Kazubu ka transformateur ka vert mu lupangu kadi kaenza mutoyi, kapatuka mafuta a minerale, anyi kapatuka: bukole bua tshibandilu ne 7,200 V primary arc clearance¶

Kumvua dîyi dikole, dia tshianana 120-hertz mutoyi wa tshiamu anyi tshiona tshia bingoma tshidi tshifumina ku kazubu ka tshiamu tshia mitaku (pad-mounted distribution transformer) musombe mu lupangu lueba, umvua mupuya mubi wa tshiamu tshia nzembu tshiosha anyi mafuta a sulfure, anyi umona bisonsa bikunze ne mafuta mafiike bipatuka kuinshi kua tshitekelu tshia bintu bidi mua kuikala njiwu ya lufu. Mu nzubu ya tshilala benyi idi kayiyi ne makunji a nzembu, nzembu itu ilombola nkamba ya muinshi mua buloba idi ifila 7,200 volts ku 19,920 volts (7.2 kV ku 19.9 kV tshitupa-ku-panshi, anyi too ne ku 34,500 volts phase-to-phase) buludiludi muinshi mua bitanda bia tshiamu tshia vert bua kupuekesha voltage ku 120/240-volt bukole bua mu nzubu. Nansha mudi tshilamba tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshia pambelu tshimueneka bu kazubu ka tshiamu, tshitupa tshia panyima ntshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshiuwule tente ne 150 to 500 liters (40 to 130 gallons) wa mafuta a mabue a dielectrique adi mua kuosha, ne tshitupa tshia kumpala tshidi ne biamu bia mudimu bia kumpala bidi kabiyi bikuba ne fuse wa bayonet wa munda.

Padi tshilamba tshia munda tshinyanguka, miji ya mitshi anyi dibuela dia panshi didi dipanda tshiamu tshia muinshi mua buloba, anyi tshiamu tshia panshi tshidi katshiyi tshienza mudimu tshidi tshinyanguka, 7,200-volt tshitupa tshia munda tshidi tshivuija mafuta adi manyunguluke mu tshipepele tshidi tshituta tshia hydrogène (H2), acetylene (C2H2), methane (CH4), ne gaz wa ethylene mu milisekonde. Shi tshiamu tshia munda tshia bayonete anyi tshiamu tshia dipuekesha natshi luya katshiyi mua kupatula luya lukasa, tshina tshia tshiamu tshidi tshipatuka anyi tshibulula biibi biatshi bidi ne tshiamu tshia mitaku mu mushindu udi kauyi umueneka 19,000-degree-Celsius (35,000-degree-Fahrenheit) arc-flash fireball padiye ufila bukole ku buloba budi bunyunguluke ne ku tshibuta tshia tshiamu ku bukole bua lufu. Shi tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshiteka pa tshilamba tshidi tshipatuka muishi, tshienda tshikola, tshipatuka, tshipatuka mafuta, anyi tshisombe ne tshiibi tshiunzulula, bikila nimero wa njiwu wa muaba unudi (911 mu États-Unis ne mu Canada, 112 mu matunga masanga a ku Mputu, 999 mu Royaume-Uni; mona nomba ya tshimpitshimpi) ne tshibambalu tshiebe tshia nzembu tshia 24/7 tshia dituma dia bantu mu tshimpitshimpi diakamue. Bua bilumbu bia nzembu ne bia mudimu, bala dibutuka dia kazubu ka transformateur ka vert, kapia ka mafuta, ne njiwu ya tshibuta tshiunzulula, nzembu ya tshiamu tshia mitaku ya mu njila, bibuikidiji bia tshina tshia mu njila, ne bikunyibua bia mbwa bidi bienda, ne Fibre wa telecommunication mupueka anyi coax cable vs. energized secondary power drop through way check.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

1. **Kuteka tshipiminu tshia dipanga dia lukasa tshia nansha 10 to 15 meters (35 to 50 feet) munyunguluke kazubu ka transformer ka vert, ne udiundishe too ne ku 30 meters (100 feet). Shi udi mumane kuimana munda 10 meters (35 feet) wa tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshidi tshituadija kuela mbila, kuela mbila, anyi kukenkesha, kunyemi ne makasa male to: endakana anyi utuluka panyima ulama makasa onso abidi makole pamue bua se 7,200-volt tshitupa tshia nzembu tshia buloba (step potential) katshiena mua kubanda ku dikasa dimue ne kupueka ku dikuabu to.
2. Lama mbua ku mikaba mikese kule ne tshibuta tshia bintu ne kulekedi mbua wela manyanu anyi ununkila kazubu ka transformer ka vert munyanguke to. Mbwa idi ne maulu anayi adi kaayi ne tshintu tshidi tshilamakaja buludiludi ne bisonsa biume ne mushiku mutoke udi ulenga nseke ya tshiamu. Padi mbwa wela manyanu pa tshilamba tshia kuinshi tshia transformateur tshidi ne tshilamba tshia munda anyi tshianza tshia kumpala tshinyanguke, anyi pa buloba budi ne nzembu, 120 to 7,200 volts udi wenda mu musulu wa mashi anyi upitshila mu mbua 0.6-meter (2-foot) tshitupa tshia makasa tshia kumpala too ne tshia panyima, tshidi tshikebesha dinyanguka dia lukasa dia tshiadi.
3. Wenza mudimu ne lunete anyi kamera kebe ka telefone ka ku bianza 15+ meters (50+ feet) kule bua kubala nomba wa 6 too ne ku 10 udi kumpala kua kazubu. Tshiamu tshionso tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi ne nomba wa jaune, mutoke anyi mufiike (ne tshimanyinu tshia code barre ne kVA tshimanyishilu bu mudi 25, 50, 75, anyi 100) pa tshilamba tshia kumpala anyi ku luseke. Kubala nomba wa stencil kudi muena mudimu udi utuma bintu bia mudimu kudi kuanyishila bulongolodi buabu bua dilama dia nzembu (OMS) bua kumanya tshijengu tshia muinshi mua buloba, tshibuta tshia ku mutu kua mâyi tshidi pabuipi, ne tshidimu tshia dienza (PCB vs. Non-PCB mafuta a muinshi mua buloba) kumpala kua bena mudimu ba mulongo kufikabu.
4. Kutetshi nansha kakese bua kukanga tshiibi tshia transformateur tshidi katshiyi tshikanga anyi tshidi tshiunzulula, ne kuedi mâyi anyi tshiamu tshia kujima natshi kapia tshia mu nzubu pa kazubu to. Bikala dinyanguka dia lupangu, dinyanguka dia bintu anyi dinyanguka dia munda dia tshiibi tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshiunzuluke, shala nansha kakese 10 to 15 meters (35 to 50 feet). Munda mua tshibuta, tshiamu tshia nshinga tshia nzembu wa bungi (7,200 to 19,920 V) ne tshiamu tshia mitaku tshibidi (120/240 V ku 2,000+ amps wa tshilema tshidiku) udi mutantshi wa santimetre ku mushiku wa tshiibi. Kokuenza mudimu nansha kakese ne tshiamu tshia mu budimi anyi tshia ku bianza to ABC tshiamu tshia kujima natshi kapia (tshidi anu bua bintu bia mu nzubu muinshi mua 1,000 volts).
5. Tangila nzubu muebe bua kumanya ni kudi dishintuluka dia voltage dia "Open Neutral" ne ujime Main Breaker webe pikala minda itema bikole anyi inyanguka bikole. Padi transformateur wa muinshi mua buloba unyanguka bikole anyi padi tshiamu tshia neutral tshiosha munda mua tshibuta tshia vert, nzubu webe udi ne bintu bibidi 120-volt maulu adi alua kaayi makane (kutuma 180 to 210 volts mu tshitupa tshia bintu biebe bia kupatuila bintu eku wela tshitupa tshikuabu ku 40 volts). Shi tshiamu tshieba tshia munda mua nzubu tshidi ne mashika, tshiume, ne katshiyi tshiumvuika, wimane ku luseke ne ubalulule Main Service Breaker ku OFF bua kupangisha biamu bia surge ne biamu bia mudimu bua kutema kapia. (Bikala tshiamu tshieba tshia munda tshidi tshienza mutoyi mukole, tshienza muishi, anyi tshikale ne kapia, kulenga tshiamu etshi to: umbuka mu nzubu diakamue.)
6. Lua ne bena mu diku diebe ne nyama ya mu nzubu, kanga madidishi onso, ne kanga bipese bia kapepe ka HVAC pikala tshiamu tshia mashika tshipatula muishi anyi mafuta. Kuosha anyi kuenza mafuta a dielectrique adi apatula hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (PAHs), acrid aldehydes, carbone monoxide, ne soot; mu bibambalu bia kale bivua binyanguke kumpala kua 1979 EPA udi ukandika, kuosha polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) kupatula dibenzofurans (PCDFs) ne dioxins.

Mutshi wa mapangadika: tshiamu tshia mashika tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshia tshimpitshimpi¶

flowchart TD
    A["Bualu budi kabuyi buakane mu kazubu ka transformateur ka pad-mounted wa mu kartshie"] --> B{"Ntshimanyinu kayi tshiudi umona ku bule?"}
    B -->|"1. Mutoyi mukole wa 120-Hz, mutoyi, muishi, kapia, anyi tshibuikidiji tshidi tshipatuka/tshidi tshipatuka"| C["Umbuka mutantshi wa metre 15 too ne ku 30 (50 too ne ku 100 ft) diakamue"]
    B -->|"2. Mashi a mafuta adi apueka pa tshilamba tshia beton, bisonsa bikuate, anyi mupuya mubole/muoshe"| D["Ikala mutantshi wa metre 10 too ne ku 15 (35 too ne ku 50 ft) panyima; ikala ne nyama ne bana munda"]
    B -->|"3. Tshiibi tshia kazubu tshiunzulula, tshikunji katshiyiku, anyi 5-point penta-bolt mulekelela"| E["KUTEKI anyi kukanga tshiibi to; Lama tshijengu ku bule bua metre 10+"]
    C --> F{"Ukadi munda mua tshitupa tshia buloba tshia bule bua metre 10 anyi?"}
    F -->|"Eyowa"| G["Tangila anyi utuluka panyima ne makasa onso abidi pamue bua kuepuka Step Potential"]
    F -->|"Tòo"| H["Bikila 911 Fire Dispatch NE Electric Utility Emergency Line"]
    G --> H
    D --> H
    E --> H
    H --> I["Wenza mudimu ne lunete anyi zoom wa telefone kumbukila ku metre 15+ bua kubala nomba wa 6 too ne ku 10"]
    I --> J{"Miendu ya mu nzubu idi itema bikole, ikenka bikole, anyi idi inunka bu plastique muosha anyi?"}
    J -->|"Eyowa: Tshilema tshia Neutral anyi tshia kumpala too ne ku tshibidi"| K["Shi tshibombi tshia munda mua nzubu tshidi tshitalala, ujime tshiamu tshinene; pikala tshisanji tshienza mutoyi, umbuka mu nzubu"]
    J -->|"Tòo"| L["Kanga madidishi, kanga tshiamu tshia HVAC, ne windile Utility Hot-Stick Lineman"]
    K --> L
    L --> M["Muena mudimu wa HazMat wa Demand Utility udi usukula mafuta onso adi mapueka ne udi uteta buloba bua PCBs"]

Bulongolodi bua tshiamu tshia mashika tshidi tshiteka pa tshilamba: tshidi munda mua tshibuta¶

Kujingulula tshidi tshisombe kunyima kua tshilamba tshia tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia transformer tshidi tshienza mudimu ne tshitupa tshimue kudi kumvuija bua tshinyi bena mudimu ba mu nzubu batu bavuala 40 cal/cm2 bilamba bia arc-flash ne wenze mudimu ne 2.4-meter (8-foot) tshiamu tshia "shotgun" tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku anu bua kukangula tshiibi:

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|        SINGLE-PHASE RESIDENTIAL PAD-MOUNTED TRANSFORMER (TOP/FRONT VIEW)    |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                             |
|   +---------------------------------------------------------------------+   |
|   |                   REAR SEALED STEEL OIL TANK                        |   |
|   |  - Contains 150 to 500 L (40 to 130 gal) Dielectric Mineral Oil     |   |
|   |  - Houses High-Voltage Core & Copper/Aluminum Windings              |   |
|   |  - Internal Oil Temp under Peak Load: 65 C to 105 C (150 to 220 F)  |   |
|   |  - Dissolved Combustible Gases during Fault: H2, C2H2 (Acetylene)   |   |
|   +---------------------------------------------------------------------+   |
|   |              STEEL TANK WALL / BUSHING PARTITION PLATE              |   |
|   +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+   |
|   |  LEFT SIDE: HIGH-VOLTAGE (HV)    |  RIGHT SIDE: LOW-VOLTAGE (LV)    |   |
|   |  PRIMARY COMPARTMENT             |  SECONDARY COMPARTMENT           |   |
|   |  * Voltage: 7,200 V to 19,920 V  |  * Voltage: 120 / 240 Volts      |   |
|   |  * H1A & H1B Load-Break Elbows   |  * X1, X2, X3 Threaded Studs     |   |
|   |    (Loop-Feed In & Out to next   |    feeding 4 to 12 houses        |   |
|   |    transformers down the street) |  * Uninsulated bare metal spades |   |
|   |  * Bayonet Oil-Expulsion Fuse    |    with 2,000+ Amps fault current|   |
|   |  * Pressure Relief Valve (PRV)   |  * Concentric Neutral Ground Bar |   |
|   +----------------------------------+----------------------------------+   |
|              ^                       |                       ^              |
|     [Hinged Steel Hood]    [5-Point Penta-Head Bolt    [Utility Padlock]    |
|                             + Recessed Security Latch]                      |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Bua tshinyi biamu bia dishintulula nabi bintu bidibu bateka pa tshiamu tshia mashinyi bidi ne nshinga mu "Open-Loop Primary" (H1A ne H1B)¶

Bishilangane na tshiamu tshia kuulu tshidi tshikuma tshiamu tshimue tshia kuulu, tshiamu tshionso tshia mu nzubu tshidi tshienza tshitupa tshia circuit wa loop-feed wa muinshi mua buloba: - A 7,200-volt (anyi 13,800 V / 19,920 V) tshiamu tshia kumpala tshia muinshi mua buloba tshidi tshibuela kuinshi ku dia bakaji dia kazubu kafumina ku tshiamu tshia ku mutu tshia muena mutumba (Bushing H1A), udi ufila bukole ku tshiamu tshieba tshia dishintulula, ne udi upatuka ku diambuluisha dia tshianza tshibidi tshia bukole bua bungi (Bushing H1B) bua kudisha 5 to ne 20 ya transformer idi ilonda mu njila. - Tshidi bualu ebu bumvuija mu tshikondo tshia njiwu: Nansha biobi bikala Bayonet Expulsion Fuse wa munda mua tshiamu tshiebe tshia dishintulula bintu mu tshiamu tshieba tshituta ne tshijimija nzembu ku nzubu kuebe ne kudi bena mutumba nebe, ** 7,200-to-19,920-volt nkamba ya tshijengu tshia kumpala (H1A ne H1B) munda mua kazubu kebe ka vert ikala 100 pa lukama LIVE ne energized** too ne padi muntu udi ne lutatu lua mudimu wa nzembu upeta tshibuta tshia ku mutu kua mâyi anyi tshibandilu tshia kuulu mutantshi mule ne ukoka fuse ya kumpala. Kuena mua kuela meji ne: kazubu ka transformateur ka vert kadi "kafue" anu bualu nzubu yonso idi mu njila webe mubi mmijimije nzembu to.

Tablo wa dikonkonona: tshidi mutoyi wonso, mupuya, anyi tshimanyinu tshionso tshia kumona tshiumvuija¶

Bukole bua tshitupa ne bukole bua kulenga: bua tshinyi bisonsa bidi pabuipi ne kazubu ka vert kadi kanyanguka bidi mua kukushipa¶

Padi tshintu tshia kumpala tshia nzembu wa bungi (7,200 V ku 19,920 V) bilema mu tshibombi tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku anyi mu buloba, ne tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi muinshi mua buloba tshidi tshinyanguka anyi tshitshibuka, buloba budi bunyunguluke tshilamba tshia beton budi buenza mudimu bu tshintu tshinene tshidi tshikanda nzembu. Voltage udi upatuka pambelu mu buloba mu bipese bia tshijengu, upueka kumbukila ku binunu bia volt ku tshibandilu tshia beton too ne ku zero volt ku 10 to 15 meters (35 to 50 feet):

                    [ FAULTING GREEN TRANSFORMER BOX ]
                         (Cabinet & Pad at 7,200 V)
                                     |
          +--------------------------+--------------------------+
          |      Ring 1 (0.5 m / 2 ft):  ~5,500 Volts           |
          |   +---------------------------------------------+   |
          |   |    Ring 2 (1.5 m / 5 ft):  ~3,200 Volts     |   |
          |   |  +---------------------------------------+  |   |
          |   |  |   Ring 3 (3.0 m / 10 ft): ~1,400 Volts|  |   |
          |   |  |  +---------------------------------+  |  |   |
          |   |  |  |  Ring 4 (10 m / 35 ft): ~0 Volts|  |  |   |

1. Bua tshinyi dienda dia pa tshibidilu didi ne lufu (Step Potential):
2. Wewe wenda uya anyi uya kule ne tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia arcing anyi tshia ground-faulted transformateur wangata tshiamu tshia pa tshibidilu 0.8-meter (2.5-foot) lubilu, dikasa diebe dia panyima didi mua kuikala dimane pa buloba ku 1,400 volts padi dikasa diebe dia kumpala dienda pa buloba ku 3,200 volts. Ke 1,800-volt dishilangana (Step Potential) udi ulombola mudilu wa lufu mululame kuulu ku dikasa dimue, kupitshila ku mubidi webe, ne kupueka ku dikasa dikuabu.
3. Bua tshinyi mbua ya maulu anayi itu ifua diakamue ku voltage mukese menemene: Mbwa udi wenda pa bisonsa biume pabuipi ne tshiamu tshia transformateur tshidi tshinyanguka 0.5 to 0.9 meters (1.5 to 3 feet) pankatshi pa maulu ende a kumpala ne a kunyima, udi ne maboko a mayi adi kaayi ne bukole bua bungi, ne udi ne mutshima wende buludiludi mu njila wa nzembu udi pankatshi pa maulu ende a kumpala ne maulu a panyima.
4. Mushindu wa kunyema muaba mu bukubi (The Shuffle / Two-Foot Hop):
5. Shi udi umvua tshintu tshidi tshikuma mu makasa ebe anyi mu mikolo pabuipi ne kazubu ka mudimu ka vert, anyi pikala tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshituadija kuenza tshiona, kuela mbila, anyi kunua makanya paudi pabuipi, ikala mu mashika, ufina makasa onso abidi bikole ku luseke ne ku luseke, ne upingaje panyima bua tshikasa tshia dikasa dimue katshiyi tshipita ku tshianza tshia dikasa dikuabu (kulenga maulu onso abidi), anyi ** dîba dionso kunyima ne maulu onso abidi apueka musangu umue too ne paudi ufika 15 meters (50 feet) kule. Kokulenga tshibuta tshia tshiamu tshia mashinyi anyi lupangu lua tshiamu ludi pabuipi apu paudi wenda unyunguluka (Touch Potential).

Mushindu kayi wa kufila nomba mulelela wa stencil ne mushindu wa kazubu kudi muena mudimu udi utuma bintu¶

Paudi ubikila ku telefone wa nzembu wa 24/7, bala bimanyinu bidi pambelu pa kazubu ka 15+ meters (50+ feet) kule ne lunete anyi tshiamu tshia zoom tshia telefone webe:

1. Tshiamu tshia 6-to-10-Digit / Pad Number: Keba nomba/maleta a stencil a jaune, a fita, anyi matoke pa tshilamba tshia kuulu tshia kumpala (bu mudi T-482910, PAD 8492-A, anyi G-19402-3), udi uleja buludiludi ku ma coordonnées a grid wa GIS wa tshiamu tshia mudimu.
2. The kVA Tshimanyinu tshia bunene: Pa tshibidilu nomba wa tshijengu-ne-mufiike anyi mutoke-ne-mufiike (25, 37.5, 50, 75, 100, anyi 167) uleja tshipiminu tshia kilovolt-ampere.
3. Tshilamba tshia "NON-PCB" tshia Blue/Green (anyi dipanga diatshi):
4. Ma transformateur menza kunyima kua 1980 pa tshibidilu udi uleja kazubu kakese bule, vert, anyi mutoke "NON-PCB" tshimanyishilu ku meso anyi ku luseke.
5. Shi tshiamu tshia kale, tshia vert mufike anyi tshia mvinyo tshidi ne kakuyi NON-PCB tshimanyishilu (anyi tshidi mu tshitupa tshia kumpala kua 1980), ambila bena mudimu ba kapia ne bafidi ba bintu bia mudimu ne: "Tshibuta katshiena ne tshintu tshidi tshimueneka tshia Non-PCB ne tshidi tshipatuka mafuta; tuasakidila bua kuangata mafuta adi manyanguke bu mayi adi mua kuikala manyanguke ne PCB."
6. Mushindu udi tshiibi tshia bukubi tshia bintu bibidi tshienza mudimu (Penta-Bolt + Padlock):
7. Muinshi mua IEEE C57.12.28 / NEMA mikenji ya tshiibi, tshiibi tshia transformer tshidi ne tshilamba tshia vert katshiena mua kuikala tshilamakaja anu ne tshikunji tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku to. Muinshi mua tshiibi tshia tshiibi mudi tshintu tshia 5-sided (pentagonal) bolt wa bukubi bua bungi (Penta-Bolt) bidi bikengela tshiamu tshia penta-socket bua kunyunguluka kumpala kua tshingoma tshia tshiibi tshibuela. Shi tshiibi tshidi tshilengeja pa tshiamu tshiunzulula anyi tshitupa tshidi tshimueneka ku muelelu wa kuinshi kua tshilamba, penta-bolt wa munda ki mmusombe to, manyisha Unsecured Dead-Front Cabinet diakamue.

Mafuta a tshiamu tshia nzembu ne PCB ya kale: Mikenji ya disukula dia nzubu (40 CFR Part 761)¶

Padi tshiamu tshia dishintulula natshi bintu tshidi tshiteka pa tshilamba tshipatuka anyi tshinyanguka, 50 to 400 liters (13 to 105 gallons) wa mafuta a tshiamu tshia nzembu, a ambre, anyi a mîdima adi mua kubuela mu peluze webe wa kumpala, kubuikila njila webe wa mashinyi ne mashinyi ebe, anyi kusukula mu tshina tshia mâyi a mvula.

• Kulenga, kusukula, anyi kuela mafuta a tshiamu tshia mashinyi nkayebe to: Kuela tshiamu tshia mu budimi anyi tshiamu tshia kuowa natshi mafuta pa tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshidi tshipatuka kudi kuenza bua mafuta au anyanguke ne kuenza bua hydrocarbures ya petrole (ne Polychlorinated Biphenyls / PCBs, CAS 1336-36-3) muinshi mua buloba bua bisonsa, mu misulu ya mvula, ne mu mayi a muinshi mua buloba.
• Tshibambalu tshia nzembu tshidi ne bujitu bua 100% bua malu a mikenji ne a mfranga bua kusukula: Bilondeshile mikenji ya mbulamatadi idi itangila malu a muaba udibu basombele (US EPA 40 CFR Part 761 Subpart G Mukenji wa disukula dia mayi malenga a PCB, Mukenji wa mayi malenga 40 CFR Part 112 SPCC Oil Spill Rules, ne mikenji ya ditunga/ya provense/UK), tshibambalu tshia mudimu wa nzembu tshidi ne tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshiteka pa tshilamba ne tshidi ne mudimu mukole wa kuangata bintu bionso bidi ne njiwu, dimbula dia buloba, dishintulula dia tshiamu tshia beton, dilengeja dia njila/mashinyi, ne dilongolola dia buloba ku $0 mushinga kudi muena nzubu.
• Tshia kulomba kudi mulombodi wa malu a buloba kumpala kua bena mudimu babu kuyabu:
• Lomba muena mudimu wa tshibambalu tshia malu a njiwu ya muaba udibu basombele akumbula buloba buonso budi ne mafuta ne buloba bua kusukula buloba (15 to 30 centimeters / 6 to 12 inches pa mutu pa ditoba didi dimueneka) ne kutshikoka mu bingoma bia DOT bikanga;
• Lomba mukanda mufunda wa tshikebelu tshia mu laboratware (anyi mukanda wa dina dia tshiapu) udi ujadika ni mayi adi mapueka adi ne < 1 ppm PCBs (Mafuta a minerale adi kaayi a PCB anyi mayi a ester a bufuki), 50 to 499 ppm PCBs (PCB-Contaminated), anyi >= 500 ppm PCBs (udi ulomba EPA bua kusukula buloba/bujadiki bua tshilejelu muinshi mua 40 CFR § 761.125); ne
• Bikala lupuishi lua mafuta lubuele pa mashinyi ebe anyi pa nzubu webe, funda diakamue Dilomba dia dinyanguka dia bintu bia mudimu ne dia dinyanguka dia muaba udibu basombele kumpala kua kusukula mashinyi.

Nomba ya tshimpitshimpi ya mu tshijengu ne mikenji ya njiwu ya mudimu¶

• États-Unis ne Canada:
• Dituma dia lukasa: Ela 911 diakamue bua tshintu tshionso tshidi tshifuma, tshiosha, tshibumba, anyi tshibutuka tshia kazubu ka transformer ka vert, anyi pikala tshiibi tshia tshibuta tshiunzulula tshileja bitupa bia munda.
• Electric Utility 24/7 Outage & Hazard Line: Bikila nomba wa tshimpitshimpi udi pa facture webe wa mudilu diakamue panyima pa 911 ne upeshe mutumibue nomba wa 6 too ne ku 10**.
• Dipeta dia muinshi mua buloba ne dipatuka dia mafuta: Ela 811 mu ditunga dijima dia US (call811.com) anyi ClickBeforeYouDig.com mu Canada kumpala kua kumbula. Umanyishe mafuta a transformer adi kaayi malengejibue kudi Centre national de réponse (NRC) ku 1-800-424-8802 ne Ditunga diebe DEP/EPA.
• Bukalenge bua ditunga:
• Dituma dia malu a tshimpitshimpi ne dikosa dia nzembu mu ditunga dijima / nomba wa njiwu: Ela 999 pikala tshitekelu tshia nzembu tshia ku muelelu kua njila (kazubu ka disangisha, dikunji dia difila dia bintu, anyi tshitekelu tshia bintu) tshidi mu kapia anyi tshidi tshituta, ne ela 105 (mudimu wa tshianana wa ditunga dia UK DNO Nomba ya tshimpitshimpi** mu Angleterre, mu Écosse, ne mu Pays de Galles, anyi 03457 643 643 bua NIE Networks mu Irlande wa ku Nord) bua kumanyisha mutoyi, udi upatuka, anyi udi mubulula muinshi mua HSE ESQCR 2002.
• Buobumue bua matunga a ku Mputu:
• Dituma dia lukasa: Ela 112 mu matunga onso adi mu UE bua kumanyisha muaba udi tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshidi tshiosha, tshienza mutoyi anyi tshiunzulula (poste de transformation HTA/BT mu France, Kompakttrafostation mu Allemagne, centro de transformación mu Espagne) ne kumanyisha bena muaba au DSO (Enedis / e-distribuzione). Shala nansha 15 meters (50 feet) kunyima.
• Australie ne Nouvelle-Zélande:
• Dituma dia lukasa: Ela 000 mu Australie anyi 111 mu Nouvelle-Zélande bua kapia anyi dibutuka dia Padmount Substation / Pillar Box, ne ubikile muena mudimu webe wa nzembu (Ausgrid 13 13 88, Endeavour Energy 131 003, Energex 13 19 62, Western Power 13 13 51, anyi Vector mu NZ).
• Azia (Singapore, Japon, Hong Kong, ne India):
• Singapore: Bikila 995 (SCDF) ne SP Group 24-Hour Electricity Service Center ku 1800-778-8888 bua bilema bia mu bibombi bia diabanya bia pa mutu pa buloba (OGBs).
• Japon, Hong Kong, & Inde: Mu Japon, funda 119 ne kubikila TEPCO/KEPCO. Mu Hong Kong, funda 999 ne kubikila CLP Power (2728 8333) anyi HK Electric (2555 4999). Mu India, ela 112 ne wa muaba unudi DISCOM telefone wa diambuluisha (1912).

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Bua tshinyi kazubu ka transformer ka vert mu lupangu luanyi kadi kakula bikole mu tshimpitshimpi mu tshikondo tshia luya lukole lua mu muvu wa été anyi pa dîba 18:00 wa dilolo?¶

Transformateur wa pa tshibidilu udi muteka pa tshilamba udi upatula dîyi ditalala, dishindame 120-hertz tshiona tshifumina ku dinyanguka dia tshiamu tshia mitaku. Ino, pankatshi pa 16:00 ne 21:00 mu tshikondo tshia luya lukole lua mu muvu wa été, anyi padi bena mutumba ba bungi babueja tshiamu tshia nzembu musangu umue Tshitupa 2 (40-to-80 amp) Mashinyi a nzembu (EV) biamu bia kuela nabi luya ne kuenza mudimu ne biamu bia luya bia munkatshi, tshimue 50 kVA tshishimikidi tshia mu musoko tshidi mua kufikishibua ku 140 too ne ku 180 pa lukama wa bukole buende. Padibu bawuja bintu bipite bungi, luya lua mafuta a munda ludi lupita 100 degre Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit), bipese bia munda bidi bikankamika bikole, ne bipese bia munda bidi bituadija kuenza arc anyi kuela mbila. Shi tshiona tshilua tshiona tshikole, tshiona tshia nyama wa ngulube, anyi tshiona tshia tshiamu, ikala 15 metre (50 feet) pingana ne ubikile bena mudimu bebe ba nzembu diakamue bua bobu kutangila tshiamu kumpala kua kutshibuka.

Mbwa wanyi wakakema anyi kuela mbila ne kutulukaye panyima pavuaye wenda pa bisonsa pabuipi ne kazubu ka bintu bia mudimu bia matamba. Tshivu tshienzeka?¶

Mbwa webe udi ne dimanya voltage wa dipetangana (voltage wa tshianana) anyi bukole bua tshilema tshia panshi. Padi tshiamu tshia muinshi mua buloba tshidi tshilamakaja anyi tshiamu tshia neutre tshidi tshinyanguke tshipatula nzembu mu buloba buume, tshitupa tshia nzembu tshidi tshienzeka panshi pabuipi ne tshilamba tshia beton. Bualu mbwa utu wenda pa makasa anayi a mayi adi kaayi ne tshintu 0.5 too ne ku 0.9 metre (1.5 too ne ku 3 feet) ne udi ne tshipiminu tshia fibrillation tshikese, nansha 15 too ne ku 50 volts mu bisonsa udi ufila tshipupu tshikole anyi tshia lufu pankatshi pa maulu ende a kumpala ne a panyima. Koka mbwa webe pa tshibandilu tshiume diakamue, ikala nansha kakese 10 too ne ku 15 metre (35 too ne ku 50 feet) kule ne kazubu, ne ubikile 911 ne tshibambalu tshiebe tshia nzembu bua kufila luapolo lua tshinyangu tshia panshi tshidi tshienza mudimu tshidi tshikebesha nyama.

Ndi mua kupenta kazubu ka tshiamu tshia transformer ka mu lupangu luanyi lua kumpala bua kupetangana ne nzubu wanyi anyi kuela tshibuikidiji tshia dibue dia dishima pa mutu patshi anyi?¶

Tòo, kuena ne bua kupenta tshiamu tshia dishintulula natshi bintu anyi kuteka tshilamba tshia dibue dia fibre de verre pa mutu patshi to. Tshia kumpala, tshiamu tshia Munsell-green enamel tshia mu tshiapu tshidi tshienza bua kupatula kapia ka munda kafumina ku 100-degre-Celsius tshina tshia mafuta; kupenta kazubu ne pente wa nzubu wa latex kudi kukuba tshina tshia mâyi, kubuikila bintu bia mushinga mukole 6-to-10-digit Stencil Number ne high-voltage warning decals, ne ulamakaja tshiibi tshia luya ne tshiibi tshia penta-bolt. Tshibidi, kuteka dibue dia pa mutu pa tshiamu tshia mafuta tshidi tshienza mudimu tshidi tshikuata kapia too ne padi bipese bia munda bipatuka ne bibutuka. Shi peinture udi pa kazubu ka mu musoko wenu udi wenda unyunguluka anyi unyanguka, ubikile bena mudimu ba ku nzembu: bena mudimu badi batuma bena mudimu ba dilongolola bua kutangila ni mafuta adi apatuka ne kupenta kabidi tshibuta tshia bintu tshidi tshianyishibue kudi bena mudimu tshianana.

Miendu ya mu njibo yanyi idi ikepela ne ivula bikole eku kazubu ka vert kadi pambelu kaenda kavuma. Bua tshinyi tshitupa tshia nzubu wanyi tshidi ne miendu mikole menemene?¶

Udi upeta "Open Service Neutral" munda mua tshitupa tshibidi tshia tshiamu tshia mashinyi (anyi ku luseke lua tshitekelu tshieba tshia muinshi mua buloba). Bukole bua nzubu mu Amerike wa ku Nord budi bubuela mu nzubu muebe bu bibidi 120-volt maulu a kapia (240 volts mu kabujima) kuabanya tshiamu tshia munkatshi tshidi tshiteka panshi. Padi lug wa neutre au utema munda mua kazubu ka transformer ka vert, bionso bibidi 120-volt bitupa bia nzubu muebe bidi bitapulula voltage mu mushindu udi kauyi mufuanangane bilondeshile biamu bidi bienda, bituma too ne ku 180 too ne ku 210 volts mu tshitupa tshimue tshia nzubu yebe ya dipanyishila bintu (kuenza bua ampule ikale ne butoke bua bungi ne kuosha mabaya a mu tshikuku, frigo, ne biamu bia kuenza nabi mudimu) eku wela tshitupa tshikuabu ku 30 to 60 volts. Shi tshiamu tshieba tshia munda tshidi tshitalala ne tshimpe, ubalulule Tshintu tshinene tshidi tshijima diakamue ne ubikile bena mudimu bua kumanyisha tshimpitshimpi tshiunzulula tshia tshianana.

Ntshinyi tshidi tshimanyishilu tshia mu dessin animé ("Mr. Ouch") tshidi kumpala kua kazubu ka transformer ka vert?¶

Tshimanyinu tshia didimuija tshia mu nseke isatu tshia jaune ne tshikunze tshidi tshileja tshimfuanyi tshia mupenyi tshidi tshikuma tshianza tshia muana ntshia Tshisumbu tshia bena mudimu ba nzembu (NEMA) "Mr. Ouch" High-Voltage Hazard Label, mulongolola mu bidimu bia 1980 kunyima kua makebulula a bukubi bua bana aleja ne bana batekete badi kabayi mua kubala "NYIKA - VOLTAGE MUNENE - KULAMANA KU MUDIMU" kujingulula ne kuepuka mpala wa dessin animé udi ne kanyinganyinga. Dîba dionso diudi umona tshimanyinu tshia "Mr. Ouch" pa kazubu ka tshiamu tshia vert mu lupangu anyi mu parc, bidi bileja ne: lupangu ludi ne bia mudimu bia lufu bia diabanya dia nzembu mikole (7,200 too ne ku 34,500 volts) pamutu pa telefone ya nzembu mikese anyi ya tshiamu tshia televizion.

Muenji wa bintu bia pa buloba wakapingaja mashinyi manene anyi tshiamu tshia kukosa natshi mitshi mu kazubu ka transformer ka vert ne wakakuma kakese pa tshilamba tshia beton, kadi nzembu itshidi anu mienze mudimu. Bidi bimpa anyi?¶

Tòo, angata tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshidi tshishintuluka anyi tshinyanguke tshidi tshiteka pa tshilamba bu bualu bua lukasa budi mua kunyanga muoyo nansha mudi nzembu ya mu kartshie itshidi miteme. Padi mashinyi ashintulula tshibuta tshia transformateur tshia vert nansha 5 too ne ku 10 santimetre (2 too ne ku 4 inches) pa tshibandilu tshienda tshia beton, muinshi mua buloba tshikole 7,200-volt nkamba ya kumpala idi ipatuka ku dididishi dia beton idi ikoka bikole ku muelelu wa tshibuta tshia tshiamu anyi tshibuelelu tshia beton, itshibula tshilamba tshia ku tshianza anyi itshibula tshilamba tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi tshilamakaja ku tshibombi. Mu minite mikese anyi mêba makese, `7,200-volt` nkamba idi mua kubuela buludiludi mu tshibuta tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku, ifila bukole mu kazubu konso ne buloba budi bunyunguluke. Umbuka `15 meters` (`50 feet`) kule ne ubikile `911` ne tshiamu tshia nzembu diakamue.

Malu adi apetangana¶

• Dibutuka dia kazubu ka transformateur ka vert, kapia ka mafuta, ne njiwu ya tshibuta tshiunzulula
• Voltage wa tshiamu tshia mitaku wa mu njila, bibuikidiji bia tshina tshia mu njila, ne biamu bia kuendesha nabi mbua
• Tshiamu tshia telecommunication anyi tshiamu tshia coax tshidi tshipueka ne dipueka dia nzembu didi dienda dipueka mu njila wa mashinyi
• Dinyanguka dia nzembu, dinyanguka dia nzembu, ne dikuba dia tshiamu tshia nzembu ku kapia
• Nomba ya njiwu bilondeshile ditunga

Miaba ne buludiki bua mbulamatadi¶

• Tshilongelu tshia bamanyi ba malu a nzembu ne a nzembu (IEEE) & Mukenji wa bukubi bua nzembu wa ditunga (NESC): IEEE Std C57.12.28 (Pad-Mounted Equipment - Enclosure Integrity), IEEE Std C57.12.25 / C57.12.34 (Standard for Pad-Mounted, Compartmental-Type, Self-Cooled Distribution Transformers, 2,500 kVA ne Mukese; Voltage munene 34,500 GrdY/19,920 Volts ne kuinshi), ne NESC (IEEE C2) Mukenji 380 / Mukenji 215 (Malu adibu bateka pa tshilamba ne diteka dia buloba).
• Tshibambalu tshia bukubi ne makanda a mubidi ku mudimu (OSHA, États-Unis): 29 CFR § 1910.269 (Dienza dia nzembu, dituma ne diabanya): Ntanta mikese ya kusemena kudi nzembu, muaba mukanga / midimu ya tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshiteka pa tshilamba, ne dikuba dia bukole bua nzembu.
• Tshibambalu tshia dikuba dia buloba tshia mu États-Unis (EPA): 40 CFR Part 761 Subpart G (Polychlorinated Biphenyls / PCB Spill Cleanup Policy, §§ 761.120-761.135) ne 40 CFR Part 112 (Dikuba dia dinyanguka dia mafuta / Malu adi SPCC ulomba bua biamu bia nzembu bia mafuta a muinshi mua buloba).
• Tshisumbu tshia bena mudimu ba nzembu (NEMA): NEMA Standard 260 (Safety Labels for Pad-Mounted Switchgear and Transformers, "Mr. Ouch" Public Hazard Warning System) ne Penta-Head Security Bolt Tamper-Resistance Specifications.
• Mulombodi wa malu a bukola bua mubidi ne bukubi (HSE, Royaume-Uni): Mikenji ya bukubi, buimpe ne ditungunuka dia nzembu (ESQCR) 2002 ne HSG47 (Kuepuka njiwu idi ifumina ku midimu ya muinshi mua buloba ne ku nzubu ya diabanya bintu).