Ho Senya ha Mobu, Likhoebo tsa Lefatše, le Motheo o Bakoang ke Komello O putlame¶

**Setsi sa mobu **, ** letsopa le lengata le honyela-ho honyeha **, le makhopho a lefats'e ke likotsi tse senyang mobu tse qhekellang metheo ea meaho, ho kuta likhase tsa tlhaho tse ka tlas'a lefatše le likhoele tsa metsi, mamati a tsoang ka bongata a koaletsoeng, le likhohlo tse bulehileng tsa bolelele ba lik'hilomithara ho theosa le liphula. Ho fapana le karst ea tšohanyetso likoti e oelang ka har'a mahaheng a majoe a mokoetla, ho kokobela ka lebaka la komello le ho sisinyeha ha mobu ho hoholo ho hlasela meaho ka mekhoa e 'meli e fapaneng ea theknoloji ea geotechnical. Taba ea pele, matlapa a smectite le montmorillonite (vertisol) a sebetsa joalo ka seponche sa jeoloji, a ruruha ho fihla ho 500 ho isa ho 1,000 kilopascals (liponto tse 10,000 ho isa ho tse 20,000 ka leoto le leng le le leng) tsa khatello e nyolohang holimo nakong ea pula e matla le khatello e matla ea pula. komello ho hula matlapa a motheo. Ea bobeli, nako e telele metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše aquifer overdraft e etsa hore letsopa le tebileng le masela a seretse (aquitards) a kopane ka ho sa feleng ebe a teba ka 1 ho 9 metres (3 ho 30 feet) ho pholletsa le liphula tsohle, ho atoloha lehoatata kapa alluvial surface ho fihlela e buleha haufi le se seholo lefatše le fissures 10+ 5+ metres (3+ 3 ft) bophara maoto) botebo.

Ho ea ka United States Geological Survey (USGS), British Geological Survey (BGS), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM in France, moo ho honyela ha letsopa ho khetholloang e le Catastrophe Naturelle e kholo e bitsoang Retrait-Gonflement des Argiles), le American Society of Civil Engineers (Amerika) selemo le selemo ho feta likhohola, maholiotsoana le lifefo li kopane. Le hoja ho lokisa litlolo ho bitsa chelete e ngata, ho hloleha hoa motheo ka potlako kapa ho phatloha ha lefatše ka tšohanyetso ** nakong ea sefefo sa lehoatata ho fetoha boemo ba tšohanyetso bo pholosang bophelo ka ho phatloha ka lipeipi tse thata tse ka tlas'a lefatše tsa khase ka tlas'a ntlo, ho koalla batho ba ka har'a menyako e kolokileng, kapa ho koenya batho ba kenang ka har'a mamati a koetsoeng.

Etsa sena hona joale¶

1. Lekola lemati le leng le le leng la ho tsoa le fensetere ea kamore hang-hang, 'me u bule lemati leha e le lefe la ho tsoa le qalang ho khomarela. Motheo o fapaneng oa ho teba kapa oa letsopa o sotha liforeimi tsa mamati a khutlonnetsepa hore e be parallelograms (structural racking). Ketsahalong ea ho kokobela ka potlako kapa ho petsoha ha lefatše, mamati a boima a ka pele, mamati a ka morao, le mamati a karache a ka koahelana ka thata liforeimi tsa tsona tse sothehileng hoo u ke keng ua li raha li bulehile nakong ea mollo oa khase kapa ha siling e putlama. Boloka sebaka sa tšepe kapa sebaka se pshatlang haufi le kamore ea hau ea ho robala 'me u boloke bonyane monyako o le mong oa ho tsoa o notletsoe o sebetsa hantle.
2. *Sheba sebaka se ka ntle moo mithara ea khase, mohala oa propane, le phaephe e kholo ea metsi li kenang leboteng la motheo kapa letlapa la konkreite. Tsamaea ka ntle 'me u shebe ka hloko peipi e phahamisang khase le kopano ea mithara. Haeba mobu o tlohile kapa o tebile ka tlas'a mithara kahoo peipi ea khase e leketlile tlas'a tsitsipano, e kobehile ka lehlakoreng, kapa e pentiloe ka har'a lerako la setene kapa konkreite, ** koala valve e kholo ea khase mithara u sebelisa sekontiri se ka fetolehang sa 30-centimeter (12-inch) ** (fetola valve ea khutlonnetsepa ho likhato tse 90) 'me hang-hang e bitse likhato tse 90.
3. **Lekanya le ho lekanya mapetso a lebota ka hare le bokantle ka ho sebedisa "5-Millimeter / 15-Millimeter". Leha ho le joalo, mapetso a litepisi a diagonal a litene tsa bokantle kapa boloko ba konkreite, mapetsong a bophara holimo ho feta a tlase (kapa ka tsela e fapaneng, a bontša ho thetheha ha rotational), mapetsong a tšekaletseng leboteng la mokatong o ka tlase, kapa leha e le efe ea motheo e petsoha **e bophara ho feta limilimithara tse 5 ho isa ho tse 15 (lihora tse ¼ ho isa ho tse 5) ho hloleha ha motheo wa sebopeho.
4. Dula bonyane dimitara tse 15 ho isa ho tse 30 (maoto a 50 ho isa ho a 100) morao ho tswa ho phahlo efe kapa efe e bulehileng ya mobu, mola wa masoba a manyane, kapa mokoting wa lehwatata (Earth Fissure). Libakeng tse omeletseng le tse omeletseng (joalo ka Arizona, California, Texas, Nevada, Mexico City, Northern China, Iran, le Spain), ho hlaha kotsi e ngata hang-hang. ho phatloha ha moriri kapa ketane ea daisy ea masoba a manyane a boholo ba litoeba (**likarolo tsa lipompo **). Ka tlas'a mobu oo o mosesaane oa mobu o holim'a mobu ho lutse sebaka se patiloeng se otlolohileng 3 ho isa ho 15 metres (maoto a 10 ho isa ho a 50) se emetseng ho putlama ha motho, pere, phoofolo e ruuoang, kapa koloi e e tšela, kapa hang ha sefefo sa lialuma sa lehlabula se tšollela phahlong.
5. klzzwxh:0066 komello 'mu bona lekhalo 2 ho 8 centimeter (1 ho 3 inch) e bula pakeng tsa mobu o omeletseng le letlapa la konkreite, sebelisa mongobo o liehang, o laoloang ka ** soaker hose e behiloeng 45 ho 60 centimeters (18 ho 24 inches) ho tloha leboteng la motheo ** bakeng sa metsotso e 15 ho isa ho e 30 habeli ka letsatsi. Ho qhalla lilithara tse likete tsa metsi ka ho toba forong e bulehileng ea motheo ho ka baka ho fufuleloa ha letsopa ka tšohanyetso kapa ho tlosa likotlo tse tšehetsang mobu.
6. Koala valve ea ntlo e kholo haeba u utloa metsi a phallang ka tlas'a letlapa la konkreite kapa u bona libaka tse futhumetseng/ho phahamisa lithaele tsa fatše. Metsi ao a lutlang a tlatsa pokotho ea letsopa e ommeng hantle ka tlas'a bohare ba ntlo, e bakang seqhomane se phahamisang ** dome heave* se phahamisang mabota a kahare ka 5 ho 15 centimeters (2 ho 6 inches) ka libeke.

Ho petsoha ha motheo, ho phahama ha letsopa, le sets'oants'o sa ho phatloha ha lefatše¶

Sebelisa sefate sena sa liqeto tsa boenjiniere le polokeho ho lekola mapetsong a fatše, ho robeha ha marako, le ho thetheha ha motheo ho potoloha thepa ea hau.

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    Start["Ho Lemohuoa Motsamao o Motheong kapa ho Petsoha ha Motheo:<br/>Mabota a Petsohileng, Menyako e Khomarelang, Likheo tsa Mobu, kapa Phatso e Bulehileng ea Ground"] --> DangerCheck{"A na ho na le IMMEDIATE LIFE-SAFETY<br/>lifolakha tse khibidu tse teng hona joale?"}

    DangerCheck -->|"EE: Monko oa khase / peipi e llang, mahokelo a lerata,<br/>lebota la kamore e ka tlase e tšekaletseng (>2.5 cm),<br/>kapa lephatlo la ka tšohanyetso le kang khohlo ka jareteng"| EvacImmediate["MOLAO OA HO PHOLOSOA KA HANGOA NAKO:<br/>1. Tlosa batho bohle le liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng tse bohole ba limithara tse 30+ (100+ ft) <br/>2. O SE KE oa tšoara liswichi tsa mabone, lisebelisoa, kapa mamati a karache <br/>3. Koala mitha ea khase ka ntle le mochini oa metsi FEELA ha ho bolokehile ho fihla <br/>4. Letsetsa 911/112/999 le Gas Utility Emergency Line"]

    DangerCheck -->|"HA HO na ho putlama hanghang kapa ho lutla ha khase: <br/> Lekola mofuta oa mobu kapa motsamao oa sebopeho."| PatternType{"U bona mokhoa ofe oa ho petsoha kapa<br/>fatše?"}

    PatternType -->|"3"| EarthFissure["FISSURE EA LEFATŠE (Subsurface Tension Void):<br/>1. Feta sebaka sa buffer sa 15 ho isa ho 30 m (50 ho isa ho 100 ft) <br/>2. LE KA mohla u se ke ua tsamaea, ua palama lipere, kapa ua khanna holim'a mapheo a marang-rang <br/>3. Phapanyetsa marotholi a marulelo & phallo ea sefefo HOLE le lekhalo<br/> (metsi a pula a fetola lekhalo la 2 cm ho ba lekhalo la 5 m ka metsotso)<br/>4. Tlaleha ho State Geological Survey / Taolo ea Moroallo ea Setereke"]

    PatternType -->|"2. Mapetso a Setene a Diagonal Stair-Step,<br/>Mamati aa Khomarela, & Lekhalo la 2 ho isa ho 8 cm ho Around Slab Edge ho Komello"| ClayShrink["HO NYENYANA / HO HLAHALA HA LETSOPA TSE ATLETSENG:<br/>1. Sheba lipeipi tsa khase le metsi tse kenang motheong bakeng sa khatello ea ho kuta <br/>2. Beha hose ea soaker hose ea 45 ho isa ho 60 cm (18 ho isa ho 24 in) ho tloha motheong<br/> (nosetsa butle 15 ho isa ho 30 mins/letsatsi ho boloka mongobo o tšoanang oa mobu)<br/>3. SE KE UA lema lifate tse nyoriloeng haufi le bolelele ba 1.0x ho 1.5x <br/>4. Ikopanye le Moenjiniere oa Sebopeho / Geotechnical (PE) ea nang le laesense"]

    PatternType -->|"3. Center of Concrete Slab Lifting Up (Doming),<br/>Warm Floor Spot, kapa Spinning Water Meter Dial"| SlabLeakHeave["PLUMBING TLAS'A SLAB LEAK E TSOSOA LETSOPA LEHATA:<br/>1. Lekola sesupo sa ho dutla ha metara ea metsi ka lipompo tsohle tse koetsoeng<br/>2. Koala belofo ea metsi ea ntlo e kholo ho thibela ho ruruha ha letsopa ha sebakeng sa heno<br/>3. Letsetsa motho ea sebetsang ka lipeipi bakeng sa hydrostatic/acoustic slab leak leak<br/>4. U SE KE UA patch drywall ho fihlela mongobo oa mobu o tsitsa"]

Ho bapisa likotsi tse 5 tse kholo tsa ho sisinyeha ha mobu le motheo¶

Beng ba matlo, bakhanni le batho ba arabelang maemong a tšohanyetso hangata ba ferekanya motsamao o moholo oa letsopa, ho theoha ha aquifer sebakeng, maphao a lefatše, litšiea tsa karst le hydrocompaction. Ho tseba hore na ke mokhoa ofe oa geological o ka tlas'a maoto a hau ho etsa qeto ea hore na u ka lula u sireletsehile joang.

Deep dive 1: Mobu oa letsopa o pharaletseng hakae ("Koluoa e patiloeng") o senya matlo ka komello le pula¶

Mobu o atolositsoeng oa letsopa, o tsejoang tikolohong e le bentonite kapa Pierre Shale e Colorado le Dakotas, Houston Black Clay / Gumbo e Texas, Yazoo Clay e Mississippi, London Clay ho pholletsa le Southern England, Argiles Vertes naheng ea Fora, le Black Cotton Soil (Vertisol) ho pholletsa le Afrika, India-Vertisols liminerale (haholo-holo montmorillonite). Ho fapana le lithollo tsa lehlabathe kapa silt tse lutseng haufi le tse ling, likristale tsa montmorillonite ke liplatelete tse bataletseng tse nang le tefiso e matla ea motlakase holim'a tsona. 1. Hobaneng Letsopa le Atolositsoeng le Phahamisa Mehaho e Mehaho e Mengata (Mokhahlelo oa ho Ruruha): Ha metsi a pula kapa metsi a lutlang a thetsa letsopa le omileng la montmorillonite, limolek'hule tsa metsi a polar (\(H_2O\)) le li-ion tse nang le "positively charged" (\(Na^+\), \(Ca^{2+}\), $Mg^{2+}pakeng tsa kristale ka matla), $Mg^{2+} letlapa la ho atoloha joalo ka accordion. Letsopa le atolositsoeng le hlahisa khatello e eang holimo ea \(250\text{ho ea ho}1,000+\text{ kilopascals}\) (\(5,000\text{ho isa ho }20,000+\text{pounds per square foot}\)). Hobane ntlo e tloaelehileng ea mekato e le 'ngoe kapa ea mekato e 'meli e hloka feela \(50\text{ho }150\text{ kilopascals}\) (\(1,000\text{ to }3,000\text{ psf}\)) ea boima bo theosang maotong a eona a sa tebang, Letsopa le ruruhileng le phahamiselitse bokahare ba hydrau kapa hydraulic jacka ntlo habonolo. 2. Hobaneng ha Komello e Khabahatsa Slabs ka Halofo ("Edge Drop / Center Doming")**: Nakong ea lehlabula le lelelele komello kapa Dome ea khale ea mocheso, mobu o pota-potileng karolo e ka ntle ea ntlo oa omella ebe o fokotseha ka holimo le holimo ka ** 10 ho ea ho karolo ea 25 lekholong*, ha mobu o ka tlaase ho bohareng ba letlapa la konkreite o lula o le mongobo ebile o ruruha hobane letlapa le le sireletsaore le se ke la fetoha mouoane. - Ha letsopa le ntse le honyela, mathōko a ka ntle a motheo oa ntlo a sala a leketlile a sa tšehetsoa moeeng (cantilevered) ka lebaka la sekheo sa \(2\text{ to }8\text{ centimeters}\) (\(1\text{ho }3\text{inches}\)). - Matla a khoheli a hulela mabota a sa tšehetsoeng ho ea tlase (** marotholi a moeli / bohareng ba puso **), a koba letlapa la konkreite holim'a tutulu e mongobo e bohareng ho fihlela letlapa le phunyeletsa ka halofo, le hahola lerako le ka hare la li-angles tse 45-degree ka holim'a liforeimi tsa mamati le ho hula lichimney tsa ka ntle tsa litene hole le marulelo.

The Tree Root Desiccation Multiplier (Molao oa "1x to 1.5x Tree Height")¶

Ho ea ka UK Institution of Structural Engineers (IStructE), British Geological Survey, le French BRGM, **ka holimo ho karolo ea 50 lekholong ea ho hlōleha ho matla ha motheo oa komello mobung oa letsopa ho bakoa ke lifate tse kholo tse lenngoeng haufi le ntlo **: - Sefate se le seng sa oak, moluoane, poplar, eucalyptus, elm, ash, kapa cottonwood se fetisa 400 ho 1,000+ lilithara (100 ho 260+ galone) ea metsi ka letsatsi ** ho tloha letsopa le ka tlas'a motheo oa hau nakong ea komello ea lehlabula, e monyang lesapo la letsopa le omeletseng ho tloha ho 10 metres ho ea ho 10 metres * ho ea ho 5 metres. - Sebaka se Sireletsehileng sa ho Lema: Le ka mohla u se ke ua lema lifate tsa mahlaku a sephara tse batloang haholo haufi le motheo mobung oa letsopa ho feta 1.0 ho 1.5 makhetlo a bolelele ba sefate se holileng (\(15\text{ to }25\text{ meters}\) [\(50\text{ to }80\text{ feet}\)]). - Temoso Khahlanong le ho Rengoa ha Lifate ka Tšohanyetso: Haeba sefate se seholo, se nang le lilemo tse mashome e se se ntse se hola haufi le ntlo ea hau holim'a letsopa le atolositsoeng, **O SEE UA rema sefate hang-hang ntle le ho buisana le moenjiniere oa geotechnical. Ha sefate se seng se hōlile se rengoa ka tšohanyetso, mokotla oa letsopa o entsoeng ka tlas’a ntlo oo sefate se ileng sa omella ka lilemo tse 30 o tla monya metsi hape lilemong tse 2 ho isa ho tse 5 tse tlang ebe o ruruhela ho ea holimo (**post-removal clay heave **), e phahamise le ho petsola ntlo ho feta kamoo komello e entseng kateng. Ho faola moqhaka o laolehileng le litšitiso tsa metso ke mekhoa e meng e sireletsehileng.

Tafole ea Structural Crack Triage: Ho bala Sehlopha sa Kotsi ea Kaho (BRE Digest 251 / ASCE Standards)¶

Baenjineri ba meralo lefatšeng ka bophara ba sebelisa BRE Digest 251 (Setheo sa Lipatlisiso tsa Kaho) sekala sa sekhahla sa crack-width ho arola mapetsong a se nang kotsi a plaster ea litlolo le ho hloleha ha motheo o kotsi:

Ho qoela botebong ba 2: Likhoropo Tsa Lefatše le Leholo le Moemeli oa metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše¶

Likotlolong tse itšetlehileng ka metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše ho pota, ho kenyeletsoa Arizona (Phoenix, Pinal County, Tucson, Cochise County), California's San Joaquin le Coachella Valleys, Texas (Houston-Galveston le El Paso), Nevada (Las Valley), Southern Utah (Cedar Valley / Enoch* Bohareng* Mexico City*, Mexico City le bohareng ba Mexican) (Beijing-Tianjin)**, Mabala a Iran a Tehran le Rafsanjan, le Sepania sa Guadalentín Basin, ho pompa metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše ho matla nakong ea komello ea lilemo tse ngata ho etsa hore sebaka sa naha se tebe ka potlako.

Kamoo Pepe e Nyenyane ea Moriri e Fetohang ho ba Lekhalo le Tebileng la Limithara tse 15 ka Motšehare o Mong oa Motšehare¶

1. Phapang ea Compaction Over Bedrock Highs: Ha metsi a pompuoa ho tsoa lehoatateng le tebileng la alluvial, matsoai a teteaneng a bohareng ba phula aa teteana 'me a teba ka \(1\text{ho }5\text{met}\) ($3\text{ho }16\text{maoto ka tlas'a thaba), ha letsoapo le ka tlas'a thaba), ridge ha e tebele ho hang.
2. Ho Petsoha ha Moaho o Fetang ka Tlase: Ho teba hona ho kobeha likarolo tse ka holimo tsa mobu oa lehoatata holim'a lefika le patiloeng, ho hulela mobu ka tsela e tšekaletseng (**mokhoa o tsitsitseng **). Ka tlas'a lefatše (\(5\text{ho }20\text{ metres}\) down), ho buleha lekhalo le otlolohileng, leha karolo e ka holimo ea \(1\text{ ho }2\text{ metres}\) ea holim'a mobu e koala sekheo.
3. Lipeipi tse ka tlas'a lefatše le ho putlama ha marulelo: Ha metsi a manyane a pula a theoha holimo ho ea lephatsong le ka tlas'a lefatše, a hohola lehlabathe le hlephileng ho ea tlase, a koalla kotopo e kholo ea ka tlas'a lefatše ka lisenthimithara tse ka tlas'a lehoatata. Ka holim'a metsi, seo u se bonang feela ke mothapo o fokolang oa moriri kapa mola o otlolohileng oa masoba a manyane a \(20\text{-centimeter}\).
4. The Washout-Flood Washout: Ha sefefo se matla sa sefefo sa lehlabula kapa pula ea litloebelele e otla (sheba sehlooho sa rona flash floods guide), lilakane tsa metsi a holim'a naha li tšela mekoting eo e menyenyane. Ka nako ea metsotso e 15 ho isa ho e 60, metsi a phallang a liha marulelo a litšila ho pholletsa le bolelele bohle ba lepetso la tsitsipano e ka tlas'a lefatše, a bula khohlo e nang le marako a pota-potileng **2 ho isa ho 10 metres (6.5 ho 33 feet) bophara, 5 to 15 metres (16 to 50 feet) deep, and 16 to 50 feet) le bolelele ba 30 miles (20 km) ho ea holimo ho 1 kilometers (2) bolelele ba lik'hilomithara tse 1 * halofo ea bona, ho koekoetla ho thibela likhohola, le ho senya matlo.

4 Melao e Tlamang ea Tšireletseho Bakeng sa ho Phela Kapa ho Tsamaea Libakeng Tsa Mafao a Lefatše¶

1. klzzwxh:0085 Hangata beng ba matlo ba leka ho "tlatsa" lekhalo la mobu setšeng sa bona ka ho phunyaitšila tse hlephileng kapa ho tšela likotopo tsa marulelo ho eona. Litšila tse hlephileng li hlatsoa ka kotloloho mokoting o tebileng oa tsitsipano e ka tlas'a lefatše, 'me ho tšela metsi lephatlong ho potlakisa khoholeho ea ka tlas'a lefatše ho leba motheong oa ntlo ea hau.
2. *Beha mehlape, lipere, li-ATV le bahahlauli hole le melapo ea lihlahla tsa lehoatata kapa masoba a manyenyane. Makhulong a omeletseng, makhopho a lefatše a atisa ho tšoara mongobo o monyane pele a putlama, 'me a etsa mola o otlolohileng oa lihlahla tse tala kapa lifate tsa mesquite holim'a mobu o omileng, o nang le masoba a manyenyane. Pere kapa ATV e tšelang mola oo e ka phunyeletsa borokho ba mobu o mosesaane ho kena sekoting se otlolohileng sa limithara tse 10.
3. Sheba Limmapa tsa semmuso tsa Earth Fissure pele u reka thepa kapa moaho: United States, Arizona Geological Survey (AZGS) Natural Hazards Viewer, United States Geological Survey (USGS) Land Subsidence Portal, le Houston-Galveston Area Subsidence District e phatlalatsa limmapa tsa boemo ba literata tsa GIS le libaka tse sebetsang tsa lefatše
4. Le ka mohla u se ke ua silafatsa metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše ka lekhalo: Hobane lekhalo la lefats'e ke kotopo e otlolohileng e theohang ka kotloloho ho limithara tse mashome kapa tse makholo ho ea ho aquifer ntle le ho tlhotla mobu, ho dutla ha tanka efe kapa efe, ho tšolloa ha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, kapa liphoofolo tse shoeleng tse oelang lephatlong li silafatsa phepelo ea metsi a nooang ka kotloloho.

Tlhokomelo ea mongobo ea motheo e sireletsehileng nakong ea komello¶

Haeba u phela mobung oa letsopa o pharalletseng nakong e feteletseng komello, sepheo sa hau ke eseng ho etsa hore mobu o be seretse, e leng se etsang hore ho ruruhe ho ea holimo, kapa ho o tlohella hore o ome, e leng se etsang hore ho fokotsehe ho theohela tlaase. Sepheo sa hau ke **mongobo o ts'oanang, o sa khaotseng ho potoloha sebaka sohle sa 360-degree ea ntlo **:

• Sebelisa hose ea soaker e butle kapa mohala oa nosetso o behiloeng lisenthimithara tse 45 ho isa ho tse 60 (18 ho isa ho 24 inches) hole le lebota la motheo: Le ka mohla u se ke ua beha lethopo la soaker ka kotloloho khahlano le letlapa la konkreite moo lekhalo le seng le butsoe; metsi a phallang ka ho toba lekhalo leo a tla phalla ka tlas'a maoto le ho nolofatsa matla a ho jara a mobu. Ho beha hose ka lisenthimithara tse 45 ho isa ho tse 60 ho lumella mongobo hore o koale ka mahlakoreng le ho lekana ho pholletsa le sebaka sa motso.
• Nosetsa mabota a chesang a shebileng ka boroa le a shebileng bophirima ka liperesente tse 25 ho isa ho tse 50 ho feta mabota a shebileng leboea a moriti: Ho phatloha ho hoholo ha motheo ho batla ho qala ** hukung e ka boroa-bophirima ea ntlo** (Karolong e ka Leboea ea Lefatše) hobane thapama mocheso oa letsatsi o chesa mobu o ka boroa le o ka bophirima o omme ha lebota le ka leboea le lula le le mongobo moriting.
• Tlosa maemo a matle le ho atolosa metsi a marulelong bonyane limithara tse 1.5 ho isa ho tse 3 (maoto a 5 ho isa ho a 10) ho tloha motheong: Ha komello e qetella ka moroallo oa litloebelele, ho qhalloa ha metsi a marulelong ka kotloloho k'honeng ea ntlo ho tla kokomoha haholo ha motheo o ntse o omme, o phunya letlapa holim'a marulelo.
• Hlahloba hore na ha ho na ho lutla ha lipeipi tse patehileng khoeli le khoeli u sebelisa sesupo sa ho lutla ha mithara ea hau ea metsi: Tima pompo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe, moetsi oa leqhoa le ntloana ka tlung, ebe u sheba meter ea hau ea metsi ea seterateng metsotso e 10. Haeba daele e nyenyane e khubelu kapa e putsoa e ntse e bilika ho hang, u na le phaephe e patehileng e lutla e ka bakang koluoa ​​​​ea letsopa tlas'a letlapa la hau.

Lipotso tse botsoang khafetsa¶

Nka tseba joang haeba lepetso la lebota la ntlo ea ka e le setlolo se se nang kotsi kapa ke ho se sebetse ho kotsi ha motheo oa mohaho?¶

Lekola bophara ba crack, moo e eang teng, le hore na ea fetoha ha nako e ntse e ea. Mapetsong a hairline a tšesaane ho feta limilimithara tse 1 ho isa ho tse 2 (1/16 inch) hammoho le manonyeletso a theipi ea drywall kapa lihukung tsa mamati hangata ha a na kotsi ho setlolo. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, mapetsong a litepisi a pota-potiloeng ke setene kapa konkreite e ka ntle, mapetsong a tšekaletseng a tsamaeang le ho inama leboteng la mokatong o ka tlase, mapetsong a pharalla haholo pheletsong e 'ngoe ho feta a mang (a bonts'a ho thetheha ha rotational), kapa phatso efe kapa efe e bophara ho feta limilimithara tse 5 (3/16 inch, bophara ba motheo oa lemati le lifensetere tse tsamaeang ka tšohanyetso). e hloka ho hlahlojoa ke moenjiniere oa meralo ea nang le lengolo la tumello.

Ke hobane'ng ha ho le kotsi ho koala lekhalo le haufi le motheo oa ntlo ea ka ka hose ea serapeng nakong ea komello?¶

Ha komello e matla e honyela mobu oa letsopa o hole le letlapa la motheo la konkreite, le siea lekhalo la 2 ho isa ho 8 centimeter (1 ho isa ho 3 inch) ho pota-pota, ho tšela metsi a mangata ka ho toba lepetsong leo le bulehileng ho baka liphoso tse peli tsa boenjiniere. Ntlha ea pele, metsi a sa lefelloeng a theoha ka ho toba lepetsong le ka tlas'a motheo oa konkreite, a fetola mobu o jereng moroalo seretse se fokolang e le hore lerako le tebe le ho feta. Taba ea bobeli, ho tlala ka tšohanyetso sebakeng ho etsa hore sebaka se le seng se metsi sa letsopa la montmorillonite se ruruhele holimo ha likarolo tse omeletseng tse haufi li ntse li theohile, ho baka khatello e matla ea ho kuta e petsolang letlapa. Ho e-na le hoo, beha hose ea soaker butle lisenthimithara tse 45 ho isa ho tse 60 (18 ho isa ho 24 inches) hole le lebota la motheo 'me u e tsamaise ka nako e khutšoane ea metsotso e 15 ho isa ho e 30 ho khutlisetsa mobu butle-butle.

Phapano ke efe pakeng tsa ho petsoha ha lefatše le phoso ea tšisinyeho ea lefatše kapa karst sinkhole?¶

Ho fapana le phoso ea tšisinyeho ea lefatše (e tsamaisoang ke motsamao o tebileng oa tectonic plate le ho ntša seismic shockwaves) kapa karst sinkhole (e hlahang ha metsi a nang le asiti a qhibiliha marulelong a mahaha a mokoetla), phatso ea lefatše ke lekhalo la tsitsipano le bakoang ke ho pompa ha motho metsi a ka tlas’a lefatše ka har’a likotlolo tse omeletseng. Ha ho pompa metsi ka mokhoa o feteletseng ho ntša metsi a nang le metsi, phula ea phula ea kopana ebe e teba ka limithara tse 'maloa; moo seretse seo se tebang se fihlang holim'a lefika le patiloeng, mobu o ikarola ka tlas'a lefatše. Ha metsi a mangata a pula a tšolohela lepetsong la tsitsipano e patehileng, a hoholeha marulelo a mobu ho tloha ka tlaase ’me a heleha ka tšohanyetso mokoting o fihlang ho limithara tse 10 ka bophara le bolelele ba lik’hilomithara.

Ke hobane'ng ha ho rema sefate se seholo se hōlileng haufi le ntlo ea ka ho ka senya motheo oa ka ho feta ho o siea moo?¶

Haeba sefate se omeletseng (joaloka sefate sa eike, moluoane, popoliri, kapa eucalyptus) se ’nile sa mela haufi le ntlo e mobung o moholo oa letsopa ka lilemo tse 20 ho isa ho tse 40, metso ea sona e ’nile ea monya ka ho sa feleng pokotho e tebileng ea letsopa e omeletseng lesapo ka tlas’a lehlakore leo la mohaho. Haeba ka tšohanyetso u rema sefate ka ho feletseng, sebaka se shoeleng sa metso se khaotsa ho ntša metsi; nakong ea lipula tse 1 ho isa ho tse 5 tse latelang, mokotlana oo oa letsopa o khaotsoeng o monya lilithara tse likete tsa metsi ebe o kokomoha ho ea holimo ka lisenthimithara tse 5 ho isa ho tse 15, o phahamisa lehlakore leo la ntlo ka mokhoa o senyang o bitsoang post-removal clay heave. Kamehla buisana le moenjiniere oa geotechnical kapa arborist pele o tlosa lifate tse holileng mobung oa letsopa.

Mehloli e hlahlobiloe¶

• United States Geological Survey (USGS): Sebaka sa Mobu sa United States (Circular 1182 & 1405), Aquifer System Compaction, and Earth Fissure Mechanics in Alluvial Basins.
• ** Arizona Geological Survey (AZGS):** Earth Fissure Center, Subsurface Piping Collapse Dynamics, le Melaoana ea Tšireletseho ea Mong'a Lehae/Meruo ho Around Fissures Tse Matla.
• British Geological Survey (BGS) le Building Research Establishment (BRE, United Kingdom): Shrink-Swell Clay GeoSure Hazard Mapping, BRE Digest 251 (Tlhahlobo ea Tšenyo Meahong e Tlase), le NHBC Khaolo ea 4.2 (Ho Haha Lifate Tse Haufi le Matsopa a Atolositsoeng).
• Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM, France): Retrait-Gonflement des Argiles (RGA) Thibelo le Maemo a ho Fokotsa Sebopeho.
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States) le American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE): Mobu o Atolositsoeng le Maemo a Motheo oa Bolulo (ASCE 7 / PTI DC10.5 Moralo oa Slab-on-Ground ka Matsopa a Atolositsoeng).

Litataiso tse amanang¶

• Sinkholes: matšoao a lemosang le ho falla hang-hang
• Komello: paballo ea metsi le ho phela malapeng
• Litšisinyeho tsa lefatše: ho theoha, ho koahela, ho tšoarella, le litšisinyeho tse latelang
• Likhohola tse matla: ho falla hanghang sebakeng se phahameng
• Libaka tsa khale tsa mocheso le ho pholoha ha mocheso o feteletseng