Ikhishi le-Hood Duct Grease Fire: I-Exhaust Chase Ignition kanye ne-Attic Spread¶

Umlilo wamafutha estovetop okhanyisa endaweni yasekhishini uguqula ingozi yokupheka ibe umlilo wesakhiwo ngemizuzwana. Amafutha okupheka afinyelela ekuzikhanyeni kwawo okuzenzakalelayo phakathi kuka-360 no-370 degrees Celsius (680 kanye no-700 degrees Fahrenheit), lapho amaphuphu e-lipid ahwamukile avutha ngokuzenzakalelayo ngaphezu kwepani. Uma ifeni ye-exhaust esebenzayo isebenza ngesikhathi sokuthungela, isivuthezi se-centrifugal sisebenza njengokuvunguza kwemishini yezimboni. Ifeni idonsa amalangabi akhanyayo aqonde ngqo kuzihlungi zemeshi ezigcotshwe ngamafutha, kukhola yoguquko, kanye nokugijima kwemigudu eqondile.

Ukugeleza komoya okuphoqelekile kuletha amakhulukhulu ama-cubic feet omoya-mpilo womkhathi ngomzuzu endaweni eyinhloko yomlilo. Izinga lokushisa lomkhuhlane likhuphuka lidlulele ku-540 degrees Celsius (1,000 degrees Fahrenheit) cishe ngaso leso sikhathi. Izingozi ezingokomzimba ziyanda njengoba umlilo ugqekeza imvilophu yemishini ye-canopy. Amapayipi kagesi ezindlu ahamba ngokujahwa odongeni okucashile, emigodini ehlanganisa iphansi, nama-attics angenambandela ngaphambi kokungena ophahleni lwangaphandle.

Ukushisa okukhazimulayo okungena ngeshidi lensimbi enodonga olulodwa kudlula indawo ye-pyrolysis yezikhonkwane zokhuni eziseduze, eziguquguqukayo ngaphandle kwegesi ku-200 degrees Celsius (392 degrees Fahrenheit). Imithungo yamapayipi angavaliwe noma ama-foil e-aluminium aguquguqukayo aphansi aphuka ngokushesha ngaphansi kwengcindezi yokushisa. Amajethi amalangabi anomfutho okhela uphahla lwendlu engaphansi, ama-trusses ophahleni, nezixhumi zophahla endaweni engabonakali kusukela phansi ekhishini. Ukucindezela lo mlilo kudinga isinyathelo esisheshayo ukusika uphethiloli, ukumisa okusalungiswa komshini, nokuhlola imigodi efihliwe yesakhiwo.

Yenza lokhu manje¶

1. Shayela inombolo yakho yasendaweni yezimo eziphuthumayo (911 e-United States nase-Canada, 112 ngaphesheya kwe-European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom) futhi usho ukuthi umlilo wegrisi wasekhishini unwebeke emhubheni wokungenisa umoya kanye nokujaha ophahleni, okuyinkomba. izinombolo eziphuthumayo.
2. Sika amandla kagesi kufeni ye-hood ngokushesha kuphaneli ye-circuit breaker yasendlini, noma udonse ipulaki yamandla uma i-outlet ifinyeleleka ngokuphephile kude nelangabi lomlilo.
3. Vala zonke izinto zokushisisa isitofu bese ucisha isisekelo sikaphethiloli we-cookware ngokuslayida ishidi lokubhaka eliyinsimbi eliyisicaba noma isivalo sepani ngokuvundlile unqamule rimu.
4. Khipha isicishamlilo esiphathekayo se-Class B noma ikhemikhali eyomile yekilasi ukuya phezulu kukhola yokungenisa ihood usebenzisa ukuqhuma okulawulwayo ukusuka kumamitha angu-2 ukuya kwangu-3 (amafidi angu-6 ukuya kwangu-10) emuva, uphambukisa i-ejenti odongeni lwe-canopy olungemuva.
5. Khipha bonke abahlali emakamelweni asezingeni eliphezulu amiswe ngqo eduze kwendlela yokukhipha umoya omile ukuze udale isigcinalwazi esicacile esime mpo sokuphepha.
6. Qinisekisa usendaweni engaphandle yaphansi noma ngabe intuthu emnyama, amalahle avuthayo, noma amalangabi aphuma kutheminali yophahla noma amalouver e-attic.
7. Phuma kulo lonke ikhaya ngokushesha uma umsindo wokubhonga ojulile, ukuqhekeka kokhuni, noma upende onamabhamuza odongeni uqinisekisa umlilo osebenzayo phakathi kokujaha amafreyimu.

Ishadi eligelezayo lempendulo yesimo esiphuthumayo¶

flowchart TD
    A["I-Stovetop Grease Fire Ikhanya ku-Hood"] --> B["Hlola Ukufinyelela Okusheshayo Kwamalangabi"]
    B --> C["Amalangabi Ngaphakathi Kwezihlungi Ze-Canopy noma I-Duct Collar"]
    C --> D["Sika Amandla Kagesi ukuze Ubambe ku-Circuit Breaker"]
    D --> E["Shelelisela Ipani Leshidi Lensimbi Ku-Cookware Base"]
    E --> F["Hlola Umsindo We-Duct: Ukubhonga Noma Umoya Ogijimayo?"]
    F -->|"Akukho Kubhonga, Intuthu Yasendaweni"| G["Khipha I-Class B noma i-K Extinguisher ku-Intake"]
    F -->|"Umsindo Obhongayo noma Ukuqhuma Odongeni"| H["I-Active Vertical Chase noma i-Attic Fire"]
    G --> I["Gada i-Duct Ingaphandle kanye ne-Upper Wall Temperature"]
    H --> J["Phuma Sonke Isakhiwo Ngokushesha"]
    I -->|"Izinga lokushisa elingaphansi kuka-50 C (122 F)"| K["Linda Ukuhlolwa Okushisayo Komnyango Wezomlilo"]
    I -->|"Izindawo Ezishisayo noma Intuthu Ye-attic"| J
    J --> L["Hlangana Nabaphenduli Ngaphandle Ngesimo Sokusetshenziswa"]

I-Anatomy kanye nemishini yobunjiniyela yezinhlelo zokuqeda i-hood exhaust¶

Imililo yamapayipi esabalalisayo isebenzisana ngqo nezingxenye zemishini yezinhlelo zokungena komoya zokuhlala. Ihood yekhishi evamile ihlanganisa i-canopy, izivimbelo zokuhlunga amafutha, i-electric blower assembly, i-backdraft damper, ikhola yenguquko, kanye nepayipi elikhipha umoya eliqondile elinqamula kukepisi lophahla lwangaphandle. Ingxenye ngayinye yenza indima ehlukile ye-aerodynamic ngesikhathi sokupheka okuvamile. Kodwa ingxenye ngayinye iphinde ibonise ukukhubazeka okuhlukile ngesikhathi sezimo eziphuthumayo zokushisa okuphezulu.

I-canopy yokungenisa iqoqa amanzi angcolile okupheka kanye nama-aerosol kawoyela ahwamukile kusetshenziswa i-thermal buoyancy. Izihlungi ezingomshini zithwebula izinhlayiya ze-lipids esemoyeni ngaphambi kokuba ukusakaza komoya kufinyelele esondweni lokufutha. Amahodi okuhlala afaka izihlungi ezinezikhala ze-aluminium ezendlalelo eziningi noma izihlungi ze-baffle zensimbi engagqwali.

Izihlungi ze-Aluminium mesh zicupha uwoyela ngokufakwa, kodwa izintambo ezincane zincibilika eduze kuka-660 degrees Celsius (1,220 degrees Fahrenheit). Ukuthintana kwelangabi okuqondile kucekela phansi izihlungi zemeshi phakathi nemizuzwana engu-60, okuvumela umlilo ukuba ukhanye ku-plenum. Insimbi engenasici imelana nokushisa okungafika ku-1,400 degrees Celsius (2,550 degrees Fahrenheit), ihlinzeka ngesivikelo somlilo esisebenzayo.

Umhlangano we-blower ugcina i-axial fan noma isondo le-centrifugal elixhaswe yisekethe yegatsha engu-120-volt noma engu-230-volt. Ezinyangeni eziningi zokupheka, i-blower iqoqa amafutha angaphakathi ahlanganiswe ne-polymerized. Ukushisa okupheka kubhaka ama-triglycerides angagcwalisiwe abe ungqimba oluvuthayo ezindongeni zokuskrola nama-impeller blades.

I-backdraft damper ihlala ngaphezu kwembobo yokukhipha i-blower ukuze uvimbele okusalungiswa kwangaphandle. I-Convective thermal buoyancy iphakamisa lesi sithameli sivuleke sivuleke kakhulu phakathi nomlilo we-flue noma ifeni ingenawo amandla. Izihlahla zenayiloni ezincibilikayo zikhiya i-damper blade ivuleke, ibambe ushimula okusalungiswa.

I-Fluid dynamics, i-duct aerodynamics, kanye ne-boundary layer physics¶

Ukunyakaza kwama-aerosols kagrisi ngokusebenzisa i-exhaust ductwork kulandela i-core fluid mechanics. Umusi wokupheka okhuphukayo ukhuphukela phezulu ngenxa yokushisa okushisayo. Isondela ku-canopy, umhwamuko ungena endaweni enengcindezi ephansi lapho isivinini sikhuphuka ngomphimbo onciphayo.

Ngaphakathi kwamapayipi alinganisa amamilimitha angu-150 kuya kwangu-250 (amayintshi angu-6 kuye kwayi-10) ububanzi, isivinini sokugeleza komoya sisuka ku-5 siye kumamitha ayi-10 ngomzuzwana (amafidi angu-16 kuya kwangu-33 ngomzuzwana). Lezi zivinini zokusebenza zikhiqiza izinombolo ze-Reynolds ezingaphezu kwezi-4,000, ezisungula izimo ezinesiyaluyalu ngokugcwele. I-Swirling eddies ithutha umfutho, ukushisa, nezinhlayiya ezimisiwe zibheke kuma-perimeter emigudu.

Amaconsi e-lipid amisiwe anesilinganiso sama-micrometer angu-0.5 kuye kwangama-50 awela i-laminar sublayer ngokusebenzisa isiyaluyalu. Amaconsi athintekile anamathela ezindongeni zamapayipi, ahlangane abe amafilimu awuketshezi aqhubekayo ngokusebenzisa ukushuba kwendawo. I-exhaust air efudumele ishayela i-polymerization eshisayo kanye ne-oxidative cross-linking. Ama-acids angagcwalisiwe enza ama-polymeric aminyene ahlangana nensimbi, enze umbhede wamafutha onamandla uma uqhathaniswa nowoyela wezimboni.

I-Chemistry ye-lipid combustion kanye nobuthi be-acrolein¶

Ukuwohloka okushisayo kwamafutha okupheka kuveza ukusabalala kwamalangabi anolaka kanye nezingozi ezinkulu ezinobuthi. Amafutha okupheka aqukethe ama-triglycerides axhumanisa i-glycerol namaketanga amathathu e-fatty acid. I-molecular unnsaturation ibeka ukuqina kokushisa kanye nemikhawulo yokuvutha.

Amafutha ashisisayo adlule endaweni yawo yentuthu abangela ukuqhekeka okushisayo kwe-glycerol, akhiphe ama-fatty acids mahhala kanye negesi enobuthi ye-acrolein. I-Acrolein icasula ulwelwesi lwamafinyila ngezingxenye ezingu-0.1 esigidini ngasinye, okubangela ukuqunjelwa okukhulu nokukhwehlela. Ukugxila okungaphezu kwezingxenye ezi-2 esigidini ngasinye kuveza i-pulmonary edema, okwenza abantu abangaphakathi bangakwazi ukusebenza phakathi nemizuzu.

Idlula ku-310 degrees Celsius (590 degrees Fahrenheit), ukuqhekeka okushisayo kuhlukanisa ama-acids anamafutha abe amagesi e-hydrocarbon aguquguqukayo agcwala ngaphezu koketshezi olushisayo. Ukuthintana nezinhlansi zokushisa kuthungela lesi sendlalelo somhwamuko ngokushesha. I-Autoignition isungula ku-360 kuya ku-370 degrees Celsius (680 kuya ku-700 degrees Fahrenheit). Umlilo we-skillet wamasentimitha angu-30 (12-intshi) ukhiqiza ama-kilowathi angu-100 kuya kwangu-250 okushisa, oshayela i-canopy sheet metal kanye ne-duct grease ukuba i-flashover ngokushesha.

Umthelela wesitaki nokusalungiswa kwe-thermodynamics¶

Ukuhamba kwamapayipi aqondile kuqinisa imililo yokupheka ngokusebenzisa i-thermal buoyancy eyaziwa ngokuthi umphumela wesitaki. Ukunciphisa amandla efeni kususa ukungeniswa komshini, kodwa ukuvuthwa kwemvelo kushayela amagesi avuthayo akhuphukayo. Umehluko wezinga lokushisa phakathi kwamagesi aphehlayo nomoya wangaphandle udala ukukhuphuka komfutho ophakeme oqondile.

Amagesi avuthayo anamandla ashesha ukuya phezulu ngamamitha ayi-8 kuye kwayi-12 ngomzuzwana (amafidi angama-26 kuye kwangama-39 ngomzuzwana). Lokhu kugeleza okuya phezulu kuxosha intuthu ngesivalo sophahla kuyilapho kudonsa umoya omusha endaweni yokupheka, kufake umoya-mpilo endaweni yomlilo. Amafeni akhipha umoya ahlanganisa lokhu okusalungiswa, ampompa umoya ongu-17 kuya ku-34 cubic metres womoya ngomzuzu (600 kuya ku-1,200 cubic ft ngomzuzu) futhi aphoqelele amalangabi acindezelwe ngemiphetho yepayipi engavaliwe ibe yizicucu.

Izindlela zokushisa zesakhiwo ekujaheni odongeni nakuma-attics¶

Imigodi yezakhiwo efihliwe yenza imililo yamapayipi obubanzi ibe yingozi kakhulu. Amapayipi kagesi ahamba ngokujahwa odongeni okwakhiwe kusuka ku-38 by 89 millimeter (2 by 4 amayintshi) wezigxobo zokhuni. Amapayipi awela imigodi yaphansi kanye nama-drywall soffits ngaphambi kokungena ezindaweni ezivulekile ze-attic.

Ukushisa kubalekela izindonga zamapayipi ngokusebenzisa i-conduction, imisebe, kanye ne-convection. I-Conduction ishisisa izindawo zensimbi ngendlela efanayo kuyilapho izindonga zamapayipi akhanyayo zikhipha amandla ekufakeni izingodo. Umoya ojikelezayo ngaphakathi kwe-chase cavity udlulisela ukushisa okuguquguqukayo kuma-studs aseduze.

Ukufaka amapulangwe kwehlisa izinga ngaphambi kokuthi kungene ilangabi eliqondile. Ukuchayeka ngaphezu kuka-150 degrees Celsius (302 degrees Fahrenheit) kubola i-wood cellulose, kuyilapho amazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-200 degrees Celsius (392 degrees Fahrenheit) akhiqiza ukushasa komhlaba kanye ne-pyrophoric carbon. Ukushisa okukhazimulayo okuphusha izindawo ezingaphezulu kuka-260 degrees Celsius (500 degrees Fahrenheit) kuthungela izingodo zesakhiwo. Izikhala ezindlini ezindala ezingenayo i-IRC Section R302.11 fireblocks ivumela amalangabi ukuba adlule phansi futhi aphumele ngqo ezindongeni ze-attic.

Ubungozi be-duct namaphoyinti okuhluleka kwekhodi¶

Izinto ezisetshenziswa ngumshini ezikhethiwe ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwekhishi zikhomba ukuthi uhlelo lokudonsa amanzi lumelana isikhathi esingakanani nokwehluleka kokushisa. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezisezingeni eliphansi ezifakwe ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwe-amateur zidala izindlela zomlilo eziyinhlekelele. Imithetho yesimanje yokwakha isungula izindinganiso eziqinile zokupheka amapayipi e-exhaust.

Ngaphansi Kwekhodi Yemishini Yamazwe Ngamazwe (i-IMC) Isahluko 5 kanye Nekhodi Yokuhlala Yamazwe Ngamazwe (i-IRC) Isigaba M1503, amasistimu okukhipha umoya wokupheka kufanele alandele izindinganiso eziqinile: - Imisele kufanele ibe nensimbi, insimbi engagqwali, noma ithusi, kuyilapho ucwecwe oluthambile, i-vinyl, namashubhu e-PVC enqatshelwe. - Amapayipi kufanele abe nezindonga zangaphakathi ezibushelelezi ukuze kuvinjwe ukugoqa kwamafutha. - Amajoyinti kufanele agxume abheke ekugelezeni komoya, aboshwe ngokomshini, futhi avalwe ngetheyiphu ye-foil enezinga lokushisa eliphezulu noma imastic. - Amapayipi kufanele aphumele ngaphandle ngokuqondile futhi angalokothi aphelele ngaphakathi kwama-attics, ama-crawlspaces, noma imigodi yodonga.

Umgudu oguquguqukayo we-aluminium foil flexible uyahluleka ngokushesha phakathi nemililo yamafutha. Amalangabi avutha ku-800 degrees Celsius (1,472 degrees Fahrenheit) ancibilikisa i-foil engu-0.04-millimeter ngaphansi kwemizuzwana engu-20, aqhumise inkungu evuthayo emakhabetheni. Amakhabethe e-Particleboard abamba umlilo ngokushesha, akhuphukela kumlilo wegumbi.

Izinketho zokuzila ziletha ubungozi obukhulu. Izikulufu ezinde ezingamamilimitha angu-25 (intshi engu-1 intshi) ezishayelwa emithonjeni yamafutha zidala izindawo zokubamba eziqoqa amafutha ajiyile bese zivutha ngesikhathi somlilo. Itheyiphu yamapayipi omthengi iyehluleka njengoba izinto ezinamathelayo zincibilika ku-65 degrees Celsius (149 degrees Fahrenheit), zikhiphela intuthu ezindongeni zodonga.

Izindlela zokwehluleka kokuxilonga: indlela ukupheka okushisa ngayo ukushintshela kuma-infernos¶

Ukuqaphela isigaba esiqondile soguquko sekhishi grease fire guides izinqumo zokucindezelwa ngokushesha. Umlilo wegumbi lokupheka uvela ezigabeni ezintathu zokusebenza ezihlukene, ngasinye siveza izimpawu ezihlukile zezinzwa.

Isigaba 1: Ukushiswa kwe-cookware yendawo¶

Amafutha okupheka ayazifudumeza ngaphakathi kwezitsha zokupheka, akhiqize amalangabi angama-200 kuya ku-600 amamilimitha (amayintshi angu-8 kuya kwangu-24) ukuphakama. Ukushisa okukhazimulayo kuphazamisa izihlungi ze-canopy, kuyilapho izinga lokushisa lifinyelela ku-150 kuya ku-250 degrees Celsius (302 kuya ku-482 degrees Fahrenheit). Imisindo ihlanganisa ukuklebhuka okuthambile nokukhafula amafutha. Ukuslayida isivalo sensimbi phezu kwepani noma ukuphakela isicisha-mlilo Sekilasi B kucindezela umlilo ngaphambi kokubandakanyeka kwepayipi.

Isiteji sesi-2: Ukungena kwesihlungi kanye ne-canopy flash¶

Ukwehluleka ukucindezela kusenesikhathi kuvumela ukushisa okuguquguqukayo ukuthi kuncibilikise izihlungi ze-mesh noma kuthungele igrisi kuma-baffles, kungene endlini yokufutha. Ama-motor motor windings anomthunzi ayancibilika, akhiphe intuthu kagesi ecwebile. Ama-run capacitor aqhumayo akhipha inkungu ye-dielectric, namalangabi akhanyisa kukhola yokudonsa ipayipi.

Isiteji sesi-3: Ukushisa kokujaha okuqondile kanye nokuphulwa kwe-attic¶

Amalangabi angena ezikhuphukeni eziqondile adala ukubhonga kwemvamisa ephansi kusuka ekunwebeni kwegesi okusheshayo. Amapayipi ensimbi anda ngamamilimitha angu-15 kuya kwangu-25 (0.6 kuya ku-1.0 amayintshi) ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-3 (amafidi angu-10) agijima ku-600 degrees Celsius (1,112 degrees Fahrenheit). Ukucindezeleka okushisayo kuhlukanisa amalunga, kukhiphe amalangabi ohlaka odongeni. I-drywall ebhamuzayo kanye nokuphuma kwentuthu okuvela kumabhodi ayisisekelo kuqinisekisa umlilo osebenzayo wesakhiwo.

Ukukhetha izicishamlilo kanye nemishini yokucindezela yamaqhinga¶

Ukukhipha isicisha-sicisha-sici esingalungile emlilweni we-hood osebenzayo kungase kubangele ukuqubuka kwesakhiwo noma ukulimala okukhulu komsebenzisi. Abanikazi bezindlu kufanele baqonde ukusebenzelana okungokoqobo kwemidiya yokucisha umlilo emlilweni wamafutha ome mpo.

Izicisha-mlilo zamakhemikhali ezimanzi ze-Class K zisebenzisa i-potassium acetate noma i-potassium citrate solution. Uma ufuthwa emafutheni ashisayo, usawoti we-potassium uthola i-saponification, wenza ingubo yokulala enegwebu elinensipho. Leli gwebu livala umoya-mpilo ngenkathi amanzi ahwamukayo epholisa uwoyela ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa okuzenzakalelayo. Imbobo yenkungu enesivinini esiphansi imboza i-plenum engaphansi ngaphandle kokuhlakaza uketshezi oluvuthayo.

Izicishamlilo ezivamile zokuhlala zamakhemikhali omile zisebenzisa i-sodium bicarbonate (i-BC-rated) noma i-monoammonium phosphate (i-ABC-rated). I-sodium bicarbonate iphazamisa ukusabela kweketango lamahhala ngesikhathi sokusha. Ukushaya izindawo zokushisa ezishisa kakhulu, i-sodium bicarbonate ihlukana ibe yi-sodium carbonate, umusi, ne-carbon dioxide. Lokhu kukhishwa kwegesi okusheshayo kunqanda amalangabi kuyilapho izinhlayiya zimunca amandla ashisayo, zikhiqize ukuwisa ngokushesha.

I-Monoammonium phosphate (ikhemikhali eyomile ye-ABC) yethula izinkinga ezinzima zokuhlanza ngemva komlilo. Ishisisa idlule ku-180 degrees Celsius (356 degrees Fahrenheit), impushana incibilika ibe yi-polyphosphoric acid encibilikisiwe. Le acid efana nengilazi ibopha ngokuqinile ensimbini engagqwali, eshidini lensimbi, nasezintweni ezithinta ugesi. Umswakama womkhathi uhlangana nalensalela ene-asidi ukuze kugqwese izinsimbi phakathi nezinsuku, okudinga ukulungiswa kwamakhemikhali.

Izicisha-mlilo ze-Carbon dioxide (CO2) zibonakala zingasebenzi emisebeni yomlilo eqondile. I-CO2 incike ekuthuthweni komoyampilo omile. Ukulungiswa okuqinile kwe-convective ngaphakathi kwe-exhaust flue esebenzayo kukhipha i-carbon dioxide ephuma ku-roof cap ngamasekhondi, okuvumela ama-grease ashisayo agcoke ukuthi alawule ngokushesha.

Ukuncishiswa kwesinyathelo ngesinyathelo: kusuka ku-stovetop kuya ku-roof cap¶

Ukuphatha umlilo wegrisi wasekhishini ongene kumgudu wokungenisa umoya kudinga inqubo ehlelekile, ebekwe phambili yamaqhinga. Landela lezi zigaba zokusebenza ezilandelanayo ukuze ufinyelele ukuqukatha okuphelele ngenkathi uvikela impilo.

Isigaba 1: Ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla kanye nokuncishiswa komhlaba¶

Susa okusalungiswa komoya okuphoqelelwe phakathi kwamasekhondi angu-30. Gwema ukuthinta izinkinobho zama-hood uma amalangabi egaqa i-canopy ukuvimbela ukusha okukhulu. Hambisa kuphaneli ye-circuit breaker bese ucisha izinqamuli zasekhishini, umise ukungeniswa komoya okwenziwa ngomshini ku-flue.

I-cookware eshisayo ivutha amalangabi ngokuslayida ishidi lokubhaka lensimbi noma isivalo esisindayo ngokuvundlile unqamule unqenqema lwepani. Ukushelela kuvimbela ukugudluka komoya okufafaza amafutha avuthayo. Shiya ikhava endaweni imizuzu engama-45 ukuze uvimbele ukubusa komhwamuko.

Isigaba sesi-2: Umjovo wepayipi lesicisha-mlilo onamaqhinga¶

Bhekana namalangabi ekhola ukusuka ku-2 ukuya ku-3 wamamitha (6 kuya ku-10 amafidi) emuva. Donsa iphinikhodi yokuphepha bese ukhomba ngaphansi kwe-canopy nge-engeli engu-45-degree ngokumelene nodonga lwangemuva lwensimbi engagqwali. Ungalokothi uqonde ngqo endaweni evulekayo, efafaza uwoyela ovuthayo.

Ukuchezukisa i-ejenti odongeni olungemuva kusabalalisa ifu lekhemikhali eliminyene elidonsela phezulu esondweni lokufutha kanye nokugijima kwe-flue. Khipha iyunithi ngokuqhuma okufushane kwamasekhondi angu-2 kuze kube yilapho umusi ushintsha ukusuka kuntuthu omnyama ukuya kumpushana ompunga.

Isigaba sesi-3: Ukujaha kwesakhiwo kanye nokugadwa kwe-attic¶

Qinisekisa imigodi efihliwe ngemuva kokudilizwa komlilo we-canopy. Hlola i-drywall eduze nokujaha okuqondile ngemuva kwesandla sakho esingenalutho. Ukushisa okungaphezu kuka-50 degrees Celsius (122 degrees Fahrenheit) noma upende obhamuzayo uqinisekisa ukushaja kwe-stud okusebenzayo.

Hlola imigqa yophahla lwangaphandle ukusuka ezingeni eliphansi. Intuthu noma izinhlansi eziphuma ezindlini eziphahleni eziphahleni noma izintuba ze-soffit ziqinisekisa ukuthi umlilo wephule umbhobho wokukhipha umoya ophahleni. Phuma ngokushesha uma ukushisa kwesakhiwo noma intuthu ye-attic ivela.

Isigaba sesi-4: Ukuzinziswa kwesayithi kanye nokunikezwa ngesandla okuphrofeshinali¶

Vala iminyango yangaphakathi ngenkathi uphuma ukuze uhlukanise intuthu futhi ukhawulele ukutholakala komoyampilo. Gcina i-perimeter yomhlangano okungenani amamitha angu-15 (amafidi angu-50) ukusuka esakhiweni. Izisebenzi zokucima umlilo ezifikayo ezimfishane ekubandakanyekeni komtshingo, ukusetshenziswa kwesicishamlilo, isimo sokunqanyulwa kukagesi, nendlela engokoqobo yokujaha esakhiweni.

Ithuluzi eliphelele kanye nemishini yokuxilonga¶

Ukuphatha nokuhlola uhla lwamapayipi omlilo kanye nemiphumela yawo yesakhiwo kudinga amathuluzi akhethekile namathuluzi okuxilonga. Uhlu lwemishini elandelayo lunikeza imininingwane yamathuluzi aphathekayo adingekayo ukuze kuphendulwe izimo eziphuthumayo, ukuhlola okushisayo, nokulungiswa komshini kwangemva komlilo.

Ukuphepha kokuhlolwa kwe-attic kanye nokuhlolwa kokushisa kwesakhiwo¶

Uma umlilo wepayipi lasekhishini ucindezelwe ngokushesha futhi kungekho msindo ozwakalayo, amabhamuza abonakalayo odonga olomile, noma intuthu yophahla, kufanele kwenziwe ukuqinisekiswa kokuqala kwesakhiwo. Abanikazi bezindlu kufanele babheke izimiso zokuphepha eziqinile ngaphambi kokuvula noma iyiphi iphaneli yokufinyelela ophahleni noma i-hatch ye-attic.

Qinisekisa ukuzinza kokushisa ngaphandle kokwephula imingcele ye-attic usebenzisa i-infrared pyrometer: - Skena i-drywall yosilingi eduze kwe-exhaust chase lapho amazinga okushisa evamise ukufana nomoya wegumbi elizungezile. - Ukufundwa kwendawo okungaphezu kuka-35 degrees Celsius (95 degrees Fahrenheit) kubonisa ukugcinwa kokushisa ngaphakathi kwama-cavities ozimele. - Inhlanganisela eqhekekile yokungena ekungeneni kwe-attic iqinisekisa ukubalwa kwe-gypsum, okuqinisekisa ukuskena okuchwepheshile kokushisa okwenziwe ngabacimi bomlilo ngaphambi kokumemezela ukuthi indawo yesigameko iphephile.

Ukuhlolwa kwe-post-fire forensic, ukushintshwa kwemigudu, namazinga okuhlanza¶

Ngemuva kwesigameko esiqinisekisiwe sokusha kwepayipi, yonke indawo yokukhipha umoya kufanele ithathwe njengokonakala ngokwesakhiwo kuze kube yilapho isigunyazwe ngusonkontileka onelayisensi kanye nomhloli wezakhiwo wendawo. Ukusebenzisa i-hood ehlangabezane nomlilo wangaphakathi kuveza izingozi ezimbi kakhulu zokusha kogesi wesibili, i-off-gassing enobuthi, kanye nokwehluleka komshini okuyinhlekelele.

Ukudilizwa komshini nokuhlolwa kwengxenye¶

Yonke ingxenye evezwe endleleni yomlilo idinga uphenyo olunzulu: - I-Range hood blower motor: Ukushisa kucekela phansi izithambisi ezithwalayo, kwehlisa isithunzi sokuvala amajika, futhi kuncibilikise ukunqamuka kokushisa. Izinjini ezilimele ezisebenzayo zibeka engcupheni yokubambezeleka kwemililo kagesi, okudinga ukushintshwa kwama-blower aphelele. - Izindlela zokudambisa: Ama-damper blade asontekile avimbela ukuvaleka okuqinile, okumema umswakama nokusalungiswa. Ukushisa kwentwasahlobo okulahlekile kuvimbela ama-flappers ukuthi avale ngaphansi kwamandla adonsela phansi noma ukucindezeleka kwentwasahlobo. - Amajoyinti nama-fasteners: Ukunwetshwa okushisayo kukhulula izikulufu futhi kuhwamulise ama-sealant ahlangene. Noma iyiphi ingxenye yepayipi ebonisa ukushintsha kombala kwensimbi, i-zinc bluing, noma ukuvuza kwensisi emithungweni kufanele kushintshwe kufakwe ipayipi lensimbi eliqinile elingu-26 gauge. - Uhlaka lokhuni lwesakhiwo: Uhlaka lwamapulangwe olubonisa indawo eshajayo lujule kunamamilimitha angu-3 (0.12 amayintshi) ludinga ukuhlolwa kwesakhiwo. Izingodo ezishisiwe zilahlekelwa amandla okuthwala umthwalo, ngokuvamile zigunyaza ama-joists ahlanganisiwe ngaphansi kwamakhodi okwakha endawo.

Ukukhipha ukungcola kanye nokulungiswa kwezinsalela ezonakalisayo¶

Ukushaja isicisha-mlilo se-ABC kudinga ukungathathi hlangothi kwamakhemikhali uma izingxenye sezipholile. Xuba amanzi afudumele ne-sodium bicarbonate noma hlanza i-ammonia ukuze unciphise i-acidic monoammonium phosphate. Vacuum impushana exegayo usebenzisa i-vacuum ehlungiwe nge-HEPA, ugweme izindawo ezihlanzekile zasendlini ezikhipha uthuli olucolile ezindaweni zokuhlala. Sula izindawo zensimbi ngekhambi elingathathi hlangothi, hlambulula ngamanzi ahlanzekile, futhi ulahle ukudla obala.

Ukugcinwa kokuvimbela kanye neshejuli yokuhlola¶

Sebenzisa amashejuli okunakekela aqinile ahambisana namazinga eNational Fire Protection Association (NFPA): - Ukuhlanzwa kwesihlungi: Geza i-baffle noma izihlungi ze-mesh njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-30 ezindlini ezipheka nsuku zonke. Gcoba izihlungi ku-degreaser noma usebenzise ama-baffle ensimbi engenasici ngomjikelezo womshini wokuwasha izitsha oshisayo. - I-Canopy plenum degreasing: Njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-90, sula i-plenum yangaphakathi, i-grease trough, nezindlu zokufutha ezifinyelelekayo nge-degreaser ye-citrus. - Ukususwa kwesivalo sophahla lwangaphandle: Hlola izigqoko zophahla lwangaphandle minyaka yonke ukuze ususe amaqabunga, izidleke, nolante, uqinisekise ukuhamba kwe-flapper. - Amasistimu wokucisha indawo yokupheka okuzenzakalelayo: Faka amathini okucisha itop cook okuzenzakalelayo akhipha impushana lapho izixhumanisi zincibilika ku-180 kuya ku-200 degrees Celsius (356 kuya ku-392 degrees Fahrenheit).

Amakhodi emishini ye-Multi-jurisdiction kanye namazinga okufaka¶

Ukufaka nokulungisa umoya wokukhipha umoya wasekhishini kudinga ukuthotshelwa okuqinile kwamakhodi okwakha amazwe ngamazwe, kazwelonke, kanye nomasipala. Ukuqonda lawa mazinga kuqinisekisa ukuthi imigudu eyakhiwe kabusha imelana nezigameko ezishisayo zesikhathi esizayo futhi ithobelana nezitifiketi zokuhlala zikamasipala.

E-United States, amasistimu okuphuma kwekhishi lezindawo zokuhlala alawulwa ngaphansi Kwekhodi Yendawo Yokuhlala Yamazwe Ngamazwe (i-IRC) Isahluko 15 kanye Nekhodi Yemishini Yamazwe Ngamazwe (IMC) Isahluko 5. Isigaba M1503.2 siyala ukuthi amapayipi kufanele abe yinsimbi ebushelelezi yodonga, insimbi engagqwali, noma ithusi elinama-backdraft dampers, avimbele ngokuqinile ukunwebeka. Isigaba M1503.6 sidinga amasistimu omoya wezimonyo kumahood aqeda amandla angaphezu kwama-cubic metres ayi-11 ngomzuzu (400 cubic feet ngomzuzu). Lesi simiso somoya sezimonyo sihlangana ngogesi nesivalo ukuvimbela ukucindezeleka kwesakhiwo esiyingozi.

E-Canada, ukungena komoya endaweni yokuhlala kuwela ngaphansi Kwekhodi Kazwelonke Yokwakha yase-Canada (NBC) Ingxenye 9. Isigaba 9.32.3 sibeka ukuthi amapayipi kagesi aphumela ngaphandle kufanele angashi futhi aholele ngaphandle ngokuqondile. Amakhodi wesifundazwe ayingisa le mithetho, enqabela amapayipi aguquguqukayo futhi adinga insimbi yeshidi eliqinile ngokusebenzisa amagumbi abandayo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuminyanisa kwamafutha.

E-United Kingdom nase-European Union, izindinganiso zokuqeda umoya zilandela Idokhumenti Egunyaziwe F kanye Nezinga LaseYurophu EN 13141-3. Amazinga ase-British BS 5925 kanye ne-BS 5422 alawula izinga lokungena komoya kanye nokufakwa kwe-flue ezindaweni zophahla ezingashisi. Lapho amapayipi enqamula phansi ezitezi ezihlukanisa umlilo ezakhiweni ezinemindeni eminingi, imithetho yokwakha idinga ama-dampers aqinisekisiwe ukuze amise ukubhebhetheka komlilo okume mpo.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa¶

Ngingakwazi ukuhlanza futhi ngisebenzise kabusha ihood yami yohlu ngemva komlilo wamafutha wepayipi?¶

Awukwazi ukuphinda usebenzise ihood yobubanzi ngokuphephile ngemva kokusha kwepayipi ngaphandle kokuhlolwa okuphelele kokuphepha komshini nokogesi okwenziwa uchwepheshe onelayisensi. Amandla ashisayo aphezulu ngaphakathi kwendlu yokufutha alimaza ama-winding motor kagesi, ancibilikise amahhanisi ezintambo zepulasitiki, futhi acekele phansi izithambisi ezithwalayo, adale i-arcing eyingozi kanye nezingozi zomlilo kagesi uma iyunithi iphinda inikwa amandla. Ukushisa kusonta i-damper yangaphakathi ye-backdraft futhi kuhlanekezela amashaneli okulandelela isihlungi, kuvimbele ukugeleza komoya okufanele nokuhlunga. Uma amalangabi angena kukhola yepayipi eqondile, yonke imigudu egijima kufanele isekwe ngekhamera ukuze kuhlolwe ama-seams ahlukene, futhi iyunithi yokufutha kufanele ishintshwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kwesikhathi esizayo.

Kungani isiphephetha-moya se-hood senza umlilo ube ubi nakakhulu esikhundleni sokuwukhipha endlini?¶

Izivalo zasekhishini zenzelwe kuphela ukukhipha umoya wezinga lokushisa eliphansi, umswakama, namaphunga okupheka, hhayi amalangabi esakhiwo asebenzayo. Uma isiphephetha-moya sisebenza phakathi nomlilo wamafutha osebenzayo, isiphephetha-moya esiyi-centrifugal sisebenza njengesivunguvungu esisebenza ngomshini, sidonsa amakhulu ama-cubic feet of fresh airmospheric oxygen per minute ngqo kusisekelo sikawoyela ovuthayo. Lokhu kushintshwa okuphoqelelwe kusheshisa kakhulu isivinini sokuvutha, ukuphakama kwelangabi eliphindwe kathathu, futhi kushayela umoya oshisayo kakhulu kumbhobho wokukhipha umoya oqondile. Uma usungaphakathi ku-flue, ukugeleza komoya kuqhubezela ama-aerosol amafutha avuthayo ezindongeni zamapayipi angaphakathi, kuthunge amadiphozithi amadala futhi kubhebhetheke nomlilo ekujaheni odongeni nasezindlini ezingaphansi.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwesicishamlilo Sekilasi B, Ikilasi K, kanye Nesigaba ABC somlilo wepayipi?¶

Izicisha-mlilo zamakhemikhali ezimanzi ze-Class K zisebenzisa uketshezi oluwuketshezi olune-alkali olusabela namafutha okupheka ashisayo ngokusebenzisa i-saponification, kwakheka ungqimba oluwugqinsi lwegwebu elinensipho olupholisa uwoyela futhi luminyanise umlilo ngaphandle kokusakaza uketshezi oluwuketshezi. Izicisha-mlilo zamakhemikhali ezomile zekilasi B zisebenzisa impushana ye-sodium bicarbonate ukuze ziphazamise ukusha kwamakhemikhali, zehlise amalangabi ngokushesha kuyilapho zingaboli ezinsizeni zasekhishini. Izicisha-mlilo zekilasi i-ABC zisebenzisa impushana ye-monoammonium phosphate, enqanda ngempumelelo imililo yezinto eziningi kodwa incibilika ibe izinsalela ezinamathelayo, eziphuzi kakhulu ezigqwalisa insimbi engagqwali, amapayipi ensimbi, namasekhethi kagesi uma inganqanyulwa ngokuphelele ngemva kokusetshenziswa.

Ngingabona kanjani ukuthi umlilo we-hood we-hood usabalele endlini yami engaphansi ngaphandle kokuvula umnyango we-attic?¶

Ungakwazi ukubona ukusabalala komlilo ophahleni ophahleni ngokubheka imigqa yophahla lwangaphandle, ukulalela imisindo ehlukile yesakhiwo, futhi uhlole amazinga okushisa angaphakathi odongeni eduze nokujahwa kwamapayipi. Hamba ngaphandle bese ubheka umugqa wakho ophahleni: uma ubumnyama, intuthu ecindezelweyo noma amalahle ephuma embotsheni ye-attic gable, ama-soffit vents, noma ama-ridge caps kunokuba nje i-exhaust yensimbi eyindilinga, amalangabi agqekeze kuhlaka lwe-attic. Ngaphakathi kwekhaya, ukubhonga kwemvamisa ephansi okuqhubekayo okufana nenjini yejethi, imisindo yokhuni ephumayo, noma i-drywall ebhamuzayo eduze komugqa wokujaha oqondile kukhombisa ukushiswa kwesakhiwo okusebenzayo. Ungalokothi uvule iphaneli yokufinyelela ephahleni uma usola umlilo ophahleni, njengoba ukwethula umoya-mpilo omusha kungabangela ukuhleleka okungemuva okubulalayo.

Isitifiketi sosizo lokuqala¶

Ukuphatha imililo yasekhaya, izimo eziphuthumayo zokuhogela intuthu, kanye nokusha okuqinile kokuthinta kudinga ukuqeqeshwa okungokoqobo, okubhekana nenhlekelele. Amamanuwali okuphepha okufunda anikeza ukuqonda okuyisisekelo, kodwa izivivinyo eziphuthumayo ezilingiswayo zakha inkumbulo yemisipha yomzimba edingekayo ukuze kuthathwe isinyathelo esiwujuqu ngaphansi kokucindezeleka okukhulu kwengqondo. Sincoma ngokuqinile ukubhalisa kusizo lokuqala oluqinisekisiwe, i-CPR, kanye nekhosi yokuphepha emlilweni yokuhlala ehlinzekwa izinhlangano eziqashelwayo njenge-American Red Cross, i-St John Ambulance, i-Canadian Red Cross, noma izicishamlilo zikamasipala wendawo. Izifundo ezenziwa ngezandla zifundisa amasu afanele okusebenzisa isicishamlilo, ukuzinzisa ukusha kokushisa, ukuphathwa kwendlela yomoya ngesikhathi sokuchayeka kwe-carbon monoxide, nokuxhumana okuphumelelayo kokuphuma komndeni.

Imithombo ihloliwe¶

• I-National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 96: Izinga Lokulawulwa Kokungenisa umoya kanye Nokuvikelwa Komlilo Kwemisebenzi Yokupheka Kwezentengiso
• I-National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 10: Okujwayelekile Kwezicishamlilo Eziphathwayo
• I-United States Fire Administration (USFA): Izinqubo Zokuvikeleka Kokuphekela Kwezindawo Zokuhlala kanye Nokuvimbela
• I-International Code Council (ICC): Ikhodi Yezindawo Zokuhlala Yamazwe Ngamazwe (IRC) Isahluko 15, I-Exhaust Systems
• I-International Code Council (ICC): Ikhodi Yemishini Yamazwe Ngamazwe (IMC) Isahluko 5, I-Exhaust Systems
• I-Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Standard 507: Amafeni Kagesi kanye Nesitifiketi Sokuphepha se-Range Hood
• Ikhomishana Yokuphepha Komkhiqizo Wabathengi (i-CPSC): I-Range Hood kanye Nemihlahlandlela Yokuphepha Komlilo Kwezinto Ezisetshenziswa Ekhishini
• I-International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC): Ukuhlaselwa Komlilo Wezakhiwo Zokuhlala kanye Namaqhinga Afihliwe Emkhathini

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Ukukhishwa komlilo wendlu kanye nokusinda
• Ukuvinjwa komlilo kagesi kanye nezinhlansi
• Ifeni yokukhipha umlilo ophahleni ophahleni kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo zokungenisa umoya
• Ukuhlela ukuphunyuka komlilo wasekhaya nama-alamu entuthu
• Ukukhethwa kwesicishamlilo sasekhaya nokubekwa