Hogweed e Kgolo, Parsnip ya Naga, le Hemlock e e Botlhole: Go Thibela go Fisiwa ke Dikhemikale go go Dirwang ke Lesedi la Letsatsi¶

Lelapa la digwete le parsele (Apiaceae, pele e ne e bidiwa Umbelliferae) le na le dingwe tsa dijalo tsa rona tsa tshingwana tse di nang le dikotla thata, go akaretsa digwete, seleri, di-parsnip, parsele, dill, le fennel, mmogo le dimela tse pedi tse di boferefere thata tsa tshoganyetso tsa dimela tse di tlhotlhelediwang ke Letsatsi la Bokone le Borwa go fisiwa (bolwetse jo bo maswe jwa letlalo la dimela)** jo bo bakiwang ke Hogweed e Kgolo (Heracleum mantegazzianum), Parsnip ya Naga (Pastinaca sativa), le Parsnip ya Kgomo (Bogolo jwa Heracleum), le go swa ditokololo ga mesifa ya methapo)m le Hemlock ya Metsi (Setlhogo se se tlhotlhorang / Setlhogo se se tlhotlhorang). Se se dirang gore Giant Hogweed le Wild Parsnip di senye beng ba matlo, batlhami ba naga, badiri ba ba mo thoko ga tsela, le ba ba tsamayang ka dinao ke gore mautu a tsone a a phepa, a a metsi a semela ga a bake ZERO botlhoko jwa ka bonako, go tlhotlhonya, kgotsa bohibidu fa bo gasetsa mo letlalong la gago kgotsa mo matlhong. Modiri wa tshingwana yo o dirisang sediriswa sa go poma mogala ("weed whacker"), sediriswa sa go sega borashe, kgotsa diatla tse di sa aparang sepe go tlosa ditlhaka tse ditelele tse di fa thoko ga tsela mo mosong o o nang le letsatsi o nna le mouwane o o phepa mme o ikutlwa a siame gotlhelele mo thapameng yotlhe. Go sa le jalo, di- furanocoumarin tse di nwelelang mo mafureng di- psoralens: 5-metoxypsoralen, 8-metoxypsoralen, le angelicin) di ina ka tidimalo mo di- keratinocyte tsa letlalo la letlalo mme di bo di golagana le DNA ya disele. Fa e setse e tlhagelela mo ultraviolet A ya makhubu a maleele (UVA, 320 to 380 nanometers) lesedi la letsatsi, le le fetang mo marung le mo galaseng ya difensetere, di- furanocoumarin di golaganya di- thymine base mo DNA mme di ntsha di- radical tse di sa duelelweng tsa okosejene tse di le nosi, mme seno se dira gore disele di swe thata. Mo lobakeng lwa diura di le 15 go ya go di le 48, letlalo le thunya go nna le di-bullae tsa go fisiwa ke dikhemikhale tse di botlhoko, tse di lelang di-bullae (mafofa) tse di tshwanang le tsa maemo a bobedi le a boraro*, go nna le diso mo leitlhong kgotsa go foufala fa le gotlhiwa mo matlhong, le go nna le mmala o o botlhoko thata o o borokwa jwa mmala o o botala jwa legodimo o o ka ** dirang gore motho a nne le mmala o o botlhofo.

Go farologana le seo, Hemlock ya Botlhole (Conium maculatum) le Hemlock ya Metsi (mofuta wa Cicuta) di lebega di tshwana ka tsela e e tsietsang le Lace ya ga Kgosigadi Anne e e senang kotsi (segwete sa naga), parsley ya naga, kgotsa di-parsnip tse di batlang dijo, le fa go ntse jalo di na le furanocoumarin e e nang le matlhotlhora a lefela. Go na le moo, Hemlock e e Botlhole e tletse ka dialkaloite tse di botlhole tsa methapo ya piperidine (coniine le gamma-coniceine) tse di dirang jaaka curare kwa kgolaganong ya mesifa ya marapo, di swa bogatsu maoto, matsogo, mme kwa bofelong mesifa ya go hema ya diaphragm le intercostal fa motswasetlhabelo a nna a tsogile thata go fitlha a namolwa ka go tsenya mowa ka metšhini; fa Water Hemlock e na le cicutoxin, e leng moganetsi yo o bogale wa \(\text{GABA}_A\) yo o tsosang go thuthumela ga maemo a a bolayang a sethoathoa mo metsotsong e le 15 go ya go e le 60 ya go tlhafuna modi o le mongwe fela. Go itse go farologanya dimela tse pele ga go di sega, ke eng go tlhatswa letlalo le le tlhagelelang mo matuteng mo lefifing le le feletseng le go thibela lesedi la UV diura di le 48 go thibela gotlhelele go fisiwa ga Giant Hogweed le Wild Parsnip, le gore ke eng **o GA o a tshwanela go dirisa sediriswa sa go poma dithapo kgotsa go fisa matlho mo letlalong la gago le le botlhole botshelo. Fa o lebane le maemo a tshoganyetso gone jaanong, leletsa lefelo la gaeno dinomoro tsa tshoganyetso ka bonako, mme o lebe dikaelo tsa rona tsa bana ba rona mo go go kgeloga ga dibolayamefero tsa khemikhale le go tsenwa ke botlhole mo mmung, go falola go fisiwa ke thotobolo ya borashe le go itshireletsa mo molelong wa bojang, le metlhape ya disenyi tsa mo tshingwaneng le go runya ga disenyi.

Dira se jaanong¶

1. TSWA MO LESEDI LOTLHE LA LETSATSI KA BONAKO motsotso o o belaelang gore matute a Giant Hogweed, Parsnip ya Naga, kgotsa Parsnip ya Kgomo a amile letlalo la gago kgotsa diaparo tsa gago. Matute a Furanocoumarin ke diperesente di le 100 tse di sa direng sepe mo ditsheding mo lefifing: a ka fisa letlalo la gago fela fa AvioUVA) lesedi le itaya letlalo le le kolobeditsweng ka matute. Tsena mo ntlong o tsene mo phaposing e e senang difensetere (gakologelwa gore UVA marang a feta ka tlhamalalo mo galaseng e e tlwaelegileng ya difensetere tsa koloi le tsa ntlo) kgotsa a bipa letlalo gotlhelele ka taulo e e kima kgotsa baki pele ga o tsamaya mo teng ga ntlo.
2. Hlatswa letlalo le amehang hantle moriting kapa ka tlung o sebedisa metsi a TSIDIDI, sesepa se bonolo sa dijana kapa sesepa sa matsoho, le lesela le bonolo bonyane metsotso e 5 ho isa ho e 10. O se ke wa **sebedisa metsi a chesang (a bulang maroba a letlalo le ho potlakisa ho monyelwa ha letlalo la stiffrush le psoralens) Apola diaparo tse di gasetsweng ke matute fa o ntse o apere ditlelafo tsa nitrile kgotsa tsa rabara tse di sa tseneng metsi mme o tlhatswe diaparo ka go kgaogana mo metsing a a bolelo a sesepa.
3. **Fa matute a gasetse mo MATLO a gago kgotsa gaufi le one, tlhatswa leitlho le le bulegileng ka metlha ka fa tlase ga molatswana o o bonolo wa metsi a a tsidifetseng a pompo kgotsa letswai le le senang megare metsotso e le 15 go ya go e le 20, rwala digalase tsa letsatsi tse dintsho tsa UV-400 tse di phuthelang, mme o ye kwa Lefapheng la Maemo a Tshoganyetso kgotsa kwa ngakeng ya Matlho ya Matlho. epithelium ya lethapo ka fa tlase ga lesedi la letsatsi e baka photokeratitis e e masisi, go nna le diso tsa lethapo, le go latlhegelwa ke pono go ya go ile.
4. Boloka letlalo le le tlhatswitsweng le sireleditswe diperesente di le 100 mo leseding lotlhe la letsatsi le mo leseding la maitirelo la UV bonnye diura di le 48 go ya go di le 72. Tshasa sethibela-letsatsi sa zinc oxide kgotsa titanium dioxide (SPF 50+ ka bogodimo UVA tshireletso), mme o khurumetse lefelo ka mabogo a maleele a a sa bonaleng, a a logilweng ka thata, marokgo, kgotsa dithapo tse di thibelang UV nako le nako fa o gatela kwa ntle kgotsa o nna gaufi le difensetere mo malatsing a le 3 a a latelang.
5. O SE KE wa thunya, wa obola, kgotsa wa bula marulelo a magolo a a tletseng dieledi fa e le gore go fisiwa go setse go simolotse go nna teng. Marulelo a a gagametseng a legogo a epidermal ke seaparo sa mmele wa gago se se senang megare sa ditshedi; go e tlhotlhora go dira gore thishu e e tala ya letlalo e nne le tshwaetsego ya bobedi ya dibakateria (Staphylococcus / Pseudomonas) le e e tseneletseng UVA marang. Tshwara 0.5% go ya go 1% ya kerime ya hydrocortisone (kgotsa o bone taelo ya ngaka corticosteroid e e nang le maatla a a kwa godimo e e jaaka clobetasol kgotsa betamethasone mmogo le di-NSAID tse di nowang ka molomo go tswa ngakeng go sa le gale mo kgatong ya bohibidu) mme o batle **Lefelo la go Fisa kgotsa Lefapha la Maemo a Tshoganyetso le akaretsa diperesente di feta 5 sefatlhego/diatla/dirwe tsa tlhakanelodikobo, kgotsa go bontsha matshwao a tshwaetsego.
6. Leletsa nomoro ya tshoganyetso ya selegae sa gago (911 kwa US/Canada, 112 kwa EU, 999 kwa UK) KA BONAKO fa motho kgotsa phologolo e jele, e tlhafune, kgotsa e dirile teye go tswa mo semeleng sepe fela sa naga se se tshwanang le segwete/parsley (kgotsa e hemile mosi/lerole le le tswang mo go segeng ga Poison Hemlock le go tlhabologa ga mathe a a botlhole) bokoa jwa mesifa mo maotong, go thuthumela, kgotsa go tlhaela mowa. Tlaya ka senepe sa smartphone sa kutu ya sejalo, matlhare, le malomo (kgotsa sampole e e tsenngwang mo kgetsaneng e e tshwarwang ka ditlelafo) kwa bookelong gore baithutabotlhole ba kgone go farologanya Poison Hemlock (coniine go swa ditokololo ga go hema) go tswa mo Hemlock ya metsi (cicutoxin boemo jwa sethoathoa).

Setlhare sa tshwetso: Go tlhagelela mo Maroteng ka Bofefo kgatlhanong le Mafofa a a Thunyang kgatlhanong le go Metsa Hemlock e e Botlhole¶

Dirisa tšhate eno ya kelelo ya tlhatlhobo ya tshoganyetso go bona gore ke go tlhotlhora kgotlhelo e e tlhomameng kgotsa porothokholo ya kalafi e e ikaegileng ka setlhopha sa dimela le tsela ya go tlhagelela.

flowchart TD
    A["Go Belaelwa Go Tshwarwa ke Mofero wa Lelapa la Segwete/Parsele e Telele (Apiaceae)"] --> B{"Go nnile le mofuta ofe wa go tlhagelela?"}
    B -->|"Matutu a sejalo a a gasetswang mo letlalong kgotsa mo matlhong (fa o ntse o sega, o tlhotlhora, kgotsa o tlhatswa kgatlhanong le Giant Hogweed / Parsnip ya Naga)"| C{"A bohibidu kgotsa mafofa a setse a simolotse go bopega (15 go ya go 48 hrs morago ga lesedi la letsatsi)?"}
    B -->|"Ngwana, mogolo, kgotsa phologotswana ya mo gae o ne a tlhafuna/metsa matlhare, medi, kgotsa dipeo, KGOTSA a hema lerole/mosi o o bokete wa semela (Poison Hemlock / Water Hemlock)"| D["TSHOGANYETSO YA NEUROTOXIN E E TSENYANG BOTSHELO: Leletsa 911 / 112 / 999 + Taolo ya Botlhole ka bonako"]
    C -->|"NNYAA: Go sa tswa go diragala (<diura di le 4 tse di fetileng), ga go ise go nne le botlhoko kgotsa bohibidu"| E["GOLDEN WINDOW GO THIBELA GO FISWA 100%: 1. Tsena mo moriting o o feletseng/mo teng ga ntlo JAANONG 2. Tlhatswa ka metsi a a tsididi + sesepa sa dijana metsotso e le 10 3. Tlhatswa matlho metsotso e le 15 fa a gasetswe ka Zip 4. Thibela 100% ya lesedi la UVA ka diaparo tse di sa bonaleng tsa SPF+70."]
    C -->|"EE: Mabala a mahibidu a a tukang kgotsa mafofa a a gagametseng a seeledi se se serolwana a setse a thunya"| F["PHYOTHOTODERMATITIS E E DIRAGANG GO FISWA KA KHEMIKALE: 1. Tlogela kgakala le lesedi lotlhe la letsatsi/difensetere 2. Dikomporose tsa metsi a a tsidifetseng + Di-NSAID + Steroid e e dirisiwang mo setlhogong 3. O SE KE wa ntsha mafofa 4. Ya kwa ED / Burn Unit fa e le gore matlho, sefatlhego, dirwe tsa tlhakanelodikobo, kgotsa >5%"]
    D --> G{"Ke matshwao afe kgotsa diponagalo tsa semela tse di leng teng?"}
    G -->|"Kutu e e borethe e e se nang moriri e e nang le mabala a a phepole, monko wa motlhapo o o mouta: Go tsholola mamina, go roroma, matlho a a atolositsweng, bokoa jwa leoto jo bo tlhatlogang -> go hema ka iketlo"| H["POISON HEMLOCK (Go swa bogatsu go go tshwanang le ga Coniine Curare): Ipaakanyetse go tsenngwa ga mowa mo moheleng le go tsenngwa mowa ka metšhini (Tlhaloganyo e nna e tsogile fa diaphragm e swa bogatsu)"]
    G -->|"Lefelo la bonno la metsi/molatswana, oli e e serolwana e e tswang madi mo medi e e nang le diphaposi: Go kgwa ka tshoganyetso ka maatla + Go thuthumela ga Grand Mal mo metsotsong e le 15 go ya go e le 60"| I["HEMLOCK YA METSI (Thibelo ya Cicutoxin GABA-A): Dibenzodiazepine tsa IV tsa ka bonako (Lorazepam/Midazolam) + Phenobarbital/Propofol ya Boemo jwa Sethoathoa + Tshireletso ya Tsela ya Mowa"]

Karolo 1: Go Lemoga Tshimo ka Bofefo: Go Farologanya Tse Nnè Tse di Bolayang le Lace ya ga Kgosigadi Anne e e Senang Kotsi¶

Ka ntlha ya fa maloko otlhe a lelapa la Apiaceae a ntsha ditlhopha tsa malomo tse di bopegileng jaaka sekhurumelo (compound umbels) le matlhare a a tshwanang le fern kgotsa a a nang le meno, go sa lemoge sentle ke selo se segolo se se bakang go tsenwa ke botlhole ka phoso le go fisiwa ga matute. Hlahloba ditshupiso tse nne tsa anatomi (bolelele, phopholego ya kutu/matshwao a pherese, mmala wa palesa, le sebopeho sa makhasi) ho tloha sebaka se bolokehileng ntle le ho ama semela ka matsoho a se nang letho.

Thulaganyo e e feletseng ya go Tlhaola Dimela le Papiso ya Botlhole¶

Karolo 2: Khemeseteri ya Setshwantsho le Molanako wa Kalafi wa Difiso tsa Hogweed e Kgolo le Parsnip ya Naga¶

Go tlhaloganya mola wa nako o o tlhomameng wa dimolekhule wa phytophotodermatitis go tlhalosa gore ke ka ntlha yang fa metsotso ya ntlha e le 30 go ya go e le 120 morago ga go kopana le matute e emela fensetere ya gauta e e ka thibelwang ka diperesente di le 100.

1. Tsibogo ya Dikgato Tse Pedi tsa Phototoxic (Ke Eng fa Sap + Lefifi = Zero Burn)¶

Go farologana le ivy e e botlhole, oak e e botlhole, kgotsa sumac e e botlhole (e e nang le oli ya urushiol e e tsosang tsibogo ya masole a mmele a disele tsa T e e bidiwang bur dermatitis ya go amana ka aleji fela mo bathong ba ba utlwileng botlhoko, mo teng ga ntlo kgotsa kwa ntle), Giant Hogweed le Wild Parsnip di baka **dikhemikhale tse di tlhamaletseng tse di sa amang mmele Diperesente di le 100 tsa batho fa ba tlhagelela lekgetlo la ntlha:

1. Kgato 1 (Kgato ya go Monya Lefifi, 0 to 120 Minutes):
   • Fa matute a a phepa a a tswang mo dikutung tse di thubegileng, matlhare kgotsa ditlhale a ama letlalo, di- furanocoumarin tse di nang le mela (psoralen, 5-methoxypsoralen [bergapten], le 8-methoxypsoralen [xanthotoxin]) di tsenelela mo leraleng la stratum corneum mme di tsene mo diseleng tsa nuclear pai de DNA tsa letlalo, koo di tsenang teng mo diseleng tsa nuclear pai de DNA.
   • Fa lesedi la ultraviolet (UVA, 320 to 380 nm) e itaya letlalo mo diureng di le 48 tse di latelang fa letlalo le ntse le tlhapa le go tsholola dimolekhule tseo, GA GO DIRAGALWE SEPE. Ga go na botlhoko, bohibidu jwa lefela, le go tlhotlhorega ga mafofa.
2. Kgato 2 (Kgato ya go Tsenya Tirisong ga Fothone ya UVA, 320 to 380 nm):
   • Leng UVA difothone di itaya dimolekhule tsa furanocoumarin tse di ntseng mo teng ga disele tsa letlalo, di-furanocoumarin di monya maatla a ultraviolet mme di tsene mo seemong sa maatla a a kwa godimo seemo sa go itumela sa mararo.
   • Tsibogo ya Mofuta wa I (Kgolaganyo ya DNA e e sa Ikemetseng ka Okosejene): Furanocoumarin e e itumetseng e bopa maborogo a cyclobutane a a kopaneng a a nang le ditheo tsa pyrimidine (thymine) mo ditlhaleng tse di fapaaneng tsa DNA ya motho, e lotlela helikisi e e gabedi ya DNA e e tswaletsweng gore sele e e kwalolotsweng ya letlalo e se ka ya kgona go dira dipopego tse dingwe kgotsa triRNA (go bolawa ga letlalo lotlhe).
   • Tsibogo ya Mofuta wa II (Go Thunya ga Diradikale tse di Lokologileng tse di Ikaegileng ka Okosejene): Di-furanocoumarin tse di itumetseng di fetisetsa maatla kwa okosejeneng ya ditogwa, di dira okosejene e le nngwe (1O2) le di- radical tsa superoxide tse di thubang disele tsa keratinocyte, di senya disele tsa endothelial tsa letlalo, le go dira gore dieledi di dutle thata (go tlhotlhorega) le go tlhotlhelediwa thata ga disele tsa melanocyte.
   • Ke Eng fa Mofufutso le Mongobo o o Kwa Godimo o Dira Go Fisa go nna Maswe le go feta 3x: Letlalo le le metsi, le le mofufutso le oketsa go monyelwa ga di-furanocoumarin ka letlalo ka diperesente di le 300 go ya go di le 400, ke ka moo go dira ditshwantsho tsa naga mo malatsing a a mogote, a a bongola a Phukwi go tlhagisang go fisiwa go go tseneletseng thata ga botelele jo bo tletseng.

2. Go Tswelela Pele ga Difiso Tse di Sa Alafiwang ka Ura le Kgwedi ka Kgwedi¶

Karolo 3: Hemlock ya Botlhole le Hemlock ya Metsi: Maemo a Tshoganyetso a a Botlhole jwa Methapo¶

Fa Giant Hogweed le Wild Parsnip di tlhasela letlalo go tswa kwa ntle ka lesedi la letsatsi, Hemlock ya Botlhole (Conium maculatum) le Hemlock ya Metsi a a Marontho/Cowbane (Cicuta maculata / Cicuta virosa) ke botlhole jwa thulaganyo ya ka fa teng jo bo bolayang batho le diruiwa ka **metsotso e le 30.

1. Hemlock e e Botlhole (Conium maculatum): Sedirisiwa se se Tshwanang le sa Curare¶

E tumile mo hisitoring jaaka botlhole jo bo dirisitsweng go bolaya Socrates ka 399 BC, Poison Hemlock jaanong e gola ka bogale go kgabaganya ditsela tsa metsesetoropo, mesele, mela ya terata, ditsha tse di senang sepe, le ditshingwana tsa baagi go ralala Amerika Bokone, Yuropa, Australia, le New Zealand.

• Kafa Batho ba Tsenngwang ke Botlhole ka Gone:
  1. Diphoso tsa go Batla Dijo: Go dira phoso ya matlhare a matala a lacy ka parsley ya matlhare a a sephaphathi a naga, chervil, kgotsa botala jwa segwete, modi o mosweu wa taproot ka parsnip ya naga kgotsa segwete sa naga, kgotsa dipeo ka anise/fennel ya naga.
  2. Bana ba Dirisa Dikutu tse di Khuti jaaka "Peashooters" kgotsa Diphala: Bana ba sega ditlhaka tse di khuti tse di nang le marontho a a phepole go letsa di-dart kgotsa diphala, ba monya coniine e e tseneletseng ka tlhamalalo go kgabaganya dipounama le legogo la molomo.
  3. Go Hema Lerole / Mouwane wa Semela se se Pupilweng le go Monyelwa ga Letlalo ka Nako ya go Phepafatsa Thata: Ka gonne coniine le gamma-coniceine ke di-alkaloid tse di metsi tse di fetofetogang, tse di nang le mafura (go sa tshwane le bontsi jwa di-alkaloid tsa dimela, tse e leng matswai a a tiileng), go phepafatsa dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa Poison trillod ya letsatsi le le botlhole ka mo kgotsa dimela di sa apara sepe, di ka baka botlhole jwa thulaganyo ka go hema mouwane wa dimela o o nang le mowa le go monyelwa ka letlalo ka go segwa ga letlalo, go tlhagisa go tsewa ke sedidi, go feroga sebete, go atolosiwa ga matlho, tachycardia, le bokoa jwa mesifa. (O se ka wa fisa Poison Hemlock mo thotobolong ya borashe: go hema mosi o o tletseng coniine go kotsi.)
• Toxidrome ya Tleliniki ya Dikgato tse Pedi ya Coniine (Tlhotlheletso ya Nikotini $\motsu wa mola wa $\Thibelo ya Mesifa ya Methapo):
  • Kgato 1 (Metsotso e le 15 go ya go e le 60, Go Tlhotlheletsa Nicotinic): Go tuka mo molomong le mo kgokgotsong, go ntsha mathe a mantsi (sialorrhea), go feroga sebete, go kgwa, go utlwa botlhoko mo mpeng, go fufula, go itaya ga pelo ka bonako (tachycardia), kgatelelo e kgolo ya madi, go tlhotlhorega ga mesifa, go tlhotlhorega ga mesifa (bolwetse jwa matlho).
  • Kgato 2 (Metsotso e le 60 go ya go e le 180, Go swa ditokololo go go Tshwanang le ga Curare): Coniine e nna e ntsha dipolari le go thibela di-receptor tsa nicotinic acetylcholine (nAChR) kwa kgolaganong ya mesifa ya marapo. Bokoa bo simolola mo maotong le mo maotong (motho o a kgopiwa mme a sa kgone go ema), bo tlhatlogela kwa kutu, matsogong, le mo molaleng, mme kwa bofelong bo swa bogatsu mesifa ya sehuba e e fa gare ga ditlhaa le diaphragm.
  • Ntlha e e Botlhokwa ya go Tsosolosa: Ka gonne coniine e sa kgabaganye sekgoreletsi sa madi le boboko sentle fa e bapisiwa le ditlamorago tsa yone tsa mesifa ya methapo e e kwa ntle, gantsi molwetse o nna a idibetse e bile a tshogile fa mesifa ya gagwe ya go hema e emisa go dira, go fitlha cerebral hypoxia e baka go idibala le go thunya.
  • Kalafo ya Bookelong: Ga go na seokobatsi se se rileng sa khemikhale (le ka motlha o se ke wa naya dithibela-cholinesterase jaaka physostigmine kgotsa neostigmine, tse di ka gakatsang thibelo ya go ntsha polarise). Le fa go ntse jalo, fa molwetse a ka tsenngwa mo mpeng ka bonako le go tsenngwa mowa ka metšhini diura di le 24 go ya go di le 72 (go tlhakanngwa le diedi tse di tsenngwang mo ditshikaneng tsa rhabdomyolysis le magala a a dirisiwang mo lobakeng lwa ura e le 1 fa tsela ya mowa e sireleditswe), sebete le mafatlha di tla phepafatsa coniine gotlhelele mme **go solofelwa ga go tshela ka botlalo.

2. Hemlock ya Metsi (Letlhokwa le le lefifi / Letlhokwa le le bogale): Mmolai wa Metsotso e le 15 wa go Thuthunya¶

E gola go bapa le mabopo a melatswana e e seretse, mesele ya nosetso, matangwana, le mafulo a a metsi, Water Hemlock (Cicuta) e amogelwa thata ke baithuta-botlhole jaaka semela sa naga se se bolayang thata mo Amerika Bokone le Yuropa Bokone.

• Botlhole (Cicutoxin): Bojalwa jwa polyacetylene jo bo kopantsweng le C17 jo bo tseneletseng thata mo meding ya dithunya tse di nang le diphaposi (tse di nkgang monate jaaka parsnip kgotsa segwete se se tala mme di tsholola marothi a a serolwana se se phatsimang a oli e e botlhole fa di segiwa).
• Mokgwa: Cicutoxin ke seokobatsi se se maatla, se se sa gaisaneng moganetsi wa \(\text{GABA}_A\) wa bogareng (se se dirang mo lefelong la go bofa picrotoxin la kanale ya chloride mo bobokong).
• Maemo a Tshoganyetso a Kalafi: Mo lobakeng lwa Metsotso e le 15 go ya go e le 60 ya go loma modi kgotsa kutu, motswasetlhabelo o nna le go feroga sebete go go thunyang, go ntsha mathe a mantsi, go tshwarwa ke setlhabi mo mpeng, go tlhotlhorega ga mpa, le go tshwarwa ke seterouku se se bogale, se se sa kgaotseng se se akaretsang sa tonic-clonicstatus (status). Go thunya go go sa laolegeng go baka ka bonako lactic acidosis e e masisi (pH < 6.8), mogote o o feteletseng, rhabdomyolysis e kgolo (go sa dire sentle ga diphilo tsa myoglobinuric), go tlhoka oksijene mo bobokong, le go roroma ga diphilo.
• Kalafi ya Bookelong: Go tsenngwa ga tšhupu mo tseleng ya mowa ka bonako le dipilisi tse di bogale tse di thibelang go thunya ga GABA-A (Lorazepam, Midazolam, kgotsa Diazepam tse di tsenngwang mo ditshikaneng tsa selekanyo se se kwa godimo, tse di golang ka bonako go nna Phenobarbital kgotsa go bolaya bogatsu go go tswelelang pele ga Propofol mo tshikeng), diedi tsa crystalloid go thibela acidemia e e bolayang le go sa dire sentle ga diphilo.

Karolo 4: Porothokholo ya go Fedisa le go Tlosa e e Babalesegileng (Kwantle ga go Iphisa kgotsa go Gasa Dipeo)¶

Fa o ka lemoga Giant Hogweed, Wild Parsnip, kgotsa Poison Hemlock mo lefelong la gago, latela melawana eno e e gagametseng ya pabalesego ya Lefapha la Temothuo le Tshomarelo ya Tikologo:

+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|       SAFE TOXIC APIACEAE REMOVAL CHECKLIST (ZERO SKIN/EYE EXPOSURE)    |
|                                                                         |
|  1. WORK ONLY IN THE EVENING, DUSK, OR OVERCAST HOURS:                  |
|     Never cut Giant Hogweed or Wild Parsnip at midday under high UV     |
|     index sunlight. Working near sunset minimizes UVA activation risk.  |
|                                                                         |
|  2. WEAR IMPERMEABLE CHEMICAL PPE (NOT COTTON CLOTHES):                 |
|     Plant sap soaks straight through cotton shirts and jeans. Wear a    |
|     waterproof disposable Tyvek/polyethylene suit (or rain gear),       |
|     elbow-length nitrile or neoprene gloves taped to sleeves, rubber    |
|     boots, safety goggles, AND a full polycarbonate face shield.        |
|                                                                         |
|  3. USE HAND TOOLS OR SYSTEMIC HERBICIDE - NEVER STRING TRIMMERS:       |
|     - For small patches: Sever the taproot 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in)      |
|       below soil level using a sharp flat spade, or apply systemic      |
|       glyphosate / triclopyr herbicide to basal rosette leaves in       |
|       early spring before stalks bolt.                                  |
|     - NEVER use a string trimmer, brush hog, or lawnmower on tall       |
|       sap-filled stalks.                                                |
|                                                                         |
|  4. BAG FLOWER/SEED HEADS IN BLACK CONTRACTOR BAGS (NEVER COMPOST):     |
|     A single Giant Hogweed plant produces 20,000 to 100,000 winged      |
|     seeds that stay viable in soil for 7 to 15 years. Cut and seal      |
|     umbel heads inside heavy black plastic bags to bake in the sun      |
|     or dispose of per municipal invasive-weed hazardous waste rules.    |
|     NEVER burn Poison Hemlock or Hogweed in a fire.                     |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Dinomoro tsa maemo a tshoganyetso tsa kgaolo le diporothokholo tsa boemedi¶

Fa mongwe a ka metsa sejalo sa Apiaceae sa naga kgotsa a nna le matshoba a a anameng/go tlhagelela mo matlhong, ikgolaganye le Taolo ya Botlhole le ditirelo tsa kalafi tsa tshoganyetso ka bonako, mme o bege dipono tsa Giant Hogweed kwa mogala wa gago wa puso kgotsa wa bosetšhaba wa mefuta e e tlhaselang (dinaga di le dintsi di romela baporofešenale ba go fedisa dikotsi kwa gae).

Dipotso tse di bodiwang kgapetsakgapetsa¶

Dikaedi tse di tsamaelanang¶

• Go kgeloga ga dibolayamefero tsa dikhemikhale, monontsha o o kgotletsweng, le go tsenngwa ga mmu botlhole
• Go falola go fisiwa ga thotobolo ya borashe, go tuka ga molelo wa bojang, le tshireletso ya tanka ya metsi ya kwa magaeng
• Metsi a morwalela kgotsa go elela ga leswe mo tshingwaneng ya merogo: pabalesego ya thobo
• Metlhape ya disenyi tsa tshingwana le go runya ga disenyi tsa dijalo
• Dinomoro tsa tshoganyetso

Metswedi le kaelo ya semmuso¶

• Lefapha la Temothuo la United States (USDA) Tirelo ya Tlhatlhobo ya Boitekanelo jwa Diphologolo le Dimela (APHIS) & Tirelo ya Dikgwa: Kaedi ya Tlhatlhobo ya Dikotsi tsa Mefero le Kaedi ya go Supa Tshimo ya Hogweed e Kgolo (Heracleum mantegazzianum), Mofero wa Naga (Pastinaca sativa), le Mofero o o Botlhole (Conium).
• Lefapha la Tshomarelo ya Tikologo la Naga ya New York (NYSDEC) & Lefapha la Ditsompelo tsa Tlhago la Ontario: Taolo ya Hogweed e Kgolo, Didirisiwa tsa Tshireletso ya Botho (PPE), Thibelo ya Furanocoumarin Phytophotodermatitis, le Diporothokholo tsa go Fedisa ka Pabalesego.
• Disenthara tsa Taolo le Thibelo ya Malwetse (CDC) & Setheo sa Bosetšhaba sa Pabalesego le Boitekanelo mo Tirong (NIOSH, United States): Ditsiboso tsa Dikotsi tsa Pabalesego kwa Tirong tsa Badiri ba ba kwa Ntle: Bolwetse jwa Letlalo jo bo tswang mo Hogweed e Kgolo / Parsnip ya Naga le Botlhole jwa Thulaganyo jo bo tswang mo PoisonC Walockta.
• Sekolo sa Amerika sa Letlalo (AAD) & Mokgatlho wa Borithane wa Dingaka tsa Letlalo (BAD): Taolo ya Kalafi ya Phytophotodermatitis e e Bogale (Go Kopanya DNA ya Psoralen UVA, Kalafi ya Corticosteroid ya Setlhogo, le Ditlhokego tsa go Romela Yuniti ya go Fisiwa).
• Tirelo ya Tshedimosetso ya Bosetšhaba ya Botlhole ya UK (NPIS / TOXBASE) & Disenthara tsa Botlhole tsa Amerika: Taolo ya Botlhole ya Conium maculatum (Thibelo ya Mesifa ya Coniine) le Mefuta ya Cicuta (Boemo jwa Moganetsi wa Cicutoxin GABA-A).