Ukungaphumeleli kwedamu kanye nokuphuma kwegagasi lezikhukhula okuyinhlekelele¶

Ukwehluleka okuyinhlekelele kwedamu, ukubhodlozwa kwe-levee, noma I-Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) idedela izigidi kuya kumakhulu ezigidi zama-cubic metres amanzi avalelwe ngendaba nje emizuzwini embalwa, okudala i-tsunami emaphakathi nezwe igagasi lezikhukhula eligudla zonke izigodi zemifula phansi edwaleni elingenalutho. Ngokungafani nezikhukhula zomfula ezivamile zesizini ezikhuphuka ngamasentimitha ngamasentimitha phakathi namahora noma izinsuku, idamu elibhodlokile, ukuvinjelwa kwezinsalela zemayini, noma i-glacial moraine ebhidlikile idedela udonga lwamanzi, udaka, amatshe, izihlahla eziphukile, namabhilidi aphihliziwe **3 kuya ku-30 amamitha (10 kuya ku-100 ukuya ku-100 wamafithi angu-5 ukuya ku-520 ngehora ukuya ku-5 imitha*20 ukuphakama) 40 amamayela ngehora)**. Ngenxa yokuthi leli gagasi lemfucumfucu eligxilile lifinyelela ukuminyana okuphindwe kabili kwamanzi angenalutho futhi liphahlaza uhlaka oluvamile lwezinkuni kanye nezindlu zezitini lapho lithinteka, ukukhosela ngaphakathi kwendlu noma ukugibela ophahleni lwezindlu ngaphakathi kwendawo ekhukhula ngokuvamile kuyabulala: *ukusinda kuncike ngokuphelele ekuphumeni okukhona ngokushesha ezindongeni zesigodi ukuya endaweni ephakeme ngaphezu kwedamu lokuphakama-

Yenza lokhu manje¶

1. Suka ngokushesha uqonde emiseleni yomfula (uqonde ngqo ethambekeni lesigodi, ungalokothi ukhuphuke umfula noma ezansi nomfula). Ungamoshi imizuzu emi-5 upakisha izikhwama, ukhiye iminyango, noma uzame ukuphuma igagasi lezikhukhula ngomgwaqo osuka esigodini olandela umfula. Bheka isimo sezwe nhlangothi zombili zesigodi bese ukhwele uqonde entabeni efinyelelekayo, bluff, noma ummango nge-engeli engama-degree angu-90 kude nesiteshi somfula uze okungenani ube15 kuya ku-30 ​​wamamitha (amafidi angu-50 kuye kwangu-100) ngaphezu kwesigodi (noma ngaphezu kweposi yendawo yangakini ethi **Dam Inundation line).
2. Hamba ngezinyawo ngokushesha uma imigwaqo yasezigodini ivalekile, ivinjwe ukudilika kwenhlabathi, noma amabhuloho awela. Igagasi lesikhukhula sedamu noma i-GLOF ihamba20 kuya kumakhilomitha angu-65 ngehora (amakhilomitha angu-12 kuya kwangu-40 ngehora) futhi ibhidliza amabhuloho emifula aphansi kuqala. Uma isiminyaminya sima noma ungaphakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-5 (amamayela angu-3) wedamu eliwayo, i-levee, noma i-glacial Valley channel, shiya imoto yakho ngokushesha futhi ugingqike uqonde egqumeni ngezinyawo. Imizuzu eyishumi yokukhuphuka ngokushesha umqansa ikubeka amamitha aqondile angama-60 kuye kwayi-100 (amafidi angama-200 kuye kwangama-330) ngaphezu kosebe lomfula, ukuze ungafinyeleli kunoma yiliphi igagasi lezikhukhula.
3. Bona izimpawu eziyisixwayiso zemvelo ezingu-4 lapho izexwayiso ezingenantambo noma izinhlabamkhosi zihluleka. Ukuwa kwedamu futhi ama-GLOF avamise ukwenzeka ebusuku, phakathi nokuzamazama komhlaba, noma phakathi neziphepho ezinamandla eziwisa imibhoshongo yamaselula kuqala. Suka uye endaweni ephakeme ngokushesha uma uqaphela: (a) ukudlidliza komhlabathi okuqhubekayo, okunemvamisa ephansi kanye nokuduma okuvala izindlebe okuzwakala njengesitimela esindiza kancane esithwala impahla esindiza kancane noma iqembu lendiza yendiza ezehla emhosheni; (b) ukwehla okungazelelwe, okungesona okwemvelo NOMA ukukhuphuka kodaka okungazelelwe ezingeni lamanzi omfula; © iphunga elinamandla lomhlaba osanda kugaywa, isibabule, kanye nezihlahla zikaphayini/umsedari eliqhutshwa umoya obandayo ongazelele phansi esigodini; noma (d) ukuzamazama komhlaba okukhulu noma i-rockslide enhla nomfula lapho uhlala ngaphansi kwedamu noma ichibi leqhwa.
4. Ungalokothi ushayele noma uhambe emanzini ezikhukhula anyakazayo noma uwele ibhuloho phezu komfula ogubhayo.***15 wamasentimitha (amayintshi angu-6) amanzi agijima ngokushesha awisa umuntu omdala ezinyaweni zakhe, futhi amasentimitha angu-30 kuye kwangu-60 (amafidi angu-1 kuye kwangu-2) amanzi agijimayo antanta futhi ashanele amaloli asindayo adonsa ngamasondo amane nama-SUV. Ukwengeza, ungalokothi uwele ibhuloho lapho amanzi ezikhukhula esondela endaweni yebhuloho noma enyakaza ngamandla eduze kwezinsika: kugeleza udoti ominyana kakhulu futhi amatshe abhidliza izinqwaba zebhuloho eliphuma ngaphansi kwamasekhondi etiyela ngaphambi kokuba umgwaqo udilike.
5. Uma uhlala ngemuva komsele wobumba oqala "ukubilisa isihlabathi," amanzi anodaka agelezayo, noma adilika, phuma ngaphambi kokuba abhodloke. Ngaphambi kokuba kuqhume umsele wobumba noma idamu eliwugwadule, amanzi anomfutho omkhulu odonsa ngaphansi noma enhlabathini adale imithombo egelezayo yamanzi anodaka nesihlabathi**** emaceleni omhlaba owomile (*** noma ipayipi lomhlabathi). Nakuba amanzi acwebile ageleza kancane kuvamile, amanzi anodaka, agcwele udaka agelezayo esuka emathumba esihlabathi noma umfantu/umgodi obonakalayo kumqhele we-levee kusho ukuguguleka kwangaphakathi kuklebhula i-levee ngaphakathi futhi ukuphulwa okugcwele okugcwele okuyinhlekelele kungenzeka ngemizuzu embalwa. Shayela inombolo yakho yasendaweni yezimo eziphuthumayo (911 e-United States nase-Canada, 112 ngaphesheya kwe-European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom, noma ubone konke izinombolo eziphuthumayo) bese uhamba ngokushesha.
6. Hlala endaweni ephakeme ngemva kokudlula kwamagagasi okuqala: amagagasi esibili, ukuwa kwamabhange, nokulandela udaka olunobuthi. Ukuhluleka kwamadamu kanye nama-GLOF kuvame ukwenzeka ekukhuphukeni okuningi njengoba ukuguguleka okubuyela emuva kunweba ukubhodloka noma amachibi eqhwa esibili kanye namadamu abhidlikile aqhuma phezulu nomfula. Ngisho nangemva kokuba amazinga amanzi ehlile, phuma phansi esigodini esisha: Izindonga ezigcwele ze-canyon zivame ukuwa kwesibili. ukudilika komhlaba, kanye nezinsalela zemayini noma udaka lwezikhukhula lwezimboni ngokuvamile lusebenza njenge-quicksand eboshwe ngezinsimbi ezisindayo, i-cyanide, indle, kanye nezintambo ezidlulisa amandla kagesi aphezulu ezehlisiwe.

Ukuhluleka kwedamu, ukuphulwa kwe-levee, kanye nesihlahla sesinqumo sokusinda se-GLOF¶

Sebenzisa leli shati eligeleza lesinqumo esisheshayo ngesikhathi uthola i-Dam Watch/Isexwayiso, ubona amathumba esihlabathi, noma uzwa ukubhonga kwe-canyon enhla nomfula.

flowchart TD
    Start["Isexwayiso Sokuhluleka Kwedamu, Isexwayiso Sokuphulwa Kwe-Levee,<br/>I-Glacial Lake Outburst (GLOF) Siren, NOMA I-Upstream Canyon Roar"] --> TimeCheck{"Unesikhathi esingakanani sokuhola ngaphambi<br/>kokufika kwegagasi lezikhukhula?"}

    TimeCheck -->|"I-IMMINENT BREACH (Amasekhondi kuya ku-<15 Mins)<br/>Siren ekhalayo, Isexwayiso Esiphuthumayo, noma Ukubhonga kuzwakele"| RunUpSlope["ELAHEKA IZAKHIWO NEZITHUTHI UMA zivinjiwe:<br/>Gijima ngezinyawo ngo-90 degrees PERPENDICULAR uye esiteshini somfula<br/>Khwela uqonde egqumeni eliseduze, i-bluff, noma udonga lwesigodi<br/>Hlola >= 15 kuya ku-30 amamitha aqondile (amafidi angu-50 ukuya kwangu-10) ngaphezu kwamamitha aqondile esigodi"]

    RunUpSlope --> TrappedCheck{"Ingabe uzungezwe ngokuphelele amanzi<br/>ethafeni elinezikhukhula elinamagquma anguziro?"}
    TrappedCheck -->|"Cha: Ufinyelele endaweni ephakeme"| StayHigh["Hlala endaweni ephakeme ukuze uthole amagagasi amaningi<br/>UNGAZI wehlele ukutakula impahla noma uthinte udaka"]
    TrappedCheck -->|"Yebo: Indawo eyisicaba, igagasi liyafika manje"| VerticalLastResort["ISINDAWO SOKUGCINA UKUPHUMA OKUQONDILE:<br/>Gibela uhlaka lwensimbi olude kakhulu noma isakhiwo sikakhonkolo esiqinisiwe (izindaba ezingu-3+)<br/>Gwema izindlu ezinohlaka lwamapulangwe, amakhaya ahambayo, namabhuloho<br/>Letha idivayisi yokuntanta; ungalokothi uzivalele ku-attic evaliwe"]

    TimeCheck -->|"ISEXWAYISO SASEKUPHAKAMENI (30 Amaminithi ukuya emahoreni amaningana)<br/>I-FEMA / Isevisi Yesimo Sezulu 'I-Dam Watch' noma Isibikezelo Sokudlula I-Levee"| VehicleEvac["1. Thatha i-Go-Bag, imithi, izilwane ezifuywayo, nomndeni ngokushesha<br/>2. Shayela PHEZULU futhi UPHUMELE kumephu yeNdawo Yokunyuswa Kwedamu<br/> usebenzisa imigwaqo yasezindaweni eziphezulu (UNGALOKOTHI ushayele emigwaqweni ezansi nomfula noma phezu kwamabhuloho aphansi)<br/>3. Uma isiminyaminya sezimoto ngaphakathi esigodini, paka ngaphandle komgwaqo futhi ukhuphuke ukhuphuke ngezinyawo"]

    VehicleEvac --> LeveeInspect{"Ingabe uye wabona 'Amathumba Esanti' noma amanzi anodaka<br/>phansi kwedamu eliseduze noma i-levee?"}
    LeveeInspect -->|"Yebo: Amanzi anodaka ayabhuquza"| ReportPiping["UKWEHLULEKA OKUBALULEKILE OKUPHUMULA OKUQHUBEKAYO:<br/>Ungazami ukuzixhumela imbobo ngokwakho.<br/>Phuma e-floodplain ngokushesha futhi ushayele ku-911 / 112 / 999<br/>ukubika indawo ngqo ye-GPS yethumba lesihlabathi esinodaka."]
    LeveeInspect -->|"Cha"| StayOutZone["Ngena nomndeni ongaphandle kwendawo yezikhukhula<br/>Qapha i-NOAA Weather Radio / Ukusakazwa Kwezimo Eziphuthumayo Kazwelonke"]

Ukuqhathanisa izinhlobo ezi-4 zokwehluleka kokubopha okuyinhlekelele¶

Akuwona wonke ukwehluleka kwamadamu nezithiyo oziphatha ngendlela efanayo. Amadamu kakhonkolo ayikhothamo ahluleka cishe ngaso leso sikhathi njengethange lamanzi eliqhumayo, amadamu othango lobumba aguguleka kancane kancane emaminithini angu-20 kuya kwangu-90, amachibi acwebile akhipha imfucumfucu egcwele amadwala egeleza ehle ezihosheni zezintaba, futhi amadamu asele emigodini akhulula imifula enodaka olunobuthi oluminyanisayo.

Ukuqonda amazinga ezimo eziphuthumayo zedamu kanye ne-levee¶

E-United States (Isevisi Yesimo Sezulu Kazwelonke / FEMA / US Army Corps of Engineers), e-Canada, e-United Kingdom (Environment Agency), i-European Union, kanye namanethiwekhi okuqapha e-Himalayan/Andean GLOF, iziphathimandla zisebenzisa izigaba zokukhuphuka ezijwayelekile. Ukwazi umehluko phakathi kwe-Watch kanye Nesexwayiso Esiphuthumayo kukutshela ukuthi unamahora noma amasekhondi:

1. Iwashi leDam / Levee (Ukwelulekwa noma Isimo B: Ukwehluleka Okungaba Khona):
2. Isho ukuthini: Amanzi ezikhukhula ngemva kwedamu noma i-levee asondela kumthamo oyingozi, imigudu yokuchitheka eyisizayo iphuma ngesilinganiso esiphezulu, noma onjiniyela bathole ukukhubazeka kwesakhiwo (okufana nokugeleza kwamanzi noma ukuwa okuncane) okungase **okungaholela ekuhlulekeni uma izimo ziba zimbi.
3. Okufanele ukwenze MANJE: Pakisha i-Go-Bag yakho yesimo esiphuthumayo, layisha amalungu omndeni akhawulelwe ukuhamba, izinsana, nezilwane ezifuywayo emotweni yakho, uhambise imfuyo emadlelweni aphakeme, futhi uphume endaweni ekhukhuleka kusenesikhathi kuyilapho imigwaqo namabhuloho kusakome ngokuphelele.
4. Isexwayiso Sezikhukhula Ezikhanyayo Ngokuhluleka Kwedamu / Ukuphulwa Kwe-Levee (Isimo A: Ukwehluleka Okuseduze Noma Okusebenzayo):
5. Isho ukuthini: Idamu noma i-levee iyahluleka okwamanje noma iqinisekisiwe ukuthi izogqekeza kungakapheli imizuzu. Izaziso Zezimo Eziphuthumayo Ezingenantambo (i-WEA) kumaselula zizokhala ithoni ye-alamu ephezulu enesihloko esithi "ISEXWAYISO SOKUKHUKHULA KWEFLESHI: UKWEHLULEKA KWEDAMBU" noma "ISITHUTHUKO ESIYAQHUBEKA: PHUMELA EZWENI ELIPHEZULU."
6. Okufanele ukwenze MANJE: Dedela yonke into bese uthuthela endaweni ephakeme ngokushesha. Ungapakishi impahla; bamba kuphela abantu abaseduze kwakho futhi ukhuphuke uphume esigodini.
7. Isexwayiso Sokukhishwa Kwevolumu Ephezulu (Isikhukhula Esilawulwa Ukungaphuli):
8. Isho ukuthini: Ukugcina idamu lobumba lingagxumi futhi libhidlike ngokuphelele phakathi nemvula eyingqophamlando (njengalapho kunesiphepho noma umfula osemkhathini), abaqhubi bamadamu bayaphoqeleka ukuthi bavule amasango ezikhukhula eziphuthumayo noma umzila wokuchitheka osizayo ukuze bakhiphe amanzi amaningi emseleni womfula.
9. Okufanele ukwenze MANJE: Phuma kuwo wonke amakhaya aseduze kwemifula aphansi, izindawo zokukhempa, nezindawo ezikhukhula ngokushesha, njengoba amazinga omfula angakhuphuka 3 kuya ku-10 wamamitha (amafidi angu-10 kuye kwangu-33) ngehora elilodwa nakuba idamu ngokwalo lingaphukanga.

Isikhathi Sokufika Kwegagasi Lesikhukhula, Isivinini, kanye namandla Okuthinta ngebanga eliphansi komfula¶

Ukuqonda ukuthi igagasi lokuqhekeka kwedamu noma i-GLOF ishintsha kanjani njengoba yehla emhosheni ikusiza ukuthi ulinganisele ukuthi mingaki imizuzu okufanele ukhuphukele endaweni ephephile:

Ungalibona kanjani idamu lobumba elihlulekayo noma i-levee: Umthetho othi "Clear vs. Muddy Seepage"¶

Izigidi zabantu zihlala ngemuva kwemizila yokulawula izikhukhula yobumba, imisele yamanzi, amadamu emfuyo, noma amadamu aphehlwa ugesi ngamanzi. Uma uhlola i-levee noma idamu lobumba phakathi namanzi aphezulu, onjiniyela bezokwakha basebenzisa uhlolo olulodwa olulula lokubuka ukuhlukanisa ukugeleza kwamanzi angenabungozi ekubhodlokeni okubulalayo okuzayo:

• Amanzi Acwebile Ageleza Kancane = Bukela eduze, Ingozi Yokuphula Ngokushesha Iphansi: Uma amanzi ema phezulu ngokumelene ne-levee yobumba izinsuku eziningi, inhlabathi iyagcwala futhi amanzi acwebile avame ukujuluka noma aphume kancane eduze kozwane olungezansi. Uma amanzi ecwebile futhi izinga lokugeleza lizinzile, uhlaka lwamathambo enhlabathi ngaphakathi kwe-levee luqinile (onjiniyela bavame ukukhala i-seep ecacile ngekhola yesicathulo sehhashi yamasaka esihlabathi ukuze baphakamise ikhanda elicindezela emuva).
• Amanzi Anodaka, Angcolile, Agcwele Udaka noma Abhubhubhuzayo = PHUMA NGOKUSHESHA (Amapayipi Asebenzayo): Uma amanzi agelezayo ephuma emhlabathini noma egeleza ephuma ngemuva kwedamu enamafu, ansundu, anodaka, noma enqwabelanisa inhlabathi nesihlabathi njengamatshe amancane, intaba-mlilo egelezayo i-volcano egelezayo" ukungcola okuphuma ngaphakathi kwedamu**. Ifihlwe ngaphansi kwezinyawo zakho, umhubhe ongaphansi komhlaba (ipayipi) udla uhlehle ubheke endaweni yokugcina amanzi. Uma lowo mhubhe unqamula ngasohlangothini lomfula, amanzi edamu anomfutho akhulisa imbobo ngemizuzwana, abhidlize ingaphezulu le-levee futhi adedele ukubhodloka okugcwele. Ungalokothi uhambe endaweni edilikayo noma ebilayo, ungalokothi uzame ukuvala ithumba elinodaka eligelezayo ngokuphonsa ukungcola emgodini, bese ushayela ku-911 / 112 / 999 ngenkathi uphuma.

I-Survival physics uma ibanjwe obala noma ngaphakathi kwemoto¶

Uma ubanjwa esigodini lapho ukubhodloka kwedamu noma igagasi le-GLOF lifika futhi awukwazi ukufinyelela odongeni olungenhla lwesigodi ngesikhathi:

1. Njalo khetha igquma lemvelo eliwumqansa ngaphezu KWANOMA YILUPHI isakhiwo esenziwe umuntu: Ngisho nedwala lemvelo elingamamitha angu-10 (33-foot) noma igquma eliwubhuqu elibambelele emhlabeni alikwazi ukuwiswa igagasi lezikhukhula, kuyilapho isakhiwo sezitini esiyizitezi ezi-3 esihlezi phakathi nendawo esigodini singabhidlizwa izisekelo zaso futhi siwe esifuleni.
2. **Uma lingekho igquma elikhona (i-floodplain eyisicaba), khetha isakhiwo sokuphuma esime mpo esilungile **:
3. Abandon: Single-story homes, wood-frame houses, mobile homes/caravans, unreinforced brick buildings, metal warehouses, and vehicles.
4. Climb: A multi-story (3+ stories) reinforced poured-concrete or structural steel building (such as a hospital, university building, multi-story concrete parking garage, or modern hotel). Move to the 3^rd floor or higher and stay on the downstream side of the building interior away from windows facing the oncoming wave impact.
5. Never trap yourself inside a closed attic without an axe or roof hatch: If rising water forces you up the stairs of a building, never climb into an enclosed attic unless there is a walk-out window, a roof hatch, or you carry a heavy axe/sledgehammer capable of smashing through wooden roof sheathing and shingles. Hundreds of flood victims have drowned trapped against the underside of their own roof peak.
6. If swept into the water: Do not try to swim against the current or stand up in fast-moving water (putting your feet down in rocky floodwater traps your foot between cobbles while the current pushes your torso forward, folding you underwater: foot entrapment). Roll onto your back with your feet pointing downstream and held high at the surface to fend off boulders and floating timber, angle your body at a 45-degree ferry angle toward the nearest shoreline eddy or hillside, and scramble up the bank the instant you hit slower water on the inside bend of the valley.

Pre-planning: How to read your local Dam Inundation Map and GLOF Hazard Map¶

If you live, work, or camp in a river valley, coastal polder, or alpine canyon, take 10 minutes before an emergency to check your exposure:

1. Look up the National Dam Inventory and Inundation Maps:
2. United States: Search the US Army Corps of Engineers National Inventory of Dams (NID) (nid.sec.usace.army.mil) or your state dam safety portal (such as California DWR Dam Breach Inundation Maps) to view the exact street-by-street Sunny-Day Breach and Flood-Induced Breach inundation polygons and wave arrival times (e.g., "15-minute wave arrival contour" vs. "2-hour arrival contour").
3. United Kingdom & Europe: Check the UK Environment Agency ** Reservoir Flood Maps** (check-for-flooding.service.gov.uk) or national civil protection hydrological portals.
4. Alpine & Mountain Regions (Himalayas, Andes, Alps, Rockies, Alaska, Iceland, New Zealand): Check regional geological survey Glacial Lake Inventory and GLOF Hazard Maps before trekking or camping in glacial river valleys; never pitch a tent on a low gravel bar or river terrace inside a glacial valley, even on a sunny summer night.
5. Identify Two Perpendicular Foot-Evacuation Trails: Walk out your front door and identify the fastest route on foot (via a pedestrian staircase, hillside trail, or steep cross-street) that climbs perpendicularly away from the river to an elevation above the mapped inundation boundary. Practice walking it with your family so everyone can find it in total darkness during a blackout.

Imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa¶

Imithombo ihloliwe¶

• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States) and United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE): Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety: Emergency Action Planning for Dam Owners (FEMA P-64), National Inventory of Dams (NID), and Levee Seepage and Sand Boil Field Manual.
• United States Geological Survey (USGS) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA / NWS, United States): Debris-Flow, Landslide-Dam Outburst, and Dam-Break Flood Wave Hydraulics and Warning Protocols.
• International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), and World Meteorological Organization (WMO): Early Warning Systems and Evacuation Guidelines for Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in the Hindu Kush Himalaya, Andes, and European Alps.
• International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management (GISTM) and emergency evacuation lessons from catastrophic tailings dam liquefaction failures.
• Environment Agency (United Kingdom): Reservoir Flood Maps and Community Emergency Plan Guidance for Dam Inundation Zones.

Iziqondiso ezihlobene¶

• Flash floods: immediate high-ground survival
• Izikhukhula: ukulungiselela, ukuphuma, nokubuya okuphephile
• Ukudilika komhlaba, ukudilika kodaka, nokugeleza kwemfucumfucu
• Ukuzamazama komhlaba: Yehlisa, Yemboza futhi Ubambelele
• Imoto emanzini: ukuphunyuka kwemoto ecwilayo