Panyima pa diteka dia tshibombi tshia luya: lupuishi lua bintu bia tshimpitshimpi, disama dia mêsu, ne dikuba dia dikuma dibidi¶

Nomba ya malu a tshimpitshimpi idi mishilangane bilondeshile ditunga. Dibeji edi didi dienza mudimu ne 911, nomba wa ditunga dia États-Unis ne dia Canada. Matunga makuabu a bungi adi ne nomba wa 112, 999 anyi nomba mukuabu. Keba nomba wa ditunga dienu.

Padi tshiamu tshia Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) tshia mashinyi tshipatuka mu tshikondo tshia dikokangana, nzubu wa mashinyi udi uwula mu 20 too ne ku 50 milliseconds ne ditu dikole ditoke anyi dia nsukadi dia lupuishi lua aérosol, luya lukole, ne bintu bikese bidi bipatuka ku volant, ku tablo wa ku mashinyi ne ku rideau wa ku luseke ku 360 km/h** (100 too ne ku 200 mph)**, mulonda kudi tshiona tshia mutoyi tshidi tshifika ku 160 too ne ku 178 decibels (dB). Njiwu ibidi ya lukasa idi mua kunyanga bantu badi bapanduka mu masekonde 60 a kumpala kunyima kua mifuku mimane kupatuka: tshia kumpala, bantu badi mu mashinyi badi ne buôwa batu misangu ya bungi bela meji ne: fula wa mabele, talc, ne lupuishi lua alkaline sodium hydroxyde / potassium carbonate deployment bu kapia ka motere anyi ka nzubu wa mashinyi ne batuluka buludiludi mu tshiibi tshiabu tshia mashinyi; tshibidi, disangisha dia tshitupa tshîpi dia 160+ dB dia dipanga dia dîyi (tinnitus ne dishintuluka dia tshibuelelu), disama dia mêsu dia alkaline, ne bukole bua mashinyi budi bulema bidi bishiya bantu badi mu mashinyi kabayi bamanye tshidibu mua kuenza munda mua tshipupu tshidi katshiyi ne mutoyi mu njila wa lubilu lukole mudi bipupu bia musangu muibidi bishipa bantu binunu ne binunu tshidimu tshionso.

Kujingulula mudi biamu bia lelu bia pyrotechnique ne bia hybride stored-gas airbag bienza mudimu, kusunguluja lupuishi lua mudimu ludi kaluyi ne njiwu ne kapia ka bushuwa ka muinshi mua tshilamba, kumbusha tshintu tshidi tshinyanguka tshidi tshishala mu mêsu ebe ne mu mikolo kumpala kua kutshiosha tshiamu tshia mpala anyi tshia bronchospasme, ne kuepuka un-dployed airbag modules paudi wenza mudimu wa tshimpitshimpi ba-pompier badi bapandisha mioyo. Mukanda ewu udi wakula bua minite 5 ya kumpala kunyima kua diteka dia airbag, dikuba dia njiwu mibidi, dilengeja dia lupuishi lua bintu, ne disungula dia luondapu bua mputa ya airbag misokoka.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

KUTUTUKA MU MUSHINDU WA KUENZA MU MUSHINDU WEWE MEJI NE: MOTO UDI MU KApia: Anji kutapulula lupuishi lua kapia ne muishi wa kapia mulelela, ela tshiamu tshia 4-way hazard flashers, ne upuekeshe madidishi panshi. Pabuipi ne ditutu dionso dia airbag ditu diwuja mashinyi ne ditu ditoke anyi dia nsukadi dia starn** anyi lupuishi lua luc** musambakaja ne luya lua azote ne tshitupa tshia pyrotechnique. Pa kumbusha wewe mumone muishi mufiike anyi mutoke mukole udi upatuka muinshi mua tshilamba tshia mashinyi, lubimbi lua kapia lua orange ludi lumueneka, anyi mupuya wa esanse udi utoka, mashinyi ebe kaena pamuapa mu kapia to. Diakamue, fina 4-way hazard flasher triangle, upuekesha madidishi a ku luseke bua kupatula lupuishi ludi lukutonda, ne tangila lumuenu luebe lua ku luseke ne njila ya mashinyi kumpala kua kukangula tshiibi nansha tshimue.
BIKILA 911 / 112 / 999 DIAMUE (NANYI BIKIDILA BIDIMU BIEBE BIA DISHINDA DIA DITUKU DIA DITUKU): Kuena ne bua kuela mutu webe anyi tshiadi tshiebe ku volant anyi ku tshibuikidiji tshia airbag tshidi katshiyi tshipatuke to. Bikila muaba uudi musombele nomba ya tshimpitshimpi (911 mu États-Unis ne mu Canada, 112 mu matunga a ku Mputu, 999 mu Royaume-Uni, 000 mu Australie). Mashinyi a bungi a matuku etu aa adi abulula biibi nkayawu, atema minda ya munda mua nzubu, ajika pompe wa mafuta, ne abikila dîyi dia lukasa lukasa ku diambuluisha dia eCall / OnStar / SOS dîba didi airbag utema. Ikala mutantshi wa 25 too ne ku 50 santimetre (10 too ne ku 20 inches) kule ne tshibuikidiji tshia airbag tshidi katshiyi tshienza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia volant, bualu biamu bia airbag bia mu bitupa bibidi bia matuku etu aa bidi ne bukole bua kapia buibidi budi mua kututa padi circuit muipi anyi tshipupu tshibidi tshienzeka.
EKAMBILA DITUKU DIA LUFU: Angata dipangadika mu masekonde 15 bua kusesuisha mashinyi, kupatuka kunyima kua tshilamba tshia kulama, anyi kushala munda. Bikala mashinyi ebe mua kuendeshibua ne adi mu njila munene udi wenza mudimu, aende bitekete bitekete ku dikaya dia ku dia balume dia ku ndekelu anyi ku tshitupa tshia munkatshi mua njilapatukila diakamue. Shi mashinyi kaena mua kuenda bualu dikuluka diakajula Pyrotechnic Battery Disconnect (PSS / Pyro-Fuse), tangila mashinyi adi asemena: mu njila munene udi wenda lubilu lukole, patuka anu ku tshiibi tshia ku luseke tshidi katshiyi ne mashinyi padiku tshitupa tshia mashinyi ne enda diakamue panyima pa tshimanu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku, anyi 'rail 15 metre (50 feet) kuulu kua tshina tshia mâyi ne ku mutu kua tshibandabanda. Shi mashinyi adi akupita mu neje, mu lupuishi, anyi mu mashika mafike, ikala munda mua mashinyi ne mukaba webe mukanga ne mutu mukanga too ne padi mashinyi ajika.
KUENA MESU EBE: Sukula mesu ne kikoba na mayi malenga anyi ne saline bua kumbusha lupuishi lua alkaline lua airbag. Biamu bia gaz bia airbag bia pyrotechnique bidi bishiya bipese bikese bia sodium hydroxyde (NaOH), potassium carbonate, ne metalic oxides misambakaja ne cornstarch/talc lubricant. Padi lupuishi elu lua alkaline luenda lunyanguka mu binsonji biebe anyi mu tuishi, ludi lubandisha pH wa pa mutu ne ludi lufikisha ku diumvua dia lukasa dia kapia anyi keratite chimique (kuosha kua alkali wa mu mêsu). Kukosa meso eba nansha kakese (kukosa kudi kukosa mabue a buitshi mu tshitupa tshia dîsu). Umbusha tshiamu tshia kutangila natshi mêsu diakamue ne wela mâyi a mu milondo anyi mâyi a mukele adi kaayi ne disama munkatshi mua minite 10 anyi 15 kumbukila ku ditumba dia munda too ne pambelu.
BIkala muntu nansha umo udi ne disama dia ASTHMA NANSHA COPD: Ela diakamue mu lupepele luimpe ne wenze mudimu ne tshiamu tshia bronchodilateur (albuterol / salbutamol). Dipuekesha dia mupuya wa aérosol wa airbag ne lupuishi lua alkaline didi dijula bronchospasme ne reactive airway wheezing mu minite 2 too ne ku 10 kudi bantu badi ne disama dia asthme, bana ne bantu bakulumpe.
KEBA BUALU BUA KUDIMUENA NANSHA WEWE MUDIMUE BIMPALA: Tangila mputa ya munda mua tshiadi, dîsu, ditshi, ne mukolo wa mu tshiadi. Tshintu tshia luya tshidi tshikuma ku mpala, ku nshingu, ne ku tshiadi ne lubilu lua 300 km/h (186 mph) pikala muntu udi pabuipi ne 25 santimetre (10 inches) volant mu tshikondo tshia frein. Keba tshikebelu tshia lupitadi bua dimona dibi, diumvua dia butoke, disama dia mu tshiadi, dipanga dia mupuya, dipanga dia kumvua anyi dikuma dikole mu matshi (barotrauma), anyi disama dia mu nshingu anyi dia mu difu.

flowchart TD
    A["Diteka dia airbag mu dikokangana dia mashinyi"] --> B{"Tangila kapia ne ditutu dia lupuishi lua mu tshibombi tshia luya (Sekonde 10 ya kumpala)"}
    B -->|"Lupuishi lua mu nzubu wa tshilala benyi, mupuya muimpe wa kapia, KAKUENA kapia anyi muishi wa kapia kafiike"| C["Lupuishi lua tshibombi tshia luya lua pa tshibidilu (Cornstarch/Talc + Nitrogen): Teka 4-Way Hazards; Kupuekesha madidishi panshi bua kupatula kapepe mu nzubu"]
    B -->|"Muishi mufike/mubi udi ufuma ku tshibuelelu/panshi, kapia, anyi dipatuka dia mafuta a bungi"| D["NYIKA YA MUDILO WA MOTO: Ubulula, tangila lumuenu bua kumona ni kudi mashinyi, patuka kudi bantu bonso badimu mutantshi wa 45 m (150 ft) mu lupepele diakamue"]
    C --> E{"Motoka udi muimane mu njila munene anyi?"}
    E -->|"Mashinyi adi anu enda/endakana"| F["Londela bitekete bitekete pa dikaya/pankatshi kule ne njila idi yenzeka; kukanga motere OFF; Teka frein wa kuimana"]
    E -->|"Motoka mmufue (Pyro-Fuse mmukose bateri/mafuta) mu njila wa mashinyi"| G{"Udiku mua kupatuka mu bukubi bua kuya ku tshimanu tshia tshiibi tshia tshiibi padi mashinyi a bungi anyi?"}
    G -->|"EYOWA: Kumbusha tshitupa tshia mashinyi + tshibumba tshia bukubi tshidi pabuipi apu"| H["Patuka ku tshiibi tshia ku luseke tshia NON-TRAFFIC; umbusha muntu yense kunyima kua tshimanu tshia tshiibi ne 30-50 m (100-165 ft) KU MUTU wa tshitudilu tshia mazuwa"]
    G -->|"NO: Lupuishi lua mpofu, neje mifike, anyi mashinyi adi enda lubilu lukole adi apita"| I["SHALA MUBUELE MUNDA: Lama mukaba wa bukubi mukanga; ikala mutantshi wa 25 cm (10 in) kunyima kua tshiamu tshia mashinyi ne tshibombi tshia luya tshidi katshiyi tshienza mudimu"]
    F --> J["Enza dilengeja dia bukoya ne disungula dia mubidi kunyima kua Airbag"]
    H --> J
    I --> J
    J --> K["1. KUENA MESO TO: Umbusha bipese bia mêsu ne usukule mêsu ne mayi 10-15 min bua lupuishi lua alkali<br/>2. Udi mua kufila tshiamu tshia disama dia mputa pikalaye wela mupuya<br/>3. Tangila disama dia tshiadi, dia mêsu, dia matshi ne dia mukolo; kuindila EMS (911/112/999)"]

Kuena mua kuimanyika tshiamu tshia mashinyi anyi kuikisha mutu webe pa dikunji dia ku luseke panyima pa dikuluka to: Dual-Stage & Un-Deployed Airbag Trap

Mashinyi a matuku etu aa adi enza mudimu ne Dual-Stage (Smart) Front Airbags ne kabidi ne biamu bia bungi bia ku luseke ne bia rido bia kuulu. Bilondeshile bunene bua njiwu ne dienza mudimu ne mukaba wa bukubi, ordinatere wa njiwu (SRS Control Module) misangu ya bungi udi utuma anu Stage 1 (pabuipi ne 70 pa lukama wa bukole) wa volant anyi wa airbag wa muendeshi mu tshikondo tshia dikuma dia pa tshibidilu, ushiya Stage 2 (30% ya charge pyrotechnique idi mishale) munda mua tshiamu tshia volant. Bia muomumue, pikala anu ma airbags a kumpala miteka, side-curtain ne seat-bolster airbags adi ashala ne bia mvita ku bukole bua 100 pa lukama. Shi mashinyi abidi afika kunyima kua mashinyi eba adi ne bulema, anyi shi nshinga ya nzembu mitshibuka idi mifume padi muntu udi ukusungila anyi muendeshi wela mutu wende pa volant anyi muimanyine pa dikunji dia tshiibi, bukole budi bushala budi mua kututa ku 300 km/h (186 mph) ku bule bua point-blank, ne kufikisha ku lufu lua ditshibuka dia mukolo anyi disama dia buongo. Lama bantu bonso badi mu mashinyi ne bakuatshishi ku "10-5-20 Rule" (mutantshi wa 10 inches / 25 cm ku airbag wa muendeshi, 5 inches / 13 cm ku airbag wa ku luseke, ne 20 inches / 50 cm ku airbag wa muendeshi wa mashinyi) too ne padi ba-pompier bapatula battery 12.

Lupuishi lua tshibombi tshia luya ne kapia ka mashinyi ne dipatuka dia tshiamu tshia mashika: 10-Second Cabin Identification Table¶

Mu masekonde a tshimvundu kunyima kua dikuluka dia mashinyi, kumanya tshidi tshienda mu lupepele lua mu nzubu wa mashinyi kudi kupangisha bilema bibidi bia lufu: kupatuka mu mashinyi adi kaayi ne njiwu mu mashinyi adi alua lubilu lua 110 km/h (70 mph) mu njila munene bua lupuishi lua mabele ludi kaluyi ne njiwu, anyi kusomba munda mua mashinyi adi atema wela meji ne: muishi wa nzembu udi anu lupuishi lua airbag.

Tshimanyishilu tshia nzubu / Tshimanyishilu tshia kumvua	Ditu dia diteka dia airbag dia pa tshibidilu	Crushed A/C Condenser / Refrigerant Mist (`R-134a` anyi `R-1234yf`)	Motere mulelela / wa nzembu / kapia ka mafuta
Tshimuenekelu ne dikala	Ditutu dia lupuishi luume ditoka anyi ditoke didi diuja nzubu diakamue padidi dikuma; udi utuadija kusomba pa tshiamu tshia mashinyi ne kusomba mu 30 too ne ku 90 sekonde.	Mutoke, wa lupuishi, lupepele lua bu lupuishi ludi lufumina ku tshiibi tshia kumpala anyi ku tshiibi tshia mashinyi; udi unyema lukasa mu lupepele lutekete kuyi ushiya tshiamu tshiume pa minu yebe.	Muishi wa mvinyo mufiike, mufiike, anyi wa mvinyo wa jaune udi wenda ukola ku sekonde yonso, upatuka muinshi mua tshilamba tshia mashinyi, mu mishimi ya nkata, anyi mu tshilamba tshia panshi.
Munu / Mupuya	Udi ununka bu poudre wa bingoma, bingoma bia kapia bimane kujika, sulfure, anyi aluminium muosha, musambakaja ne mupuya wa bana anyi wa mabele mu mishiku.	Mutoyi mutoke, wa luya, mupuya wa chloroform anyi wa tshiamu tshia tshiamu udi ulonda kudi mutoyi mukole wa tshiona tshia bukole bua bungi ku tshitupa tshia kumpala tshia radiateur.	Tshintu tshikole, tshikole tshiamu tshia kapia tshidi tshiosha, tshiamu tshia plastique tshisunguluke, mafuta a motere a kapia, anyi luya lua mafuta a esanse tshidi tshikuata mukolo diakamue.
Luya ne ngikadilu wa luya	Tshilamba tshia nylon tshia airbag ne tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshidi ne kapia kakole padibu batshilenga (too ne ku 90 too ne ku 200 degrés Celsius / 195 too ne ku 390 degrés Fahrenheit), ne kapia kakese kadi mua kupatuka ku tshiamu tshia mashinyi munkatshi mua minite umue, kadi kakuena kapia anyi kapia kadi katema to.	Mashika pa muaba wa ditshibuka (bua ditangalaka dia lukasa dia gaz), nansha mudi lupuishi lua mafuta luela pa tshiamu tshia mashika tshidi mua kutema pikala `R-1234yf` malanda adi abulula kapia.	Kapia kadi kavula lukasa pa tshimanu tshia kapia, pa tshilamba, anyi pa tshilamba tshia panshi; pente udi unyanguka pa tshilamba tshia mashinyi; munya wa orange udi ukenka muinshi mua tshiibi tshia motere.
Bidi bikengela kuenza malu diakamue	KUTUKA mu njila kayi umona to. Upuekesha madidishi panshi bua kupatula lupuishi, tangila lumuenu lua njila, bandisha mashinyi ku dikaya pikalaku mushindu wa kuendesha, anyi patuka bimpe padi mashinyi ajika.	Jima tshiamu tshia kapia ne tshiamu tshia HVAC, upuekesha madidishi panshi, ne upatuke bimpe; kuepuka dipuekesha luya lua mashika mu muaba mukanga.	MUSHINDU WA MUOYO: Umbusha diakamue, ukose mikaba ya bukubi idi mikanga pikalabi bikengela, utangile mashinyi adi alua, ne umbusha bantu bonso badimu 45 metre (150 feet) kuulu kua lupepele.

Tshitupa 1: Kupanduka mu masekonde 60 a kumpala: Kuepuka dibunda dibidi dia lufu¶

Bilondeshile malu a bukubi bua njila a mu U.S. Tshibambalu tshia bukubi bua njila ya ditunga (NHTSA) ne bibambalu bia bukubi bia njila ya ku Mputu, pabuipi ne 20 pa lukama ya lufu lua bantu mu njila minene idi ifumina ku dishipangana dia musangu muibidi, padi mashinyi adi asemena akuma mashinyi adi ne bulema anyi bantu badi bimane mu njila badi batshioke. Diteka dia tshibombi tshia luya didi divudija njiwu ya dikuluka dia mashinyi bua malu manene asatu:

1. Bua tshinyi mashinyi ebe kaena mua kutuadija kabidi kunyima kua diteka dia airbag: Dishipa dia batterie wa Pyrotechnic (`Pyro-Fuse`)¶

Baendeshi ba mashinyi badi ne tshiamu tshia airbag tshidi tshienza mudimu mu njiwu mikese anyi ya pa tshibidilu batu misangu ya bungi bakema padibu bamona ne: motere udi ufua diakamue ne motere wa starter mmufue 100 pa lukama, bibashiya bashikile mu njila idi yenza mudimu nansha mudi motere nkayende kayi munyanguke. - Mushindu udi Pyro-Fuse wenza mudimu: Pa mashinyi onso a matuku etu aa (mudi mashinyi a esanse, a diesel, a hybride, ne a ku nzembu), malu mimpe +12V nkamba ya bateri (anyi mashinyi a bateri a bukole bua bungi) idi ne Pyrotechnic Safety Switch (PSS / Pyro-Fuse / Battery Safety Terminal). Mu milisekonde menemene udi ordinatere wa SRS utuma kapia, udi kabidi utuma kapia kakese munda mua tshiamu tshia batterie tshidi tshituta tshiamu tshia nzembu tshinene tshia starter ne tshia alternateur eku tshilomba Fuel Pump Control Module bua kuimanyika dienda dia mafuta, bua kupangisha nshinga ya kumpala mitshibuka ne mionji ya mafuta idi mitshibuka bua kuenza mudimu ne motere. - Tshidi tshienza mudimu (ne tshidi katshiyi tshienza mudimu): Tshiamu tshia motere, pompe wa esanse, ne tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshidi tshienza mudimu bikole mbikose; kuena mua kupingaja anyi kuendesha mashinyi to. Ino, tshiamu tshibidi tshidi ne bukole bukese tshidi tshishala tshilamakaja ku batterie bua kufila bukole ku 4-way hazard flashers, interior dome lights, power door power locks (which auto-unlock), power windows, ne SOS / eCall emergency telematics cellular modem. Pa mashinyi makuabu a kale adi ne tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi mafuta (tshidi mu tshitekelu tshia makasa a muendeshi anyi mu tshibuta tshia mashinyi), tshiamu etshi tshidi mua kufina bua kutshipingaja, nansha muudi ne bua kuteta bua kupingaja tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi mafuta wewe mumvue mupuya wa esanse anyi mumone mâyi apatuka muinshi mua mashinyi.

2. Kuendesha mashinyi pa dikaya ne tshibombi tshia luya tshidi katshiyi ne luya (bikala motere ushala wenza mudimu)¶

Mu bimue bintu bia muinshi anyi mashinyi adi kaayi ne tshiamu tshia kupatula natshi bateri, motere udi ushala wenza mudimu panyima pa tshibombi tshia luya tshimane kujika ne tshidi tshipatuka diakamue (tshibombi tshia kapepe tshidi tshipatuka munda mua 0,1 too ne ku 0,3 sekonde ku diambuluisha dia bipese bia panyima bia mu tshibombi tshia nylon). Padi tshilamba tshia nylon tshikuluka ne tshilenga munkatshi mua tshiamu tshia mashinyi, tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia mashinyi, tshiamu tshia frein, ne tshiamu tshia dishintulula natshi mashinyi bidi anu bienza mudimu anu padibu batshibule tshiamu tshia kumpala, tshianza tshia kulombola natshi mashinyi anyi tshiamu tshia mashinyi. Kuata tshitupa tshia pambelu tshia tshiamu tshia mashinyi (kukuata tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia kapia tshidi munda mua tshibombi tshipanduluke, tshidi mua kupita 150 degrés Celsius / 300 degrés Fahrenheit ne kuosha bianza biebe), ela tshibombi tshia nylon tshidi katshiyi tshikole ku luseke bua katshikuatshi ku tshimanyinu tshia njila, ne udi ne bua kupueka bitekete bitekete kumpala kua mashinyi kukulukila ku dia balume kukanga tshiamu tshia mudilu.

3. Dipangadika dia "Shala munda anyi kumbuka kunyima kua tshibuelelu"¶

Shi mashinyi eba kaena mua kuenda mu njila udi wenza mudimu anyi mu dikaya dikese ne biamu bia luya: 1. Temesha 4-way hazard flashers ne parking lights, ne upuekeshe madidishi onso adi enza mudimu diakamue: Kupuekesha madidishi panshi mu bipese bia lupuishi lua alkaline, kudi kulengeja tshimuenekelu tshiebe, ne kudi kukujadikila tshibuelelu tshia kupatuka kumpala kua bateri wa 12-volt kujika. 2. Njila munene wa lubilu lukole udi ne tshimanu anyi tshibumba pabuipi: Bindile tshitupa tshidi tshijadika mu mashinyi adi asemena pabuipi. Enza bua muntu yonso udi mu mashinyi apatuke ku tshiibi tshitangile kule ne mashinyi adi enda (kubuedi nansha kakese mu njila udi wenza mudimu bua kutangila tshilamba tshiebe tshia mashinyi to). Enda lubilu panyima pa tshimanu tshia tshiamu, tshibumba tshia beton, anyi nansha metre 15 (50 feet) kuulu kua tshina tshia ku muelelu kua njila, ne uteka muntu yonso 30 too ne ku 50 metre (100 too ne ku 165 feet) KU MUTU (mutangile ku mashinyi adi alua) nunku tshipupu tshidi tshienda tshibuuka tshidi tshipatuka mu njila webe. 3. Multi-Car Pileup, Zero-Visibility Fog, Whiteout Blizzard, or Sheet Black Ice: Wewe kuyi mua kumona minda ya kumpala idi isemena too ne padiyi anu pa mutu pebe, anyi shi mashinyi adi enda apita mu mashinyi ebe ku makasa kudi kukushipa**. Ikala munda mua mashinyi ne mukaba webe musuikila bimpe, shiya minda yonso miteme, ikala kule ne tshiamu tshionso tshia airbag tshidi katshiyi tshienza mudimu, ne ela mutu webe ku tshitekelu tshia mutu too ne padi mashinyi a njiwu ajika njila udi panyima pebe.

Tshitupa 2: Tshimfuanyi tshia diteka dia airbag ne diambuluisha dia kumpala dia luondapu bua lupuishi, mêsu, mapapa ne lukoba¶

Bantu ba bungi badi bafua mu njiwu batu bumvua buôwa padibu bumvua ne: biamu bia kale bivua ne sodium azide (NaN3), anyi padi mêsu abu ne maboko abu bituadija kuosha minite 10 kunyima kua dikokangana. Kumanya tshimfuanyi tshijalame tshia tshidi tshipatuka mu tshiibi tshia airbag kudi kukuambuluisha bua kuenza mudimu wa dilengeja diakamue.

1. Ntshinyi tshidi munda mua ditutu dia airbag ditoke?¶

Biamu bia pyrotechnique ne bia hybride bidi bienza mudimu ku diambuluisha dia lubilu lukole lua tshintu tshikole anyi tshia gaz mulamibue: 1. Legacy Sodium Azide (NaN3).N2, udi wenza 78 pa lukama ya kapepe ka kupuyakana) bua kuela tshibombi mu 30 milliseconde. Mu tshikondo tshia mudimu wa pa tshibidilu, pabuipi ne 100 pa lukama ya sodium azide idi ijika kudi tshienzedi tshia kapia (sodium azide mubi udi anu njiwu pikala muena mudimu wa disungila udi ukosa tshibombi tshidi katshiyi tshienza mudimu anyi pikala tshibombi tshidi tshiuwule tente ne mâyi tshipatuka mâyi). Ino, ndambu wa sodium ne potassium udi upatuka mu bipese bia kunyima bia airbag ne udi wenza mudimu diakamue ne luya lua mu nzubu, filme webe wa binsonji, ne tuishi tuebe bua kuenza aerosolized Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH, lye) ne Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3). 2. Mafuta a lubricant (Cornstarch ne Talcum Powder): Bua tshilamba tshia nylon tshilamakaja tshikole munda mua tshiamu tshia mashinyi munkatshi mua bidimu 10 anyi 15 katshiyi tshilamakaja, bafumbi badi bela tshibombi tshidibu bafunda ne mabele, talc, anyi calcium carbonate. Mu tshikondo tshia dibutuka dia luya, lupuishi elu ludi lulua lubuikila ne bitupa bia alkaline bikese (NaOH) ne oxide ya tshiamu, idi ipuekesha buludiludi mu mêsu, mu mishiku, mukana ne mu dikoba dia muendeshi.

2. Diambuluisha dia lukasa dia kumpala bua disama dia airbag chemical keratitis (disama dia mêsu dia alkaline ne dinyanguka dia mêsu)¶

Bimanyinu bia malu a mêsu bidi bileja ne: diteka dia airbag didi difikisha ku ntatu ibidi mishilangane ya mêsu: dinyanguka dia mêsu / dinyanguka dia mêsu (difumina ku tshilamba tshia nylon tshidi tshikuma mêsu ku 200+ km/h) ne disama dia alkaline dia keratite (difuma ku lupuishi lua sodium ne lupuishi lua carbonate ludi lunyanguka mu filme wa mêsu ne lubandisha pH wa mêsu 7.5 to 9.0). - Mukenji 1, KUENA MESO ANYI: Ditutu dia mudimu didi ne mishipa ya alkaline ne bintu bikese bia tshiamu tshia mitaku/silicate bidi bifumina ku tshiamu tshia dilengeja natshi bintu. Kuela bipese bia mêsu kudi kukosa bintu ebi bia buitshi mu tshitupa tshia mêsu bu dibeji dia nsenga. - Mukenji 2, Umbusha biamu bia kutangila nabi mêsu diakamue: Biamu bia kutangila nabi mêsu bipepele bidi bikuata tshiamu tshia alkaline ku tshimuenekelu tshia mêsu, bienza bua mudilu wa tshiamu tshikole. Kuanji kusukula minu yebe ne mayi a mu milondo, umbusha biamu biebe bia kumona nabi mêsu, ne ubilekele pambelu. - Mukenji 3, Dilengeja dia mayi anyi dia mukele mu minite 10 too ne ku 15: Teka mutu webe ku luseke bua dîsu didi disama ditangile panshi (bua kupangisha mâyi a bukoya bua kuowa mâyi bua kupitshila ku tshibuelelu tshia muulu webe bua kubuela mu dîsu dikuabu). Ikala ne bipese bia mêsu biunzulula ne minu mikezuke ne upongolole mêyi a kunua a mu milondo mimpe, tshintu tshia kuowa natshi mêsu tshidi katshiyi ne disama, anyi 0,9% wa mâyi a mukele buludiludi pa tshitupa tshia munda tshia dîsu (pabuipi ne muulu), utshilekele tshiowe pambelu pa tshitupa tshia dîsu munkatshi mua minite 10 too ne ku 15. Kuena ne tshia kuenza mudimu ne matonshi a vasoconstrictor anyi kuteta bua kujikija lupuishi lua alkaline ne aside to. - Bimanyinu bia mêsu bidi bilomba dikonkonona dia lukasa dia tshibambalu tshia malu a mpukapuka: Keba diambuluisha dia lukasa ku lupitadi bua dimona dibi, dimona dia misangu ibidi (diplopia), tshilamba tshifiike/mundidimbi mu tshitupa tshia kumona (ditapuluka dia dîsu), anyi disangisha dia mashi adi amueneka mu tshitupa tshia iris wa mekala (hyphema). Shi udi wela meji ne: tshitupa tshia dîsu tshidi tshipanduluke anyi tshibuele mu dîsu (tshilejilu, bikala makalashi a mêsu matshibuke ku mpala kuebe pavua tshiamu tshia luya tshikututa), KUENJI KUENZA dîsu anyi kuela tshintu nansha tshimue ku tshilamba tshia dîsu; ufuke dîsu bimpe ne dikopo dikole anyi ngabu ne windile baminganga.

3. Disama dia mputa, Disama dia mu njila wa luya, ne dipuekesha dia luya lubi¶

Padi tshibombi tshia kapepe ka kapia, kapepe ka mu nzubu kadi kafika mu tshitupa tshîpi ku bungi bua bintu bia bungi pamue ne bungi bukese bua monoxide de carbone (CO), oxide nitrique (NO), amonia (NH3), ne lupuishi lua aérosol lua alkali. Mu mateta a bantu, bantu 15 too ne ku 30 pa lukama badi ne disama dia asthme dia patupu anyi dia pa tshibidilu bakapeta diakamue disama dia bronchospasme, disama dia tshiadi, dikokola, ne dipueka dia bungi dia Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)** kunyima kua dipuekesha munda mua kazubu kunyima kua diteka dia airbag. Ela muntu yense udi ukokola, upuyakana, anyi udi ne dipanga dia mupuya mu lupepele luimpe lua kuulu diakamue, umuambile bua kunua 2 puffs ya tshiamu tshiabu tshia beta-agonist rescue inhaler tshidi tshienza mudimu muipi (albuterol / salbutamol), ne ulombe bantu bonso badi mu nzubu bua kuela lupuishi lua tshiamu tshia nzembu, kusukula mukana muabu ne mayi, ne kuela mishiku yabu bitekete bitekete.

4. Kuosha ku bianza, ku maboko, ku maboko ne ku tshiadi (kuosha ku kapia ne ku dikokangana ne ku kapia)¶

Bantu batue ku 7 too ne ku 10 pa lukama ba bendeshi ba mashinyi ne bantu badi kumpala kua mashinyi batu bapeta mputa padibu bateka tshiamu tshia airbag ku diambuluisha dia mishindu isatu mishilangane: 1. Termal High-Temperature Gas Vent Burns (Wrists and Inner Forearms): Tshiamu tshionso tshia luya tshidi ne masoso abidi a tshijengu adi apatula kapepe kunyima (ku luseke lua tshibandilu) tshia tshibombi adi apatula kapepe ka kapia ka azote (90 to 400 degrees Celsius ku tshibombi) bu mudi tshiadi tshiebe tshikuma tshibombi. Shi bianza byobe bikuata tshiamu tshia mashinyi ku 10 and 2 o'clock anyi 12 o'clock (anyi mupita pa dikalu paudi unyunguluka), bipese bia luya bia kunyima bidi bipatula kapepe kakole ne bintu bia nylon bipepele buludiludi kuinshi kua bianza biebe ne ku maboko ebe. 2. Dikokangana dia tshiamu ("Rug Burn") Dikosa dia dikoseka (tshianza, nshingu, ne tshifu): Padi tshilamba tshia nylon tshiluka tshienda tshiunzuluka ku 250 km/h (155 mph), tshidi tshisukula tshibeku, nshingu wa kumpala anyi tshiadi tshia kuulu, tshikosa tshitupa tshia pambelu tshia tshifu (superficial partial-thickness friction burn). 3. Disama dia tshimpitshimpi dia alkaline (Dikoba didi ne tuishi + Lupuishi lua mu tshibombi tshia luya): Padi bukula bua alkaline bufika pa maboko adi ne tuishi, pa nshingu, anyi muinshi mua tshilamba tshia kumona natshi dîba anyi pa tshilamba tshia ku tshianza, luya ludi lunyanga sodium/potassium hydroxyde ne luenza tshintu tshia alkaline tshidi tshiosha mu minite mipite pa 200 shi udi mushiye pa kikoba. - Diambuluisha dia kumpala bua mishindu yonso isatu ya kuosha: Sukula ne kuela mâyi mimpe ne mâyi mashika ne nsabanga mupepele munkatshi mua minite 10 anyi 15 lukasa lukasa bua kuosha ne kuosha lupuishi lua alkaline mu dikoba didi dinyanguke. Umbusha bifulu, nsa, ne bilamba bidi ne mupuya, ne ubuikila miaba idi mioshe bimpe ne tshilamba tshikezuke, tshiume, tshidi katshiyi tshilamakaja (kuela manteka, manyi anyi neje nansha kakese).

Tshitupa 3: Disama dia mutoyi (160 to ne 178 dB Blast), Tinnitus, ne Hidden Blunt Airbag Injuries¶

Bualu tshiamu tshia luya tshidi tshisungila mutu webe ne tshiadi tshiebe bua kutshibula tshilamba tshia kumpala anyi tshiamu tshia mashinyi, tshidi tshifila bukole bua bungi mu tusunsa tukese. Nansha kuyi ne mputa idi imueneka, tangila muntu yense udi mu mashinyi bua mputa itanu eyi misokome ya airbag:

Tshitupa tshia mputa misokoka	Mushindu wa kuenza mudimu mu tshikondo tshia dienza dia airbag	Bimanyinu bia didimuija (diakamue too ne ku meba 24 kunyima kua dikuluka)	Bienzedi bia luondapu bidi bikengedibua
1. Disama dia mutoyi, disama dia mu matshi ne ditapa dia tshiadi mu matshi	Ma airbag abidi a kumpala ne a ku luseke adi atuta munda mua nzubu mukanga adi apatula tshipepele tshikole tshia 160 too ne ku 178 dB (tshikole kupita tshipupu tshia 12-gauge shotgun).	mutoyi mukole, mutoyi, anyi mutoyi mu matshi (`tinnitus`), diumvua dia mutoyi (`threshold shift`), disama dikole dia mu matshi, disama dia tshiadi, anyi mashi adi afumina mu tshitupa tshia matshi.	Lama mayi pambelu pa tshina tshia matshi. Keba tshikebelu tshia lukasa tshia ENT / tshia matshi mu meba 24 too ne ku 72; Corticosteroïdes ya kumpala ya ku mishiku anyi ya munda mua tshiadi idi ikolesha bikole diondopangana dia matshi.
2. Disama dia mutshima ne ditshibuka dia tshiadi	Shi muendeshi wa mashinyi uvua wela frein bikole anyi musombe pabuipi ne 25 cm (10 in) ne tshiamu tshia kuendesha natshi mashinyi, tshibombi tshia dipuekesha natshi mashinyi tshidi tshikuma ku tshiadi kumpala kua kufika ku dipuekesha dia mashinyi dijima.	Disama dikole anyi dikole disama dia mu tshiadi didi dikola padi muntu upuyakana bikole, disama dia tshiadi, dikuma dia mutshima, dikuma dia muoyo dia lukasa, anyi mutu mupepele.	Ndaku ku tshibambalu tshia malu a mpukapuka mu ambulanse. Bidi bikengela 12-lead ECG ne high-sensitivity cardiac troponine blood test bua kumbusha disama dia mutshima anyi ditshibuka dia tshiadi.
3. Dibutuka dia makalashi a mêsu ne dinyanguka dia mêsu	Tshibombi tshidi tshienda tshivula tshidi tshikuma makalashi a mêsu anyi makalashi a dîba, tshifikisha bipese bia ku mishiku anyi tshiamu tshia kumona nabi tshidi tshitshibuka mu nseke anyi tshienza bua globe munyanguke (`hyphema` anyi ditshibuka dia retina).	Mashi adi apatuka pa tshilamba tshia dîsu anyi tshia muulu, mashi adi amueneka munda mua nzubu wa kumpala wa dîsu, bintu bidi bienda pa mâyi, miendu idi ikenka, anyi dimona dia matutu.	Lama dîsu kuyi wenza mudimu ne tshienzedi (ela dikopo dia dibeji pa mufuba wa orbite) ne wangate diakamue tshikebelu tshia ophthalmologie tshia slit-lamp.
4. Disama dia mukolo wa tshifu ne divulangana dia bungi	Mu bendeshi ba mashinyi badi ne mubidi muipi basombe pabuipi ne tshiamu tshia mashinyi, anyi bantu badi kabayi basuika bilamba badi benda baya kumpala, tshibombi tshidi tshienda tshivula tshidi tshikuata tshibeku ne tshitamba kukola nshingu.	Dikolesha dia nshingu, disama didi difika too ne ku makaya, dipanga dia lungenyi/disama dia minu (`paresthesia`), anyi mutu usama kuinshi kua tshifu.	Imanyika nshingu mu muaba udi kauyi ne tshilumbu pikalaku disama anyi disama dia mukolo wa munkatshi mua tshiadi; windile bua baminganga bakuele tshilamba tshia ku nshingu.
5. Mukenji wa dijimija dia difu mu difu	Nansha padi tshibombi tshia kapepe ne mukaba wa 3-point bikuba muendeshi udi ne difu, bukole bua dipuekesha dia lukasa budi mua kukosa placenta ku tshimanu tshia uterus.	Disama dia mu difu, dikokangana dia mu tshifu, dipatuka dia mashi mu tshifu anyi dipatuka dia mâyi, anyi disama dia tshianana ku ntuadijilu (disama didi mua kuikala dipuwe munkatshi mua mêba a bungi).	Muntu yense udi ne difu udi mupite mbingu 20 ya difu kunyima kua diteka dia airbag udi ne tshia kuenza mêba 4 too ne ku 6 a dikonkonona dia mutshima wa muana udibu balele ku diambuluisha dia tshiamu tshia nzembu mu lupitadi.

Tshitupa 4: Kukuba basungidi ne bantu badi mu mashinyi ku biamu bia SRS bidi kabiyi bienza mudimu (Mukenji wa "10-5-20")¶

Shi udi wambuluisha muntu udi mutapike mu mashinyi adi makuluke anyi muindile bena mudimu ba kapia, un-deployed airbags idi mishindame ya pyrotechnique misokoka kunyima kua tshilamba tshia plastique. - Muaba udi bipese bia luya bidi kabiyi bienza mudimu bisokome: Keba SRS, AIRBAG, anyi SIDE CURTAIN AIRBAG tshitampi pa tshiamu tshia mashinyi, tshiamu tshia mashinyi, A-pillar, B-pillar, ne C-pillar roof trim (pa mutu pa madidishi a ku luseke), tshiamu tshia pambelu tshia nkuasa, ne muinshi mua tshiamu tshia volant (knee airbags). - Londa mukenji wa "10-5-20" wa muena mudimu wa kapia: Ikala ne bule bua 13 centimètres (5 inches) ku Side-Impact Seat anyi Roof-Curtain Airbag, 25 centimètres (10 inches) ku tshibandilu tshia mashinyi tshidi katshiyi tshienza mudimu Airbag**, ne 50 centimètres (20 inches) ku Airbag wa Front Passenger Dashboard udi kayi muenza mudimu. - Kuteka bilamba, bibombi, bintu bia diambuluisha dia kumpala, anyi maboko ebe pa tshiamu tshia mashinyi anyi pa tshiamu tshia mashinyi paudi ulama muntu udi mu njiwu munda mua mashinyi; Shi tshitekelu tshia airbag tshidi tshishala tshituta, tshintu tshionso tshidi pa tshibuikidiji tshidi tshilua tshintu tshidi tshienda lubilu lua 300 km/h (186 mph). - Kumbusha tshiamu tshia SRS: Shi tshibuikidiji tshiunzulula bipepele ne kakuyi kapia anyi njiwu ya EV ya nzembu ya bungi, umbusha Negative (-, Black) 12-volt battery cable udi umbusha bukole bua kumpala mu ordinatere wa SRS. Ino, tshiamu tshionso tshia SRS tshidi ne condensateurs ya munda idi ilama charge wa kapia munkatshi mua sekonde 90 too ne ku minite 10 PANYIMA pa dikosa dia batterie, nunku ikala anu ne tshitupa tshia 10-5-20 tshia diumusha.

Tshitupa 5: Dikuba dia mashinyi kunyima kua njiwu, Mikenji ya dijimija dia bintu bionso bia assurance, ne Didimuija dia Airbag ya dishima¶

Padi bantu bonso bikale mu bukubi ne mashinyi mamane kukoka, mikenji isatu ya malu a mashinyi ne a mfranga idi itangila mashinyi onso adi ne biamu bia luya:

Bua tshinyi dienza dia airbag ditu misangu ya bungi difikisha ku "dijimija dionso" dia assurance: Bilondeshile mikenji ya bukubi ya OEM, diteka dia airbag didi dilomba bua kupingaja tshitupa tshionso tshia airbag tshidibu bateke ($1,000 too ne ku $2,500 tshionso), dikoba dia dashboard anyi tshilamba tshia ku mutu tshidi tshinyanguke, tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia nzembu tshia nzembu ne Crash Tshitupa tshia kulombola (ACM) ne biamu bia kubandila nabio**, biamu bia tshiamu tshia nzembu, ne Pyrotechnic Battery Disconnect (Pyro-Fuse). Bu mudi dilongolola dia SRS nkayadi dilomba $4,000 too ne ku $9,000+ kumpala kua dienza dia mubidi, bena assurance badi baleja ne: mashinyi a bungi adi ne bidimu bipite pa 5 too ne ku 8 adi ajimija bionso padi airbags ya bungi ipatuka.
KENA KUendesha mashinyi ne biamu bia kukanga nabi luya anyi bia kulamakaja nabi mukaba wa bukubi: Panyima pa tshiamu tshia kukuba natshi mashinyi tshimane kupatuka, biamu bia kukuba nabi mukaba bia pyrotechnique bidi bikanga kashidi. Kuendesha mashinyi ne tshibombi tshia kapepe tshikosa ne biamu bia kukanga nabi luya kudi kukushiya ne kakuyi tshintu tshidi tshienza mudimu anyi tshia kukuba natshi kapepe ne ki mbimpe mu njila ya bantu bonso to.
Ikala mudimuke ne biamu bia dishima bia lufu: NHTSA ne bampulushi ba pa buloba bujima badi badimuija bua kubenga $100 to $300 "replacement airbags" idibu bapanyisha ku Enternete. Diteta didi dileja ne: ma airbag a dishima adi apanga kuenza mudimu anyi adi atuluka bu ma grenade a dikosolola, adi atuta bipese bia tshiamu mu mpala wa muendeshi. Shi mashinyi eba mmalongolola, lomba ma facture a OEM bua bintu bipiabipia, bia VIN-matched airbags ne pretensioners.

Tip

Pa kumbusha dilama dia mulondo mukese wa tshiamu tshia kusukula natshi mêsu ne tshiamu tshia kukosa natshi mukaba wa bukubi / tshia kutshibula natshi madidishi pabuipi ne nkuasa wa muendeshi, ela meji bua kulonga malu a diambuluisha dia kumpala ne a CPR ku diambuluisha dia Croix-Rouge anyi dia St John Ambulance bua wewe kumona mua kukokesha bimpe njiwu ya panyima pa njiwu, mputa ya mêsu, ne njiwu ya mu njila wa luya.

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Muishi mutoke udi munda mua mashinyi kunyima kua njiwu udiku umvuija ne: mashinyi adi pabuipi ne kukuata kapia anyi kututa anyi?¶

Mu bipupu bionso mudi airbags ipatuka, ditutu ditoke anyi dia nsongo didi diuja nzubu wa mashinyi ki mmuishi wa kapia to; i mabele anyi bukula bua talc (budibu benza nabu mudimu bua kuela manyi ku tshilamba tshia airbag tshia nylon) tshisambakaja ne gaz wa azote ne lupuishi lua pyrotechnique. Muishi mulelela wa kapia ka mashinyi udi ne mutoyi mufike anyi mufiike, udi ununka bikole bu tshiamu tshia nshinga tshidi tshiosha, plastique musunguluke anyi esanse mubi, ne udi utungunuka ne kupatuka muinshi mua tshilamba tshia mashinyi pamutu pa kujika kunyima kua sekonde 60. Temesha minda ya njiwu, upuekesha madidishi ebe bua kumbusha lupuishi, ne tangila njila ya mashinyi idi ilua kumpala kua kupatuka mu mashinyi bua wewe kubenga kubuela mu njila wa mashinyi adi enda lubilu.

Bua tshinyi mêsu anyi ne bianza bianyi bidi bitema kunyima kua tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshianyi tshimane kujika?¶

Padi tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia kapia tshitema bua kupatula kapepe ka azote, ndambu wa sodium hydroxyde ne potassium carbonate bidi bipatuka mu bipese bia mashika bidi kunyima kua tshiamu tshia nzembu pamue ne amidon wa mabele anyi wa talc. Padi bukula ebu bufika mu mayi a mêsu eba anyi busambakena ne tuishi tua ku bianza ne ku nshingu, budi buenza tshintu tshia alkaline tshidi tshikebesha disama dia tshimpitshimpi anyi diosha dia pa mutu. Kabidi, bipese bia luya lua kapia bidi kunyima kua tshibombi ne tshilamba tshia nylon tshidi tshiunzuluka bitu misangu ya bungi bienza bua kuosha ku bianza, ku maboko ne ku tshibeku. Kukosa meso eba nansha kakese; umbusha bintu bia kutangila nabi mêsu, sukula mêsu eba misangu yonso ne mayi a mu milondo mimpe anyi ne mâyi a mukele adi kaayi ne disama munkatshi mua minite 10 anyi 15, ne sukula dikoba didi dimueneka ne nsabanga ne mâyi mashika.

Bua tshinyi mashinyi anyi kaena mua kutuadija anyi kuenda nansha kakese kunyima kua airbags mimane kupatuka mu njiwu mikese?¶

Pabuipi ne mashinyi onso a matuku etu aa adi ne esanse, mazutu, hybride ne nzembu adi ne tshiamu tshia Pyrotechnic Battery Connect (Pyro-Fuse) ne tshiamu tshia automatique tshia dishipa dia mafuta tshidi tshienza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia airbag. Mu milliseconde udi airbags ipatuka, tshintu tshikese tshidi tshikosa tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshifikisha ku motere wa starter ne alternateur ne tshikanga pompe wa esanse bua mionji mitshibuka anyi mionji ya esanse mitshibuka kayiyi mua kutemesha kapia ka muinshi mua tshiamu tshia mashinyi. Tshijengu tshikuabu tshia amperage mukese tshidi tshilama miendu ya njiwu ya njila inayi, madidishi a nzembu, miendu ya munda, ne dibikila dia SOS dia tshimpitshimpi, kadi mashinyi kaena mua kutuadija kabidi mudimu too ne padibu bashintulula tshiamu tshia batterie tshia pyrotechnique ne ordinatere wa njiwu.

Ndi ne tshia kuya ku lupitadi anyi kudi munganga wa matshi pikala matshi anyi adila bikole kunyima kua dienza dia airbag anyi?¶

Eyowa. Padi bipese bia luya bia kumpala ne bia ku luseke bibutuka musangu umue munda mua nzubu mukanga, bidi bipatula mutoyi wa dîyi udi pankatshi pa 160 ne 178 decibels. Tshipupu etshi tshidi mua kufikisha ku dijimija dia diumvua dia tshitupa tshîpi anyi dia kashidi, dikuma dia matshi didi kadiyi dijika (tinnitus), vertigo, anyi dibue dia matshi. Shi udi umvua bibi anyi matshi eba adi alenga kunyima kua dikuluka, ndaku kudi mumanyi wa matshi, muulu ne mukolo (ENT) anyi munganga wa malu a lukasa mu mêba 24 too ne ku 72, bualu luondapu lua corticosteroïde lua kumpala kunyima kua disama dia tshimpitshimpi didi dilengeja diondopangana dia selile ya nsuki ya munda mua matshi.

Miaba mifumina¶

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) (United States): Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) Deployment Mechanics, First Responder Extrication Guidelines ("10-5-20 Rule"), and Counterfeit Airbag Advisories.
Bibambalu bia diluisha ne dikuba dia masama (CDC) & NIOSH (États-Unis): Malu adi atangila dibuela dia Sodium Azide ne Alkaline Particulate mu dienza dia airbag mu mashinyi.
Tshilongelu tshia bena Amerike tshia malu a mêsu (AAO): Dilama dia disama dia tshiamu tshia mitaku didi difumina ku airbag, dinyanguka dia mêsu, ne disama dia hypheme.
Tshilongelu tshia bena Amerike tshia baminganga ba malu a dilela ne a bakaji (ACOG) (États-Unis): Disama dia mu tshikondo tshia dimita: Dilonda dia muana udi mu difu kunyima kua diteka dia airbag.