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Irẹrun Gas Silinder Valve Shear, Ojò Rocketing, ati Liquid Nitrogen Leaks

Awọn nọmba pajawiri yato nipasẹ orilẹ-ede. Oju-iwe yii nlo 911, nọmba fun Amẹrika ati Kanada. Ọpọlọpọ awọn orilẹ-ede miiran lo 112, 999, tabi nọmba miiran. Wa nọmba fun orilẹ-ede rẹ.

Awọn silinda gaasi ti o ni titẹ agbara-giga ati omi bibajẹ cryogenic Dewar flasks ni a lo lojoojumọ ni awọn ile itaja alurinmorin, awọn ile-iwosan, awọn ile-iṣẹ ile-ẹkọ giga, awọn ile ounjẹ, awọn ohun elo semikondokito, ati awọn aaye ikole. Iwọn gaasi ile-iṣẹ ti o ni kikun ti o ni kikun (gẹgẹbi iwọn K tabi T-iwọn alurinmorin argon, oxygen, nitrogen, tabi helium ojò) ṣe iwuwo ** 60 si 80 kilo (130 si 175 poun) *** ati pe o mu gaasi fisinuirindigbindigbin si **150 si 300 bar (2,200 si 4,500 poun fun square) ** Awọn akoko 140 titẹ inu taya ọkọ ayọkẹlẹ ero kan **. Gbogbo agbara agbara ti o fipamọ ni idaduro nipasẹ àtọwọdá ọrun silinda idẹ kan nikan ni milimita 25 (inch 1) nipọn.

Ti o ba ti ohun unchained inaro silinda lai awọn oniwe-aabo asapo irin àtọwọdá fila ti wa ni bumped lori ati ki o lu awọn oniwe-idẹ àtọwọdá jeyo lodi si kan nja pakà, workbench eti, tabi nitosi ojò, idẹ ọrun rerẹ. Lẹsẹkẹsẹ, ọkọ ofurufu supersonic ti o salọ yiyi silinda irin 70-kilogram sinu misaili ballistic ti ko ni itọsọna (** rocketing ojò ***) ti o lagbara lati yara si ju 50 mita fun iṣẹju kan (110 maili fun wakati kan) ati lilu taara nipasẹ awọn odi dina, awọn ilẹkun irin, ati awọn ara eniyan. Bakanna apaniyan, ati airi patapata, jẹ itujade tabi titẹ-iderun venting ti ** nitrogen olomi (\(LN_2\)), argon omi, tabi helium olomi ** inu ile-iyẹwu ti o paade, ẹrọ ti n rin, tabi elevator ẹru: nitori nitrogen olomi n gbooro ** awọn akoko 696 ni iwọn didun *** bi o ti n ṣan sinu gaasi tutu, ti o ta silẹ ni iṣẹju-aaya Des aiji ati ki o suffocate lẹhin kan ** ọkan tabi meji mimi *** lai rilara kuru ẹmi. Mọ idi ti o ko gbọdọ gbiyanju lati yẹ silinda gaasi ti n ṣubu tabi fo sori ojò ti o npa, bawo ni a ṣe le jade kuro ninu jijo cryogenic ti o ni aisiki atẹgun lai di olufaragba keji, ati bii o ṣe le ṣe iranran silinda acetylene ti n bajẹ inu inu gba awọn ẹmi là.

Ṣe eyi ni bayi

  1. **MASE gbiyanju lati yẹ kan tipping 70-kilogram (150-iwon) fisinuirindigbindigbin gaasi silinda pẹlu ọwọ rẹ tabi ara, ki o si MA sí sori a silinda ti àtọwọdá ti rerun ni pipa. ti o ba ti idẹ àtọwọdá snap ni pipa ati awọn ojò bẹrẹ hissing agbara, alayipo, tabi rocketing, ju sile eru igbekale ideri (ọwọn kan nja, irin ẹrọ, tabi jade ti awọn yara) lẹsẹkẹsẹ titi silinda fẹ ara sofo (ni deede 30 to 90 aaya).
  2. **Jade kuro ni yara lẹsẹkẹsẹ ki o MAA ṢE wọle lati gba alabaṣiṣẹpọ ti o ṣubu ti nitrogen olomi (\(LN_2\)), argon, helium, tabi carbon dioxide ($ CO_2$) ojò n jo ni aaye ti a fi pa mọ. ju 50 ida ọgọrun ti awọn iku ninu awọn n jo gaasi inert jẹ awọn olugbala ti o yara ni idaduro ẹmi wọn. Duro fun awọn onija ina ti o wọ ohun elo mimi ti ara ẹni (SCBA); wo asphyxiation ni ihamọ aaye.
  3. Maṣe mu omi omi cryogenic kan Dewar fila tabi silinda gaasi fisinuirindigbindigbin sinu ọkọ ayọkẹlẹ elevator Paapọ pẹlu awọn ero. Ti omi nitrogen Dewar ba jade tabi awọn imọran inu ọpa elevator ti o ni pipade, awọn olugbe ko le sa fun bi ifọkansi atẹgun ti lọ silẹ ni isalẹ 6 ogorun; gbe awọn ohun elo cryogenic lori awọn elevators ẹru ti ko ni eniyan nipa lilo awọn iṣakoso ipe ilẹ.
  4. ** Yọ kuro ni o kere 100 si 300 mita (330 si 1,000 ẹsẹ) kuro ti silinda alurinmorin acetylene ba gbona, gbigbọn, tabi njade ata ilẹ-bi tabi õrùn ekan lẹhin filaṣi tabi ina. asà asà nipasẹ ina Eka unmanned omi diigi.
  5. **Pe nọmba pajawiri ti agbegbe rẹ (911 ni Orilẹ Amẹrika ati Kanada, 112 kọja European Union, 999 ni United Kingdom) lati ibi ti afẹfẹ afẹfẹ ailewu. 1977) ati boya ẹnikẹni ti wa ni idẹkùn inu; ṣayẹwo pajawiri awọn nọmba.
  6. ** Gbona cryogenic frostbite tabi tutu-gas jet n jo ni rọra kaa kiri omi gbona ni 37 si 39 iwọn Celsius (98.6 si 102.2 degrees Fahrenheit), maṣe pa awọ ara didi. awọn ika ọwọ ti o tutu ninu omi otutu-ara; wo hypothermia ati frostbite.
flowchart TD
    Start["Gaasi Fisinu tabi pajawiri Cylinder Cryogenic"] --> HazardType{"Iru gaasi wo tabi isẹlẹ silinda n ṣẹlẹ?"}
    HazardType -->|"Ga-Titẹ Silinda àtọwọdá Sheared / Rocketing"| Rocket["1. MAA ṢE gbiyanju lati mu tabi pin silinda ti npa<br/>2. Besomi sile ni konge tabi eru irin ideri ẹrọ<br/>3. Duro 30 si 90 iṣẹju-aaya titi ti ọkọ ofurufu gaasi supersonic yoo fi pari patapata<br/>4. Fẹnti yara lẹsẹkẹsẹ ti gaasi jẹ inert, majele, tabi flammable"]
    HazardType -->|"Nitrogen Liquid / Argon / Helium / CO2 Leak ni Yara"| Cryo["1. Yọ yara kuro lẹsẹkẹsẹ ki o si tan awọn ilẹkun ita ti o ba ni ailewu<br/>2. MAA ṢE wọ yara kan ti o mu ẹmi rẹ mu lati fa olufaragba ti ko mọ<br/>3. Mu afẹfẹ eefin eefin pajawiri ṣiṣẹ yàrá lati ita ọdẹdẹ<br/>4. Duro fun Igbala Ina pẹlu awọn tanki SCBA lati yọ olufaragba jade"]
    HazardType -->|"Acetylene Tank Flashback, Ina, tabi Ikarahun Silinda Gbona"| Acetylene["1. Pa àtọwọdá silinda NIKAN ti o ba jẹ lẹsẹkẹsẹ (awọn aaya 2 akọkọ) ati ojò jẹ itura<br/>2. Ti ogiri silinda ba gbona tabi re: EVACUATE 100 si 300 m (330 si 1,000 ft) lẹsẹkẹsẹ<br/>3. MAA ṢE gbe silinda acetylene ti o gbona (mọnamọna le tu silẹ)<br/>4. Awọn atukọ ina lo itutu omi ṣiṣan ti ko ni eniyan fun wakati 1 si 24"]
    HazardType -->|"Giga-Titẹ Atẹgun jo tabi Epo koto"| Oxygen["1. Mu gbogbo awọn ina, ina, ati mimu siga kuro lẹsẹkẹsẹ<br/>2. Fi agbegbe aṣọ ti o ni atẹgun silẹ ki o si gbe awọn aṣọ jade ni ita fun ọgbọn išẹju 30<br/>3. Maṣe fi ọwọ kan awọn olutọsọna atẹgun tabi awọn falifu pẹlu awọn ibọwọ ọra tabi awọn irinṣẹ"]

Sheared silinda falifu ati ballistic ojò rocketing

Fisiksi ti 200-bar (3,000-psi) rọkẹti silinda

Iwọn irin ti o ga-giga tabi aluminiomu silinda gaasi fisinuirindigbindigbin jẹ ọkọ oju-omi ti o nipọn ti o nipọn ti a ṣe laisi awọn okun, idanwo lati koju awọn titẹ inu ti ** 250 si 500 bar (3,600 si 7,250 psi) ***. Sibẹsibẹ, ọna asopọ alailagbara lori gbogbo silinda gaasi fisinuirindigbindigbin ni ** asapo idẹ àtọwọdá àtọwọdá *** dabaru sinu dín tapered ọrun ni oke ti igo, pẹlú pẹlu ẹlẹgẹ Ejò burst-disiki titẹ-iderun ẹrọ (PRD) itumọ ti sinu awọn ẹgbẹ ti awọn àtọwọdá ara.

Nigbati silinda kan ba duro ni titọ laisi pq ogiri tabi okun (fun apẹẹrẹ, lakoko ti onimọ-ẹrọ kan n paarọ olutọsọna titẹ kan ki fila aabo irin ti o tẹle kuro) ati pe yoo kọlu:

  1. ** Ipa guillotine: *** Bi 70-kilogram (155-pound) awọn imọran silinda irin nipasẹ arc 1.5-mita (5-ẹsẹ), àtọwọdá idẹ oke nyara si iyara giga. Ti àtọwọdá idẹ ba kọlu eti tabili alurinmorin irin, orita tine, tabi igbesẹ ti nja, tabi ti ohun elo ti o wuwo ba ṣubu sori olutọsọna titẹ idẹ ti a so, igi idẹ brittle naa yoo yọ kuro pẹlu ọrùn silinda irin, nlọ ṣiṣi silẹ ** 12-si-19-millimita (0.5-to-0.75-inch) orifice.
  2. Ipa rọkẹti ti o ga julọ: Gaasi ti o fipamọ ni igi 200 (3,000 psi) nfa jade ninu ṣiṣi ọrun milimita 15 yẹn ni iyara ti o ga julọ (sisan choked), ti n ṣe itusilẹ ifaseyin lẹsẹkẹsẹ ti **3,500 si 5,500 newtons (800 si 25thly) si mẹjọ ni igba awọn okú àdánù ti awọn irin silinda ara ***.
  3. ** Itọpa rudurudu: *** Ti àtọwọdá ba fọ ni mimọ lẹgbẹẹ ipo aarin, silinda naa n yi pada sẹhin lẹba ilẹ-ilẹ bii torpedo, ti n fọ nipasẹ awọn odi cinder-blockers, awọn studs onigi, ile-iyẹwu yàrá, ati awọn ilẹkun ọkọ, tabi ricocheting pa awọn odi kọnja soke sinu awọn igi aja. Ti igi àtọwọdá ba tẹ ni igun iwọn 45 ṣaaju ki o to ṣii, silinda naa n yi lọrun bii pinwheel irin 70 kilogram ni awọn ọgọọgọrun RPM, fifọ awọn kokosẹ ati awọn ẹsẹ ṣaaju ki o to rocket kọja ile itaja naa.

Danger

Maṣe gbiyanju lati yẹ silinda gaasi titẹ ti o ga pẹlu awọn apa rẹ, ati pe maṣe tẹsẹ lori yiyi, silinda hissing lati mu mọlẹ. Ojò irin 75-kilogram ti o ṣubu yoo fọ awọn ọwọ tabi ẹsẹ rẹ, ati pe ti àtọwọdá idẹ ba dojuijako lori lilu ilẹ nigba ti o ba n rọ tabi di silinda naa, igbiyanju 4,000-newton yoo ṣe ifilọlẹ ojò taara sinu pelvis, àyà, tabi ori ni o kere ju awọn aaya 0.1.

Kini lati ṣe nigbati àtọwọdá silinda ba nrẹ tabi n jo lainidi

  1. ** Mu ideri ballistic lẹsẹkẹsẹ fun 60 si 90 awọn aaya: ** Lẹsẹkẹsẹ silinda kan ṣubu ati pe o gbọ aditi, ariwo eti-pipin ti àtọwọdá ti o ga-titẹ tabi disiki ruptured ti nwaye, kigbe * “TANK DOWN, MU IDE” * ki o gba lẹhin ọwọn nja igbekale, lẹhin ọpọ-ton simẹnti-irin odi ẹrọ, tabi ẹrọ ti o lagbara. Paapaa ni kikun 9,000-lita (300-cubic-foot) gaasi silinda gaasi ti o ga pẹlu ọrun ti o ge patapata yoo mu gbogbo idiyele rẹ kuro ni * 30 si 90 awọn aaya ***.
  2. ** Ni kete ti iṣipopada kainetik duro, ṣe iṣiro eewu gaasi KI o to tun wọle si yara naa: *** Paapaa lẹhin ti silinda duro gbigbe ati pe o wa ni ofo lori ilẹ, gbogbo ** 6,000 si 9,000 liters (210 si 315 cubic feet) ** ti gaasi fisinuirindigbindigbin ti o wa ninu igo naa n kun yara ni ayika rẹ bayi:
  3. ** Awọn asphyxiants inert (Nitrogen, Argon, Helium, Carbon Dioxide):** Ninu agọ alurinmorin kekere kan, kọlọfin ibi ipamọ, tabi laabu ipilẹ ile, silinda ti a ti tu silẹ le sọ atẹgun atẹgun silẹ ni isalẹ awọn ipele mimi ailewu. Ṣii awọn ilẹkun lati ita ati gba awọn onijakidijagan fentilesonu lati wẹ aaye naa ṣaaju ki o to wọle.
  4. ** Awọn gaasi flammable (Hydrogen, Acetylene, Propane, Methane, Carbon Monoxide):** Jade kuro ni gbogbo ile lẹsẹkẹsẹ laisi yiyi awọn iyipada ina tabi awọn fifọ ẹrọ (eyiti o ṣẹda aaki itanna kan ti o le tu awọsanma gaasi naa).
  5. ** Awọn gaasi Afẹfẹ (Oxygen Pure, Nitrous Oxide):** Awọn atẹgun atẹgun mimọ saturates awọn aṣọ iṣẹ, irun, ati awọn aki itaja; sipaki aimi kanṣoṣo tabi siga laarin awọn iṣẹju 15 ti ifihan yoo fa aṣọ lati bu jade sinu ina fifun nla.
  6. ** Awọn gaasi majele tabi ibajẹ (Chlorine, Amonia, Sulfur Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, Silane, Phosgene):** Ṣe itaniji ohun elo eewu-ohun elo lẹsẹkẹsẹ, yọ kuro ni oke ati oke, ati duro fun awọn ẹgbẹ HAZMAT; wo kemikali idasonu.
Gaasi / Cryogenic Liquid Iru UN Number & ewu akọkọ Pato Ti ara & Ewu Iṣoogun Ise Pajawiri Lẹsẹkẹsẹ
Nitrogen (\(N_2\)), Argon (\(Ar\)), Helium (\(He\)) (Compressed or Cryogenic Liquid \(LN_2\)) UN 1066 / UN 1977 (\(N_2\))
UN 1006 / UN 1951 (\(Ar\))
Simple Asphyxiant & Cryogenic Cold		 1 L of liquid \(LN_2\) expands to 696 L of gas; displaces \(O_2\) without triggering human breathing reflex (unconscious in 1 to 2 breaths); \(-196^\circ\text{C}\) (\(-320^\circ\text{F}\)) freezes tissue instantly Evacuate room immediately; NEVER enter without SCBA to rescue a downed coworker; warm frostbite in \(37\text{ to }39^\circ\text{C}\) (\(98.6\text{ to }102.2^\circ\text{F}\)) water
Carbon Dioxide (\(CO_2\)) (Liquefied Cylinder or Dry Ice) UN 1013 / UN 2187
Heavier-than-air Asphyxiant & Toxic above 7 to 10%		 Gas is 1.5 times heavier than air, pooling along floors, basements, and walk-in beer/soda coolers; causes rapid panting, confusion, seizures, and cardiac arrest Evacuate low-lying spaces and walk-in coolers immediately; do not bend down near floor level in a \(CO_2\) leak; ventilate from outside
Pure Oxygen (\(O_2\)) (High-Pressure Cylinder or Liquid LOX) UN 1072 / UN 1073
Extreme Oxidizer & Pressure Hazard		 Contact with hydrocarbon oil, grease, or hand lotion under high pressure causes instantaneous spontaneous explosion; \(O_2\)-enriched clothing burns uncontrollably Never use oil, grease, or PTFE tape not rated for \(O_2\) on regulators; open regulator valve slowly while standing to the side of the gauge face
Acetylene (\(C_2H_2\)) (Dissolved in Acetone inside Porous Mass) UN 1001
Unstable Flammable Gas (Exothermic Decomposition)		 Can decompose explosively inside the cylinder without oxygen if heated or after torch flashback; cylinder wall grows hot and may explode up to 24 hours later If flashback occurs or tank feels warm, evacuate 100 to 300 m (330 to 1,000 ft) immediately; never move a hot acetylene tank; cool with unmanned fire hoses
Hydrogen (\(H_2\)) UN 1049
Extremely Flammable, Lighter-than-air Gas		 Wide explosive range (4% to 75% in air); burns with a nearly invisible pale-blue/UV flame in daylight; rises and traps under ceiling roofs Shut supply valve if safe; watch for shimmering heat waves or use a broomstraw held out ahead to detect invisible hydrogen jet flames on leaking fittings

Cryogenic liquid nitrogen (\(LN_2\)), argon, and carbon dioxide asphyxiation

Why liquid nitrogen spills kill without a single gasp for air

Liquid nitrogen (\(LN_2\), boiling at minus 196 degrees Celsius / minus 320 degrees Fahrenheit) and liquid argon (\(LAr\), boiling at minus 186 degrees Celsius / minus 303 degrees Fahrenheit) are stored in vacuum-insulated stainless-steel Dewar flasks ranging from 4-liter benchtop flasks to 240-liter wheeled pressurized cylinders.

When a wheeled 180-liter liquid nitrogen Dewar tips over in a hallway, ruptures its pressure-building coil, or blows its relief valve inside a small laboratory, cryobank room, or restaurant kitchen (where \(LN_2\) is used for flash-freezing food or cocktails), two things happen simultaneously:

  1. The 1-to-696 expansion ratio: Every single liter of spilled liquid nitrogen flashes into 696 liters of cold nitrogen gas (and 1 liter of liquid argon expands into 847 liters of heavy argon gas). Spilling just 20 liters of liquid nitrogen inside a closed 3-by-4-meter (10-by-13-foot) storage room generates 13,920 liters of pure nitrogen gas, immediately dropping the room's oxygen concentration from the normal 20.9 percent down to less than 8 percent.
  2. The physiological trap of zero air hunger: The human brain does not detect how much oxygen is in the blood to trigger the urge to breathe; instead, chemoreceptors in the brainstem and carotid bodies strictly measure dissolved carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)) buildup in the blood.
  3. When you walk into a room filled with 95 percent nitrogen or argon, you can still inhale and exhale completely normally, blowing off your body's carbon dioxide with every breath, so you feel zero shortness of breath, zero choking, and zero warning.
  4. Even worse, when the partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs drops below 6 to 8 percent, oxygen actually diffuses backward out of your venous blood into your lungs and is exhaled on your very first breath. Within 8 to 15 seconds (just 1 to 2 breaths), deoxygenated blood reaches the cerebral cortex and the person collapses unconscious to the floor, precisely where the cold, dense nitrogen or argon gas is concentrated thickest; see asphyxiation ni ihamọ aaye.

Danger

Never enter a room, walk-in cooler, or basement where a coworker has collapsed next to a cryogenic Dewar, dry ice bin, or compressed gas manifold, even if you plan to "hold your breath for 10 seconds and drag them out." Lifting an 80-kilogram (175-pound) limp body causes an involuntary gasp reflex, and the cold dense fog obscures the floor so rescuers trip and inhale pure nitrogen, dying right beside the first victim.

Step-by-step response to a cryogenic liquid spill or cold-gas jet burn

1. Immediate evacuation and atmospheric rescue

  1. If a cryogenic Dewar spills, tips over, or vents loudly indoors, get out of the room immediately and pull or prop the hallway door wide open from the outside only if doing so vents the room into an unoccupied open area or triggers the room's high-volume emergency exhaust purge fan.
  2. Check the wall-mounted Oxygen Depletion Monitor (ODM) outside the door: Laboratories and restaurant beer/soda cellars should have a digital oxygen/CO2 monitor mounted outside the entrance door. Any reading below 19.5 percent oxygen is legally an oxygen-deficient atmosphere; below 12 percent causes immediate impaired judgment; below 6 to 8 percent is fatal in minutes.
  3. If a victim is down inside and can be reached from outside the doorway without stepping into the room (for example, their feet are right at the open doorway threshold into a well-ventilated wide corridor), stay completely in the fresh corridor air and pull them out by their ankles into fresh air. Otherwise, wait for fire department rescuers wearing positive-pressure SCBA tanks.
  4. **Ni kete ti olufaragba ba wa ni afẹfẹ titun, ṣayẹwo mimi ati pulse lẹsẹkẹsẹ: ** Ti wọn ko ba simi, bẹrẹ ** CPR pẹlu awọn ẹmi igbala *** (tabi atẹgun apo-valve-mask ventilation pẹlu 100 ogorun oxygen) lẹsẹkẹsẹ; mimu-pada sipo atẹgun si ẹdọforo ṣaaju ki idaduro ọkan ọkan hypoxic waye ngbanilaaye imularada iyara; wo CPR.

2. First iranlowo fun cryogenic omi nitrogen tabi tutu-gaasi frostbite

Awọn itọsẹ kukuru ti awọn isun omi nitrogen olomi yiyi kọja igbona, awọ igboro nigbagbogbo n jade laiseniyan nitori ipa **Leidenfrost *** (iyẹfun idabobo ti gaasi nitrogen vaporized awọn fọọmu lẹsẹkẹsẹ labẹ droplet). Bibẹẹkọ, ti nitrogen olomi tabi argon omi ba wọ sinu aṣọ owu, awọn adagun-omi inu awọleke ti ibọwọ cryogenic alaimuṣinṣin tabi bata, splashes sinu oju, tabi sprays bi ọkọ ofurufu gaasi tutu giga-giga taara si awọ ara, o di awọ ara ati awọn tissues jinlẹ ti o lagbara si iyokuro 196 iwọn Celsius ni iṣẹju-aaya:

  1. Maṣe fa aṣọ tabi awọn ibọwọ ti o di didi si awọ ara ẹni ti o jiya: Yiya ibọwọ tabi ibọsẹ ti o di didi si ika kan tabi ẹsẹ ya ni kikun sisanra ti epidermis ati awọ ara ọtun kuro ni ẹsẹ. Lọ́pọ̀ ìgbà, tú àwọ̀n ọ̀wọ́ èyíkéyìí tí ó ní dídì, kí o sì fi ọwọ́ tàbí ẹsẹ̀ tí a wọ aṣọ bọ inú omi tí ó lọ́rùn títí tí ìdè yinyin yóò fi yo tí aṣọ náà yóò sì rọra yọ́.
  2. ** Yara tun awọ tutunini gbona ni omi gbona ti n kaakiri ni iwọn 37 si 39 Celsius (awọn iwọn 98.6 si 102.2 Fahrenheit): ***
  3. Fi awọn ika ọwọ didi, ọwọ, tabi ẹsẹ sinu agbada omi mimọ ti a ni idanwo pẹlu thermometer (tabi pẹlu igbonwo ti ko ni ipalara ki o ni itunu ni itunu-gbona, **ma gbona ***) fun **15 si 30 iṣẹju ** titi ti awọ, waxy, apata-lile tissu yoo yipada Pink/pupa ati pliable; wo hypothermia ati frostbite.
  4. Ma ṣe pa tabi ifọwọra gbigbona cryogenic, *** ati pe maṣe mu awọn ọwọ tutuni mu lori igbona Bunsen yàrá kan, imooru, tabi omi gbona tẹ ni kia kia loke 42 iwọn Celsius (iwọn 108 Fahrenheit), bi awọ tutunini numb n jiya ina igbona lile lai rilara rẹ.
  5. Cryogenic asesejade si awọn oju: Lẹsẹkẹsẹ ṣan awọn ìmọ oju pẹlu kan ti onírẹlẹ san ti ko gbona ni ifo iyo tabi omi tẹ ni kia kia ni ibudo eyewash fun ** 15 iṣẹju **, ma ṣe jẹ ki awọn njiya pa oju wọn, ati ki o bo oju mejeji laišišẹ pẹlu sterile gauze paadi fun gbigbe lẹsẹkẹsẹ si ophthalmologist; wo oju awọn ipalara.
  6. ** Reti irora gbigbo lile ati awọn roro ti o han gbangba / idajẹjẹ lakoko isọdọtun: *** Fi ipari si awọn nọmba rewarmed larọwọto pẹlu gauze gbigbẹ gbigbẹ ti a gbe laarin ika kọọkan, ma ṣe agbejade roro cryogenic, ati gbigbe lọ si ile-iṣẹ sisun (awọn ipalara cryogenic ni iṣakoso nipasẹ awọn ẹya ina pataki).

Acetylene cylinder flashback, jijẹ inu, ati awọn ina girisi atẹgun

1. Awọn ticking akoko bombu ti a gbona silinda acetylene

Ko dabi atẹgun, nitrogen, tabi argon cylinders, eyiti o jẹ awọn ikarahun irin ṣofo ti o kun fun gaasi, ** acetylene ($ C_2H_2$)** jẹ riru kemikali ati pe o le bu gbamu lairotẹlẹ laisi afẹfẹ eyikeyi tabi atẹgun ti o ba ni fisinuirindigbindigbin bi gaasi ọfẹ loke ** 1.03 si 2.0 bar (15 si 29 psi)**. Lati tọju acetylene lailewu inu silinda alurinmorin ni igi 17 (250 psi), inu inu silinda acetylene ti wa ni aba ti o lagbara patapata lati oke de isalẹ pẹlu simenti ti o la kọja-bi monolithic ibi-ti o kun pẹlu ** acetone olomi *** (tabi epo DMF), ninu eyiti gaasi acetylene ti tuka bi carbonation ninu igo onisuga kan.

Bibẹẹkọ, awọn pajawiri meji le ṣe okunfa ajalu kan, iṣesi exothermic ti ara ẹni ninu silinda acetylene kan:

  • ** Ògùṣọ flashback sinu silinda: *** Ti o ba ti ẹya oxy-acetylene Ige tabi alurinmorin ògùṣọ lai functioning flashback arrestors jiya a flashback (ibi ti awọn ina-ajo sẹhin soke ni pupa acetylene okun), tabi ti o ba awọn silinda ti wa ni fara si ohun ita onifioroweoro iná tabi lọ silẹ agbara, awọn acetylene inu awọn oke ti awọn silinda bẹrẹ decomposing sinu hydrogen gaasi (sootle).
  • ** Kini idi ti pipade àtọwọdá ko ni da bugbamu naa duro: *** Nitori ibajẹ acetylene nilo ** odo atẹgun **, paapaa ti o ba pa àtọwọdá silinda patapata kuro, ifarabalẹ jijẹ kemika le tẹsiwaju jijẹ ọna rẹ laiyara sisale nipasẹ ibi-nla ti o wa ninu silinda irin pipade fun ** 1 si awọn wakati 24 ***, igbega titẹ inu ati rirọ odi irin titi ti cylinder detonates bi bombu giga.

Bii o ṣe le sọ boya silinda acetylene ba n bajẹ, ati kini lati ṣe

  1. ** Ni igba akọkọ 2 aaya lẹhin ti a ògùṣọ flashback:** Ti o ba ti rẹ oxy-acetylene ògùṣọ POP ti npariwo, whistles, tabi emits dudu èéfín lati awọn sample, lẹsẹkẹsẹ pa awọn ògùṣọ atẹgun àtọwọdá, pa awọn ògùṣọ idana àtọwọdá, ati, ** nikan ti o ba ti o ba le de ọdọ awọn silinda lẹsẹkẹsẹ ati awọn silinda ara kan lara patapata dara si a igboro ọwọ **, pa awọn acetylene silinda akọkọ àtọwọdá.
  2. ** Awọn ami ewu ti jijẹ inu (Maṣe sunmo tabi fọwọkan):**
  3. Ara irin ti silinda acetylene kan lara ** gbona tabi gbigbona ** (tabi awọ tutu / omi lori awọn ikarahun ikarahun tabi gbẹ ni awọn abulẹ).
  4. Silinda naa njade ṣigọgọ ** ariwo inu, ariwo, tabi gbigbọn ***.
  5. Gaasi salọ n run ni agbara bi ** ata ilẹ rotted, acetone ekan, tabi idabobo sisun ***.
  6. Fusible irin plugs (lori North American gbọrọ) yo jade ati ki o iyaworan Jeti ti ina tabi dudu soot.
  7. ** Ilana itusilẹ lẹsẹkẹsẹ fun silinda acetylene ti o gbona tabi sisun: ***
  8. MASE gbiyanju lati gbe, yiyi, tabi gbe silinda acetylene ti o gbona si ita. Ijaya ẹrọ ti jija silinda acetylene ti o bajẹ le tu sita ni ọwọ rẹ.
  9. ** Ko gbogbo eniyan kuro ni agbegbe iyasoto ti o kere ju awọn mita 100 si 300 (330 si 1,000 ẹsẹ) *** lẹhin awọn ẹya ti o lagbara ati pe 911/112/999.
  10. Awọn iṣẹ ina yoo ṣeto atẹle atẹle omi ilẹ ti ko ni eniyan ** lẹhin ideri bugbamu lati ṣan ikarahun silinda nigbagbogbo pẹlu omi itutu agbaiye giga fun wakati 24 (ṣayẹwo pẹlu awọn kamẹra aworan gbigbona ati “idanwo gbigbẹ tutu-isalẹ” titi irin naa yoo tutu fun wakati kan lẹhin ti omi duro).

2. Giga-titẹ atẹgun Adiabatic funmorawon ati girisi bugbamu

Maṣe fi ẹyọkan silẹ ti epo epo, girisi, WD-40, Vaseline, tabi ipara ọwọ ororo lori àtọwọdá silinda atẹgun, olutọsọna titẹ, tabi ibamu ojò atẹgun ile-iwosan, ati pe maṣe ṣii atẹgun silinda atẹgun atẹgun ti o ga ni iyara lakoko ti o duro ni iwaju awọn iwọn eleto:

  • When a 150-to-200-bar (2,200-to-3,000-psi) oxygen cylinder valve is cracked open rapidly, the high-pressure oxygen slams into the dead-end cavity of the brass regulator like a piston, compressing the gas inside so fast that its temperature spikes instantaneously to over 500 to 800 degrees Celsius (930 to 1,470 degrees Fahrenheit) (adiabatic compression / diesel effect).
  • Ni iwaju 100 ogorun atẹgun giga-titẹ ni iwọn 600 Celsius, paapaa smear airi ti girisi ika ika, epo hydrocarbon, tabi okun okun ti ko tọ ninu olutọsọna n tan ina ibẹjadi, yo ara olutọsọna idẹ ni ina irin funfun-gbona ati fifun awọn olutọsọna gilasi awọn iwọn taara si ita ati oniṣẹ ẹrọ.
  • Safe oxygen cylinder opening rule ("Crack slowly, stand to the side"): Always inspect oxygen threads with clean, oil-free hands, verify that the regulator pressure-adjusting T-screw is backed all the way out (loose), stand to the side of the cylinder so the brass valve body is between you and the regulator glass faces, and open the cylinder handwheel very slowly at first until the high-pressure gauge needle stops rising before opening the valve fully.

Compressed gas and cryogenic safety checklist

Audit your workshop, clinic, kitchen, or laboratory against these five mandatory cylinder safety standards:

  • ** Ṣe aabo gbogbo silinda inaro ni awọn aaye meji (tabi oke ọkan-kẹta) pẹlu awọn ẹwọn tabi awọn okun wuwo, boya kikun tabi ofo: *** Maṣe fi silinda ti o ni ominira silẹ lai si ori ilẹ, ibi iduro ikojọpọ, tabi kẹkẹ, paapaa fun ọgbọn-aaya 30 lakoko iyipada awọn tanki. Jeki eru asapo irin àtọwọdá Idaabobo fila dabaru ni wiwọ pẹlẹpẹlẹ gbogbo silinda nigbakugba ti o ti wa ni gbigbe tabi ti wa ni ko ti sopọ mọ actively si a eleto.
  • Check CGA / ISO regulator connection threads, never use adapters or Teflon tape on straight threads: Every gas family uses a distinct, non-interchangeable valve outlet geometry (such as CGA 540 for oxygen, CGA 580 for inert argon/nitrogen, CGA 510 reverse-thread for acetylene). Never force a mismatched regulator onto a cylinder, never use homemade brass adapters to connect a fuel regulator to an oxygen tank, and never wrap plumber's PTFE tape onto CGA bullnose compression seats (only tapered pipe threads on gauge stems take oxygen-rated tape).
  • Install flashback arrestors AND reverse-flow check valves on all oxy-fuel torches: Install dedicated flame-arresting sintered-stainless flashback arrestors directly at the outlet of both the oxygen and fuel pressure regulators (in addition to torch-handle check valves) to stop a flame front from ever reaching the hoses or the acetylene cylinder.
  • Equip cryogenic rooms with continuous Oxygen Depletion Monitors (ODMs) and low-level exhaust: Install calibrated two-stage oxygen monitors (alarming at 19.5 percent and 18.0 percent \(O_2\)) with an external strobe and horn outside the door of every liquid nitrogen room or walk-in \(CO_2\) beverage cooler, and wear loose-fitting cryogenic gloves (so they can be flicked off instantly if liquid splashes inside), a full-face shield, and cuffless pants covering the tops of closed boots when pouring \(LN_2\).
  • Avoid sealed closed-trunk vehicle transport of cylinders and dry ice/LN2: Never carry a liquid nitrogen Dewar, large box of dry ice, or unvented acetylene/propane tank inside the passenger cabin of a closed car or SUV with the windows up. A slow valve leak or boiling \(LN_2\) inside a closed car cabin can either asphyxiate the driver at highway speeds or ignite the vehicle interior the instant the brake light switch or power window button arcs.

Awọn ibeere ti a beere nigbagbogbo

What actually happens if the brass valve breaks off the top of a full welding or scuba gas tank?

A full industrial compressed gas cylinder (such as welding argon, nitrogen, or oxygen) or aluminum scuba tank contains gas pressurized to 150 to 300 bar (2,200 to 4,500 psi). If the cylinder falls over without its protective steel cap and shears the brass valve off at the neck, the gas escapes through the 15-millimeter (0.6-inch) opening at supersonic speed, generating over 4,000 newtons (900 pounds) of rocket thrust. That thrust accelerates the 70-kilogram (155-pound) steel cylinder across the floor or through the air at over 50 meters per second (110 miles per hour), easily penetrating cinder-block walls, steel doors, and vehicle bodies before emptying its charge in 30 to 90 seconds. Never try to grab or step on a cylinder with a damaged valve; take immediate cover behind heavy concrete or steel until the jet stops completely.

Kilode ti awọn eniyan fi jade ni omi nitrogen tabi argon jo laisi rilara lailai bi wọn ti n pa?

Imudaniloju ti ara rẹ lati simi ati rilara ti o ni ẹru ti "ebi afẹfẹ" (igbẹmi) jẹ okunfa patapata nipasẹ awọn ipele giga ti carbon dioxide ($ CO_2$) ninu ẹjẹ rẹ, kii ṣe nipasẹ aini atẹgun. Nigbati nitrogen olomi ti o da silẹ tabi argon ba hó sinu gaasi inu yara pipade, o gbe atẹgun sinu afẹfẹ lakoko ti o tun jẹ ki o fa simu nitrogen ti ko ni oorun ki o si tu erogba oloro tirẹ ni deede. Nitoripe awọn ipele carbon dioxide rẹ wa ni kekere, o lero deede ati itunu, taara titi ipele atẹgun ninu ọpọlọ rẹ yoo lọ silẹ ni kekere ti o padanu mimọ laisi ikilọ lẹhin mimi kan tabi meji (labẹ awọn aaya 15). Maṣe wọ yara kan pẹlu jijo cryogenic lati gba eniyan ti ko ni imọ silẹ laisi ohun elo mimi ti ara ẹni (SCBA).

Kilode ti silinda acetylene le gbamu awọn wakati lẹhin ti a ti pa àtọwọdá naa tẹlẹ?

Ko dabi awọn gaasi epo miiran gẹgẹbi propane tabi methane, acetylene ($ C_2H_2$) jẹ ẹya kemikali endothermic ti o le fọ si isalẹ sinu erogba to lagbara ati gaasi hydrogen lakoko ti o n tu ooru inu nla silẹ, laisi nilo eyikeyi afẹfẹ tabi atẹgun rara. Ti o ba ti a ògùṣọ flashback irin-ajo pada sinu ohun acetylene silinda, tabi ti o ba awọn silinda ti wa ni kikan nipa kan nitosi ina, yi exothermic jijera lenu le bẹrẹ inu awọn oke ti awọn silinda. Paapa ti o ba lesekese tii àtọwọdá silinda ni pipa ki gaasi ko salọ ati pe ko si afẹfẹ ti o wọ, igbi ooru le tẹsiwaju ni irin-ajo laiyara sisale inu ikarahun irin pipade fun awọn wakati pupọ titi titẹ inu inu yoo fi ṣubu silinda ni ajalu. Ti ojò acetylene kan ba gbona nigbagbogbo lati fi ọwọ kan, o rẹrin ni inu, tabi o n run bi ata ilẹ lẹhin filasi, fi silẹ ni pato ibiti o wa, yọ kuro ni 100 si 300 mita (330 si 1,000 ẹsẹ) kuro, ki o pe ẹka ina.

Kini idi ti o lewu pupọ lati gba epo tabi girisi lori iṣoogun tabi alurinmorin atẹgun atẹgun?

Atẹgun mimọ ni titẹ giga (150 si 200 bar / 2,200 si 3,000 psi) dinku ni iwọn otutu iginisonu ti hydrocarbon Organic eyikeyi, pẹlu epo mọto, girisi ti nso, WD-40, balm aaye, ati jelly Petroleum. Ni afikun, nigba ti o ṣii àtọwọdá silinda atẹgun, gaasi ti o ga-giga n yara lọ sinu aye iku-opin dín ti olutọsọna ati ki o rọ gaasi ti o ni idẹkùn ni iyara ti iwọn otutu inu idẹ ti o baamu awọn spikes si ju 500 iwọn Celsius (930 iwọn Fahrenheit) ni milliseconds (ti a mọ ni titẹkuro adiabatic). Ti o ba jẹ pe paapaa epo kekere kan ti epo tabi girisi wa lori awọn okun tabi ijoko valve, yoo ṣe ina laifọwọyi lẹsẹkẹsẹ inu atẹgun mimọ, ṣeto idẹ ati irin ti olutọsọna funrararẹ lori ina ati fa ki olutọsọna naa gbamu.

  • Itọsọna yii n pese aabo pajawiri ati alaye iranlọwọ akọkọ fun gaasi fisinuirindigbindigbin ati awọn pajawiri omi omi cryogenic ati pe ko rọpo awọn ohun elo eewu ti a fọwọsi, alurinmorin, tabi ikẹkọ ailewu yàrá. Gbiyanju lati mu iranlọwọ-lori akọkọ iranlọwọ ati iṣẹ CPR lati Red Cross, St John Ambulance, tabi agbari ikẹkọ iṣoogun pajawiri ti agbegbe.

Jẹmọ awọn itọsọna

Awọn orisun ṣayẹwo

  • Ẹgbẹ Gas Imudara (CGA, United States): Iwe afọwọkọ ti Awọn gaasi Fisinu ati Mimu Ailewu ti Awọn Gas Fisinu ninu Awọn apoti (Pamphlet P-1) ati Mimu Ailewu ti Awọn olomi Cryogenic (Pamphlet P-12)
  • British Compressed Gases Association (BCGA, United Kingdom) ati Ilera ati Aabo Alase (HSE, United Kingdom): Lilo Ailewu ti Awọn Cylinders Gas Compressed (INDG306) ati Ṣiṣẹ lailewu pẹlu Acetylene (INDG327)
  • Aabo Kemikali AMẸRIKA ati Igbimọ Iwadii Ewu (CSB, United States): Awọn ewu ti Iwe itẹjade Aabo Nitrogen Asphyxiation (No. 2003-10-B)
  • Ẹgbẹ Awọn Gases Ile-iṣẹ Yuroopu (EIGA): Isakoso Iṣẹlẹ Acetylene Cylinder ati Ibanujẹ Adiabatic ni Awọn olutọsọna Atẹgun
  • Aabo Iṣẹ iṣe ati Isakoso Ilera (OSHA, Orilẹ Amẹrika): Awọn ibeere Gbogbogbo Awọn Gases Ti a fisinu (29 CFR 1910.101) ati Atẹgun-Epo Gas Welding and Gige (29 CFR 1910.253)