Skip to content

Filtre ya Masa ya Backcountry ya Kukangama to ya Kubeba mpi Kusukula Masa na Nswalu

Banimero ya urgence ke swaswanaka na insi. Lutiti yai ke sadilaka 911, nimero ya États-Unis mpi ya Canada. Bansi mingi yankaka kesadilaka 112, 999, to ntalu yankaka. Sosa nimero ya insi na beno.

Kutelama na tenta mosi ya alpine yina kele ti madidi mingi na \(-2\text{ badegre Celsius}\) (\(28\text{ badegre Fahrenheit}\)) mpi kumona nde nge me bika filtre ya masa ya membrane ya fibre hou na nge ya madidi (Sawyer Squeeze, Katadyn BeFree, Platypus QuickDraw, LifeStraw, to MSR Guardian) na kati ya vestibule ya saki na nge na mpimpa na kisika ya kubumbana na kati ya saki na nge ya kulala kele urgence médicale ya backcountry ya pima. Sambu filtre ya masa ya kele ti fibre ya dibulu kele ti mafunda ya ba-tube ya polymère ya fioti-fioti yina kele bonso matiti ya mubisu mpi yina kele ti bibaka ya bapore yina bo me tobula na 0,1 tii na 0,2 microns, masa yina me bikala na kati ya ba-tube yina ya fioti-fioti ke kumaka nene na kiteso ya 9 na kati ya nkama na volime na ntangu yina yo ke kumaka madidi banda na ba-pore ya fioti-fioti. na kati na ntangu nzo ya plastike ya nganda ke monana 100 na kati ya nkama ya kukonda kubeba mpi ya kukonda kubeba na meso. Kana nge landa kufina masa ya masa na nzila ya filtre ya fibre ya dibulu yina mekuma madidi ata mbala mosi, Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis, Campylobacter, E. coli O157:H7, mpi Salmonella ke lutaka na zulu ya bima yina me pasuka mbala mosi na mulangi na nge ya bunkete. Kima ya mbi kuluta kele nde, kana pompi na nge ya ceramique kupasuka, purificateur na nge ya UV (SteriPEN) batire ke fwaka na madidi, to filtre na nge ke kangamaka ngolo ti farine ya matadi ya glase (silt) bakilometre katuka na ntu ya nzila, nge fwete pona na mayele yonso na kati ya Desinfection d’urgence du champ (1-Minute Rolling Boil, Chlorine Dioxide, Household Bleach, Povidone-Iodine, to Solar UV SODIS) mpe kieleka yina ke tuba nde kukonda masa na nitu ke fwaka to ke salaka nde muntu yina ke tambulaka na ngumba me vila ngolo ve na nsungi ya bangunga 24 tii na 72, kansi ba parasite ya ba protozoaire (Giardia mpi Cryptosporidium) ke vandaka ti nsungi ya kukangama ya bilumbu 7 tii na 14.

Kana muntu mosi ya ketambulaka na bangumba na kimvuka na beno kenyokwamaka dezia ti maladi ya ngolo ya kukonda masa na nitu, maladi ya menga, kukonda kukuka na kubumba masa na nsungi ya bangunga kuluta 24, to maladi ya ntu (delirium), binga nimero ya urgence ya bwala na beno (911 na États-Unis mpi na Canada, . 112 na Union européenne ya mvimba, . 999 na Royaume-Uni), basisa SOS ya Satelite na ordinatere na nge . Garmin inReach to iPhone Emergency SOS via Satellite, to tala mukanda na beto ya ke tubilaka mambu ya bansi mingi . nimero ya urgence mbala mosi. Sambu na mambu yonso ya filtre ya masa ya nima ya bwala yina me kuma madidi, me panzana, to me kangama, landa ba protocole ya kumeka bumosi, ya kukatula, mpi ya kufwa bamikrobe na masa na kintulumukina yina kele na nsi.

Sala yo sesepi

  1. Yindula konso filtre ya masa ya fibre ya dibulu ya madidi (Sawyer, BeFree, QuickDraw, LifeStraw) yina kumaka madidi na mpimpa mosi me pasukaka na kati: Nge lenda mona ve mansanga ya fioti-fioti ya glace ya 5 microns na kati ya cartouche ya fibre ya dibulu kana nge tala mpusu ya plastike yina kele na nganda. Kana ba kristale ya glace me salama na kati ya filtre na nge, to kana yau me vanda na nganda ya saki na nge ya kulala na mpimpa ya sub-congélation, bika kutula ntima na yau bonso barrière na nge mosi kaka na ntwala ya ba protozoaire ti ba bactérie mpi sala Test d’Intégrité de la Bubble / Bloc d’Air du Fabricant (Kitini 1 na nsi) kana yau me kuma masa.
  2. MEKA VE ata fioti na kufina masa na nzila ya filtre mosi ya me kuma ndambu ya madidi sambu na ku "kuyoka yo": Kupusa pression hydraulique na ngolo na ba micro-tubes ya polymère ya kufuluka ti glace ke pasula mbala mosi ba fibres intactes yina me bikala. Tula filtre ya madidi na kati ya kazaka na nge na nitu na nge ya tiya na nsungi ya minuta 30 sambu na kuyoka na mutindu mosi ya kukonda kusala kima na ntwala ya kumeka to ya kuyobisa yo na nima.
  3. Soba na Nsiku ya Wolo #1 Metode ya Kusadisa na Nswalu: Kuyoka na Minuta 1 (Minuta 3 Na Zulu ya Bametre 2 000 / Makulu 6 560): Na kutadila Centres ya États-Unis ya Ke Talaka Mambu ya Maladi (CDC), Kimvuka ya Mavimpi ya Nsi-Ntoto ya Mvimba (WHO), ye Société Médicale ya Mfinda (WMS), kunata masa na kuyoka ya ngolo na nsungi ya munuta 1 ya mvimba (to miniti 3 na zulu ya bametre 2 000 / makulu 6 560 kisika kukulumusa ngolo ya mupepe ke kulumusaka kisika ya kuyoka ya masa tii na $93\text{ badegre Celsius\xt\h}degree be) 100% ya bima nyonso ya ke nataka maladi ya bantu na masa (Cryptosporidium, Giardia, bamikrobe, ba virus, na ba amibe) kukonda kukatula.
  4. Kana nge kele ve ti four to carburant, sadila Desinfection Chimique de Sauvegarde (Chlorine Dioxide, Unscented Household Bleach, to 10% Povidone-Iodine) ye DOUBLE ntangu ya kukutana sambu na masa ya madidi: Ba reaction chimique ke kulumukaka na 50% na konso \(10\text{ degrés Celsius}\) (\(18\text{ degrés Fahrenheit}\)) ya kukulumuka ya temperature ya masa. Na masa ya neze ya ngumba ya kele ti masa ya glase (\(4\text{ badegre Celsius} / 39\text{ badegre Fahrenheit}\)), nge fwete kuyidika mbala zole ntangu ya bo ke lombaka sambu na kukutana ti bantu ya nkaka na minuta 30 tii na minuta 60 (to bangunga 4 ti Dioxyde de Chlore sambu na kufwa ba-oopocyste yina kele ti mpusu ya nene mpi *Cryptodium yina kele ti mpusu ya ngolo. nsinga" ya ntu ya mulangi na nge.
  5. Pré-filtrer masa ya matuti, ya poto-poto, to ya glacial-silt na nzila ya bandana + decantation ya kukangama NA NTUALA ya kuyoka to ya kuyika bima ya kimunganga: Turbidité (argile suspendue, potopoto, mpe bima ya mvindu) ke taninaka bamikrobe mpe ba cyste na ba oxidants chimiques mpe na lumière ya chlor ya UV, mpe ke kangamaka na pathogène. Bika masa ya silty kuzinga kukonda kukangama na nzungu na nsungi ya minuta 30 tii na 60, tiamuna couche ya zulu ya kuluta pwelele na nzila ya bandana ya coton ya kukangama to filtre ya kafe, mpi yika dose ya kimunganga na 2x kana masa me bikala na matuti.
  6. Kana nge kele na tiya ZERO, na four ZERO, mpi na bima ya kimunganga ZERO, KUBIKA VE ata fioti nde nge fwa na kukonda masa na nitu na ntoto ya zelo na zelo sambu na boma ya Giardia: Kukonda masa ke salaka nde muntu kufwa na nitu na mutindu ya orthostatique, nge lwala na ba rein, nge kuma kukonda mabanza, mpi nge fwa na kati ya ys2 to Gar da1. bilumbu sambu na kupesa bidimbu (na ntangu yina nge ta vanda na lutaninu na nganda ya bwala ya nima mpi pene-pene ya kisika ya bo ke sansaka bantu yina kele ti metronidazole/tinidazole). Pona nto ya masa ya kele na zulu mingi to masa ya fioti yina ke pesaka madia (na zulu ya masa ya bibulu/ya castor), timuna dibulu ya masa yina ke basikaka na matadi ya fioti-fioti ("Dibulu ya Bazitano")** ya metre 1 (3-foot), sadila Desinfection Solaire à bouteille claire de 6 heures (SODIS) kana ntangu, na kunwa sambu na kubikala na luzingu.

Danger

Mambu yina Ba Tablette ya Kuyoka mpi ya Kimunganga Lenda Katula VE ATA FIOTI: Bima ya kuyoka mpi ya Kimunganga yina ke fwaka bamikrobe (Chlorine Dioxide, Bleach, Iodine) ke fwaka kaka bima ya ke zingaka na luzingu (ba virus, bactérie, mpi ba cystes protozoaires). Bo ke katulaka ve bima ya kilo to bima ya kimunganga (bonso arsenic mpi bima ya kilo yina ke basikaka na nsi ya bamine ya alpine yina bo me yambulaka, bima yina ke fwaka bambisi na bilanga, masa ya petrole yina ke panzanaka, to bima ya ke fwaka nitu/bima ya ke fwaka nitu yina ke basikaka na Cyanobacteria / Harm ).HABs)). Na kutuba ya mbote, masa ya tiya yina kele na fleur ya algue ya cyanobactérie ya vert ke lysé (ke bulaka) ba cellules ya algue mpe ke basisaka mingi toxine ya microcystine yina ke kangamaka na tiya na kati ya masa. Kunwa ve ata fyoti masa na biziba yina mekangama yina mefuluka ti mvindu ya kele bonso peinture ya vert to na masa yina kele na masa ya acide ya orange (pH < 4).

Nti ya lukanu: mambu ya kusala kana filtre na nge ya masa ya bwala ya nima me kuma madidi, me kangama, to me bukana

Landa diagrame yai sambu na kumeka filtre na nge, kuvutula flux, to kubaluka na purification ya urgence:

flowchart TD
    Fail["Filtre ya masa me kuma madidi na mpimpa mosi, me panzana, to me kangama ngolo na insi ya nima"] --> Type{"1. Keti Filtre ya Fibre Hollow Kukumaka Madidi, to Keti Yo Mekangama Kaka ti Silt?"}
    Type -->|"Kukangama Kaka (Kukangama Ve Ata Fioti)"| Unclog["Backflush Masa ya Bunkete ya Ngolo (Mpi Kuyobisa Vinaigre ya Tiya sambu na Bima ya Minerale) -> Kufiltrer Na Ntwala Masa ya Silty na nzila ya Bandana"]
    Type -->|"Kukangama na Mpimpa ya Mvimba to Kubwa/Kupasuka"| Test["2. Kuyoka Malembe-malembe na nitu -> Kusala Teste ya Kukangama ya Mupepe / Bubble (Katadyn BeFree / Dessin rapide de platypus / Céramique)"]
    Test --> Pass{"3. Keti Filtre Lutaka na Teste ya Integrite (To Keti Yo kele Sawyer Kukonda Teste ya Bubble ya Kilanga)?"}
    Pass -->|"Teste ya kukonda kununga TO Kukangama ya ngolo ya mezabana"| Backup{"4. Inki Bisadilu ya Kusukula ya Backup Nge Ke Nataka?"}
    Backup -->|"Four ya Camp / Nzungu ya Kibende / Tiya"| Boil["KITUBA YA WOLO: Nata na Kuyoka na Muniti 1 (Miniti 3 Na Zulu ya 2 000m / 6 560ft)"]
    Backup -->|"Ba tablette ya kimunganga / matonsi (ClO2, javel, yode)"| Chem["Matuti ya ntwala ya filtre -> Yika Dose ya sikisiki -> Ba nsinga ya milangi ya menga -> Vingila 30-60 Min (Bangunga 4 sambu na Crypto w/ ClO2)"]
    Backup -->|"Zero four, Zero tiya & Zero bima ya kimunganga"| NoGear["5. Pona Printemps ya kuluta mbote na zulu ya masa -> Timuna dibulu ya masa ya ke basikaka na matadi ya fioti-fioti + UV ya ntangu ya ke basikaka na mulangi ya pwelele ya bangunga 6 (SODIS) -> Kunwa sambu na kubuya kukonda masa"]

Phase 1: Kumeka kana filtre ya masa ya me kangama to ya kubwa me beba na kati (mpi kukangula filtre ya kufwa)

Bafiltre yonso ve ya fibre hollow mpi ya ceramique ke salaka mambu mutindu mosi na nima ya kusala congelateur, mpi ba modele zole yina bantu mingi ke zolaka (Katadyn BeFree mpi Platypus QuickDraw) kele kibeni ti ekzame ya fiziki ya fiziki ya bo me tungaka (Point de bulle capillaire des pores hydrophiles) yina ke sadisaka nge na kuzikisa na bilanga na basegonde 30 kana bansinga ya fioti-fioti me pasuka.

1. Bametode ya Integrite ya Bilanga na Marque ya Filtre (Sawyer, Katadyn BeFree, Platypus QuickDraw, MSR)

Ba pores hydrophiles ya madidi ya 0,1 micron ke simbaka filme ya fioti ya masa na nzila ya tension surfacielle capillaire yina ke kangaka mupepe ya pression ya fioti na kuluta na kati ya membrane ya madidi (Air-Lock), kansi masa ke lutaka kukonda mpasi. Kana ata nsinga mosi mpamba me kabwana sambu glace me kuma nene, mupepe ke basikaka mbala mosi na kati ya disu yina bonso pneu ya velo yina me tobuka.

Modele ya filtre Keti Nge Lenda Kumeka Yo Na Bilanga Na Nima ya Kukangama? Mutindu ya kuzikisa bumosi ya muntu yina salaka yo Lusambisu kana yo me kuma ngolo
1. Katadyn Kuvanda Kimpwanza (0.1 micron EZ-Membrane ya bunkete) EE (Kumeka ya Kubula Mupepe) 1. Kuyoka filtre yonso mpi kufiltrer mwa ba once ya masa sambu ba pores ya membrane kuvanda 100% ya madidi.
2. Katula masa na kati ya dilonga ya petepete, fulusa dilonga na kati-kati ti mupepe mpamba, tula nsinga ya filtre ya madidi, simba yo na zulu, mpi fina dilonga ya kufuluka ti mupepe ngolo.
3. PASS: E nsongo mia maza mia 0,1-micron miakondwa nsongo mikanga emvimba e mupepe; nzungu ke bikala ngolo mpi mupepe lenda luta ve.
4. FAIL: Kana mupepe ke bula makelele kukonda mpasi na nzila ya munoko ntangu nge ke fiotuna mupepe, bansinga ya dibulu ke pasukaka. Losa yo mbala mosi.		 Teste na nzila ya Teste ya Air-Block; kana konso mupepe ke luta na bansinga ya madidi, yo kele ve mbote.
2. Kusala Dessin ya Nswalu ya Platypus (0.2 micron Fibre ya dibulu) EE (Kutala bubble ya kuvutuka na nima) 1. Fulusa filtre mvimba na kufiltrer masa, na nima fulusa reservoir ya mvindu na ndambu ya masa.
2. Simba réservoir ya kusungama (filtre na zulu) mpe fiotuna masa na zulu tii yau ke basika na nzila ya masa ya kunwa.
3. Tula munoko na nge na zulu ya ntu ya kunwa ya bunkete mpi bula mupepe ngolo na nima na kati ya filtre ntangu nge ke tala kisika ya kubumba masa ya mvindu.
4. PASS: Kaka mwa ndambu ya fioti ya mupepe ya me bikala na basegonde 1 tii na 2 mpi na nima kubula kibaka ya ngolo ya kutelemina (nge lenda bula ve mupepe na kati ya saki).
5. FAIL: Kana masa ya ke landa na kubwa ya ba bubble ya nene ke landa kubwa na nsi na kati ya saki ntangu yonso ya nge ke bula, ba fibre ke pasuka.		 Testa na nzila ya Check ya Bubble ya Blow-Back; yingisa kana mabungu ya ke landa kuluta.
3. Kukangama ya Sawyer / Fioti / Fioti (0.1 micron Fibre ya dibulu) NO (Lenda Mekama Ve na Kilanga ti Mupepe) Sambu Sawyer kesadilaka geometrie ya membrane ya kuswaswana mpi composé ya kutula banzungu yina bo mesala ve sambu na kumeka ya air-block ya konsomatere, lutwadisu ya officiel ya Sawyer ya enzeniere ketuba nde kele ve ti kumeka ya bilanga ya kutudila ntima sambu na kumonisa nde filtre mosi ya Sawyer kupasukaka ve na kati na nima ya kusala congelateur. (Kaka kisika ya kupasuka ya ke monana pwelele, kisika masa ya mvindu ke basikaka na vitesi ya 3x ya normale to ke basikaka na ba couture ya nzo, ke monana). REPLACER / BYPASS: Kana filtre ya Sawyer ya madidi me kuma ngolo na mpimpa mosi, baka yau mutindu yau kele na kigonsa sambu na ba pathogènes (sadila yau kaka bonso pré-filtre ya sediment na ntwala ya kuyoka to ya kusadila bima ya kimunganga).
4. MSR bisalu ya fioti / Poche ya Katadyn (0.2 micron Kima ya ceramique) EE (Kupasuka ya ke monana, Jauge ya étrier, to kumeka ya langi ya madia ya mbwaki) Katula nzo mpi tala mbote-mbote buzi ya ceramique: masa ya madidi na kati ya buzi ya ceramique ya madidi ke basisaka pene-pene ya ntangu yonso kupasuka ya nsuki yina ke monanaka na nsi ya cylindre ya ceramique to ke katulaka ntu ya nsuka ya nsi. Nge lenda mpe kupompa masa ya kuvukisa na langi ya madia ya mbwaki/masa ya betterave (yina fuana luta ve na kitezo ya mingi na kati ya matrice ya carbone/céramique ya kukangama) to kutala na nzila ya jauge ya kubeba ya bibende. Kana nsuki ya kupasuka kemonana na kima yina bo mesala na ceramique, bo kelutaka yo mpi bo lenda sadila yo dyaka ve.
5. MSR Nkengidi ya Kusukula (0.02 micron Fibre ya Kimunganga) Bo me salaka yo sambu na kuguluka na ntangu ya madidi Bo me salaka yo na mutindu mosi ya siki-siki ti bansinga ya dibulu yina ke kangamaka ve na masa mpi yina bo me yidikaka sambu na kukanga ntima na ba cycle mingi ya ngolo ya kukangama-kangama na ntalu ya \(-17\text{ degrés Celsius}\) (\(0\text{ degrés Fahrenheit}\)) kukonda kupasuka ya ba pore (kana yo me kangama mvimba na ntwala ya kupompa). Yo kele mbote na kusadila yo kana yo me kuma masa-masa (kupusa ve ata fioti na kusimba pompi ntangu yo me kuma madidi).

2. Kukangula Filtre ya Fibre Hollow Yina Me Kuma Malembe-malembe na Kilanga

Kana filtre na nge me kumaka ve ata fioti madidi, kansi kufina litre 1 ya masa ke bakaka ntangu yai minuta 10 ya ngolo yina ke kangaka diboko na ntwala, ba pore ya 0,1 micron ke kangamaka ti mfututu ya glace ya fioti / ntoto ya tuma, ba tanine / biofilm, to **ba minerale ya calcium ya kuyuma yina kele na lweka ya carbonate ya calcium let you masa ya ngolo ya kuyuma na kati ya filtre na kati ya banzietelo). Vutula 90% ya masa ti kuvutula yai ya bitambi tatu: 1. Use Warm Clean Water (35 to 45 degrees Celsius / 95 to 113 degrees Fahrenheit, NEVER Boiling Water) for Backflushing: Cold water does not dissolve mineral scale or loosen sticky clay biofilm well. Heat 500 milliliters of clean/treated water on your stove until it is comfortably warm to the touch (never above \(50\text{ degrees Celsius} / 122\text{ degrees Fahrenheit}\), which melts the glue holding the hollow fibers). 2. High-Velocity Pulse Backflush + Shake ("The Coupler Slap Method"): - Using the Sawyer syringe or a clean Smartwater bottle threaded via a blue cleaning coupler onto the clean output nipple, force three fast, high-pressure pulses of warm clean water backward through the filter, then cap or hold both ends with half the water still inside, shake the filter vigorously like a paint can for 20 seconds to agitate silt trapped between the fiber bundles, and blast another syringe of water backward until it runs clear. - For a Katadyn BeFree or Platypus QuickDraw, fill the flask halfway with clean warm water, screw the filter on, and shake it violently for 30 seconds (Swish and Shake) before swishing the exposed fibers in a cup of clean water (never touch or brush the exposed hollow fibers with your fingers or a toothbrush). 3. Prevent Future Clogging by Pre-Settling & Bandana Filtering: Never scoop directly from a milky white glacial river (glacial flour bima ya fioti-fioti ke tesaka \(0,5\texte{ tii na }5\texte{ microns}\) mpi simenti na bapore ya 0,1-micron na mbala mosi). Tula masa na nzungu to na kitunga yina lenda bwa, bika yo vanda ya kukonda kunikana na nsungi ya minuta 30 tii na 60 sambu potopoto kukangama tii na nsi, mpi tiamuna masa ya zulu na nzila ya bandana ya coton ya kele ti ba couche 4 na ntwala ya kufiltrer.

Phase 2: Complete comparison of emergency backcountry water disinfection methods

Sambu na nki ba metode ya nkaka ke fwaka ba virus ti ba bactérie kukonda mpasi na ntangu yo ke nungaka ve na Cryptosporidium? Sambu ba pathogènes yina ke katukaka na masa ke swaswanaka na nene ya nitu na 1 000-mbala mpi na ngolo ya kimunganga na 10 000-mbala:

Pathogen Category Size (Microns \(\mu\text{m}\)) Examples & Symptoms What Kills or Removes It What FAILS Against It
1. Protozoan Cysts & Oocysts \(1.0\text{ to }15\text{ }\mu\text{m}\) (Large, thick-walled) Cryptosporidium parvum (\(3\text{ to }6\text{ }\mu\text{m}\)), Giardia duodenalis (\(8\text{ to }14\text{ }\mu\text{m}\)), Entamoeba histolytica. Causes explosive watery diarrhea, cramps, nausea (incubation 2 to 14 days). 1. Any intact \(0.1\text{ to }1.0\text{ }\mu\text{m}\) microfilter.
2. Boiling (1 min).
3. UV Light (SteriPEN / SODIS).
4. Chlorine Dioxide (4 hours wait).		 Iodine (Betadine / Potable Aqua) and Household Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite) CANNOT reliably kill Cryptosporidium oocysts (which have a triple-layered spore-like shell).
2. Bacteria \(0.2\text{ to }5.0\text{ }\mu\text{m}\) (Medium) Escherichia coli (E. coli O157:H7), Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Leptospira. Causes acute fever, vomiting, bloody dysentery within 12 to 72 hours. ALL METHODS WORK: Intact \(0.1\text{ to }0.2\text{ }\mu\text{m}\) filters, Boiling, Chlorine Dioxide (15 min), Household Bleach (30 min), Iodine (30 min), and UV/SODIS. A cracked/frozen hollow-fiber filter or untreated murky water.
3. Enteric Viruses \(0.02\text{ to }0.1\text{ }\mu\text{m}\) (Tiny, 100x smaller than bacteria) Norovirus, Hepatitis A, Rotavirus, Enterovirus. Causes violent projectile vomiting and diarrhea within 12 to 48 hours (common near high-use campsites or human sewage). 1. Boiling (1 min).
2. Chemical Disinfection (Chlorine Dioxide, Bleach, Iodine, 15 to 30 min).
3. UV Light or \(0.02\text{ }\mu\text{m}\) Ultrafilter (MSR Guardian / Grayl).		 Nsiku \(0.1\mambu{ tii na }0.2\mambu{ }\mu\mambu{m}\) Bafiltre ya Fibre ya Dibulu (Sawyer, BeFree, QuickDraw) KUKATULA ve ba virus kukonda mpasi sambu ba virus (\(0,02\texte{ }\mu\texte{m}\)) kele fioti mbala 5 kuluta ba pores ya \(0,1\texte{ }\mu\texte{m}\).

Phase 3: Dose ya sikisiki mpe ba protocoles ya bilanga samu na Kuyoka, Bima ya Kimunganga, Kit ya Lusadisu ya Ntete Iode, mpe Kuyoka na Ditadi

Kana filtre na nge ya ntete me fwa, sala mosi na kati ya ba protocole tanu yai ya bo me zikisaka sambu na kufwa bamikrobe na kintulumukina:

Metode 1: Kufwa Bamikrobe na Tiya (Fiziki ya Kuyoka mpi ya Kuluta Zulu)

  • Sambu na Inki Kuluta Na Zulu Ke Bikaka Ve Kuyoka Sambu Na Kusala: Na nivo ya nzadi-mungwa, masa ke yokaka na \(100\text{ ba degrés Celsius}\) (\(212\text{ badegre Fahrenheit}\)). Na bametre 3 050 (makulu 10 000), masa ke tobukaka na \(90\text{ badegre Celsius}\) (\(194\text{badegre Fahrenheit}\)), mpi na bametre 4 260 (makulu 14 000) na Ngumba ya Rainier, Colorado ke tobukaka na masa14'. \(85,5\masonama{ badegre ya Celsius}\) (\(186\masonama{ badegre ya Fahrenheit}\)).
  • Fortunately, thermal microbiology studies curated by the CDC and Wilderness Medical Society (WMS) prove that Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts, E. coli, and Hepatitis A virus are inactivated within seconds once water temperature exceeds \(70\text{ to }85\text{ degrees Celsius}\) (\(158\text{ to }185\text{ degrees Fahrenheit}\)). By the time water reaches a rolling boil at any terrestrial mountain elevation up to 6,000 meters (19,600 feet), it has already spent several minutes climbing from \(70\text{ degrees Celsius}\) to \(85+\text{ degrees Celsius}\) (Pasteurization):
  • Na nsi ya bametre 2 000 (makulu 6 560): Nata masa na kuyoka ya ngolo na minuta 1 ya mvimba.
  • Na zulu ya bametre 2 000 (makulu 6 560): Nata masa na kuyoka ya ngolo na minuta 3 ya mvimba (to kuyoka na minuta 1 mpi kubika mufiniku ngolo na zulu ya nzungu ya kukangama na minuta 5 sambu na kusimba tiya na zulu ya \(80\text{ degrees canister sa\) Celsius).
  • What if you have a campfire, a plastic water bottle (Nalgene / Smartwater), and NO metal pot? ("Hot-Rock Boiling" & "Plastic Bottle Fire-Boiling"):
  • Method A (Indigenous Hot-Rock Pit Boiling): Dig a small bowl-shaped pit in the ground, line it with a waterproof pack liner, rain jacket, or hollow log (or use a thick-walled HDPE Nalgene bottle with the wide mouth open), heat fist-sized dry terrestrial granite/basalt rocks in your campfire for 30 minutes (NEVER use wet river rocks from the streambed, which contain trapped water pockets that explode like shrapnel when heated in a fire), brush the ash off with a green stick, and drop 3 to 5 glowing-hot rocks using two forked sticks into the water vessel until the water boils vigorously for 1 to 3 minutes.
  • Method B (Boiling Directly Inside a Plastic PET Bottle Over Coals): Because liquid water inside a thin plastic Smartwater (PET) bottle absorbs heat from the plastic wall and cannot rise above \(100\text{ degrees Celsius}\) (\(212\text{ degrees Fahrenheit}\)), while PET plastic does not melt until \(250\text{ degrees Celsius}\) (\(482\text{ degrees Fahrenheit}\)), you can fill a plastic bottle completely to the very brim (leaving the cap OFF or loose so steam pressure doesn't explode the bottle) and hang it by its neck with a cord or green stick just above hot campfire coals until the water inside reaches a rolling boil.

Method 2: Emergency Chemical Disinfection Dosing Table (ClO2, Household Bleach, and First-Aid Kit Povidone-Iodine)

Even if you forgot dedicated water purification tablets, your backcountry first-aid kit (10% Povidone-Iodine / Betadine antiseptic solution to 2% Tincture of Iodine) or vehicle emergency kit (Unscented Household Chlorine Bleach) can purify dozens of liters of water. Follow this exact CDC / EPA / WMS Dosing Chart per 1 Liter (1 Quart) of Water:

Chemical Disinfectant Exact Dose per 1 Liter (1 Quart) of Clear Water Dose for Cloudy OR Very Cold Water (\(< 5^\circ\text{C} / 41^\circ\text{F}\)) Mandatory Contact Wait Time Before Drinking Critical Safety & Medical Contraindications
1. Chlorine Dioxide Tablets or Drops (Aquamira / Katadyn Micropur MP1) 1 Tablet per 1 Liter (or 7 drops Part A + 7 drops Part B, mixed in cap for 5 min until yellow, per 1 Liter) 1 to 2 Tablets (or 14 drops A + 14 drops B for cloudy water) 15 to 30 minutes for Bacteria, Viruses & Giardia.
4 FULL HOURS if cold/turbid water may contain Cryptosporidium.		 Gold-standard chemical: The ONLY field chemical tablet that reliably penetrates and kills Cryptosporidium oocysts (when given the full 4-hour contact time).
2. Unscented Household Liquid Bleach (6% na 8.25% Sodium Hypochlorite) 2 Drops per 1 Liter (8 drops per US Gallon) 4 Drops per 1 Liter (16 drops per US Gallon) 30 minutes at room temp (15°C+).
60 minutes in icy mountain water (< 10°C / 50°F).		 Use ONLY plain, unscented bleach (never splash-less, scented, or color-safe bleach). Treated water should have a faint chlorine smell after 30 minutes; if not, repeat dose once and wait 15 more minutes. Does NOT kill Cryptosporidium.
3. First-Aid Kit 10% Povidone-Iodine (Betadine Antiseptic Liquid) 8 Drops per 1 Liter (0.4 mL per Liter, delivering \(\sim 4\text{ mg/L}\) free iodine) 16 Drops per 1 Liter (0.8 mL per Liter) 30 minutes in warm water.
60 minutes in cold snowmelt water.		 Zikisa nde mulangi ke tuba nde "10% ya Povidone-Iode (1% available iodine)" mpe kele VE scrub ya operation yina kele na savon/detergent. Kusadila ve iode kana nge kele na divumu, kana nge kele na maladi ya tiroide, to kuluta bamposo 3.
4. First-Aid Kit 2% Tincture of Iodine (to Potable Aqua Tetraglycine Hydroperiodide Tablets) 5 Drops of 2% Tincture (or 2 Potable Aqua Tablets) per 1 Liter 10 Drops of 2% Tincture (or 2 Tablets + 60 min wait) per 1 Liter 30 minutes in warm water.
60 minutes in cold water.		 Ndongisila ya mbote sambu na kukatula ntomo ya yode ya ndudi: NA NIMA ntangu ya mvimba ya minuta 30 tii na 60 ya kukutana me mana 100%, yika mwa ndambu ya Vitamine C (acide ascorbique / Emergen-C / mvingu ya malafu ya agrume): yo ke balulaka mbala mosi ntomo ya ndudi (te\(2) yode (\)\masonama{mono}^-$). (KUYIKA VE ATA FIOTI Vitamine C na ntwala nde minuta 60 kumana, to yo ke neutraliser iode na ntwala nde yo fwa bamikrobe).

Kitini ya mfunu sambu na bametode yonso ya kimunganga: "Kukatula menga na bansinga ya mulangi".

Mosi ya mitindu ya kuluta mingi yina bantu yina ke tambulaka na bangumba ke bakaka kaka Giardia na nima ya kusadila Aquamira, decolorant, to ba tablette ya iode kele bansinga ya milangi ya kele ti mvindu: 1. When you dip your wide-mouth Nalgene or narrow-mouth Smartwater bottle into a creek to fill it, raw creek water clings to the outside and inside screw threads of the bottle neck. 2. If you drop a chemical tablet in and screw the cap tightly shut for 30 minutes, the treated water inside the bottle never touches the raw creek water trapped in the screw threads, and the first sip you take washes those live Giardia cysts straight off the threads into your mouth. 3. How to Bleed the Threads: After adding your chemical drops/tablet and shaking the bottle for 30 seconds, unscrew the cap half a turn (two revolutions), turn the bottle upside down over the ground, and squeeze slightly so 15 milliliters (1 tablespoon) of the chemically treated water sloshes out over the neck threads and cap rim, then tighten the cap back down and start your 30-to-60-minute timer.

Phase 4: Zero-gear survival (Solar Disinfection SODIS, Gypsy Seepage Wells, and the Dehydration vs. Giardia Rule)

What if you are lost in the wilderness (see our lost while hiking or camping guide) with a broken filter, no stove, no lighter, and no chemicals?

1. The SODIS Method (WHO-Verified Solar UV-A + Thermal Disinfection)

Approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS) uses the synergistic combination of solar UV-A radiation (\(320\text{ to }400\text{ nm}\)) and solar heating to destroy the DNA of bacteria, viruses, and Giardia/Cryptosporidium cysts inside a clear plastic bottle: 1. Use a clear, transparent PET plastic bottle (1 to 2 Liters, such as a clear Smartwater or soda bottle): Remove any paper label. (Note: thick colored Nalgene Tritan bottles or green/blue bottles block UV-A rays and are much less effective than clear colorless PET bottles). 2. Filter out turbidity first: Water must be clear enough that you can read newspaper print through the bottle. If murky, decant through a bandana first. 3. Fulusa mulangi 75% ya kufuluka, nikisa ngolo na basegonde 20 sambu na kupesa masa oxygène (oxygène dissous ke vukanaka ti nsemo ya UV-A sambu na kusala Espèces d’oxygène réactifs / radicaux libres yina ke fwaka bantu yina ke panzaka ba membrane ya ba pathogènes), na nima tula na zulu ya mulangi ya kufuluka mvimba mpi kanga yo. 4. Tula mulangi ya pwelele na zulu na ntangu ya midi ya mbala mosi mpi ya kukonda kigonsa (yo kele mbote na zulu ya bulangeti ya arza yina ke monisaka nsemo, na zulu ya lele ya kulala ya aluminium, to na zulu ya ditadi ya petepete ya ndombe): - Ntangu to Tii na 50% ya Zulu ya Matuti: Kumonisa na bangunga 6 ya kukonda nsuka na zulu ya nsongi ya midi (09:00 to 15:00). (Kana masa yina kele na kati ya mulangi mekuma tiya kuluta \(50\text{ badegre Celsius} / 122\text{ badegre Fahrenheit}\), tiya na kusimba, kukonda kusala kisalu kesuka kaka na bangunga 1 tii na 2). - 100% Zulu ya Kukangama: Kumonisa sambu na Bilumbu 2 ya mvimba ya kulandana (kusadila ve SODIS na mvula ya ngolo).

2. Kupona Nto ya Masa ya Kimuntu ya Kuluta Bunkete & Kutimuna Dibulu ya Matadi-Bar "Seepage / Gypsy Well".

Kana nge fwete nwa ti lusansu ya fioti, kisika ya nge ke vukisaka masa ke sobaka kizitu na nge ya ba pathogène na 99 na kati ya nkama: 1. Ba nto ya bima ya lugangu ya kuluta mbote tii na mbi (ya bo me tula na ndonga): - Kisika 1 (Ya Kuluta Lutaninu): Neige ya Mpembe ya Bunkete to Masa ya Mvula ya bo me vukisa na zulu ya tarp/jacket ya bunkete (kuyoka neze na kati ya mulangi yina bo me bumba na kati ya ba couche ya jacket na nge ya nganda, kudia ve ata fioti neze ya mpa kana nge ke tekita to ke na hypothermie, mutindu kuyoka \(gree de\te\)el in C\now divumu na nge ke yibaka 80 kilocalories ya tiya ya ntima). - Kisika ya zole: Ba nto ya masa ya zulu yina ke basikaka mbala mosi na kibaka ya matadi to na zulu ya Talus (yina me filtré na mutindu ya kimuntu na nzila ya bankama ya ba metre ya ba strata ya matadi ya ngumba). - Kisika ya tatu: Bamasa ya Fioti, ya Nswalu, ya Ke Pesaka Madia na Balweka ya Kumata Na Zulu ya Kibaka ya Muwanda (yina kele ve ti bangombe yina ke diaka matiti, banzila, to maza ya castor na zulu na yo). - Kisika ya iya (Kigonsa ya nene): Banzadi ya nene ya Nsi ya Muwanda na Bamasa ya Alpes (yina ke vukisaka masa nyonso ya ke basikaka na zulu ya masa ya bibulu mpe ya bantu). - Kisika ya tanu (Kunwa ve ata fioti masa ya mpa): Bamasa ya kukangama, Masa na nsi ya ba Barrage ya Castor ("Ba izine ya Giardia"), to Bamasa ya Kubumba Bangombe. 2. Mutindu ya kutimuna dibulu ya masa ya zelo/mabanga ya bo me sala na mutindu mosi ya kukonda kukana ("Dibulu ya Gitano"): - Na kisika ya kubaka masa mbala mosi na nzila ya nzadi yina kele ti poto-poto to yina bo ke yindula nde yo kele, tambula na zulu ya zelo ya madidi to matadi ya fioti-fioti yina kele na kitamina ya bametre 1 tii na 2 (makulu 3 tii na 6) na nima katuka na lweka ya masa mpi timuna dibulu **30 tii na 60 centimètres (makulu 1 tii na 2) na mudindu ya mesa, na nsi ya mesa to . ditadi ya petepete. - Masa ya nzadi ta kota malembe-malembe na lweka na nzila ya bametre 1 tii na 2 ya zelo ya lugangu mpi ya matadi ya fioti-fioti na nsi ya dibulu na nge. Bika nde poto-poto ya ntete kufuluka, katula yo mbala mosi to mbala zole, mpi baka masa ya bunkete mpi ya zelo yina kefulusaka dyaka dibulu. Kufiltrer ya banki ya kimuntu na nzila ya 1 metre ya zelo ya fioti ke katulaka 80 ti 95% ya ba cystes ya nene ya ba protozoaires (Giardia na Cryptosporidium) mpe mvindu.

3. Nsiku ya Wolo ya Kimunganga: Kufwa ve ata fioti na kukonda masa na nitu sambu na boma ya Giardia

Konso mvula, bimvuka ya ke sosaka bantu na ntoto ya zelo na zelo ke gulusaka (to ke bakaka bamvumbi ya) bantu yina vandaka kutambula na bangumba yina vandaka kuvila mpi yina vandaka kulemba ngolo sambu na tiya, maladi ya rein, to kubwa ya kufwa sambu na delirium ya kukonda masa na nitu ntangu bo vandaka kunata mulangi ya masa ya mpamba kaka na lweka ya ngumba mosi ya masa yina vandaka kutambula ve. - Kukangama na ntu ntangu ya kimunganga: - Kukonda masa na nitu ya ngolo: Ke kulumusaka ngolo ya nitu mpe lusambisu ya mabanza na kati ya bangunga 6 ti 12, ke salaka syncope orthostatique mpe kubebisa ba rein na kati ya bangunga 24 ti 48, mpe ke fwaka na kati ya bilumbu 2 ti 5. - Ba parasite ya ba nsusu (Giardia / Cryptosporidium): Kuvanda na ntangu ya kukangama ya bilumbu 5 ti 14 ya biolozi ya mfunu na ntwala nde pulupulu kuyantika. - Nsuka: Kana nge me konda masa mpe nge kele na mutindu ya kuyoka, kufiltrer, to kusadila bima ya kimunganga ve na masa, NUA NTANGU YONSO MASWA (sadila kupona kisina ya masa mpe dibulu ya masa yina ke basikaka na zelo samu na kufiongunina kivonza). Kuvanda ti masa mingi ke salaka nde butomfu na nge kuvanda ngolo mpi makulu na nge kutambula sambu nge kwenda na kisika ya mbote bilumbu mingi na ntwala nde parazite mosi kubebisa nge.

Tip

Na konso nsungi ya madidi, ya printemps, to ya nzietelo ya zulu-zulu kisika tiya ya mpimpa lenda kulumuka na nsi ya \(+4\text{ badegre Celsius}\) (\(39\text{badegre Fahrenheit}\)), ntangu yonso nikisa masa ya kuluta mingi na nganda ya filtre na nge ya fibre ya dibulu na saki ya filtre ya dibulu na nkokila, kanga yo na kati ya saki mosi ya kele na lweka ya Ziploc, saki to na kati ya poshi ya kazaka na nge ya kele ti zipi**, mpi ntangu yonso kanga nsinga ya Batablette ya Dioxyde de Chlore (Katadyn Micropur MP1) na kati ya kisadilu na nge ya lusadisu ya ntete bonso kima ya ke sadisaka na kukanga masa na kilo ya zero. Yindula na kusala lusadisu ya ntete ya ntoto ya zelo na zelo (WFA) malongi ya NOLS, ya Croix-Rouge, to ya Ambulance ya St Jean.

Bangyufula yina bantu keyulaka mbala na mbala

Ekuma kulendi sadila filtre ya maza ya Sawyer yovo Katadyn ko vava yakala ye nsongo?

Bafiltre ya membrane ya fibre ya dibulu ke vandaka ti mafunda ya ba-tube ya polymère ya fioti-fioti yina kele bonso matiti ya mubisu mpi bibaka na yo kele ti bapore ya 0,1 micron yina ke kangaka na nitu bamikrobe mpi baprotozoaire. Ntangu masa ya madidi yina me kangamaka na kati ya bapore yina ya fioti ke kumaka glace, yo ke kumaka nene na kiteso ya 9 na kati ya nkama mpi yo ke tandulaka to ke kabulaka bibaka ya bapore yina ya fioti-fioti mpi yo ke kangukaka na kati. Sambu bansinga ya kati kekangamaka na kati ya nzo mosi ya plastike yina kemonanaka ve mbote, filtre yango kemonanaka mpenza bonso kima mosi ya mefwana na nganda mpi yo kelanda kaka na kutambula mbote, kansi mansanga yina mekuma nene kepesaka nzila nde ba-cyste ya fyoti-fyoti ya Giardia, ba-oocyste ya Cryptosporidium, mpi bamikrobe ya E. coli kuluta mbala mosi na kati ya mulangi na nge ya kunwa.

Ntangu ikwa nge fwete tula mpenza masa na mingumba sambu yo vanda mbote na kunwa?

Na kutadila Centre ya États-Unis ya Ke Talaka Mambu ya Maladi (CDC), Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS), mpi Société médicale du Wilderness (WMS), kunata masa na tiya ya ngolo yina ke baluka-baluka na nsungi ya minuta 1 ya mvimba (to minuta 3 na bisika ya zulu mingi kuluta bametre 2 000 / 6 560 ki walls per1000) bima yina ke bebisaka nitu, mu mbandu, bamikrobe, bamikrobe mpi bamikrobe. Ata masa ke tobukaka na tiya ya fioti na kisika yina kele na zulu mingi (mu mbandu, 89 degrés Celsius / 192 degrés Fahrenheit na bametre 3 350 / 11 000 pieds), bima yonso ya ke bebisaka nitu yina ke vandaka na masa ke fwaka nswalu kana tiya ya masa me luta 70 tii na 80 degrés C50. Farenheit).

Keti decolorant ya nzo to iode ya bima ya lusadisu ya ntete ke fwaka Cryptosporidium na masa ya nima ya bwala?

Ve, ata decolorant ya chlore ya nzo yina kele ve ti nsudi (matonsi 2 tii na 4 na litre mosi na nsungi ya minuta 30 tii na 60) mpi 10% ya povidone-iode to 2% ya tincture ya iode (matonsi 5 tii na 16 na litre mosi na nsungi ya minuta 30 tii na 60) kesadisaka mingi na kufwa bamikrobe, ba virus ya modedia, ba neirate . yode lenda kota mpi ve na kati ya mpusu ya nganda ya nene mpi ya kele ti bitini tatu ya ba oocyste ya Cryptosporidium parvum. Samu na kufwa Cryptosporidium kukonda filtre, nge fuana tula masa na tiya, kusadila ba tablettes/gouttes ya Dioxyde de Chlore (Aquamira to Katadyn Micropur MP1) na ntangu ya kuvingila ya mvimba ya bangunga 4 ya kukutana na muntu, to kusadila nsemo ya UV (SteriPEN to SODIS ya ntangu ya bangunga 6 ya bo ke sadilaka na bitunga ya kukonda mvindu).

Bo me tala bisika yina bo me katuka

  • E Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças (CDC, États-Unis) & Kimvuka ya Ke Talaka Mambu ya Luzingu (EPA): Mukanda ya kusadila masa ya nima ya insi: Kusala mbote ya kufiltrer, ya kuyoka na zulu, ya dioxyde de chlore, ya javel ya hypochlorite ya sodium, mpe ya iode na yina me tala ba criptosporidium, ba giardia, ba bactéries, mpe ba virus.
  • Société médicale ya ntoto ya zelo na zelo (WMS): Bansiku ya bisalu ya kimunganga na yina metala kufwa bamikrobe na masa sambu na ntoto ya zelo na zelo, banzietelo ya bansi mingi, mpi bisika ya mpasi (Curves de mort thermique de pasteurisation, Protocoles SODIS UV-A, et Risque de Déhydration vs. Incubation).
  • Kimvuka ya Mavimpi ya Nsi-Ntoto ya Mvimba (WHO) & Eawag (Institut fédéral suisse ya siansi mpi ya teknolozi ya masa): Kufwa bamikrobe na masa na nsadisa ya ntangu (SODIS) Mukanda: Bansiku ya Teknike Sambu na Kukanga UV-A ya Mulangi ya PET ya Ke Kyeleka mpi Kukanga Bapathogène ya Tiya.
  • Kimvuka ya Katadyn, Badesign ya Cascade (MSR / Platypus).BeFree Kumeka ya Kukanga Mupepe & QuickDraw Kutala Bubble ya Kubula-Nsuka)*.

Bantwadisi ya ke wakana