Kukuba bintu bia nzembu bia mushinga mukole ku bipupu bia dîba (CMEs), ku bukole bua nzembu ne ku EMPs¶

Padi NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) anyi UK Met Office Space Weather Operations Center (MOSWOC) udi ufila Tshikole (G5) Didimuija dia tshipepele tshikole tshia geomagnetic kunyima kua Dipatuka dia tshipepele tshikole (CME), anyi padi bantu badi balongolola malu a tshimpitshimpi badilongolola bua Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP / E1-E2-E3) anyi dinyanguka dikole dia tshiamu tshia nzembu, kumanya bintu bia nzembu bidi mu njiwu ne mushindu wa kubitapulula kudi kupangisha dibutuka dia kashidi dia nzembu mu tshikondo tshia dikuluka dia nzembu mutantshi mule. Shi tshipepele tshikole tshia dîba anyi tshipepele tshikole tshia ku nzembu tshikale tshijule kapia ka tshiamu tshia nzembu, tshiamu tshia nzembu tshinyanguke, anyi dijimina dia nzembu mu tshitupa tshienu, bikila nimero wa njiwu wa muaba unudi (911, 112, anyi 999) bua njiwu ya bukubi bua muoyo ku diambuluisha dia nomba ya tshimpitshimpi tshilaminu, ne tangila balombodi betu pa bunene bua biamu bia nzembu bia LiFePO4 ne biamu bia dishintulula nabi, dimanyisha dia malu a tshimpitshimpi: NOAA radio, GMRS, ne satellite SOS, ne dikuluka dia nzembu ya mu tshitupa ne dijimina dia nzembu.

Mibelu ya bungi ya bantu idi inyangakaja bipupu bia dîba bia pa buloba (CMEs) ne nucleaire electromagnetic pulses (HEMP), kufikisha bena nzubu ku dibuikila tshiamu tshionso tshia kuela natshi mampa mu tshilamba tshia aluminium eku bashiya bintu biabu bia mushinga mukole $2,500 tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia kumbula tshibueja mu tshiamu tshia 30-meter (100-foot) tshijengu tshia tshimanu tshidi tshienza mudimu bu antene munene wa disangisha dia luya. Kujingulula dishilangana dilelela dia malu a fisike pankatshi pa malu adi afumina ku buloba (GICs / E3 magnetohydrodynamic heave) ne nanosecond high-frequency radio-frequency pulses (E1 HEMP) udi ukupesha mukanda mutoke, wa mushinga mukesa wa malu a enzenjiere: 1. CME wa dîba wa ku tshilelelu (G5 / Carrington-class geomagnetic storm) kena ushipa bintu bia ku bianza bidi kabiyi ne nzembu mu lupepele to. A solar CME udi upatula anu dishintuluka dia geomagnetic field (difuanangane ne E3 tshitupa tshia EMP). Bidi mua kunyanga biamu anu ku diambuluisha dia dikola dia nzembu, dipueka dia nzembu, ne dinyanguka dia diumvuangana bidi bibuela mu nzembu ya nzubu muebe. Kupatula bintu bia nzembu ku biamu bia AC ne ku nkamba ya Ethernet/coaxial kumpala kua CME kufika kudi kufila bukubi bua 100 pa lukama ku tshipepele tshikole tshia dîba. 2. A High-Altitude EMP (HEMP) udi usangisha nanosekonde E1 gamma-Compton radio-frequency pulse (up to 50,000 Volts per meter dia muamua 10 MHz to 1 GHz+) udi mua kulamakaja buludiludi mu njila muipi wa munda ne 1-meter (3-foot) mionji idi ipitshila mu lupepele, idi ilomba tshibumba tshia Faraday tshidi tshitungunuka ne kuenza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia munda tshia karton/foam dielectric insulator bua kukuba biamu bia nzembu bia pa mutu, biamu bia luondapu ne biamu bia kulombola nabi mudimu wa dîba.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

1. Padi bualu bukole (G4) anyi Extreme (G5) Geomagnetic Solar Storm Watch is released (15 to 48 hours kumpala kwa CME), ela \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) bionso bia nzembu, telefone, biamu bia ku bianza, ne ma batterie a rédio ku 100% Tshia kumpala, pashishe ubipatule ku tshiibi tshionso tshia ku tshimanu. Padibi bimane kukumbaja, koka mionji ya nzembu ya AC, mabue a nzembu a USB, Ethernet (Cat5e/Cat6) nkamba, ne nkamba/satellite milongo ya coaxial mipatuke mu tshimanu kumpala kua CME's interplanetary shock wave kukuma magnetosphère wa buloba.
2. Ukosolola biamu bia nzembu (MC4 nsongo) ne mionji mile ya dilengeja ya ku nzubu yebe ya nzembu padiyi kayiyi mitangidibue bimpe. A 10-to-30-meter (33-to-100-foot) nshinga udi wenza mudimu bu tshiamu tshia kuakidila natshi bintu bimpe bua bionso bibidi E1 tshitupa tshîpi tshia lukasa ne E2 bipepele bidi bifumina ku mupenyi. Kushiya tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia kumbula tshilamakaja ku nshinga mile kudi kutshimuna ditapuluka diatshi dia munda.
3. Kueyemenyi tshipiminu nansha kakese $15 tshintu tshia kukuba natshi nzembu nkayatshi bua kuimanyika dikuluka dia tshiamu tshia nzembu anyi E1 pulse. Standard residential Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) biamu bia nzembu bidi ne tshikondo tshia diandamuna dia 1 to 5 nanoseconds, udi ne lubilu lua bungi bua tshikondo tshia dishintulula dia bintu bia mudimu (E2), kadi bitekete bikola bua kukanda tshikondo tshia dibandila dia sub-nanoseconde (2.5 to 5 nanoseconds ku 50 kV/m) wa tshiluilu E1 HEMP pulse, ne voltage mutantshi mule udi ufumina ku tshiamu tshia transformer tshia mu kartshie tshidi tshienda tshikola bidi mua kupitshisha kapia ne kutemesha kapia ka mushinga mukesa MOV bipese.
4. Biwikala ne bateri wa nzubu mujima (Tesla Powerwall, Enphase, Generac, EcoFlow Pro) ne tshiamu tshia kuenzela natshi mudimu anyi tshiamu tshinene tshia kukanga natshi, ela meji bua kushintulula ku "Off-Grid / Island Mode" mu tshikondo tshia mêba 3 too ne ku 6 G5 dididishi dia tshipepele tshikole tshia geomagnetic. Kutapulula tshintu tshinene tshia ku nzubu kuebe (OFF) udi ufumina ku tshiamu tshia nzembu udi ulama bintu bia mu nzubu muebe bidi ne nshinga (mabeji a pompe wa kapia, biamu bia frigo, pompe ya tshina tshia mâyi) ku dinyanguka dia diumvuangana dia ku luseke lua nzembu ne ku dinyanguka dia nzembu didi difumina ku dikumbana dia tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia nzembu wa bungi.
5. Lama bintu biebe bia mudimu bia tshimpitshimpi (NOAA Weather Radio, GMRS/Ham handheld transceivers, smartphone/tablet wa pa mutu udi ne karte ka pambelu pa internet, tshiamu tshia MPPT solar charge controller, ne USB flash drives) mu tshibombi tshia Faraday tshilongolola bimpe. Nzubu yonso udi ne bua kulama **Kit wa "EMP/Surycovery" mu tshibombi tshikole tshia munda mua tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshienza mudimu bimpe. tshibombi tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku anyi tshibombi tshia bingoma bia basalayi tshidi ne tshilamba tshia munda tshia karton/tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshikanga bua tshiamu nansha tshimue katshiyi tshilenga tshimanu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku to.
6. Kulenga tshiamu nansha tshimue buludiludi ku tshimanu tshia tshiamu tshia Faraday cage, ne kuena ne bua kupitshisha tshiamu tshia charge ku tshibuikidiji tshia Faraday cage to. Nshinga yonso udi upitshila pambelu uya munda mua tshibumba tshia Faraday udi wenza mudimu bu antenne wa waveguide udi ulombola pulse wa electromagnetique wa pambelu buludiludi munda, ukepesha bukole bua zero.

Mutshi wa mapangadika: Kukumbaja tshilele tshieba tshia bukubi ne njiwu ya nzembu¶

Londa tshimfuanyi etshi tshia disungula dia bintu bua kusunguluja tshipepele tshikole tshia dîba tshidibu bamanyishe kumpala kua dîba (CME), tshipupu tshia mupenyi/tshia mudimu, ne tshipepele tshijima E1/E2/E3 tshipepele tshia nzembu.

flowchart TD
    Event["Tshinyangu tshia nzembu tshimanyike"] --> ThreatType{"Mbualu kayi budi buenzeka anyi budibu badilongolole bua bualu ebu?"}
    ThreatType -->|"Tshipepele tshikole tshia G4/G5 (Dipatuka dia luya lua munya / CME - Didimuija dia mêba 15 too ne ku 48)"| CMEProtocol["PHYSIQUE: Slow E3-Like Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) on Long Grid Lines ONLY (Zero Air-Coupled E1 Pulse)"]
    CMEProtocol --> CMEActions["1. Ela ma batterie onso 100% kumpala kua kukuma -> 2. Umbusha nkamba yonso ya AC, ya EV, ne ya Ethernet -> 3. Paudi musue: Kudimuna tshiamu tshia kukosa natshi mu tshidila anyi tshia pambelu pa nzembu mu tshikondo tshia Peak Kp=8/9 Window"]
    ThreatType -->|"Dijika dia tshimpitshimpi dia nzembu / Dibutuka dia tshiamu tshia mashinyi / Dijimina dia tshimpitshimpi"| GridSurge["PHYSIQUE: Utility Switching Transients, Voltage Sags (<95V), & Re-Energization Inrush Spikes"]
    GridSurge --> GridActions["1. Jima 240V Compressor Breakers (AC/Heat Pump/Well) & Umbusha bintu bia nzembu -> 2. Bindile minite 10 kunyima kua nzembu mimane kujika kumpala kua kupingaja"]
    ThreatType -->|"Dilongolola bua EMP wa muulu (HEMP: E1 + E2 + E3 Full Spectrum)"| HEMPProtocol["PHYSIQUE: Nanosecond E1 RF Pulse (50 kV/m, 10 MHz to 1 GHz+) + E2 Lightning Surge + E3 Grid Saturation"]
    HEMPProtocol --> HEMPActions["1. Lama bintu bia pa mutu, bintu bia luondapu, ne biamu bia nzembu mu kazubu ka Faraday kadi ne nzembu -> 2. Teka tshiamu tshia 1/2 tshia nzubu mujima tshia SPD + Clamp Ferrite Cores pa Key Cords"]

Tshitupa 1: Bipupu bia dîba (CMEs) vs. High-Altitude EMP (E1, E2, ne E3 Fizike mifuanyikija)¶

Bilondeshile Tshibambalu tshia malu a nzembu tshia mu États-Unis (DOE), Tshibambalu tshia makebulula a bukole bua nzembu (EPRI), EMP Commission, ne UK Royal Academy of Engineering, njiwu ya nzembu idi itapuluka mu mishindu isatu mishilangane ya tshikondo (E1, E2, ne E3). Kujingulula mushindu udi nzembu udiku kudi kukuambila menemene tshiamu kayi tshidi mua kunyanguka ne tshidi mua kushala ne muoyo.

1. Mishindu isatu ya mavuala a nzembu ne bintu bidi bifuanangane ne dîba bia pa buloba¶

2. Bua tshinyi dipatula dia nzembu ku tshimanu didi ne mushinga 100% ku tshipepele tshikole tshia dîba tshia Carrington (CME)¶

Lekela makumi akujadikile: - Nansha mu tshikondo tshia tshipepele tshikole tshia dîba (1859 Carrington Event anyi 1921 Railroad Storm), tshitupa tshia geoelectric tshidi tshipatuka pa mutu pa buloba tshidi tshifika pabuipi ne 20 to 85 Volts per kilometer (0.02 to 0.085 Volts per meter) ku latitude mitumbuke pa mutu pa mabue a kapia. - Ku 300-kilometer (186-mile) njila wa dituma dia nzembu wa nzembu mikole miteka panshi ku biamu bionso bibidi, 50 Volts/km udi ukumbaja 15,000 Volts wa bukole bua quasi-DC, udi ulombola ratusan wa amperes mu njila ya transformer ya tshiamu tshia nzembu ne utuma dishintuluka dikole dia voltage wa harmonique (THD) ne kushintulula mavuala mu nzubu idi anu milamakaja ku nzembu. - Ino, munda mua telefone webe wa bianza, portable, nansha tshiamu tshiebe tshia nzembu tshidi katshiyi ne nzembu tshidi tshisombe pa mesa a mu tshikuku, tshintu tshidi tshitamba bule tshidi anu 0.15 meters (6 inches) bule. Budimi bua 0.085 Volts/meter dia muamua 0.15 meters udi ufila 0.012 Volts (12 millivolts) ku frekanse mukese menemene (< 1 Hz), udi kayi mua kumueneka nansha kakese ne 100% kayi ne njiwu kudi tshiamu tshionso tshia nzembu tshidi katshiyi tshibueja mu nzembu. - Muaku wa pa muanda bua bipupu bia dîba: Kuena dijinga ne kuteka telefone webe, portable anyi mashinyi mu tshibombi tshia Faraday bua tshipepele tshia dîba anyi CME to. Udi anu ne tshia kupatula bintu biebe bia nzembu bidi ne mushinga wa bungi ku nshinga mile ya nzembu kumpala kua CME kufika ne kudilongolola bua dijika dia nzembu didi mua kuenzeka mu tshitupa atshi.

Tshitupa 2: Bintu kayi bia mushinga mukole bia nzembu bidi ne tshia kubuela munda mua kazubu ka Faraday (Bua E1 Dilongolola dia EMP)?¶

Nansha mudi tshipepele tshikole tshia dîba tshilomba anu bua kupatuka mu tshiamu tshia nzembu, kudilongolola bua High-Altitude EMP (HEMP E1 pulse) anyi pabuipi Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse (LEMP) udi ulomba bua kukuba tshisumbu tshia bintu bia nzembu bidi ne bukole bua bungi (10 MHz to 2 GHz) madimi adi ne kapepe.

Bualu muaba udi munda mua tshibombi tshia tshiamu tshia galvanisé anyi tshibombi tshia bingoma mmukese, ela bintu bidi bidi ne biamu bia CMOS bia bungi (< 90 nm ku 3 nm biibi bia transistor) ne kuena mua kuikala ne muoyo anyi kuenza mudimu pamue kakuyi bualu ebu mu tshikondo tshia njiwu ya mbingu ya bungi ya dijimija dia grid:

Mulongo wa malu a kumpala a tshilaminu tshia Faraday¶

Tshitupa 3: Mua kuenza ne kuteta tshintu tshijadika 50 to 80 dB Faraday Cage ku nzubu¶

Faraday Cage udi wenza mudimu pa kuabanya kabidi nzembu ya pambelu ne kuenza bua nzembu ya pa mutu idi mishilangane munda mua tshitupa tshia pambelu tshia tshiamu tshidi tshienda tshienda (mukuba, aluminium, anyi tshiamu tshia mitaku), tshijimija bukole bua nzembu budi munda mua tshina tshidi katshiyi ne tshintu.

Bua ngabu wa Faraday kuimanyika tshijila E1 HEMP pulse (udi ne bule bua mavuala makese ku 1 GHz badi 30 centimeters / 12 inches, ne bintu bia mushinga mukole bidi bilomba bua kuikala ne tshitupa tshia nzero tshidi tshipita 1.5 to 3 millimeters / 0.06 to 0.12 inches), tshintu tshidi ne tshia kuikala ne 360-degree continuous metal-to-metal contact ku tshibuikidiji tshiatshi. Nansha tshitupa tshia nsuki, tshibuikidiji tshia tshiamu tshia caoutchouc, anyi tshitupa tshia oxide tshidi katshiyi tshienza mudimu ku tshibuikidiji tshidi tshienza mudimu bu Slot Antenne udi upatula mâyi a bungi E1 bukole bua microwave buludiludi mu kazubu.

1. Kufuanyikija 4 DIY ne Commercial Faraday Enclosures¶

2. Tshitupa ku tshitupa: Mushindu wa kuela ne kuela tshibombi tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshia Faraday Cage¶

1. Tangila tshibombi bua kumanya ni kudi mabulu: Angata tshibombi tshiebe tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku (e.g., Behrens 20-gallon or 31-gallon steel can) mu tshilaminu tshifiike, ela tshitoke 1,000-lumen toshete munda mua bitupa bia kuinshi, ne kujadika ne: kakuena butoke budi bupatuka mu tshitupa tshia kuinshi to.
2. Teka tshilamba tshia munda tshia dielectric insulator (Mandatory):
3. Kosa tshitupa tshia tshijengu tshia 12-mm (1/2-inch) karton mukola, tshiamu tshia polyethylene tshia tshitudilu, anyi tshiamu tshia caoutchouc ne utshiteka panshi kuinshi kua tshibombi tshia tshiamu.
4. Ela tshimanu tshijima tshia munda tshia tshibombi tshia tshiamu ne karton mukezuke muela mu tshibombi (anyi ela tshibombi tshia bukoya tshia plastike tshikole / tshibombi tshia plastike tshia 5-gallon HDPE tshidi tshibuela bimpe munda mua tshibombi tshia tshiamu). Ebi bidi bijadika 10-to-20-millimeter (0.4-to-0.8-inch) tshintu tshidi katshiyi tshilombola kapepe/plastique pankatshi pa bintu biebe bia nzembu ne dikoba dia tshiamu tshia pambelu.
5. Bintu bikese bia mushinga mukole bia bukubi bubidi ("tshilaminu tshia munda"):
6. Teka bintu bikese bia nzembu (tshiamu tshieba tshia NOAA, tshiamu tshia GMRS tshidi ne antenne miunzulula, telefone wa kale, ne biamu bia USB) munda mua mifuku ya Faraday ya bungenda (anyi funda tshintu tshionso tshia mu karton mu bitupa bibidi bia aluminium mukole) kumpala kua kubiteka munda mua tshibombi tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku. Mu malu a RF, nesting a 45 dB Tshibombi tshia Faraday munda mua 50 dB tshiamu tshidi mua kufila ditapuluka dia pabuipi ne dijima, dijimija dinyanguka dia tshitupa tshimue.
7. Weja bipese bia Silica Gel Desiccant: Tshikanga 50 to 100 grams wa bibombi bia silica gel desiccant munda mua tshibombi bua luya lukole kalunyangi bipese bia batterie anyi biamu bia circuit mu ngondo ya bungi ya dilama.
8. Kanka tshibuikidiji: Fina tshibuikidiji tshia tshiamu tshikole panshi. Bua kulama bintu mutantshi mule, udi mua kuela tshilamba tshia tshilamba tshia aluminium tshia HVAC (3M 425 anyi Nashua foil tape) munyunguluke tshibuikidiji ne tshibombi, ne tshiamu tshia kukoka natshi bua wewe kumona mua kukosa tshilamba mu masekonde 2 padi lutatu lujika.
9. Udi ne tshia kuela tshibombi tshia Faraday tshia kumbula panshi (Trash Can / Ammo Can)?
10. TO: Lama bibombi bikese bia Faraday bia kumbula kabiyi pa buloba (bikale pa tshitekelu tshia mabaya, pa tshilamba tshia tshiamu tshia caoutchouc anyi pa tshitekelu tshia beton). Pa kumbusha padi nzubu wa Faraday mulamakaja ku diambuluisha dia tshilamba tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshinene tshia inductance mukese buludiludi ku tshintu tshidibu basungule < 1-ohm buloba budi pa buloba buenza kudi muena mudimu wa RF, udi ulamakaja tshitupa tshile 3-to-10-meter (10-to-33-foot) nshinga wa vert wa mu tshibombi tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku udi uya ku tshiibi tshia nzembu tshia ku nzubu kuebe anyi ku tshiamu tshia mâyi udi ukudimuna nshinga wa panshi bua kulua antenne munene wa kuakidila bantu udi ufila dinyanguka dia buloba ne E1/E2 mayi adi apita buludiludi pa mutu pa tshibombi tshieba. Lekela tshiamu tshieba tshia mitaku tshisombe nkayatshi pa tshitekelu tshia mabaya tshiume anyi pa tshilamba tshia tshiamu tshia caoutchouc.

3. Mushindu kayi wa kuteta kazubu kebe ka Faraday mu masekonde 60 (Ne bua tshinyi "Diteta dia dibikila dia ku telefone" nkayadi kadiena dikumbane to)¶

• Bua tshinyi tshikebelu tshia dikuma dia telefone wa ku bianza ki ntshitekete: Nzubu ya ku bianza idi ne makuta a bungi a kuenza nawu mudimu: telefone wa ku bianza udi mua kupeta misangu ya bungi 850 MHz anyi 1900 MHz mukenji wa mesaje anyi dibikila nansha padi tshintu tshienda tshikepela 99% (20 dB) wa tshimanyishilu, anyi mu mushindu mukuabu, telefone udi mu nzubu wa muinshi mua buloba udi ne tshimanyishilu tshitekete udi mua kulekela dibikila diende anu ne 15 dB wa bukubi (budi muinshi mua 50+ dB bidi bikengela bua E1 EMP).
• Diteta dimpe 1 (Diteta dia AM/FM/Weather Radio didi dienza mudimu ne bateri):
• Teka FM anyi NOAA Weather Radio udi wenza mudimu ne bateri ku tshisanji tshia bukole tshia muaba uudi musombele ne ubandishe dîyi too ne ku ndekelu.
• Teka tshiamu tshia nzembu munda mua tshibombi tshiebe tshia Faraday ne ukanga tshibuikidiji tshijima.
• Teleja bimpe pambelu pa tshibombi: dimanyisha didi ne tshia kupueka bua kujikija mutoyi mutoke (kakuyi dîyi anyi mijiki idi yumvuika) mu bionso bibidi AM (530-1700 kHz) ne FM/VHF (88-162 MHz). Shi udi mua kumvua mumanyishi wakula munda mua tshibombi tshikanga, tshibuikidiji tshieba tshidi ne tshitupa tshidi tshipatuka.
• Diteta dimpe 2 (Diteta dia Walkie-Talkie dia mutantshi mukese / Smartphone Wi-Fi Hotspot dBm App Diteta):
• Teka telefone A ku luseke lua pambelu pa tshibombi tshieba tshia Faraday ne 2.4 GHz / 5 GHz Wi-Fi Hotspot (anyi Bluetooth) muteka.
• Ela telefone B munda mua tshibombi tshia Faraday tshidi tshienza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia Wi-Fi Analyzer / Signal Strength (dBm) Logging App (anyi kuteta ne bibidi 2-Watt FRS/GMRS walkie-talkies ku 1 meter ntanta).
• Tangila nansha 50 to 60+ dB dipueka dia bukole bua tshimanyishilu (anyi dipanga dia tshiamu tshia munda tshia walkie-talkie bua kutshibula squelch paudi utua tshintu tshia pambelu tshidi tshituma 1 meter kule).

Tshitupa 4: Kukuba tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia ku nzubu kuebe ne biamu bia mudimu bidi ne nshinga (Whole-Home SPDs & Ferrites)¶

Kuena mua kuteka tshiamu tshia mashika tshia munkatshi, pompe wa mayi udi mua kubuela mu tshina tshia mâyi, anyi frigo munda mua tshibombi tshia bukoya paudi wenza natshi mudimu dituku dionso to. Bua kukuba bintu bia mu nzubu bidi ne nzembu ku **tshipupu tshia dîba, mupenyi (E2].

1. Layer 1: UL 1449 Type 1 anyi Type 2 Whole-Home Surge Protective Device (SPD) ku tshibambalu tshinene tshia dikosolola:
2. Lomba muena mudimu wa nzembu udi ne mukanda wa dianyisha bua kuteka tshiamu tshia Whole-Home Surge Arrester tshia bukole bua bungi (tshidi ne mushinga wa 50 kA to 100 kA+ ku tshitupa, bu mudi Siemens FS140, Square D HEPD80, anyi Eaton CHSPT2ULTRA) mienza ne nshinga mikese, milulame (< 15 to 20 cm / 6 to 8 inches) buludiludi ku tshiibi tshia bise tshidi pabuipi ne tshibuelelu tshieba tshinene. Kulama nzembu ya SPD mikese ne mikosa pamue kudi kukepesha nzembu ya inductive let-through mu tshikondo tshia dikola dia lukasa.
3. Layer 2: Snap-On High-Frequency Ferrite Choke Cores on Appliance Power Cords:
4. Snap-on Nickel-Zinc (NiZn, Material 31 or 43/61) split-core ferrite beads clamped on the AC power cords of frigo, furnace of gaz, charger station power, and radio equipment sont bu choke de high-frequence RF contre 10 MHz to 300 MHz common-mode E1 misulu. Kuela tshingoma mu tshitupa tshia ferrite 2 anyi 3 turns kudi kuvudija inayi dia RF choking impedance.

Nomba ya tshimpitshimpi ya mu tshijengu ne mikenji ya bibambalu¶

Tshikondo tshia muulu ne dinyanguka dia nzembu ya nzembu bidi bilombodibua 24/7 kudi bibambalu bia ditunga bia malu a buloba ne a nzembu:

• Ditunga dia États-Unis: Tangila tshipepele tshikole tshia dîba (G1 ku G5) wa mu NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (swpc.noaa.gov). Dishindama dia grid didi dilombodibua kudi NERC (TPL-007) ne CISA. Bua kapia ka nzembu anyi malu a tshimpitshimpi, bikila 911.
• Canada: Tangila Tshibambalu tshia malu a mvula tshia mu Canada (spaceweather.gc.ca) mulombodibua kudi Natural Resources Canada (NRCan). Nomba ya tshimpitshimpi: 911.
• Royaume-Uni: Tangila Met Office Space Meteo Operations Center (metoffice.gov.uk) ne National Grid ESO madimuija. Nomba ya tshimpitshimpi: 999 anyi 112.
• Buobumue bua matunga a ku Mputu: Lama Tshibambalu tshia malu a muulu tshia ku Mputu (ESA) Tshibambalu tshia malu a mvula tshia muulu (swe.ssa.esa.int) ne SIDC (Belgique). Nomba ya tshimpitshimpi: 112.
• Australie ne Nouvelle-Zélande: Tangila Biro bia malu a mvula bia mu Australie (sws.bom.gov.au) ne Transpower NZ. Nomba ya tshimpitshimpi: 000 (Australie), 111 (NZ).
• India ne Asia-Pacifique: Tangila ISRO malu adi atangila tshikondo tshia muulu mu Inde ne NICT (swc.nict.go.jp) mu Japon. Tangila liste wetu mujima ku nomba ya tshimpitshimpi.

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Nekuikale tshipepele tshikole tshia dîba anyi dipatuka dia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshia Carrington (CME) kuosha telefone wanyi, portable anyi mashinyi anyi?¶

Tòo. Dibutuka dia dîba dia pa tshibidilu anyi dipatuka dia bujitu bua munya (`CME`) kena ** kayi** upatula nanosekonde wa frekanse mikole to `E1` tshipepele tshia nzembu tshipatula kudi EMP wa nucleaire. Pamutu pa nanku, CME wa dîba udi upatula dishintuluka dia tshitupa tshia bukole bua nzembu (`E3`-type Geomagnetically Induced Currents, `GICs`) idi ifila anu millivolts ku metre mu biamu bia mudimu bikese, mbuena kuamba ne: telefone, portable, tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia kumbula, anyi mashinyi kaena mua kunyangakaja nansha kakese mu lupepele to. CME wa dîba udi anu unyanga bintu bia nzembu padiye ufila nkama ya amperes ya nzembu ya quasi-DC munda mua **milonda ya nzembu ya nzembu ya bungi ya kilometre ya bungi**, idi ikumbaja biamu bia nzembu ne ituma dikola dia nzembu ne dijika dia nzembu mu nzubu idi mimane ku tshimanu. Kupatula patupu bintu biebe bia nzembu ku bimanu kumpala kua CME kufika** kudi kubikuba bimpe menemene.

Mashinyi ne mashinyi manene a matuku etu aa nealekele kunyema kunyima kua E1 High-Altitude EMP (HEMP)?¶

Mu mateta a tshikebelu menza kudi **US EMP Commission** pa mashinyi 37 ne mashinyi manene 18 adibu baleje mu tshimfuanyi `E1` pulses too ne ku `50,000 Volts/meter`: pavua mashinyi mashika ne **motere yawu mijima**, mashinyi nansha amue avua mapangile bua kashidi too ne ku `25 kV/m`, ne anu bilumbu bikese bia ku tshiamu tshia mashinyi ke bivua bienzeke ku `30 to 50 kV/m` (mulongolole pa kupatula tshiamu tshia 12V tshia batterie mu sekonde 60 bua kutuadija kabidi `ECU`). Pavua mashinyi **enda** mu tshikondo tshia dimanyisha dia pa mutu `25 to 30 kV/m`, motere ya bungi ivua mimane ne bivua bikengela kujima tshiamu tshia kapia ne kupingana bua kutuadija kabidi. Biamu bia mashinyi bia matuku etu aa bidi bikuba bikole kudi mubidi wa mashinyi wa tshiamu; nansha nanku, **kulekedi mashinyi a nzembu nansha kakese (`EV`) mubueja mu tshiamu tshia ku tshimanu tshia grid (`EVSE`) mu tshikondo tshia tshipepele tshikole tshia dîba anyi didimuija dia EMP**, bualu tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia mu nzubu netshifikishe tshipepele tshikole tshia nzembu mu tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia mu mashinyi.

Biamu bia nzembu bidi pa mutu pa nzubu anyi bia pa mutu bidi binyanguka kudi EMP anyi tshipepele tshikole tshia nzembu anyi?¶

Bare photovoltaic (`PV`) biamu bia nzembu bia silicon nkayabi bidi bitantamena bikole bukole bua nzembu **padibi bipatuka ku nshinga mile**. Tshidi tshipangila mu tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia pa mutu pa nzubu mu tshikondo tshia EMP anyi tshipepele tshikole ntshia **inverter wa nshinga wa nzembu, microinverters, ne charge controller**, bualu mutantshi mule `15-to-50-meter` Nshinga ya DC ya kuulu ne milonda ya AC idi isangisha bipimu binene bia nzembu ne bibueja mu MOSFETs ya inverter. Kulama **tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi mua kukuata (tshidi katshiyi tshilamakaja ku nshinga yonso)** ne **tshiamu tshia MPPT tshia pa mutu anyi tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia $\text{LiFePO}_4$ munda mua tshibombi tshia Faraday tshia tshiamu tshia galvanisé** kudi kujadika dikala dia nzembu panyima pa tshibilu.

Bua tshinyi tshibombi tshianyi tshia Faraday tshiakapangila mu diteta dia radio nansha muvua tshibuikidiji tshikanga bikole?¶

Tshiluilu tshia pa tshibidilu `.50 caliber` bibombi bia mvita bia tshiamu bidi bipangila mateta a dikuba dia RF pambelu pa tshisalu bualu tshilamba tshia tshiamu tshidi tshibuikila ne peinture wa dikuba ne tshibuikidiji tshidi pa **tshibuikidiji tshia tshiamu tshia caoutchouc tshidi katshiyi tshipita mâyi** tshidi tshilama tshibuikidiji tshia tshiamu `2 to 3 millimeters` kule ne mubidi wa kazubu ka tshiamu, wenza `Slot Antenna` pabuipi ne tshijengu. Bua kukudimuna tshibombi tshia mvita mu tshintu tshilelela `60+ dB` Faraday cage, umbusha tshibuikidiji tshia tshiamu tshia caoutchouc ku tshibuikidiji, upuekesha peinture ku mushiku wa ku mutu kua tshibombi ne tshibuikidiji tshia munda too ne ku tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi tshikenka, ne wela tshibuikidiji tshia tshiamu tshia EMI (anyi tshiamu tshia aluminium tshikole tshidibu bafunde) mu tshibuikidiji bua kukanga tshianza tshitshibule tshiamu tshidi katshiyi ne tshintu tshionso.

Ndi ne tshia kulamakaja tshiamu tshia buloba tshia mu tshibombi tshianyi tshia Faraday ku tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku anyi ku tshimanu anyi?¶

Tòo. Bua tshibumba tshia Faraday tshidi tshienza mudimu nkayatshi (bu mudi tshibombi tshia tshiamu tshia galvanisé, tshibombi tshia bingoma, anyi kazubu ka tshiamu tshia mitaku), **tshileke katshiyi tshibuikila panshi (tshidi tshienda pa mâyi)** pa tshitekelu tshia mabaya, pa tshilamba tshia plastique anyi pa tshilamba tshia tshiamu tshia caoutchouc. Kulamakaja tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia bule bua metre a bungi ku tshibombi tshia tshiamu tshia kumbula ku tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia ku nzubu kuebe anyi ku milonda ya mâyi kudi kukudimuna tshiamu tshile atshi bua kulua tshiamu tshia kuakidila natshi tshidi tshisangisha dîyi dia bungi `E1` bukole ne mudimu wa buloba-potential-rise surges buludiludi pa ngabu webe.

Malu adi apetangana¶

• Kupima bunene bua biamu bia nzembu (LiFePO4), biamu bia kulama nabi ma batterie, ne biamu bia kuenza nabi mudimu ku bianza
• Diyukidilangana dia malu a tshimpitshimpi: NOAA radio, GMRS, Ham, ne satellite SOS
• Dikuluka dia nzembu ya mu bitupa bia matunga ne dijimina dia nzembu
• Dinyanguka dia nzembu, dinyanguka dia nzembu, ne dikuba dia tshiamu tshia nzembu ku kapia
• Tshisokomenu tshia dibutuka dia nyukilia: Dididishi dia minite 15 ne mukenji wa dibutuka dia 7:10
• Nomba ya tshimpitshimpi

Miaba ne buludiki bua mbulamatadi¶

• Kasumbu ka kukonkonona njiwu idi mua kufikila ditunga dia États-Unis bua dibunda dia nzembu (EMP): Luapolo lua kasumbu ka kukonkonona njiwu idi mua kufikila ditunga dia États-Unis ku dibunda dia nzembu (HEMP E1, E2, ne E3 Fizike, dinyanguka dia bintu bia mudimu, ne bipeta bia mateta a mashinyi/biamu bia nzembu).
• Tshibambalu tshia malu a bukubi bua ditunga dia États-Unis (DHS / CISA) & FEMA: Pulse wa nzembu (EMP) Mikenji ya bukubi ne ya ditantamena dia bintu bia mushinga mukole ne bia mudimu (NCCIC / CISA Shielding Levels 1 to 4) ne Ready.gov Space Weather Preparedness.
• Tshibambalu tshia ditunga tshia malu a mbuu ne a lupepele (NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center, United States): NOAA Space Weather Scales for Geomagnetic Storms (G1 ku G5), Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) Dimanyisha dia malu atshilualua, ne tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshienzeja kudi tshiamu tshia nzembu (GIC) Bipeta.
• Tshibambalu tshia makebulula a bukole bua nzembu (EPRI) ne Tshibambalu tshia malu a nzembu tshia mu États-Unis (DOE): High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) ne Geomagnetic Disturbance (GMD) Transformer Half-Cycle Saturation and Mitigation Studies.
• Tshibambalu tshia malu a bukubi tshia mu États-Unis (MIL-STD-188-125-1 / -2): High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) Dikuba dia nzubu ya C4I idi pa buloba idi yenza midimu mikole, idi ilomba dîba dia bungi (Dikuba dia mudimu ne mikenji ya dikuba dia tshipupu tshia muaba wa kubuela).