Filter ndiyam Backcountry ɓuuɓɗo walla ɓuuɓɗo e laɓɓingol ndiyam emergency¶

Ummaade e nder laylaytol alpine ɓuuɓngol e \(-2\text{ degereeji Celsius}\) (\(28\text{ degereeji Fahrenheit}\)) e yiytude wonde a accii filter ndiyam membrane fibre hollow maa ɓuuɓɗo (Sawyer Squeeze, Katadyn BeFree, Platypus QuickDraw, LifeStraw, walla MSR Guardian) nder vestibule saak maa jamma ko ɓuri tucked nder saak ɗanngal maa ko emergency safaara backcountry silsil. Sabu filtirde ndiyam fiɓnde ɓuuɓnde ina waɗi ujunnaaje ujunnaaje tuubaaji polimer nannduɗi e huɗo mikroskopiiji, jogiiɗi koɗorɗe poreeji ɓuuɓɗi e 0,1 haa 0,2 mikroo, ndiyam heddiiɗam ɗam nanngaa e nder ɗeen tuubaaji mikroskopiiji ina yaaji fotde 9 e nder teemedere e nder njuuteendi e sahaa nde ɗum ɓuuɓtata e nder ice the microscoe c nder mum tawi galle palastik yaajɗo oo ina wayi no 100 e nder teemedere ina laaɓi, bonnaaka e gite. So a jokkii e ɓuuɓnude ndiyam weendu rewrude e filtirde fiɓnde ɓuuɓnde nde ɓuuɓnaaka hay so laawol gootol, Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia duodenalis, Campylobacter, E. coli O157:H7, e Salmonella ina njuumta e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi ndii, ina naata e nder ɓuuɓri maa laaɓndi. Ko ɓuri bonde nii, so pompe maa seraamik ina ɓuuɓtoo, laɓɓinoowo maa UV (SteriPEN) batiri maayata e nder nguleeki, walla filtirde maa ina ɓuuɓna tiiɗnde e farin kaaƴe glacial (silt) kilooji e hoore laawol ngol, aɗa foti suɓaade e hakkille hakkunde Disinfection du champ d’urgence (1-Minute Rolling Boil, Chlorine Dioxide, Household Bleach, Povidone-Iodine, walla Solar UV SODIS) e goonga wonde ɓurtugol ndiyam ina wara walla ina ustoo yah-ngartaa majjuɗo e nder waktuuji 24 haa 72, tawi noon mborosaaji (Giardia e Cryptosporidium) ina njogii balɗe 7 haa 14.

So tawii yahoowo e nder fedde mon ina wondi e rafi ɓuuɓɗo, ɓuuɓɗo ƴiiƴam, waasde waawde jogaade ndiyam les ko ɓuri waktuuji 24, walla jiiɓru (delirium), noddu limoore emergency nokku maa (911 to leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e Kanadaa, 112 e nder Dental Orop fof, 999 e nder leydi Angalteer), uddit SOS Satelit e dow maa Garmin inReach walla iPhone Emergency SOS via Satellite, walla ƴeewto regginorde amen hakkunde leyɗeele limooje caɗtuɗe ɗoon e ɗoon. Ngam kala ko yowitii e filtirde ndiyam backcountry ɓuuɓnde, ɓuuɓnde, walla ɓuuɓnde, rewa e jarribooji laaɓtuɗi, unclogging, e porotokolle disinfection ndiyam e nder sahaa gonaaɗo les ɗoo.

Waɗde ɗum jooni¶

1. Tesko-ɗen kala filtirde ndiyam ɓuuɓnde (Sawyer, BeFree, QuickDraw, LifeStraw) ɓuuɓɗo jamma ina ɓuuɓtoo e nder mum: A yiyataa gonɗi ɓuuɓɗi 5 mikroo e nder karte fiɓnde ɓuuɓnde so a ƴeewii ɓakdi palastik yaajndi. So tawii kiristaaluuji ice peeñii e nder filtirde maa, walla so tawii nde jooɗiima e yaasi saak ɗanngal maa e nder jamma ɓuuɓɗo, woppu hoolaare nde ko kañum tan woni baroowo maa e porotozoaaji e bakteriiji, dognu Test Integrity Bubble / Air-Block peewnoowo (Taƴre 1 les) nde nde ɓuuɓtii.
2. WOTO MEƊƊI etaade ɓuuɓnude ndiyam e nder filtirde ɓuuɓnde seeɗa ngam "ɓuuɓnude ɗum": Doole ɓuuɓnude ndiyam e dow mikroo-tubeeji polimer keewɗi ice ina ɓuuɓna fiɓnde heddiinde ndee ɗoon e ɗoon. Tukku filtirde cooynde nder jacket maa e dow ɓanndu maa ngulndu fotde hojomaaji 30 ngam ɓuuɓnude passif hade jarribaade walla backflushing.
3. Waylude e Golden Standard #1 Laawol Emergency: Ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi e nder hojomaaji 1 (Hojomaaji 3 dow 2 000 meeteer / 6 560 meeteer): E wiyde Centres Ameriknaajo ngam haɓaade ñawuuji e reentaade (CDC), ko Fedde Adunaare Cellal (WHO), e Fedde Cafrirɗe Ladde (WMS), addude ndiyam e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi tiiɗndi fotde hojomaaji 1 timmuɗi (walla hojomaaji 3 e dow tooweeki ɓurtuki 2 000 meeter / 6 560 meeteer ɗo ustaare nguleeki weeyo ustata ɓuuɓol ndiyam haa \(93\text{ degereeji Celsius}te /he\)regree be) 100% e denndaangal ñawuuji gonɗi e ndiyam neɗɗo (Kriptosporidium, Giardiya, bakteriiji, mborosaaji, e amoebaaji) tawa alaa ko seerndi ɗum en.
4. **So a alaa ƴulɓe walla ƴulɓe, huutoroo Disinfeksiyoŋ Kemikal Backup (Chlorine Dioxide, Unscented Household Bleach, walla 10% Povidone-Iodine). E nder ɓuuɓol nees dow tulde (\(4\text{ degereeji Celsius} / 39\text{ degereeji Fahrenheit}\)), aɗa foti softinde waktu jokkondirɗo 30 minit haa 60 hojom (walla waktuuji 4 e Dioksiid Kuloor ngam warde ooriposidium tedduɗo e "Cryptocymests to*bled threads" e ɓuuɓri butelaaji maa.
5. Ko adii filtirde ndiyam duule, loope, walla glacial-silt rewrude e bandana + decanting jooɗiiɗo HADE mum ɓuuɓde walla ɓeydude kemikal: Turbidity (loope suspended, silt, e debris organiques) ina reena bakteriiji e kiisuuji e oksidaaji kemikal e annoore UV free kilor it, e jokkondirde e pathogenin up. Yo ndiyam siltiɗam ɗam jooɗo e nder lowre nde ustataako fotde hojomaaji 30 haa 60, ɓuuɓna laylaytol dow ngol ɓurngol laaɓtude ngol e nder bandana cotton follaa walla filtirde kafe, ɓeyda heen doseeji kemikal 2x so ndiyam ɗam heddii ko e duule.
6. So aɗa jogii yiite ZERO, ƴulɓe ZERO, e kemikal ZERO, WOTO MEƊƊU maayde e ŋakkere ndiyam e nder ladde ngam hulde Giardia: ŋakkere ndiyam ina addana neɗɗo ŋakkere ortostatik, ŋakkere ƴiiƴam, ŋakkere hakkille, e maayde e nder ys.4 to Gar da balɗe ngam saabaade maale (e oon sahaa aɗa yalta e leydi caggal leydi e saraaji safrirde wonnde e metronidazole/tinidazole). Suɓo ɓuuɓol toowngol ɓurngol kisal walla ɓuuɓol tokosol ñamloowo (dow weendu jawdi/beeli), ɓuuɓna ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol 1 meeter (3-foot) ("Gypsy Well"), huutoro Disinfection Solaire clear-bottle waktuuji 6 (SODIS) so naange, e yarde ngam wuurde.

Lekki pellital : ko mbaɗata so filtirde ndiyam maa caggal leydi ina ɓuuɓna, ina ɓuuɓna, walla ina ɓuuɓta¶

Rewru e ndeeɗoo nate taktik ngam ƴeewndaade filtirde maa, artirde doggol, walla waylude to laaɓtugol e nder sahaa ɓuuɓɗo:

flowchart TD
    Fail["Filter ndiyam ɓuuɓɗo jamma, ɓuuɓɗo, walla ɓuuɓɗo Solid e nder Backcountry"] --> Type{"1. Mbele Filter Hollow-Fiber ina ɓuuɓna, walla ko ɓuuɓnaa tan e silt?"}
    Type -->|"Clogged Tan (Meeɗaani ɓuuɓde)"| Unclog["Backflush Ndiyam laaɓɗam semmbe (E ɓeydu heen ɓuuɓri vinegar ɓuuɓndi ngam ɓuuɓri mineraal) -> Ndiyam silty ko adii filtirde e laawol Bandana"]
    Type -->|"Froze Jemma walla Jippaama/Cracked"| Test["2. Ɗaɓɓitde seeɗa seeɗa e ɓanndu -> Doggol jarribo nuunɗal / ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri (Katadyn BeFree / Platypus QuickDraw / Seramik)"]
    Test --> Pass{"3. Mbele Filter jaɓii jarribo nuunɗal (walla ko Sawyer mo alaa jarribo buubaaji ladde)?"}
    Pass -->|"Test Ɓooyɗo WALLA Anndaa Hard Freeze"| Backup{"4. Hol Geɗe Laɓɓingol Backup ɗe njogiɗaa?"}
    Backup -->|"Camp Stove / Pot Njamndi / Yiite"| Boil["ƊEMNGAL GOLD: Ngaddaa e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri fotde hojomaaji 1 (hojomaaji 3 dow 2,000m / 6,560ft)"]
    Backup -->|"Tablooji / Toɓɓe kemikal (ClO2, Delanque, Iodine)"| Chem["Duule ko adii filtirde -> Ɓeydude doosgal laaɓtungal -> Ƴiiƴam butelaaji -> Waɗde 30-60 Min (Waktuuji 4 ngam Crypto w/ ClO2)"]
    Backup -->|"Zero Stove, Zero Yiite & Zero Kemikal"| NoGear["5. Suɓo ɓuuɓri ɓurndi kisal dow -> Wasde ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi + 6-hour laaɓndi butel Solar UV (SODIS) -> Yarde ngam haɗde ŋakkere ndiyam"]

Faandaare 1 : Hoolkisaade so tawii filtirde ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam walla ɓuuɓɗam ina ɓuuɓtoo e nder mum (e udditde filtirde maaynde)¶

Wonaa filtoraaji hollow-fiber e ceramic fof mbaɗata ko noon caggal nde ɓuuɓti, e modeleeji ɗiɗi ɓurɗi lollude (Katadyn BeFree e Platypus QuickDraw) ina njogii tigi jarribo fisik fisik mahaaɗo (Toɓɓere Bubble Capillary Pore Hydrophilic) baawɗo hoolkisaade e nder ladde e nder leƴƴanɗe 30 so tawii fiɓnde mikroskoop ndee ina ɓuuɓtoo.

1. Teskuyaaji nuunɗal ladde e marke filtirde (Sawyer, Katadyn BeFree, Platypus QuickDraw, MSR)¶

Poresuuji ndiyam ɓuuɓɗi 0,1 mikron ina njogii filmo ndiyam mikroskoop e tension surface capillaire kaɗoowo henndu ɓuuɓndu rewde e ɓuuɓri (Air-Lock), tawi ndiyam ina rewa e no feewi. So tawii hay fiɓnde wootere feccii e yaajde ice, henndu ina fuɗa e nder gonɗi ɗii no piye welo punndi nii.

2. Udditde Filtere Hollow-Fibre nde leeltini haa ɓuuɓti e nder ladde¶

So tawii filtirde maa meeɗaa ɓuuɓde, kono ɓuuɓnude liiteer gooto ndiyam jooni ina ɗaɓɓi hojomaaji 10 doole ɓuuɓɗe, ɓuuɓnude 0,1 mikron ina ɓuuɓna ɗum e silt glacial laaɓɗo / loopal, tannin / biofilm, walla mineraal kalsiyum yoorɗo bannge let carbonate you ndiyam tiiɗam yoori e nder filtirde hakkunde yah-ngartaa). Wartir 90% e doggol ngol e ngalɗoo ƴellitgol ladde 3-ɓaawoore: 1. Kuutoro ndiyam laaɓɗam ngulɗam (35 to 45 degrees Celsius / 95 to 113 degrees Fahrenheit, NEVER Ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam) ngam Backflushing: Ndiyam ngulɗam ɓuuɓnataa ɓuuɓri miniraal walla loowataa biofilm loope ɓuuɓɗe no moƴƴi. Wulnude 500 mililiter ndiyam laaɓɗam/laawɗam e dow ŋoral maa haa ɓuuɓna no feewi e toɓɓere (alaa ko ɓuri \(50\text{ degereeji Celsius} / 122\text{ degereeji Fahrenheit}\), ko ɗum ɓuuɓnata koolaaɗo jogiiɗo fiɓnde ɓuuɓnde ndee). 2. Backflush pulse toowɗo njaaweeki + Dimmbagol ("Laawol ɓuuɓgol jokkere enɗam"): - Huutoraade siriŋ Sawyer walla butelaaji Smartwater laaɓɗi jolnaaɗi e jokkol laɓɓingol bulo dow ɓuuɓri yaltoore laaɓnde, doole pulseeji tati yaawɗi, toowɗi ndiyam laaɓɗam ngulɗam caggal rewrude e filtirde, caggal ɗuum cap walla jogaade jookli ɗiɗi ɗii fof e feccere ndiyam ɗam ina waawi wonde haa jooni e nder filtirde ndee leƴƴanɗe ngam ɓuuɓnude siltol gonngol hakkunde ɓuuɓri fiɓnde, e ɓuuɓnude siriŋ ndiyam goɗɗo caggal haa ɗum doga laaɓa. - Ngam Katadyn BeFree walla Platypus QuickDraw, hebbin ɓuuɓri ndii haa feccere e ndiyam ngulɗam laaɓɗam, ɓuuɓna filtirde ndee, ɓuuɓna ɗum no feewi fotde leƴƴanɗe 30 (Swish and Shake) hade maa ɓuuɓnude fiɓnde peeñnde ndee e nder koppi ndiyam laaɓɗam (woto meeɗ meemde walla ɓuuɓnude fiɓnde ɓuuɓnde ndee e koppi maa walla e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri). 3. Haɗde ɓuuɓgol yeeso e ɓuuɓgol ko adii e filtoraade Bandana: Hoto meeɗ ƴettude ko yaawi e maayo glacial daneejo (glacial flour partikulaaji ina pooɗa \(0.5\text{ haa }5\text{ mikron}\) e semmbe e nder 0.1-mikron pores e oon sahaa). Ƴeewee ndiyam e nder lowre walla e nder lowre ɓuuɓnde, ɗaccu ɗum jooɗoo tawa dillaani fotde hojomaaji 30 haa 60 haa siltol ngol jooɗoo les, ɓuuɓna ndiyam dow ɗam e nder ɓuuɓri 4-layer cotton hade mum filtoraade.

Daawe 2 : Njiylawu timmuɗo laabi diisnondiral ndiyam caggal leydi e nder caɗeele¶

Hol ko waɗi won e laabi ina mbara mborosaaji e bakteriiji e no feewi tawa ina ŋakkiraa Cryptosporidium ? Sabu ñawuuji gonɗi e ndiyam ina ceerti e mawneeki ɓalli mum en fotde 1 000-fol e nder reentaade kemikal fotde 10 000-fol :

Faandaare 3 : Doseeji laaɓtuɗi e porotokolle ladde ngam ɓuuɓnude, kemikal, iodine e ballal gadanal, e ɓuuɓnude kaaƴe¶

So filtirde maa adannde ndee yanii, huutoro gooto e ɗeeɗoo porotokolle joy hoolkisaaɗe ngam haɓaade ñawu nguu:

Laawol 1 : Disinfeksiyoŋ nguleeki (Fisik ɓuuɓɗo e toowɗo)¶

• Ko waɗi tooweeki toowki woppataa ɓuuɓde e golle: To dow geec, ndiyam ina ɓuuɓta e \(100\text{ degereeji Celsius}\) (\(212\text{ degereeji Fahrenheit}\)). E 3 050 meeter (10 000 piye), ndiyam ina ɓuuɓta e \(90\text{ degereeji Celsius}\) (\(194\text{ degereeji Fahrenheit}\)), e 4 260 meeter (14 000 piye) e dow tulde Rainier1 walla Colorado4' \(85.5\binndi{ degereeji Celsius}\) (\(186\binndi{ degereeji Fahrenheit}\)).
• Ko moƴƴi koo, wiɗtooji mikroo-biyoloji nguleeki ɗi CDC e Fedde safaara ladde (WMS) hollirta ko Kriptosporidium oosisteeji, Giardiya kiisuuji, E. coli, e mboros Hepatitis A ina inaaktiree e nder leƴƴanɗe seeɗa so nguleeki ndiyam ɓurii \(70\tekst{ haa }85\tekst{ degereeji Celsius}\) (\(158\tekst{ haa }185\tekst{ degereeji Fahrenheit}\)). So ndiyam yettiima ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol e kala tooweeki tufnde leydi haa 6 000 meeteer (19 600 meeteer), nde waɗii hojomaaji keewɗi e yahde gila e \(70\text{ degereeji Celsius}\) haa e \(85+\text{ degereeji Celsius\)el):
• Les 2,000 meeteer (6,560 feet): Addu ndiyam e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi tiiɗndi fotde hojomaaji 1 timmuɗi.
• Dow 2 000 meeter (6 560 feet): Addu ndiyam e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi fotde hojomaaji 3 timmuɗi (walla ɓuuɓnude fotde hojomaaji 1 e jogaade ɓuuɓri ndii e dow ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi fotde hojomaaji 5 ngam jogaade nguleeki ko ɓuri \(80\text{ degrees canister sa\) Celsius).
• Ko woni so aɗa jogii lampa, ɓuuɓri ndiyam plastik (Nalgene / Smartwater), e NO pot njamndi? ("Ɓuuɓri Haayre Ngulnde" & "Ɓuuɓri Yiite Butel Pilastik"):
• Laawol A (Fuɗɗude ɓuuɓol kaaƴe gulɗe): Ƴeewee ɓuuɓol tokosol nanndungol e taasawol e nder leydi, liggo-ɗaa e ɓuuɓri paɗe ndiyam, jaak toɓo, walla ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi (walla huutoraade butelaaji Nalgene HDPE ɗi ɓuuɓɗi, ɗi hunduko mum ina yaaji e kaaƴe terbasarestriite/d**fiized), nguleeki yiite maa fotde hojomaaji 30 (WOTO MEƊƊI huutoraade kaaƴe maayo ɓuuɓɗe ummoraade e ŋoral, ɗe ina njogii pooɗe ndiyam ɓuuɓɗe ɗe ɓuuɓnata no ɓuuɓri nii so ɗe ɓuuɓnaama e yiite), ɓuuɓna cumu nguu e leggal ɓalewal, ɓuuɓna kaaƴe 3 haa 5 glowing-hot kuutortooɗe leɗɗe ɗiɗi forked vessel until3 Hojomaaji 10.
• Laawol B (Fuɗɗude ko yaawi e nder pilastik PET Butel Dow Kuuɓal): Sabu ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam nder palastik ɓuuɓɗo Smartwater (PET) butelaaji ina moofta nguleeki e nder mahol palastik, tee waawaa ummoraade dow \(100\tekst{ degereeji Celsius}\) (\(212\tekst{ degereeji Fahrenheit}\)), tawi... PET palastik ɓuuɓtataa haa \(250\text{ degereeji Celsius}\) (\(482\text{ degereeji Fahrenheit}\)), aɗa waawi hebbinde butelaaji palastik timmuɗi haa timma (accude cap OFF walla loose ngam ɓuuɓol aaludere ngol fusataa e nede butel ngel) ɓuuɓna tan dow kuuraa ngulka haa ndiyam nder mum yettoo ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol.

Laawol 2: Tablo doseeji disinfeksiyoŋ kemikal (ClO2, Household Bleach, be First-Aid Kit Povidone-Iodine)¶

Hay so a yejjitii tablette laɓɓinooje ndiyam baɗaaɗe, kit ballal gadanal maa caggal leydi (10% Povidone-Iodine / Betadine antiseptic solution walla 2% Tincture of Iodine) walla kit emergency oto ( ).Unscented Household Chlorine Bleach) ina waawi laɓɓinde ko ina tolnoo e liiteeruuji ndiyam. Rewrude e ndee ɗoo CDC / EPA / WMS Doseeji kala Liiteer 1 (Kuurtu 1) Ndiyam:

Ɗatal doosgal wonande kala laabi kemikal: "Ƴiiƴam ɓoggi butelaaji".¶

Ina jeyaa e laabi ɓurɗi heewde ɗi yahooɓe ina keɓa haa jooni Giardia caggal nde kuutorii Aquamira, bleach, walla taƴe iodine ko fiilngooji butelaaji mbonɗi: 1. So a ɓuuɓnii butel maa Nalgene mo hunduko maa yaajngo walla Smartwater mo hunduko mum juuti e nder weendu ngam hebbinde ɗum, ndiyam weendu nduu ina fawii e ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi yaasi e nder daande butelaaji ɗii. 2. So a fawii tablette kemikal e nder heen, a ɓuuɓnii kaɓirgal ngal no feewi fotde hojomaaji 30, ndiyam laaɓɗam ɗam e nder butelaaji ɗii meeɗaa meemde ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam nanngaa e nder ɓoggi ɓoggi ɗii, kadi sippol gadanol ngol ƴettataa ngol ina loota ɗiin ɓoggi Giardia guurɗi ina njuuti e ɓoggi ɗii e nder mou maa. 3. No ƴiiƴam ɗam ɓuuɓtortee: Caggal nde ɓeydu-ɗaa toɓɓe maa kemikal/tablet e ɓuuɓnude butelaaji ɗii fotde leƴƴanɗe 30, ƴettu ɓuuɓri ndii feccere njillu (ɓurtugol ɗiɗi), njirlo-ɗaa butelaaji ɗii dow leydi, ɓuuɓna seeɗa haa 15 mililiter (1 cukalel kemikal) threads e cap rim, caggal ɗuum tiiɗno-ɗaa cap oo caggal les, puɗɗo-ɗaa waktu maa 30 haa 60 minit.

Faandaare 4 : Wuurde e geɗe zero (Disinfeksiyoŋ naange). SODIS, Ɓunndu Seepage Gypsy, e Kuulal Dehydration vs Giardia)¶

Hol ko woni so a majjii e ladde (ƴeew men... majjii e nder yah-ngartaa walla e njillu kammu) e filtirde ɓuuɓnde, alaa ƴulɓe, alaa lampa, kadi alaa kemikal ?

1. Ko... SODIS Laawol (UV-A + Naange Naange hoolkisaangol OMS)¶

Jaɓaama e Fedde Adunaare Cellal (WHO) e Duɗal ganndal e karallaagal ndiyam leydi Suwis (Eawag), Diƴƴe ndiyam naange (SODIS) huutortoo ko jillondiral sinerji UV-A naange (\(320\tekst{ haa }400\tekst{ nm}\)) e nguleeki naange ngam halkude ADN bakteriiji, mborosaaji, e Giardia/Cryptosporidium ƴiiƴam nder butelaaji palastik laaɓɗi: 1. Kuutoro laaɓɗo, laaɓɗo PET butel palastik (1 to 2 Liters, ko wayi no laaɓɗo Smartwater walla butelaaji soda): Ittude kala ko ina winndaa e kaayitaaji. (Tesko: Nalgene colour tedduɗo Tritan butelaaji walla butelaaji ɓaleeji/bulo ina kaɗa ƴiye UV-A, ina pamɗi no feewi e ɗi ngalaa colour laaɓtuɗi PET butelaaji). 2. Filter turbidité first: Ndiyam ina foti laaɓde haa mbaawa janngude binndi jaaynde e nder butelaaji. So murky, dekan rewrude e bandana ko adii. 3. Hebbin butelaaji ɗii 75%, ɓuuɓna ɗi no feewi fotde leƴƴanɗe 20 ngam oksijen ndiyam ɗam (oksijen ɓuuɓɗo ina rewa e annoore UV-A ngam waɗde Reactive Oxygen Species / radicals libre ɓuuɓnooji membraneeji pathogen), caggal ɗuum dow butelaaji ɗii haa timma, ɓuuɓna ɗum. 4. Lelnude butelaaji laaɓɗi ɗii e dow naange hakkundeeje, ɗe ngalaa caɗeele (ina moƴƴi e dow ŋoral kaalis ɓuuɓngal, e dow ŋoral ɗanngal aluminium, walla e dow haayre ɓaleere ɓaleere): - Naange walla haa 50% asamaan duule: Feññinde waktuuji 6 jokkondirɗi e nder ŋorol hakkunde ñalawma (09:00 to 15:00). (So ​​ndiyam nder butelaaji ɗii ina ngulla ko ɓuri \(50\text{ degereeji Celsius} / 122\text{ degereeji Fahrenheit}\), ina ngulla e toɓɓere, inaactivation ina timma e nder waktuuji 1 haa 2 tan). - 100% Asamaan ɓuuɓɗo: Feññinde balɗe 2 timmuɗe jokkondirɗe (woto huutoro SODIS e nder toɓo mawngo).

2. Suɓaade ɓuuɓri ndiyam ɓurndi laaɓtude & ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri "Seepage / Gypsy Well".¶

So tawii ko maa njaraa e safaara seeɗa, to mooftirtaa ndiyam ina wayla teddeendi pathogen maa fotde 99 e nder teemedere: 1. Fuɗɗoode ɓurnde moƴƴude haa ɓurnde bonde (Ranked): - Rank 1 (Ɓurɗo kisal): Nees daneejo laaɓɗo mo ɓuuɓnaaka walla ndiyam toɓo mooftaa e dow tarp/jacket laaɓɗo (fuɗde nees nder butelaaji ɓuuɓɗi e nder laabi jacket maa yaajɗo, woto meeɗ ñaamde nees ɓuuɓɗo so aɗa diwna walla aɗa ɓuuɓtoo so aɗa ɓuuɓtoo walla aɗa ɓuuɓtoo, no ɓuuɓnude \(gree de\te\)el in C\now reedu maa ina wujja 80 kilokalori nguleeki core). - Ranndo 2: Ɓuuɓri toowndi ina ɓuuɓtoo to bannge ŋoral kaaƴe walla e ŋoral Talus (filtirtee ko e nafoore mum e nder teemedde meeteruuji ŋoral kaaƴe koɗli). - Ranndo 3: Toowɗo, Yaawɗo, Ɓooyɗo Side-Feeder Brooks Toowɗo e dow Wall Falnde (alaa jawdi ndariindi, laabi, walla ɓulli beeli dow mum). - Toɓɓere 4 (Risk mawɗo): Maayooji mawɗi Falnde-Les e maayooji Alpine (ɗi mooftata denndaangal ƴiiƴam daabaaji e yimɓe dowri). - Toɓɓere 5 (Hoto meeɗ yarde raw): Puɗɗe ɓuuɓɗe, ndiyam les ɓuuɓri Beaver ("Usineeji Giardia"), walla ɓuuɓri jawdi. 2. No njiyru-ɗaa ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri ceene/kaaƴe ("Ɓuuɓri Gypsy"): - E nder nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam yaltata e ŋoral maayo ɓuuɓngal walla tuumaaɗo, yahdu e dow sanngara ɓuuɓka walla ŋoral ɓuuɓngal 1 haa 2 meeteer (3 haa 6 feet) caggal e daande ndiyam e ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri **30 haa 60 santimeeteer (1 haa 2 feet) luggiɗde e dow taabal, les ŋoral haayre ɓuuɓnde. - Ndiyam ummortooɗam e maayo ngoo maa ɓuuɓtu seeɗa seeɗa banngeeji ɗii fof, rewrude e meeteruuji 1 haa 2 ceene tawaaɗe e kaaƴe laaɓtuɗe, naata e les ɓuuɓri maa. Yo ɓuuɓol gadanol ngol ɓuuɓto, ɓuuɓna ɗum laabi ɗiɗi, ɓuuɓna ndiyam laaɓɗam, ɓuuɓɗam, ɗam ɓuuɓnata ɓuuɓri ndii. Filtirde banngeeji nafooji rewrude e meeteer gooto njaareendi laaɓndi ina itta 80 haa 95 e nder teemedere e ɓuuɓri mawndi (Giardia e Cryptosporidium) e ɓuuɓri.

3. Kuulal kaŋŋe safaara: Woto meeɗ maayde e ŋakkere ndiyam ngam kulol Giardia¶

Hitaande kala, kippuuji njiylawu e hisnude ladde ina hisna (walla ina keɓa ɓalli) yahooɓe majjuɓe ɓe keɓaani nguleeki mawki, ŋakkere renal, walla ŋakkere maayde saabiinde delirium dehydration nde tawnoo ina njogii butelaaji ndiyam ɗi ngalaa ko woni e mum en, saraaji terrinnified moutar ɓe ngoni ko e dogde. - Siftor waktuuji kilinik: - Dehydration Severe : Ina usta semmbe ɓanndu e hakkille e nder waktuuji 6 haa 12, ina addana sinkope ortostatik e bonnude ƴiiƴam e nder waktuuji 24 haa 48, ina wara e nder balɗe 2 haa 5. - Parasiit porotozoa (Giardia / Cryptosporidium): Ina jogii duuɓi ɓuuɓɗi balɗe 5 haa 14 ko adii nde ɓuuɓri fuɗɗotoo. - Bottom Line: So tawii a yaltii e ndiyam, a alaa no mbaawirtaa ɓuuɓnude, filtinde, walla safrude ndiyam e kemikal, YAAR NDIYAM SAA FOF (kuutoragol suɓaade iwdi e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri ceene ngam ustude baasal). Heddaade e ndiyam ina addana ngaandi maa ɓuuɓde e koyɗe maa ina diwa ngam waawde yahde balɗe kisal ko adii nde parasite ina waawi ñawndude ma.

Naamne keewɗe naamneede¶

Hol ko waɗi a waawaa huutoraade filtirde ndiyam ɓuuɓnde Sawyer walla Katadyn caggal nde nde ɓuuɓtii ?¶

Filteruuji membrane fibre hollow ina njogii ujunnaaje ujunnaaje tuubaaji polimer nannduɗi e huɗo mikroskoop, ɗi koɗorɗe mum en ɓuuɓnaa e ɓuuɓri 0,1 mikron, ɗi kaɗata ɓalli mum en bakteriiji e porotozoaaji. So ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam nanngaaɗam e nder ɗeen ɓulli tokoosi ɓuuɓtii, ɗam yaaji fotde 9% e njaaweeki mum, ɗam ɓuuɓna walla fecca koɗorɗe ɓulli mikroskopiiji ɗii uddita gila e nder mum. Sabu fiɓnde ndernderiire ndee ina sikkaa e nder galle palastik mo alaa ko nanndi e mum, filtirde ndee ina nanndi e no woorunoo e yaasi, tee ina ɓuuɓtoo haa jooni, kono gonɗi mawɗi ɗii ina addana ɓuuɓri Giardia, oocyst Cryptosporidium, e bakteriiji E. coli mikroskopiiji rewde haa e nder ɓuuɓri njaram maa.

Hol no foti waktuuji potɗaa ɓuuɓnude ndiyam e nder koye ngam waɗde ɗum ko moƴƴi e yarde?¶

E wiyde nokku Ameriknaajo toppitiiɗo ko fayti e ñawuuji (CDC), Fedde Adunaare Cellal (OMS), e Fedde Cafrirɗe Ladde (WMS), addude ndiyam e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi fotde hojomaaji 1 timmuɗi (walla hojomaaji 3 e dow tooweeki toowki ko ɓuri 2 000 meeter / 6 560 kills per100 feet) ñawbuuli, ina heen Kiriptosporidiyum, Giardiya, bakteriiji, e mborosaaji. Hay so ndiyam ina ɓuuɓta e nguleeki ɓurki famɗude e tooweeki (yeru, 89 degere Celsius / 192 degere Fahrenheit e 3 350 meeteer / 11 000 meeteer), denndaangal ñawbuuli gonɗi e ndiyam ina njaawna ustaade so nguleeki ndiyam ɓurii 70 haa 80 degere C5el Faranayit).

Mbele ɓuuɓri galle walla ɓuuɓri ballal gadanal ina wara Cryptosporidium e nder ndiyam caggal leydi ?¶

Alaa. So tawii ko ɓuuɓri galle ndi alaa uuroore (toɓɓe 2 haa 4 e liiteer gooto fotde hojomaaji 30 haa 60) e 10% povidone-iodine walla 2% tincture iodine (toɓɓe 5 haa 16 e liiteer gooto fotde hojomaaji 30 haa 60) ina mbaawi haɓaade bakteriiji, mborosaaji, mborosaaji, mborosaaji, mborosaaji kadi iyod ina waawi naatde e ɓalndu yaajndu, ɓuuɓndu, ɓuuɓndu, ɓuuɓndu, ɓuuɓndu, ɓuuɓndu, ɓuuɓndu, ɓuuɓndu, ɓuuɓndu, ɓuuɓndu, ɓuuɓndu, ɓuuɓndu, ɓuuɓndu, ɓuuɓndu, ɓuuɓndu, ɓuuɓndu. Ngam warde Cryptosporidium tawa aɗa filtira ɗum, aɗa foti ɓuuɓnude ndiyam ɗam, kuutoro-ɗaa taƴe/toɓɓe Dioksiid Kuloor (Aquamira walla Katadyn Micropur MP1) tawa ina waɗi waktuuji 4 timmuɗi, walla aɗa huutoroo annoore UV (SteriPEN walla SODIS naange laaɓɗo waktuuji 6).

Fuɗɗoode ƴeewtaama¶

• Nokkuuji toppitiiɗi ko fayti e ñawuuji (CDC, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik) & Fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e taariindi (EPA): Njiylawu ndiyam caggal leydi: Nafoore filtoraade, ɓuuɓde e tooweeki, dioksiid kuloor, ɓuuɓri hipoklorit sodium, e iodine e dow kiriptosporidium, giardiya, bakteriiji, e mborosaaji.
• Fedde safaara ladde (WMS): Laabi gollorɗi safaara ngam ustude ndiyam ngam ladde, yah-ngartaa hakkunde leyɗeele, e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi (Kuuruuji maayde nguleeki pasteurisation, Protocoles SODIS UV-A, e Dehydration vs. Risk Incubation).
• Fedde Adunaare Cellal (WHO) & Eawag (Duɗal ganndal e karallaagal ndiyam leydi Suwis): Disinfection ndiyam naange (SODIS) Deftere: Laabi karallaagal ngam laaɓtinde butelaaji PET UV-A e inaactivation pathogen thermique.
• Fedde Katadyn, Diisnondiral Kaskaad (MSR / Platypus), & Innjiniyaaruuji geɗe Sawyer: Fisik ɓuuɓɗo-bonnugol membrane ɓuuɓɗo e laabi jarribooji nuunɗal ladde (BeFree Test-Block henndu & QuickDraw Ƴeewndo Buubaaji Fuɗɗude).

Ardiiɓe jokkondirɓe¶

• Ɓooygol ndiyam e nder jeereende, ŋakkeende nguleeki, e nguurndam nguleeki
• Hipotermiya ladde, ɓuuɓri-ɓuuɓri, e ɓuuɓri
• Majjii e nder yah-ngartaa walla e nder kampaañ: STOP porotokol e signal
• Ñawu toowngu : AMS, HAPE, e HACE anndinde e jippaade
• Limooje emergency e leydi