsa kwa tiragalong ya metshameko, iphe metsotso e le metlhano go rulaganya ditshireletso tseno tse di mosola le setlhopha sa gago:

  • Apara ditlhako tse di tswetsweng, tse di nang le ditlhako tse di sephaphathi tse di nang le dithapo tse di bofilweng (le ka motlha o se rwale di-flip-flop, ditlhako, kgotsa direthe tse di kwa godimo): Mo boidiiding jo bo kitlaneng, ditlhako tse di bulegileng tsa menwana di a gatiwa le go gagolwa mo dinaong tsa gago mo metsotswaneng e se kae fela, di tlogela dinao tsa gago tse di sa aparang di le mo gare ga galase e e thubegileng, kotsi.
  • Tila dikhafo tse di sa gagamalang, dithaere tse ditelele, di-hoodie tse di nang le dithapo tse ditelele tsa molala, kgotsa dibeke tse di bokete: Sengwe le sengwe se se bofilweng mo molaleng wa gago se ka tshwaragana le diaparo tsa motho yo mongwe kgotsa seporo sa thibelo ka nako ya go tlhatloga ga metsi mme sa go kgamela. Boloka founo ya gago, ID le karata ya keredite mo kgetsaneng e e kwa pele e e nang le zipper kgotsa mo kgetsaneng e tshesane ya sehuba.
  • Tlhopha "Out-of-Venue Meetup Landmark" ya mmatota pele o tsena: Ditora tsa difouno tsa selula kwa mabaleng le kwa meletlong ya mmino di tlala gotlhelele ka difouno di le 50 000 mme di palelwa ka nako ya maemo a tshoganyetso. Dumalana le ditsala tsa gago pele ga o tsamaya ka dikgoro: "Fa re ka kgaogana kgotsa ra tshwanelwa ke go tswa, re tla kopana kwa seteisheneng sa peterolo mo sekhutlong sa 4th le Main dimitara di le 400 kwa bokone ba Gate B."
  • Ithute letshwao la tlalelo la "Crossed Arms Overhead" la lefatshe ka bophara la meletlo: Fa mongwe mo setlhopheng sa gago a phutlhama kgotsa a nna le maemo a tshoganyetso a kalafi mo teng ga boidiidi jwa batho ba ba mo konsarateng, dira gore batho ba le 3 kgotsa ba le 4 ba eme go ba dikologa go dira mogala wa buffer, tshwara dipone tsa founo ya gago di supile ka tlhamalalo kwa siling/legodimong di tsamaya ka "X" fa godimo ga tlhogo ya gago** fa o ntse o goa "MEDIC" mmogo ka nako e le nngwe go ya kwa seraleng kgotsa kwa sound booth. Bataki le batlhokomedi ba ditora tse di kwa godimo tsa dipone ba katisiwa go bona "X" e e kwa godimo le go emisa pontsho go phepafatsa mola wa kalafi.

Tip

Fa motho yo o gogilweng mo setlhopheng sa boidiidi a sa tsiboge e bile a sa heme ka tsela e e tlwaelegileng, pelo ya gagwe e tla ema mo metsotsong e se kae fela ntle le fa okosejene e ka busediwa. Go tsaya khoso ya CPR le thuso ya potlako ka diatla go tswa kwa Red Cross, St John Ambulance, kgotsa moabi wa selegae go go naya bokgoni jwa go dira go hema ga pholoso le go gatelela sehuba ka bonako fa bathusi ba kalafi ba ntse ba dira tsela ya bone mo lefelong.


Dipotso tse di bodiwang kgapetsakgapetsa

At what crowd density does a concert or festival become dangerous, and how can I tell without measuring?

A crowd becomes dangerous as soon as density reaches 4 to 5 people per square meter (10.7 square feet), and reaches the lethal threshold for crowd crushes at 6 or more people per square meter. You can measure this instantly using your own body: if you can extend both bent elbows without touching strangers, density is under 3 people per square meter and safe; the moment strangers are pressing against your body on three or four sides continuously while you are standing still, density has hit 5 people per square meter and you must leave that area immediately.

Why should you move diagonally instead of pushing straight back toward the exit during a crowd surge?

Once a crowd reaches fluid density (6+ people per square meter), pushing straight backward against hundreds of people surging forward is physically impossible and will only exhaust your oxygen or cause your feet to tangle and trip. Instead, ride the forward or sideways wave while keeping your balance, and during the brief 3-to-8-second pause between waves, step at a 45-degree diagonal angle toward the left or right outer edge of the crowd where density is always lower.

How do people actually lose consciousness in a crowd crush, and how does the boxer stance prevent it?

Most fatalities in a crowd crush are caused by standing compressive asphyxiation rather than falling down and being trampled. When lateral pressure from the crowd squeezes your torso from all sides, every time you exhale your chest cavity shrinks and the crowd presses inward to fill that space, preventing your lungs from expanding on the next breath; locking your forearms horizontally across your ribs in a boxer stance creates a rigid 5-to-8-centimeter (2-to-3-inch) protective cage in front of your chest so your lungs still have room to expand.

What should I do if I am knocked to the ground in a moving crowd and cannot stand back up?

Never lie flat on your stomach or flat on your back, as another person falling onto your spine or chest will prevent your diaphragm and ribcage from moving. Immediately roll onto your left side, pull your knees tightly up toward your chest in a fetal ball, and lock your forearms and elbows over your ribcage and face to protect your critical organs and preserve a small pocket of breathing room around your chest and mouth.


Metswedi e tlhotlhomisitswe

  • Mokhuduthamaga wa Boitekanelo le Pabalesego (HSE, United Kingdom): HSG195 Kaedi ya Pabalesego ya Ditiragalo (Go Laola Boidiidi ka Pabalesego kwa Mminong le Ditiragalong tse di Tshwanang) le Ditekanyetso tsa Kitlano ya Boidiidi e e Babalesegileng.
  • Mokgatlho wa Bosetšhaba wa Tshireletso ya Molelo (NFPA, United States): NFPA 101 Molao wa Pabalesego ya Botshelo (Bokgoni jwa go Tswa ga Batho ba ba Nnang mo Kokoanong, Didirisiwa tsa Letshogo, le Maemo a Motsamaisi wa Boidiidi jwa Moletlo/Tlelabo ya Bosigo).
  • Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Boitekanelo (WHO): Boitekanelo jwa Setšhaba jwa Dikokoano tsa Bontsi: Dikakanyo tsa Botlhokwa, Thibelo ya go Kgaogana ga Boidiidi, le go Tlhaola Dikgobalo tsa Bontsi.
  • Setheo sa Bosetšhaba sa Taolo ya Maemo a Tshoganyetso (FEMA) le Setheo sa Tshireletsego ya Inthanete le Tshireletsego ya Mafaratlhatlha (CISA, United States): Kaedi ya Lefelo la Tshireletsego le Thulaganyo ya go Fuduga ga Batho ka Tshoganyetso ya Kokoano ya Bontsi.
  • Selekane sa Lefatshe Lotlhe sa Botsamaisi jwa Boidiidi (GCMA) le Mop G. Keith Still (Matseno a Saense ya Boidiidi): Dimeteriki tsa Boemo jwa Kitlano ya Tirelo ya Maungo, Bomekheniki jwa go Phutlhama ga Boidiidi jo bo Tswelelang Pele, le Go Fokotsa Makhubu a Tshoko.

Dikaedi tse di tsamaelanang