Matshwao a Tlhokomediso a Kganya e Haufi (Moriri o Emeng Qetellong) le Ground Current¶

Ha sefefo sa sealuma, kapa leru le hole la sealuma 10 ho 16 lik'hilomithara (6 ho isa ho 10 miles) tlas'a leholimo le bonahalang le leputsoa ("bolt from the blue"), le haha matla a maholo a motlakase a 100 milione ho isa ho 1 billion volts lipakeng tsa leru le Lefatše le ka tlase, mocha oa lekala o bitsoang negatively (or stepped air**) o qala ka tefiso e fosahetseng. fatshe. Ka **metsotsoana e 2 ho isa ho e 10 ea ho qetela pele moetapele eo a hokahana le molatsoana o fihlang holimo ho tsosa setorouku sa ho khutla sa 30,000-ampere **, sebaka sa sebaka sa motlakase sa sebaka sa fatše se feta 10,000 ho isa ho 100,000 volts ka mitha, se hlahisa matšoao a hlakileng a tlhokomeliso ea 'mele oa hau:

1. Moriri o eme o otlolohile qetellong: Li-ion tse nang le tjhaja hantle tse kentsoeng letlalong la hao le matsoho lia koekoetlana 'me li huleloa holimo ho moetapele ea theohang, e leng se etsang hore moriri o hloohong, molala, kapa liphatla tsa hau li phahamisoe moeeng.
2. Letlalo le Hloekileng, Li-Goosebumps, le Tatso ea Metallic kapa Ozone: Mothapo o matla oa electrostatic o theola methapo e ka holimo sefahlehong le matsohong a hau ha corona ionization e arola oksijene ea sepakapaka (\(\text{O}_2\)) ho ba bohale, joalo ka chlorine **ozone (\(3\)text){O}
3. Ho Buzzing, Click, Hissing, or Vibrating Metal Objects: Litšipi tsa tšepe, lilepe tsa leqhoa, liforeimi tsa mekotla, lithupa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi, terata ea terata, litšepe tsa libaesekele, le lipalo tsa likepe li ntša molumo o hlakileng ** oa molumo o phahameng, o tsubetlehang kapa o llang** (joaloka monko o monate oa bacon).
4. St. Elmo's Fire (Blue-Violet Corona Glow): Lintho tse nchocho, joalo ka mafika a tlhōrōng ea lithaba, malebela a leqhoa, mastboat a sekepe, manakana a seea-le-moea, kapa menoana e phahamisitsoeng ea motho ea ntseng a hloella maotong, a qala ho benya ka khanya e nyarosang, e fokolang bluish-violet kapa purple plasma corona discharge.

Haeba u fumana leha e le le leng la matšoao ana a mane, lehalima le tlohang fatše le tobane le sebaka seo u leng ho sona nakong ea metsotsoana. Seo u se etsang nakong e latelang metsotsoana e 3, le ho utloisisa hore na ke hobane'ng ha Ground Current (Step Voltage) le Side Flash li baka 65% ho isa ho 80% ea mafu le likotsi tsohle tsa lehalima ho e-na le ho otla ka ho toba, ho etsa qeto ea hore na uena le sehlopha sa hau le tla phela. Tataiso ena e pharaletseng e akaretsa liketso tsa hang-hang tsa ho theoha ha metsotsoana ea 3, ke hobane'ng ha ho robala fatše ho bolaea nakong ea seteraeke se haufi, mokhoa oa ho pholoha Ball Lightning, le ** Reverse Triage CPR** bakeng sa mahlatsipa a otloang ke lehalima a tsamaisanang le Tsamaiso ea Sechaba ea Leoatle le Atmospheric (NOAA / NWS), Wilderness Medical Society (WMSC), The Centers for Disease Control and UK

Etsa sena hona joale¶

Haeba moriri oa hau o eme qetellong, letlalo la hao lea hlohlona, lisebelisoa tsa tšepe li qala ho luma/penya, kapa u bona khanya e putsoa-violet (Mollo oa St. Elmo) ka ntle:

1. U SE Emise ho Nka Senepe kapa U tšehe: U na le metsotsoana e 2 ho isa ho e 10 pele lehalima le otla sebaka seo u leng ho sona. Haeba ho na le **koli ea tšepe e thata e koetsoeng ka botlalo ** kapa ** moaho o moholo o kentsoeng ** ka har'a 2 ho metsotsoana e 3 ea sebaka sa lebelo (limithara tse 5 ho isa ho tse 10 / maoto a 15 ho isa ho a 30), ikakhela ka hare ho eona hang-hang.
2. Lahla Lisebelisoa Tsohle tsa Metal le Carbon-Fiber 'me u Suthelle Limithara tse 5 ho isa ho tse 10 ho tloha ho eona ka Motsotsoana o le mong:
3. Hang-hang lahlela fatše ** lithupa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi tsa graphite/carbon-fiber, melangoana ea kolofo, lipalo tsa aluminium tse tsamaeang ka maoto, lilepe tsa leqhoa, lithunya, likhele, le mekotla e entsoeng ka tšepe e entsoeng ka tšepe **, 'me u nke mehato e 3 ho isa ho e 5 ho tloha ho tsona (le hole le sefate leha e le sefe se ka thōko, summit cairn, terata ea terata, kapa terata).
4. Haeba o ka Tshwa Bula ka Zero Shelter nakong ya Metsotswana e 3, Theohela Hanghang ho "Heels-Together Lightning Crouch":
5. ** Squat fatše ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang libolong tsa maoto a hau ** (ho fokotsa bolelele ba hau e le hore hlooho ea hau e se ke ea hlola e e-ba mohloli oa molapo o molelele ka ho fetisisa ho ea holimo).
6. ** Tobetsa lirethe tsa hao ka thata hammoho ** e le hore lieta tsa hao tse ka letsohong le letšehali le le letona li ama: haeba lehalima le otla fatše le haufi 'me le romela radial ** fatše hona joale ** ho pholletsa le lefats'e, lirethe tse amang li etsa potoloho e khutšoanyane ho tloha leotong le leng ho ea ho leoto le leng e le hore hona joale ** HA E tsamaee ka leoto le le leng, ho pholletsa le pelvis ea hao le pelo, le ho theosa leoto le leng **.
7. **Beha hlooho ea hau fatše pakeng tsa mangole 'me u hatelle matsoho a hao ka thata holim'a litsebe tsa hau ** (ho sireletsa litsebe tsa hau ho **200-decibel explosive acoustic shockwave ** ea seteraeke se haufi) le ** koala mahlo ** (ho thibela bofofu ba flash).
8. ** LE KA mohla u se ke ua tšoara fatše ka matsoho kapa mangole, 'me U SE KE UA robala fatše**: Ho robala fatše ho pota-pota 'mele oa hao ho pota 1.5 ho isa ho 2 metres (5 ho 6 feet) ea radial voltage gradient, ho tsamaisa lefatše le bolaeang ka ho toba sefubeng le bokong ba hao.
9. Haeba le le Sehlopha, Hatelang Hang-hang ho "30-Meter (100-Maoto) Molao oa Phatlalatso":
10. Le ka mohla u se ke ua phutheha hammoho ka sehlopha se tiileng nakong ea sefefo sa motlakase. Boloka ** bonyane limithara tse 6 ho isa ho tse 30 (maoto a 20 ho isa ho a 100)** ka thoko pakeng tsa motho e mong le e mong e le hore mohato o le mong o ke keng oa kenya sehlopha sohle ho tšoaroa ke pelo hang-hang, ho etsa bonnete ba hore baphonyohi ba sa tsoa kotsi ba lula ba falimehile ho etsa CPR.
11. Le ka mohla U se ke Ua Ema ka Tlas'a Sefate se Kathoko, Khahlanong le Lerako la Rock Cliff, kapa ka har'a lehaha le sa tebang le okametseng:
12. Ho ema ka har'a 1 ho isa ho 3 limithara (maoto a 3 ho isa ho a 10) ea kutu ea sefate ho etsa hore ho be le Side Flash e bolaeang (bolt e qhomela ho tsoa kutung ea sefate moeeng ho ea 'meleng oa hau o sa hanyetseng).
13. U lutse ka har'a lehaha le sa tebang la lefika kapa lefika le metsi moo hlooho ea hau e leng ka har'a 1.5 metres (5 feet) ho tloha siling kapa mokokotlo oa hau o ama litselana tsa lebota la lefika ** arc-face surface arc** ka ho toba hloohong le mokokotlong oa hau.
14. Haeba Motho a Otloa ke Lehalima, Etsa "Reverse Triage" 'me U qale CPR Hang-hang (Ho Sireletsehile 100% ho ba Tšoara):
15. Mahlatsipa a lehalima SE KE oa jara motlakase o setseng: o ka a tšoara hang hang ha lebone le fela.
16. Haeba batho ba bangata ba otloa, ** iphapanyetsa batho ba bobolang, ba hoeletsang, kapa ba sisinyehang , 'me ba mathela ka ho toba ho motho ea bonahalang ** a shoele ka ho feletseng, a hlotse, a le putsoa, ​​a sa phefumolohe ("Reverse Triage"): lehalima le sebetsa joalo ka ts'isinyeho e kholo ea DC e senyang pelo le ho holofatsa ka nakoana setsi sa ho hema boko. Hang-hang ** phefumoloho ea pholoso, CPR, le AED ** li fana ka tekanyo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea ho pholoha ea ho tšoaroa ha pelo leha e le efe meriana.

Tlhokomeliso ea lehalima e haufi le chate ea ho pholoha ha lefatše¶

flowchart TD
    Start["HO FUMANOA MATŠOA TEMOSO A TEMOSO EA HAU TLA<br/>• Moriri o eme qetellong / ho hlohlona ha letlalo / monko oa ozone<br/>• Lipalo tsa tšepe, terata, kapa lithupa tsa ho tšoasa litlhapi li ntse li lla/ ho tobetsa<br/>• Blue-violet St. Elmo's Fire e bonesa linthong tse nchocho"] --> ShelterDist{"Na Koloi ea Tšepe e Koetsoeng ka Botlalo kapa Moaho oa Bohlokoa<br/>nakong ea metsotsoana e 2 ho isa ho e 3 ea lebelo la lebelo (limithara tse 5 ho isa ho tse 10)?"}

    ShelterDist -->|YES: Within 2 to 3 Seconds| SprintIn["KENA KA HARE KA KOLOI KAPA MOHAHO HANG-HANG<br/>Phutha lifensetere tsa koloi; tlosa matsoho liforeimi tsa mamati a tšepe & seea-le-moea;<br/>ka hare ho moaho, lula hole le mehala ea likhoele, lipompo tsa metsi, & lifensetere"]

    ShelterDist -->|NO: Caught in Open Terrain, Ridge, Water, or Field| DropGear["EA BOBELI 1: LIKHONTA TSA JETTISON LE LINTHO TSE PHELELENG ."]

    DropGear --> GroupSpread["EA BOBELI 2: GROUP DISPERSAL (20 ho 100 Feet Apart)<br/>Hasa litho tsa sehlopha bonyane 6 ho 30 metres (20-100 ft) ho arohana <br/>kahoo sebaka se le seng sa hona joale se ke ke sa sitisa mopholosi e mong le e mong"]

    GroupSpread --> CrouchPose["EA BOBELI 3: NKA 'LIRETHE-MMOHO LEHALA LEHAKA'<br/>1. Koala tlaase libolong tsa maoto a hao (haeba u na le foam pad/ropo khoele,<br/>e lahlele ka tlas'a maoto a hao pele)<br/>2. Tobetsa LIRETHE TSE PELI HAHOLO MMOHO (o tlosa Mohato oa Voltage)<br/>3. Beha hlooho fatše, koala litsebe ka matsoho, koala mahlo<br/>4. LE KA mohla u se ke ua robala fatše 'me U SE KE UA tšoara fatše ka matsoho"]

    CrouchPose --> PostStrike{"Na lehalima le ile la otla motho kapa sehlopha?"}

    PostStrike -->|Yes: Victim(s) Struck| ReverseTriage["ETSA 'REVERSE TRIAGE' & IMMEDIATE CPR<br/>1. Mohlaseluoa o na le ZERO residual motlakase: ama hang hang<br/>2. Phekola lehlatsipa la 'mofu' (apneic/pulseless) PELE pele ho bobola bahlaseluoa <br/>3. Qala Pholoso Breathing + Chest Compressions + AED hang-hang<br/>(Pelo hangata e qala bocha ka boeona ha ho phefumoloha ha boko ho lula ho shoele litho <br/>bakeng sa 15-30 min: phefumoloho e tsoelang pele ea pholoso e thibela ho tšoaroa ha hypoxic ea bobeli)"]

    PostStrike -->|No: Warning Signs Subside| EvacDown["Theoha hang-hang ho tloha mokolokong, tlhōrōng, kapa lebaleng le bulehileng<br/>Ema metsotso e 30 e tletseng ka mor’a sealuma sa ho qetela pele u qala tšebetso"]

Mekhoa e 5 ea Kotsi ea Lehalima (Hobaneng Likotlo tse Tobileng E le Feela 3% ho isa ho 5% ea Maemo)¶

Batho ba bangata ba nahana hore ho bolaoa kapa ho lematsoa ke lehalima, lebone le leholo le tsoang leholimong le tlameha ho u otla ka ho toba hloohong. Ha e le hantle, litsebi tsa thuto ea maemo a leholimo le tsa bongaka li bontša hore **literaeko tse tobileng li baka feela karolo ea 3 lekholong ho ea ho karolo ea 5 lekholong ea likotsi tsohle tsa lehalima **. E 'ngoe ** karolo ea 95 lekholong ho ea ho karolo ea 97 lekholong ** e bakoa ke litsela tse' nè tse sa tobang tsa motlakase le tsa mechine:

Deep Dive 1: Seo U Lokelang ho se Etsa Libakeng tse Khethehileng tse nang le Kotsi e Phahameng Ha Matšoao a Ho otla a Hlaha¶

1. Alpine Ridges, Mountain Summits, and Via Ferrata (Tsela Tsa Ho Hōlela Litšepe)¶

Haeba u ka ts'oaroa ka holim'a moalo oa sefate mosikong oa thaba ha lipalo tsa maoto li qala ho luma, rock pinnacles e lla le mollo oa St. Elmo, kapa moriri o ema ka tlas'a helmete:

• Tloha Ridge Crest ka Limithara tse 15 ho isa ho tse 30 (Maoto a 50 ho isa ho a 100) Ho ea holimo: Motlakase o phahameng ka ho fetisisa o lutse haufi le lesapo la mokokotlo le nchocho la leralla le tlhōrōng ea cairn. Hang-hang u theohe **15 ho isa ho 30 metres (maoto a 50 ho isa ho a 100) holim'a letsoapo la leeward flank ** ka tlase ho seretse.
• Qoba Lithaba tse sa tebang tsa Rock Wet, Lichimney, le Likaroloana tsa Mahaheng a Nyenyane:
• Metsi a pula a tšolohang ka har'a mafika kapa chimney a sebetsa joalo ka lehalima la tlhaho ho theosa le thaba.
• The "Shallow Cave Death Trap": Le ka mohla u se ke ua khasetsa ka holim'a lefika le lenyenyane kapa lehaheng le sa tebang moo ho nang le moea o hlakileng o ka tlase ho **1.5 metres (maoto a 5) ka holim'a hlooho ea hau ** le **1.0 meter (maoto a 3.3) ka mahlakoreng' ohle **. Ha lehalima le otla lefika le ka holimo, lebelo la hona joale le theoha molomong oa lefika le ka ntle ** le tlolela hantle molomong oa lehaha le sa tebang ka hlooho le torso ** ho fihla mokatong oa lehaha.
• ** Iketsetse Maoto a Hao ka Ropo ea Hao ea ho Holimo kapa Pad ea Foam e Koetsoeng**: Haeba u qobelloa ho robala lirethe hammoho le lehalima holim'a granite e kolobileng kapa scree, lahlela thapo e omeletseng ea ho hloa nylon, lesela le koetsoeng la EVA la foam, kapa letlapa le se nang tšepe holim'a letlapa le ka holim'a mokokotlo*
• Haeba Ho Hloa ka Via Ferrata (Tsela ea Cable ea Tšepe): Tšepe e tsamaeang ka thapo ea ferrata ke lere le leholo la lehalima la lik'hilomithara tse ngata le kenngoeng lefikeng. Haeba u ka theoloa ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng holim'a thapo e sephara, e bataletseng hole le thapo, suthela bonyane limithara tse 3 ho isa ho tse 5 (maoto a 10 ho isa ho a 16) ho tloha thapong ea tšepe 'me u khumame holim'a pakete ea hau. Haeba u le sefahlehong se otlolohileng moo ho theoha ho bolelang ho oela lefung, lula u koaletsoe ke lesela la hao la lesela / nylon e monyang matla (le ka mohla u se ke ua tšoara thapo ea tšepe ka matsoho a hao), tobetsa litulo tse peli tsa lieta tsa rabara khahlanong le lejoe ka lirethe tse amang, 'me u boloke torso ea hao le helmete li le hōle le sefahleho sa lefika.

2. Ka hare ho Tente kapa Campsite morung¶

• Tente e fana ka ZERO Lightning Protection: Aluminium, fiberglass, kapa carbon-fiber tent poles li sebetsa joalo ka lithupa tse nyane tsa lehalima, 'me ho robala ka mokokotlo oa hau ka har'a tente e hlomiloeng haufi le sefate se selelele sa phaene sebakeng se hlakileng ho pepesa bolelele ba 'mele oohle oa hau ho bolaea Ground Current le Side Flash.
• Moo o Ka Emisang le Mokhoa oa ho Beha ka Tenteng Nakong ea Sefefo se Matla sa Motlakase:
• Haeba u khetha sebaka sa boemo ba tšohanyetso, khetha setulo se ts'oanang sa lifate tse khuts'oane sebakeng se tlase se tepeletseng maikutlo kapa phuleng (se lutseng bonyane 3 ho isa ho 5 metres ho tloha kutu ea sefate se haufi le ka ntle ho motso oa sefate leha e le sefe se seholo se ikemetseng).
• Haeba lehalima le matla le feta ka holim'a hlooho bosiu ha u ntse u le ka tenteng, **U SE KE UA robala fatše tenteng : tsosa motho e mong le e mong, bokella lisebelisoa tsa boroko tse koetsoeng le mekotla e ommeng ea ho robala ka har'a qubu e teteaneng e bohareng ba tente (hole hole le lipalo tsa tente tsa aluminium palo le tente e kolobileng ka holim'a tente ea hau ka holim'a tente ea hau ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang), ho huleloa ka thata sefubeng sa hao le maoto a hao hammoho ho fihlela mokokotlo oa sefefo o feta.

3. Ball Lightning: Seo e leng sona le Hore na U ka Etsa Joang Haeba Sebaka se Khanyang se Kena ka Kamoreng kapa Sefofane.¶

**Lehalima la bolo ** ke ketsahalo e sa tloaelehang, e tlalehiloeng ka mahlale ea plasma ea sepakapaka (e nkuoeng le ho lekanngoa ka li-spectrograph tsa lebelo le phahameng) eo hangata e hlahang hang ka mor'a ho otla ha lehalima le haufi le leru ho ea fatše joalo ka *phapameng e sa phaphametseng, e khanyang ea lamunu, mosehla, o mosoeu, kapa o moputsoa oa ionized:

• ** Litšobotsi tsa 'Mele**: Ho tloha ho boholo ba bolo ea kolofo ho ea ho bolo ea lebopong (lisentimitara tse 5 ho isa ho tse 40 / bophara ba lisenthimithara tse 2 ho isa ho tse 16), e tsamaea e tšekaletseng ho 1 ho isa ho limithara tse 3 motsotsoana boemong ba mahlo (hangata e phaphamalang ka lithapo tsa motlakase, ho theosa le liphasejeng tsa sefofane kapa ho kena ka lifensetereng tsa hae, kapa ho kena ka lifensetereng tsa sefofane, kapa ho kena ka lifensetereng. e qhetsola hanyenyane, e monko o matla oa ozone (\(\text{O}_3\)) le sulphur/nitrogen oxides e tukang, 'me e nka 2 ho isa metsotsoana e 15 pele e nyamela ka khutso kapa e qetella ka seqhomane se phatlohang se matla, se thibang litsebe se ka pshatlang likhalase le ho chesa motlakase.
• Molao oa Ketso oa Hang-hang bakeng sa Lehalima la Ball:
• Ema u khutsitse kapa u furalle butle butle: LE KA mohla u se ke ua sotha, ua ama, kapa ua lahlela ntho leha e le efe sebakeng sa lehalima.
• Se ke oa tšoara lisebelisoa leha e le life tsa tšepe, li-radiator, liforeimi tsa lifensetere, kapa lithapo tsa motlakase ka phaposing ha sphere e ntse e le teng.
• Sireletsa mahlo le litsebe tsa hau, 'me hang-hang u hlahlobe mello e menyane e kubellang likhareteneng, pampiring kapa lithapong tsa motlakase ka mor'a hore sedikadikwe se qhalane kapa se phatlohe.

Deep Dive 2: Thuso ea Pele Bakeng sa Bahlaseluoa ba Ho Otloa ke Lehalima ("Reverse Triage" le ho Phefumoloha ha Nako e telele ea Pholoso)¶

Tlhokomelo ea bongaka ka mor'a ho otla ha lehalima e fapana haholo le ts'oaetso e tloaelehileng ea ts'oaetso le motlakase oa motlakase oa liindasteri o matla haholo:

1. Hobaneng ha Bahlaseluoa ba Lehalima ba E-na le Sekhahla se Phahameng sa Katleho ea ho Tsosolosa (Haeba U ka Nka khato ka Metsotsoana e 60)¶

Ha lehalima 30,000-to-200,000-ampere le feta le ho feta 'meleng oa motho, nako ea ho phalla ha joale ke e khuts'oane ka ho sa tloaelehang, ke milliseconds e 1 ho isa ho tse 100 feela (sekete ho isa ho karolo e le 'ngoe ho tse leshome tsa motsotsoana):

1. Mokhoa oa "Ho Tšoaroa Habeli" (Cardiac Asystole vs. Medullary Respiratory Paralysis):
2. Ho buuoa hoo ha millisecond DC ka nako e le 'ngoe ho senya sele e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea myocardial ka pelong, ho lahlela pelo ho ** instantaneous asystole (flatline standstill) ** kapa ** ventricular fibrillation **, ha e ntse e le millisecond e ts'oanang ** e holofatsang setsi sa phefumoloho ea ho hema ka har'a boko ba medulla ** ho hema * ka ho feletseng * ho khaotsa ho hema * lehlatsipa.
3. The Crucial Physiological Twist: Hobane pelo e na le intrinsic pacemaker (automaticity in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular node), pelo e nyenyane e phetseng hantle e otloang ke lehalima hangata e qala ho otla ka boeona ka morethetho o tloaelehileng oa sinus nakong ea metsotsoana e 30 ho isa ho e 90.
4. Hobaneng ha mohlaseluoa a ntse a e-shoa ntle le uena: Le hoja pelo ea mohlaseluoa e qala ho otla hape ka bo eona, setsi sa bona bokosi sa ho hema se sala se maketse ebile se shoele litho ka metsotso e 10 ho isa ho e 30. Hobane motho ea hlasetsoeng ha a khone ho hema, oksijene ea mali e theoha ho ea ho zero metsotsong e 3 ho isa ho e 5 e latelang, e leng se etsang hore pelo e sa tsoa qala ho hema secondary fatal hypoxic cardiac arrest.
5. Kamoo "Reverse Triage" le Pholoso ea Hang-hang Ho Phefumoloha ho Pholosa Bophelo:
6. Koluoeng e tloaelehileng ea likotsi tse ngata (joaloka kotsi ea bese), lingaka li tlōla batho ba se nang ho otla kapa ho phefumoloha ebe ba phekola ba phelang. Ha u otla ka lehalima, u etsa se fapaneng hantle ("Reverse Triage"):
   • Mang kapa mang ea llang, a llang, kapa a otla ka mor'a ho otla ha lehalima ** o se a ntse a hema 'me o na le pelo e otlang **: ka sebele ba tla pholoha metsotso e 15 e latelang ntle le ho kenella hang-hang.
   • Mathela ka ho toba ho mohlaseluoa ea shebahalang o shoele ka ho feletseng, o mosehla/putsoa, ​​a hlotsa, a sa phefumolohe.
   • Sheba sekhahla sa carotid bakeng sa metsotsoana e fetang 5 ho isa ho 10: haeba ho se na ** ha ho pulse **, qala ** CPR e feletseng (30 sefuba compressions ho 2 pholoso phefumoloho) ** 'me u sebelise ** AED ** hang-hang. Haeba lehlatsipa E NA le ho otla ha pelo empa A sa phefumolohe, fana ka phefumoloho e tsoelang pele ea Pholoso (phefumoloho e le 1 metsotsoana e meng le e meng e 5 ho isa ho e 6 / phefumoloho e 10 ho isa ho e 12 ka motsotso bakeng sa motho e moholo) ho fihlela boko ba bona bo tsoha ebe ba qala ho phefumoloha ka bobona.

2. Matšoao a Ikhethang a Kliniki a Ho Otloa ke Lehalima (Seo U sa lokelang ho se Tseba Hantle)¶

Ha ho hlahlojoa motho ea pholohileng lebaleng kapa ambulense, liphuputso tse tharo tsa khale tsa 'mele li ka qhekella bapholosi hore ba nahane hore mokuli o na le kotsi e mpe ea boko kapa o shoele bokong ha ba ntse ba khona ho fola ka botlalo:

1. Bana ba Tsitsitseng le ba Atolositsoeng (Autonomic Keraunoparalysis of the iris):
2. Hangata lehalima le baka methapo ea nakoana ea "autonomic nerve" e makatsang ea ciliary ganglion le iris sphincter muscle, 'me e siea seithuti se le seng kapa ka bobeli se tsitsitse ebile se bulehile (dilated). Le ka mohla u se ke ua nka bana ba tsitsitseng le ba atolositsoeng ka mor'a ho otla ha lehalima ho bolela lefu la boko kapa ho tsieleha ha boko ho ke keng ha khutlisoa: tsoela pele ho tsosolosa ka ho feletseng.
3. Keraunoparalysis (Leoto la Nakwana le Leputswa, Le batang, le se Nang Pelse, Maoto a holofetseng):
4. Ho fihlela ho ** liphesente tse 70 tsa baphonyohi ba letolo la lehalima ** phihlelo ea keraunoparalysis: ho holofala ha nakoana, ho tšosang ha mahlakore a ka tlaase (kapa matsoho) a tsamaeang le "arterial vasospasm* e tsamaisoang ke catecholamine ** e fetolang maoto ka bobeli -aese e batang, mottled blue-white, pulse, le nakoana.
5. Le hoja mokokotlo oa mokokotlo o lokela ho bolokoa haeba motho ea hlokofalitsoeng a lahleloa fatše, keraunoparalysis ka tloaelo ** e rarolla ka boomo ho feta 1 ho lihora tsa 12 ** ha spasm ea vascular e fela.
6. Lipalo tsa Lichtenberg (Mefuta ea Ferning) le Li-Eardrum tse Robehileng:
7. Lipalo tsa Lichtenberg: Ho tšoana le masiba, makala a bokhubelu-sootho paterone ea fern e hlahang letlalong nakong ea hora e 1 ka mor'a seteraeke ('me e nyamela nakong ea lihora tse 24 ho isa ho tse 36). Ke **eseng cheso ea mocheso **; li bakoa ke ho fetisoa ha electron-shower ea lisele tse khubelu tsa mali ka ntle ho li-capillaries tsa letlalo 'me ke 100 lekholong ea pathognomonic (diagnostic) ea ho otla ha lehalima.
8. Ho phatloha ha Membrane ea Tympanic (50% ho isa ho 80% ea bahlaseluoa): The cylindrical shockwave of superheated air (\(30,000^\circ\text{C}\), mocheso ka makhetlo a mahlano ho feta holim'a letsatsi) hangata e butsoe e le 'ngoe kapa tse peli tsa tsebe, e bakang mali ho tsoa kanaleng ea tsebe, ho ba le lets'ollo le ho fosa litsebe. ho robeha ha lehata).
9. Mofufutso o nang le masiba / mouoane o qhibilihisitsoeng le mabanta a qhibilihisitsoeng: Hobane lehalima le lengata le potoloha ka ntle ho 'mele (**kantle ho khanya **), le fetola mofufutso oa letlalo hore e be mouoane, li-zippers tse haholang, lieta le likausi maotong, 'me e baka ho chesoa ha letlalo ka holimo kapa ho phunya letlalo, ha mesifa e ntse e chesoa ka mokhoa o makatsang. mesifa e tebileng mme e baka rhabdomyolysis e kholo).

Lipotso tse botsoang khafetsa¶

Ke ne ke ntse ke hloa tselana ea thaba le lelapa la ka ha moriri o molelele oa morali oa ka ka tšohanyetso o phaphamala o otlolohile moeeng joalokaha eka o tšoara jenereithara ea Van de Graaff setsing sa pokello ea nalane ea mahlale. Bohle ba ile ba tsheha mme ba ntsha mehala ya bona ho nka senepe. Re ne re le haufi hakae le ho shoa?¶

Lelapa la hau le ne le le ka hare ho metsotsoana e 2 ho isa ho e 10 ka mor'a letolo le otlolohileng kapa le haufi le leru le otlolohileng. Ha moriri o eme o otlolohile qetellong ka ntle, ho bolela hore moetapele ea qosoang o se a ntse a theoha lerung 'me molatsoana o nyolohang o nyoloha hloohong ea morali oa hau ho ea kopana le oona. Bahahlauli ba makholo ba 'nile ba otloa ha ba ntse ba eme bakeng sa foto ea moriri oa bona ba eme. Haeba u bona moriri o phahamisoa, ho hlohlona ha letlalo, kapa ho utloa lipalo tsa tšepe li lla, le ka mohla u se ke ua khefutsa motsotsoana o le mong ho nka foto: hang-hang li tlohele lipalo tsohle tsa tšepe/khabone le lipakete, li arohane bonyane ka limithara tse 6 ho isa ho tse 30 (maoto a 20 ho isa ho a 100), u theohele sebakeng se phahameng, 'me u koale ka lirethe-'moho le lehalima le koahetseng litsebe ka matsoho a hao.

Ke hobane'ng ha litsebi tsa sejoale-joale tsa polokeho ea lehalima li re u leke ho lula u mathela koloing kapa moahong haeba ho khonahala, 'me FEELA u sebelise "boikutlo ba lehalima" e le khetho ea ho qetela metsotsoana ea ho qetela?¶

Ka lilemo tse mashome, libuka tsa khale tsa ka ntle li ile tsa ruta batho ho itihela fatše moo ho nang le lehalima hang ha sefefo sa lialuma se qala ebe ba lula ba iname sebakeng se bulehileng ka metsotso e 45. Litaelo tsa sejoale-joale tsa NOAA le Wilderness Medical Society li hatisa hore ho koekoetla lebaleng le bulehileng nako ea halofo ea hora HA HO u sireletse lehalimang: ke koloi feela e koetsoeng ka tšepe e katiloeng ka holim'a tšepe kapa moaho o moholo o nang le lithapo le lipeipi (tse sebetsang joalo ka lesaka la Faraday) tse fanang ka tšireletso ea 'nete. Ka hona, ha sefefo se ntse se atamela, u lokela ho tsamaea ka potlako ho ea mohahong o sireletsehileng, koloi kapa sebaka se tlaase ka tlas'a sefate. The heels-hammoho lehalima crouch ke ka tieo ts'ireletso ea tšohanyetso ea ho qetela-ea bobeli e sebelisoang bakeng sa 10 ho metsotsoana ea 60 ha matšoao a lemosang a ho otla (moriri o eme qetellong, tšepe e hlabang, mollo oa St. Elmo, kapa sub-second flash-to-bang thunder ka ho toba) e bontša bolt e haufi le ho otla hona joale 'me ha ho na tšireletso e ka hare ho 3 print.

Na ke ’nete hore libutsi tsa ho tsamaea tse entsoeng ka rabara kapa lithaere tsa koloi tsa rabara li u sireletsa lehalimang?¶

Che: litšepe tsa rabara le lithaere tsa koloi tsa rabara li fana ka sekontiri se le seng khahlano le lehalima le seng le phunyeletse lik'hilomithara tse 3 (2 miles) moeeng o sireletsang ka li-volts tse limilione tse 300. Sole ea rabara ea 2-centimeter e phunyeletsoa habonolo ke lehalima. Lebaka leo ka lona u sireletsehileng ka ho feletseng ka har'a koloi ea tšepe e thata (e nang le lifensetere tse phuthoang 'me matsoho a hao a le holim'a foreimi ea tšepe) ha e amane le lithaere tsa rabara: ke phello ea Faraday cage (phello ea letlalo) ea marulelo a tšepe a koaletsoeng le 'mele oa koloi, o tsamaisang motlakase oohle ho pota-potile khetla ea tšepe e ka ntle ea koloi ebe o qhomela arc ho tloha mabiling a lebili ntle le ho ama tselaneng ea mopalami. Li-convertible, likepe tsa fiberglass-top, likariki tsa kolofo, le lithuthuthu ha li na cage ea tšepe ea Faraday 'me li fana ka tšireletso ea lehalima.

• Tataiso ena ke ea merero ea tlhahisoleseling, 'me ha e nke sebaka sa tlhahlobo ea bongaka ea litsebi kapa lithupelo tsa ho sebelisa meriana ea lefeelleng. Hobane ho phefumoloha hang-hang ho pholosa le CPR ke eona ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea ho pholoha ha pelo e otloa ke lehalima, re khothaletsa ka matla ho nka thupelo e amohelehang ea CPR, AED, le Wilderness First Aid ka International Federation of Red Cross le Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), sechaba sa hau sa Sefapano se Sefubelu, St John Ambulance, kapa Wilderness Medical Society.

Mehloli e hlahlobiloe¶

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) & National Weather Service (NWS, United States): Tshireletso ea Lehalima: Saense ea Baeta-pele ba Mohato, Melapo e Phahameng, Ground Current, Side Flash, le Matšoao a Temoso a Haufi.
• Wilderness Medical Society (WMS): Litaelo tsa Boikoetliso ba Mekhatlo ea Meriana ea Wilderness Medical Practice bakeng sa Thibelo le Phekolo ea Likotsi tsa Lehalima (Reverse Triage, Keraunoparalysis, le Backcountry Risk Reduction).
• Litsi tsa Taolo le Thibelo ea Mafu (CDC, United States): Tlhokomelo ea Bahlaseluoa ba Ho Otloa ke Lehalima, Reverse Triage, le Litaelo tsa Tšireletso ea Lehalima ka Ntle.
• Cooper, M. A., & Holle, R. L. (*Springer Atmospheric Sciences *): * Ho Fokotsa Likotsi Tsa Lehalima Lefatšeng Lohle: Mekhoa ea Kotsi (Mohato oa Motlakase, Flashover, le Neuro-Cardiovascular Effects) *.

Litataiso tse amanang¶

• Diaduma le polokeho ya lehadima
• Ho thothomela ha motlakase le ho pholosa lithapo tsa motlakase tse phahameng haholo
• CPR le phefumoloho ea pholoso bakeng sa batho ba baholo
• Liphororo tsa metsi, maholiotsoana a leoatle a matla, le ho qoba likepe tse lebōpong la leoatle
• Derecho, moea o otlolohileng, le ho pholoha ha microburst
• Linomoro tsa maemo a tshohanyetso ho ea ka linaha