ʻO ka hāʻule ʻana o ka puʻu a me ka haʻalele ʻana i ka nalu waikahe¶

Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka wai i loko o kahi mau minuke ka hiki ʻole o ke kaʻa wai, ka haki ʻana o ke kai, a i ʻole Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) e hoʻokuʻu ana i nā miliona a hiki i ka haneli miliona cubic mika o ka wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi mau minuke, e hoʻohua ana i kahi kai eʻe e like me ke kai eʻe ** nalu kahe** e ʻā ana i nā awāwa kahawai a hiki i ka ʻili. ʻAʻole e like me nā kahawai wai maʻamau e piʻi ana ke kenimika ma ke kenimika i nā hola a i ʻole nā ​​lā, ʻo kahi pā i haki ʻia, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia kaʻu huelo, a i ʻole nā ​​moraine glacial hiolo e hoʻokuʻu i ka pā wai, lepo, pōhaku, nā kumu lāʻau i ʻoki ʻia, a me nā hale ʻeha **3 a 30 mau mika (10 a 100 mau kapuaʻi) ke kiʻekiʻe ** i ka hola 6 a hiki i 100 mau mile ** e holo ana ma 0 a hiki i 100 mau mile i ka hola. hola). No ka mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o ka wai maʻemaʻe a ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia nalu o ka ʻōpala i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wai maʻemaʻe a haki i nā hale lāʻau maʻamau a me nā hale pōhaku i ka hopena, ʻo ka hūnā ʻana i loko o ka hale a i ʻole ka piʻi ʻana i luna o ka hale noho i loko o ka ʻāpana wai he mea make pinepine ia: ** hilinaʻi ke ola ma luna o ka hoʻokuʻu pololei ʻana i nā paia o ke awāwa a hiki i ka ʻāina kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka pā kiʻekiʻe.

E hana i kēia i kēia manawa¶

1. E haʻalele pololei i ke kahawai (pololei i ka pali o ke awāwa, ʻaʻole i uka a i lalo paha). Mai hoʻonele i 5 mau minuke i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā ʻeke, paʻa i nā puka, a i ʻole e hoʻāʻo e holo i ka nalu ma ke ala awāwa ma lalo o ka muliwai. E nānā i ka ʻāina ma kēlā ʻaoʻao kēia ʻaoʻao o ke awāwa a piʻi pololei i ka ʻaoʻao o ka puʻu, bluff, a i ʻole ka puʻu kiʻekiʻe ma kahi kihi 90-degere mai ke kahawai o ka muliwai a hiki i ka liʻiliʻi o 15 a 30 mau mika (50 a 100 kapuaʻi) ma luna o ka papahele o ke awāwa (a i ʻole ma luna o kāu laina Dam Inundation Zone)
2. E hele wāwae koke inā paʻa nā alanui o ke awāwa, ālai ʻia e ka hili ʻāina, a i ʻole nā ​​alahaka keʻa. E holo ana ka nalu waikahe a i ʻole GLOF ma 20 a 65 mau kilomita i kēlā me kēia hola (12 a 40 mau mile i kēlā me kēia hola) a luku mua i nā alahaka kahawai haʻahaʻa. Inā pau nā kaʻa i ka neʻe ʻana a i ʻole aia ʻoe i loko o 5 mau kilomita (3 mau mile) o kahi ʻauwaʻa hāʻule, awāwa, a i ʻole awāwa glacial awāwa, haʻalele koke i kāu kaʻa a holo pololei i ka ʻaoʻao o ka puʻu me ka wāwae. He ʻumi mau minuke o ka piʻi ʻana i ka puʻu he 60 a 100 mau mika kūpaʻa (200 a 330 kapuaʻi) ma luna o ke kahawai, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i nā nalu a pau.
3. E ʻike i nā hōʻailona ʻōuli maoli 4 ke hāʻule ʻole nā ​​​​makaala uila a i ʻole nā ​​kani kani. Hiʻihaʻi ka Dam a loaʻa pinepine nā GLOF i ka pō, i ka wā ōlaʻi, a i ʻole i ka wā ua nui e hoʻopau mua i nā hale kiaʻi kelepona. E haʻalele koke i kahi kiʻekiʻe inā ʻike ʻoe: (a) ka haʻalulu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa mau a me ka leo kuli e like me ke kaʻaahi ukana haʻahaʻa lele a i ʻole ka pūʻali mokulele mokulele e iho mai ana i ka canyon; (b) ka hāʻule koke ʻana, ʻaʻohe kūlohelohe A i ʻole ka piʻi ʻana o ka lepo o ka wai kahawai; © he ala ikaika o ka lepo hou, sulfur, a me nā lāʻau pine/kedera i ʻoki ʻia i lawe ʻia me ka makani anuanu ma lalo o ke awāwa; a i ʻole (d) ōlaʻi koʻikoʻi a i ʻole hili pōhaku i uka ke noho ʻoe ma lalo o kahi pā a i ʻole loko glacial.
4. Mai kaʻa a hele ma waena o ka wai kahe e neʻe ana a i ʻole ma ke alahaka ma luna o ka muliwai e kahe ana. ʻO 15 kenimika (6 ʻīniha) wale nō o ka wai holo wikiwiki e hoʻokuʻu i kahi kanaka makua mai ko lākou mau wāwae, a me 30 a 60 mau kenimika (1 a 2 kapuaʻi) e lana ana ka wai a holo i nā kaʻa huki kaʻa kaʻa ʻehā a me SUV. Eia kekahi, mai hele i ke alahaka i ka wā e hoʻokokoke mai ana ka wai kahe i ka papa alahaka a i ʻole e ʻōpuʻu ikaika ana a puni nā uwap: kahe ka ʻōpala kiʻekiʻe a me nā alahaka paʻi pōhaku e hoʻopaʻa ʻia mai lalo o ka asphalt kekona ma mua o ka hiolo ʻana o ke alanui.
5. Inā ʻoe e noho ana ma hope o kahi pā lepo e hoʻomaka ana e "hoʻolapalapa i ke one," e kahe ana i ka wai lepo, a i ʻole e hāʻule ana, e haʻalele ma mua o ka haki ʻana. Ma mua o ka poha ʻana o kahi pā lepo a i ʻole ka pā paʻa, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka wai kaomi kiʻekiʻe ma lalo a i ʻole ma ka lepo e hana i nā pūnāwai puna o ka wai lepo a me ke one ma ka ʻaoʻao maloʻo****). ʻOiai he mea maʻamau ka hū mālie ʻana o ka wai maʻemaʻe, ka wai lepo a piha i ka lepo e kahe ana mai kahi paila one a i ʻole kahi māwae i ʻike ʻia ma ka lei o ka levee, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka hili ʻana o loko e uhae ana i ka ʻili mai loko mai a hiki i kahi pōʻino ʻino i loko o nā minuke. Kāhea i kāu helu ulia pōpilikia kūloko (911 ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kanada, 112 ma waena o ka Hui ʻEulopa, 999 ma United Kingdom, a ʻike i nā mea āpau. helu pilikia) a haʻalele koke.
6. E noho ma ka ʻāina kiʻekiʻe ma hope o ka hala ʻana o ka nalu mua: nā nalu lua, hāʻule ka panakō, a me ka lepo ʻawaʻawa e hahai mai. Hiki pinepine ʻia nā hāʻule ʻana o ka wai a me nā GLOF i nui nui i ka wā e hoʻomāhuahua ai ka hili ʻana i ka haki ʻana a i ʻole nā ​​loko glacial lua a me nā pā hū i hū i uka. ʻOiai ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka wai, e noho ma waho o ke awāwa hou ʻia: hāʻule mau nā paia canyon saturated i ke kula kiʻekiʻe. hili ʻāina, a me kaʻu huelo a i ʻole ka lepo waikahe hana hana pinepine e like me ka quicksand i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā metala kaumaha, cyanide, nā ʻōpala, a me nā laina hoʻoili uila kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ka hāʻule ʻana o ka pā, ka haki ʻana o ka pā, a me ka lāʻau hoʻoholo ola GLOF¶

E hoʻohana i kēia papa kuhikuhi hoʻoholo wikiwiki i ka manawa e loaʻa ai iā ʻoe kahi Dam Watch/Warning, e ʻike i kahi huʻi ʻana o ke one, a i ʻole e lohe i ka halulu ʻana o ka canyon i uka.

flowchart TD
    Start["Makaʻala hāʻule ʻana o ka Dam, ʻōlelo aʻo ʻana i ka hōʻino ʻana i ka Levee, <br/>Glacial Lake Outburst (GLOF) Siren, OR Upstream Canyon Roar"] --> TimeCheck{"ʻEhia ka nui o kou manawa alakaʻi ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai o ka nalu wai?"}

    TimeCheck -->|"KA HOʻOPIʻI ANA (Kekona a <15 Mins)<br/>Ke uwē nei ʻo Siren, ka ʻōlelo makaʻala ulia pōpilikia, a i ʻole ke kani ʻana."| RunUpSlope["HAALELE I NA HALE & KAA INA PAA:<br/>Holo ma ka wawae ma 90 degere PERPENDICULAR i ke kahawai kahawai<br/>Pii pololei i ka aoao puu kokoke loa, bluff, a i ole pa o ke awawa <br/>Akau no >= 15 a 30 mau mika ku paa (50 a 100 kapuai) maluna o ka papahele awawa."]

    RunUpSlope --> TrappedCheck{"Ua hoʻopuni piha ʻia ʻoe e ka wai<br/>ma ke kahawai palahalaha me nā puʻu ʻole?"}
    TrappedCheck -->|"ʻAʻole: Ua hiki i kahi kiʻekiʻe"| StayHigh["E noho ma kahi kiʻekiʻe no nā nalu he nui<br/>Mai iho i lalo e hoʻopakele i ka waiwai a hoʻopā paha i ka lepo"]
    TrappedCheck -->|"ʻAe: ʻĀina palahalaha, hiki mai ka nalu i kēia manawa"| VerticalLastResort["LAST RESORT VERTICAL EVACUATION:<br/>E piʻi i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke kila kila a i ʻole ka hale paʻa i hoʻoikaika ʻia (3+ moʻolelo)<br/>E hōʻalo i nā hale paʻa lāʻau, nā hale kelepona, a me nā alahaka<br/>E lawe mai i ka mea lele; mai hoʻopaʻa ʻoe iā ʻoe iho i loko o kahi halepaku paʻa"]

    TimeCheck -->|"KA ALA O KA ALA (30 Mins a i kekahi mau hola)<br/>FEMA / Weather Service 'Dam Watch' a i ʻole Levee Overtopping Forecast"| VehicleEvac["1. E hopu koke i ka Go-Bag, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā holoholona, a me ka ʻohana<br/>2. E hoʻokele i luna a i waho o ka Dam Inundation Zone<br/> me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā alanui kiʻekiʻe (ʻAʻole e holo ma nā alanui lalo o ka muliwai a i ʻole ma luna o nā alahaka haʻahaʻa)<br/>3. Inā paʻa nā kaʻa i loko o ke awāwa, e kaʻa ma waho o ke alanui a piʻi i luna me ka wāwae"]

    VehicleEvac --> LeveeInspect{"Ua ʻike anei ʻoe i kahi 'Sand Boil' a i ʻole ka ʻōpala lepo<br/>ma ke kumu o kahi pā a i ʻole ka pā kokoke?"}
    LeveeInspect -->|"ʻAe: Puka ka wai lepo"| ReportPiping["HANA ʻAʻole i hoʻopololei i ka lua."]
    LeveeInspect -->|"ʻAʻole"| StayOutZone["E hoʻopaʻa pū me ka ʻohana ma waho o ke kahawai wai<br/>Monitor NOAA Weather Radio / National Emergency Broadcasts"]

Hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻano 4 o ka pōʻino impoundment hemahema¶

ʻAʻole like ka hana like ʻana o nā hāʻule ʻana o ka pā a me ka pale. ʻAneʻane hiki ʻole ke pau ʻana o nā ʻauwaʻa paʻa paʻa e like me ka pahu wai e pahū ana, ua ʻānai ʻia nā pā pā lepo ma mua o 20 a 90 mau minuke, hoʻokuʻu nā loko glacial i nā ʻōpala i piha i ka pōhaku i nā awāwa mauna, a ua hoʻokuʻu nā pā koʻu huelo i nā muliwai o ka lepo ʻona.

ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā pae makaʻala ulia pōpilikia¶

Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (National Weather Service / FEMA / US Army Corps of Engineers), Canada, United Kingdom (Environment Agency), European Union, a me Himalayan/Andean GLOF pūnaewele nānā, hoʻohana nā luna i nā pae escalation maʻamau. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kahi Watch a me kahi Emergency Warning e haʻi iā ʻoe inā he mau hola a mau kekona paha kāu:

1. Wakiʻi Dam / Levee (Aʻoaʻo a i ʻole Kūlana B: Ke kūkulu ʻia nei ka hiki ʻole):
2. He aha ke ʻano: Ke kokoke mai nei nā wai kahe ma hope o ka pā a i ʻole ka ʻili ʻana i ka pōʻino, ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia nei nā ala wai kōkua ma ka helu kiʻekiʻe loa, a i ʻole ua ʻike nā mea ʻenekinia i kahi kīnā o ke kūkulu ʻana (e like me ke kahe ʻana a i ʻole ka hāʻule ʻana liʻiliʻi) e ** hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hāʻule inā ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
3. He aha kāu e hana ai i kēia manawa: E hoʻopaʻa i kāu Go-Bag pilikia, e hoʻouka i nā lālā o ka ʻohana, nā pēpē, a me nā holoholona i loko o kāu kaʻa, e hoʻoneʻe i nā holoholona i kahi kula kiʻekiʻe, a ** e hoʻokuʻu koke i ka ʻāpana wai a maloʻo mau nā alanui a me nā alahaka**.
4. Ka ʻōlelo aʻo ʻana o ke Kaʻina Wai no ka hāʻule ʻana o ka Dam / Breach (Ke Kūlana A: Kokoke a i ʻole ʻAʻole ʻAʻole):
5. He aha ka manaʻo: Ke hāʻule nei ka pā a i ʻole ka levee ** i kēia manawa a i ʻole e haki ʻia i loko o nā minuke**. E hoʻokani ʻia nā leka hoʻomaʻamaʻa uila uila (WEA) ma nā kelepona paʻalima me ke poʻo "FLASH FLOOD WARNING: DAM FAILURE" a i ʻole "EXTREME EMERGENCY: EVACUATE TO HIGH GROUND."
6. He aha kāu e hana ai i kēia manawa: E hoʻokuʻu i nā mea a pau a neʻe koke i kahi kiʻekiʻe. Mai hoʻopaʻa i nā waiwai; e hopu wale i ka poʻe e pili ana iā ʻoe a piʻi i waho o ka papahele o ke awāwa.
7. Ka ʻōlelo ʻōlelo hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ke ala wai kiʻekiʻe (Kahinahina ʻAʻole Paʻa ʻole):
8. He aha ke ʻano: No ka mālama ʻana i ka puʻu lepo mai luna a hāʻule loa i ka wā o ka ua kahiko (e like me ka wā o ka makani ʻino a i ʻole ka muliwai o ka lewa), koi ʻia nā mea hana wai e wehe i nā puka wai kūpilikiʻi a i ʻole ke ala wai kōkua e hoʻokuʻu i ka nui o ka wai ma lalo o ke kahawai.
9. He aha kāu e hana ai i kēia manawa: E haʻalele koke i nā hale haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, nā kahua hoʻomoana, a me nā pāpū wai, no ka mea, hiki ke piʻi ke kiʻekiʻe o ka muliwai 3 a 10 mau mika (10 a 33 kapuaʻi) i hoʻokahi hola ʻoiai ʻaʻole i haki ka pā.

ʻO ka manawa hōʻea ʻana o ka nalu, ka wikiwiki, a me ka ikaika o ka hopena ma ka mamao ma lalo o ke kahawai¶

ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka nalu dam-break a i ʻole GLOF i kona hele ʻana i kahi canyon e kōkua iā ʻoe e koho i ka nui o nā minuke āu e piʻi ai i kahi palekana:

Pehea e ʻike ai i kahi pā lepo e hāʻule ana a i ʻole ka pā: ʻO ke kānāwai "Clear vs. Muddy Seepage"¶

He mau miliona kānaka e noho ana ma hope pono o nā ʻauwaʻa wai, nā ʻauwaʻa, nā pā kīʻaha mahiʻai, a i ʻole nā dams hydroelectric earthfill. Inā ʻoe e nānā ana i kahi pā a i ʻole ka pā lepo i ka wā o ka wai kiʻekiʻe, hoʻohana nā ʻenekinia kīwila i hoʻokahi hoʻāʻo ʻike maʻalahi e ʻike ai i ka ʻike ʻana i ka wai ʻino ʻole mai kahi haki e hiki mai ana:

• Maʻemaʻe Wai Maʻemaʻe = E nānā pono, e haʻahaʻa koke i ka pōʻino: Ke kū kiʻekiʻe ka wai ma kahi ʻili lepo no nā lā, lilo ka lepo a mānoanoa ka wai maʻemaʻe pinepine a kahe mālie paha ma kahi kokoke i ka manamana wāwae lalo. Inā ʻo ka wai ʻaʻa ʻaʻa a paʻa ka kahe o ka wai, paʻa ka iwi o loko o ka ʻili (ke kani pinepine nā ʻenekinia me kahi kola kāmaʻa o nā ʻeke one no ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana i ke poʻo o ke kua).
• Holo ʻana ka wai lepo, lepo, ʻeleʻele a i ʻole ʻehu = EVACUATE KOE (Active Piping): Inā ʻo ka wai e hū aʻe mai ka lepo a i ʻole e kahe ana mai ka ʻaoʻao hope o ka pā he ** ʻeleʻele, ʻeleʻele, lepo, a hōʻiliʻili paha i ke one a me ka ʻiliʻili e like me ka lua pele liʻiliʻi (a"), ʻo ka wai lua pele (a") mai loko mai o ka pā**. Huna ʻia ma lalo o kou mau wāwae, e ʻai ana kahi tunnel ma lalo o ka lepo (pipe) i hope i ka waihona. I ka wā e haki ai kēlā awāwa a hiki i ka ʻaoʻao o ka muliwai, hoʻonui ʻia ka lua i loko o ke kekona ka wai hoʻopaʻa paʻa, e hāʻule ana i ka piko o ka levee a hoʻokuʻu i kahi haki hohonu. Mai hele wāwae ma luna o kahi ʻauwaʻa hāʻule a hoʻolapalapa paha, mai hoʻāʻo e hoʻopili i kahi paila lepo e kahe ana i ka lepo ma ka hoʻolei ʻana i ka lepo i loko o ka lua, a kāhea iā 911 / 112 / 999 i ka wā e haʻalele ana.

Ke ola kino ke hopu ʻia ma ke ākea a i ʻole i loko o kahi kaʻa¶

Inā loaʻa ʻoe i loko o ke awāwa i ka wā i hiki mai ai ka nalu a i ʻole ka nalu GLOF a ʻaʻole hiki ke hiki i ka pā awāwa luna i ka manawa:

1. E koho mau i kahi puʻu kūlohelohe ma luna o KEKAHI hale i hana ʻia e ke kanaka: ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kahua pōhaku maoli 10-mika (33-kapuaʻi) a i ʻole ka puʻu lepo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka honua, ʻoiai ʻo kahi hale pōhaku 3-papa e noho ana ma waenakonu o ka papahele awāwa hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia kona kumu a hāʻule i loko o ke kahawai.
2. Inā ʻaʻohe ʻaoʻao puʻu (pēlā wai palahalaha), koho i ka hale hoʻokuʻu kū pololei pono:
3. Haʻalele: Nā hale papa hoʻokahi, nā hale paʻa lāʻau, nā hale kaʻahele/kaʻa, nā hale brick i hoʻoikaika ʻole ʻia, nā hale kūʻai metala, a me nā kaʻa.
4. Piʻi: He moʻolelo nui (3+ moʻolelo) i hoʻoikaika ʻia i ka hale hao i ninini ʻia a i ʻole hale kila (e like me ka hale maʻi, hale kulanui, hale kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa he nui, a i ʻole ka hōkele hou). E neʻe i ka 3 a ʻoi aku paha a noho ma ka ʻaoʻao lalo o ka hale i loko o ka hale mai nā puka makani e kū pono ana i ka hopena o ka nalu e hiki mai ana.
5. Mai pahele iā ʻoe iho i loko o ka hale i pani ʻia me ka ʻole o ke koʻi a i ʻole ka pā hale: Inā piʻi ʻoe i ka piʻi ʻana o ka wai i ke alapiʻi o kahi hale, mai piʻi ʻoe i loko o kahi hale i hoʻopaʻa ʻia inā ʻaʻole he puka puka puka puka waho, he puka o ka hale, a i ʻole ʻoe e lawe i ke koʻi liʻiliʻi a hiki ke uhaʻi i ka hale lāʻau a me nā ʻōpala. He mau haneli o ka poʻe i pōʻino i ka wai i make ma ka ʻaoʻao lalo o ko lākou puʻu hale.
6. Inā hili ʻia i loko o ka wai: Mai ʻaʻole e hoʻāʻo e ʻauʻau i ke au a i ʻole e kū i luna i ka wai e holo wikiwiki ana (ʻo ka waiho ʻana i kou mau wāwae i lalo i ka wai kahe pōhaku e pahele i kou wāwae ma waena o nā cobbles i ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ai ke au i kou ʻōpū i mua, e pelu ana iā ʻoe i lalo o ka wai: hoʻopaʻa wāwae). E kaʻa i kou kua me kou mau wāwae e kuhikuhi ana i lalo a hoʻopaʻa kiʻekiʻe ma ka ʻili e pale aku i nā pōhaku a me nā lāʻau lana, e hoʻohuli i kou kino ma kahi 45-degree ferry kihi i ka ʻaoʻao kahakai kokoke loa a i ʻole ka puʻu, a e ʻohi i ke kapa i ka manawa e paʻi ʻoe i ka wai mālie ma ka piko o ke awāwa.

Hoʻolālā mua: Pehea e heluhelu ai i kāu palapala ʻāina Dam Inundation a me GLOF Hazard Map¶

Inā noho ʻoe, hana, a hoʻomoana paha ma ke awāwa muliwai, polder kahakai, a i ʻole alpine canyon, e lawe i 10 mau minuke ma mua o kahi pilikia e nānā i kou ʻike ʻana:

1. E nānā i ka National Dam Inventory and Inundation Maps:
2. ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: Huli i ka US Army Corps of Engineers National Inventory of Dams (NID) (nid.sec.usace.army.mil) a i ʻole kāu puka puka palekana mokuʻāina (e like me Kaleponi DWR Dam Breach Inundation Maps) no ka nānā ʻana i ke alanui-by-street Sunny-Day Breach a me Flood-Induced Breach polygons inundation a me nā manawa hōʻea nalu (e laʻa., "15-minute wave arrival contour" vs. "2-hour arrival contour").
3. United Kingdom & ʻEulopa: E nānā i ka UK Environment Agency ** Reservoir Flood Maps** (check-for-flooding.service.gov.uk) a i ʻole nā ʻīpuka hydrological palekana aupuni.
4. Alpine & Mountain Regions (Himalayas, Andes, Alps, Rockies, Alaska, Iceland, New Zealand): E nānā i ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻāina ʻāina Glacial Lake Inventory a me GLOF Hazard Maps ma mua o ka hele wāwae ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻomoana ʻana ma nā awāwa kahawai; ʻaʻole loa e kūkulu i hale lole ma luna o kahi pā ʻiliʻili haʻahaʻa a i ʻole ka muliwai i loko o ke awāwa glacial, ʻoiai i ka pō kauwela.
5. E ʻike i ʻElua Alanui Hoʻokuʻu Waewaʻi Kūleʻa: E hele i waho o kou puka mua a e ʻike i ke ala wikiwiki loa ma ka wāwae (ma kahi alapiʻi hele wāwae, ke ala puʻu, a i ʻole ke ala koʻikoʻi) e piʻi ** kū pololei mai ka muliwai** a i kahi kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ka palena o ka wai i kaha ʻia. E hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hele ʻana me kou ʻohana i hiki i nā mea a pau ke ʻike iā ia i loko o ka pōʻeleʻele i ka wā ʻeleʻele.

Nīnau pinepine¶

Nānā ʻia nā kumu¶

• ** ʻO Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States) a me United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE):** Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety: Emergency Action Planning for Dam Owners (FEMA P-64), National Inventory of Dams (NID), a me Levee Seepage and Sand Boil Field Manual.
• United States Geological Survey (USGS) and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA / NWS, United States): Debris-Flow, Landslide-Dam Outburst, and Dam-Break Flood Wave Hydraulics and Warning Protocols.
• International Center for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), and World Meteorological Organization (WMO): Early Warning Systems and Evacuation Guidelines for Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) ma Hindu Kush Himalaya, Andes, a me Europa Alps.
• Komikina International no nā Dams Nui (ICOLD) a me United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP): Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management (GISTM) a me nā haʻawina hoʻokuʻu pilikia mai nā pōʻino liquefaction dam liquefaction.
• Ka 'Oihana Kaiapuni (United Kingdom): Nā palapala 'āina o ka wai wai a me ke alaka'i o ka ho'olālā ulia pōpilikia no nā 'āpana ho'ohu wai.

Nā alakaʻi pili¶

• ʻO nā wai kahe: ola koke i ka honua kiʻekiʻe
• Kaʻina: hoʻomākaukau, haʻalele, a hoʻi palekana
• ʻO ka hili ʻāina, ka ʻōpala, a me ke kahe ʻana o ka ʻōpala
• Nā ʻōlaʻi: E hāʻule, uhi, a paʻa
• Kaʻa i loko o ka wai: pakele kaʻa pio