Bipepele bikole bia nsenga, bipepele bia mu tshipela, ne muaba wa kusokomena udi kauyi umueneka¶

Mpepele mikole ya nsenga ne mipepele ya tshipela ya tshipela, mimanyibua mu bitupa bia buloba bujima bu mudi Simoom ("Lupepele lua buanga"), Khamsin, Shamal, Harmattan, Ghibli, Sirocco, ne Karack ("Blackburan) Hurricane, pamue lupepele lua bukole bua tshipepele tshikole lua 70 too ne ku 120+ kilometre ku dîba (45 too ne ku 75+ miles ku dîba) ne tshimanu tshidi tshikosa mêsu, tshia nsenga ya quartz idi ituluka (saltation) ne lupuishi lua minerale ludi luenda lutekesha tshimuenekelu too ne ku zero munkatshi mua mêba anyi matuku. Bishilangane na matutu a lupuishi a mvula wa tshipepele tshipi (adibuikile mu bipupu bia lupuishi ne bulombodi bua muoyo wa haboob), tshipepele tshikole tshia mu tshipela anyi Simoom thermal blast tshidi mua kubandisha luya lua muulu too ne ku \(48^\circ\text{C}\) too ne ku \(54^\circ\text{C}\) (\(118^\circ\text{F}\) too ne ku \(129^\circ\text{F}\)$ too ne ku \(129^\circ\text{F}\)$ eku tshipueka ku 55$ 10 pa lukama, kumbusha 1.5 too ne ku 2.5 litre (1.5 too ne ku 2.6 quarts) ya mayi ku dîba mu mubidi wa muntu ne kufikisha ku lufu tshipupu tshia luya ne dipuekesha dia mupuya munda mua minite 60 too ne ku 120.

Bilondeshile bulongolodi bua buloba bujima bua malu a mvula (WMO) Sand and Dust Storm Warning System Advisory and Assessment System (SDS-WAS), tshibambalu tshia malu a mvula tshia mu États-Unis (NWS), ne dilongesha dia basalayi dia mushindu wa kupanduka mu tshipela, bipupu bia mu tshipela bidi bishipa bantu ku diambuluisha dia mishindu inayi mishilangane: dituta dia lubilu lua bungi mu njila munene padibu babuela mu mashinyi mu tshipela dibutuka, tshipupu tshia luya lua lukasa mu tshikondo tshia luya lukole lua Simoom / Khamsin, difuisha dia mu njila wa luya ne Coccidioides ("Valley Fever") anyi disama dia meningitis dia bactérie ku dipuekesha lupuishi lua bungi, ne dipanga dia lungenyi lua lufu padi bendakana anyi bendeshi ba mashinyi bapatuka mu mashinyi abu anyi mu tshikondo tshia mashika a bungi.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

1. Wewe wendesha mashinyi padi tshimanu tshia nsenga tshienda tshisemena pabuipi: Koka tshishimikidi tshia njila munene (>15 too ne ku 30 metre / 50 too ne ku 100 feet pa buloba bukole), teka frein wa mashinyi, JIMA MIENDE YONSO YA PANJA, ne umbusha dikasa diebe pa tshiamu tshia frein. Execute the official NWS / DOT, Arizona Mukenji wa Alive": kuimana nansha kakese mu njila wa ngendu, ne kuimana nansha kakese ku luseke lua njila ne miendu yebe ya kunyima, ya njiwu, anyi ya frein idi ikenka. Baendeshi ba mashinyi badi bafofome panyima pebe nebaye buludiludi batangile ku miendu yebe idi ikenka bela meji ne: udi wenda mu njila wa mashinyi (the Moth Effect) ne nebatute panyima pa mashinyi ebe adi mashika ne lubilu lua bungi.
2. Lama njila webe wa luya ne mêsu ebe mu tusunsa 30: Ela tshiamu tshia kupuyakana natshi N95 / FFP2 (anyi uvuike tshilamba tshia keffiyeh / tshilamba tshia butoke mu bitupa 4 pa mushiku webe ne mukana muebe) ne manyanu adi kaayi ne luya lukanga. Nsenga ya quartz mikole idi yenda muinshi mua **1 too ne ku 25 metre (35) to panshi, udi ututa dikoba ne mesu bu mudi tshiamu tshia kuela natshi nsenga tshia mushinga, eku nsenga mikese (\(PM_{10}\) ne \(PM_{2.5}\)) ikumbaja mishiku ne mishiku. Ela tshilamba tshieba tshia kupuyakana na mayi makese a kunua pikalaku: tshilamba tshitoke tshidi tshilengeja \(50^\circ\text{C}\) (\(122^\circ\text{F}\)) kapepe ka Simoom kumpala kua kuosha mu nshingu webe ne kukuata lupuishi lutekete misangu 5 kupita bintu bia kupuya nabi padibi bipuekesha dijimija.
3. Wewe mukuate ku makasa mu tshipela tshiunzulula kuyi ne mashinyi anyi nzubu: Banda ku luseke lua lupepele lua dibue dikole, dibue dinene, anyi tshibandabanda tshile, KUENA mua kusokomena mu musulu muume (wadi / arroyo) anyi muinshi mua tshibandabanda tshia nsenga tshidi tshienda tshikola. Musulu muume wa mu tshipela (*wadi, wadi) arroyos) udi mua kuwuja musangu umua ne nsenga mipueka ne dibanda dia tshimpitshimpi mvula ya bungi, padi slip-face (\(34\text{-degree}\) angle of repose) wa tshibandabanda tshinene tshia nsenga mua kukuluka ne kujika muntu mulale anyi muiname muinshi mua nsenga ya bungi mu minite mikese. Somba anyi lala panshi ne mukolo webe ku lupepele pa buloba bukole, bubandile bua mabue, funda mutu webe ne mubidi webe bikole mu tshilamba, mu tshilamba anyi mu tshilamba, ne udisunsula bua kubenga kuikala ne nsenga idi ibuela mu minite yonso 10 anyi 15 bua kabakujikibua to.
4. Kupangisha "Convective Oven Heatstroke" mu tshikondo tshia lupepele lua Simoom anyi Khamsin. Padi luya lupita luya lua mubidi wa muntu (\(37^\circ\text{C}\) [\(98.6^\circ\text{F}\)]), ne mu tshikondo tshia Simoom ludi lufika \(50^\circ\text{C}+\) (\(122^\circ\text{F}+\)), lupepele kaluena lukulengeja kabidi to; pamutu pa nanku, lupepele ludi lupatuka ludi luenza mudimu bu four wa convection, luela kapia mu dikoba diebe eku lupatula tuishi lukasa kupita mudi mubidi webe mua kupatula. Buikila 100 pa lukama ya dikoba diebe ne bilamba bitekete, bia bule (kupuekeshi tshilamba tshipi anyi tshilamba tshia tshilamba mu lupepele lua tshipela lua kapia, ludi lufikisha ku dijimija dia mâyi mu mubidi ne ku diosha dia dikoba ku 50 pa lukama), ne nua 0,5 too ne ku 1,0 litre (16 too ne ku 32 onces) ya mâyi ne electrolytes ku dîba.
5. Usangishe balunda ne nyama pamue ku diambuluisha dia tshingoma tshia ku mubidi ne uleje muaba webe kumpala kua tshimuenekelu kufika ku zero. Wewe wenda ne bena mu dîku, bena mudimu anyi ne nyama ku makasa, suika muntu yonso pamue ne tshingoma tshidi katshiyi tshijika anyi ne tshilamba tshia kukanga natshi kumpala kua tshimanu tshia nsenga kukubuikila. Kulekedi muana anyi muena mudimu nebe ukulekela tshianza tshiebe anyi tshisuikidi tshiebe mu tshipepele tshikole to.
6. Lama motere wa mashinyi ebe ne radiateur kunyima kua tshipepele tshikole kumpala kua kutuadija kabidi. Nsenga miendesha idi mibuikila bikole munda mua bibombi bia filtre wa kapepe ka motere, bipese bia mashika bia radiateur, ne bipese bia alternateur, eku nsenga idi ishintuluka idi isokoka milonda ya luya ne dishilangana. Kumpala kua kupatuka mu mashinyi kunyima kua tshipepele tshikole tshia nsenga, kangula tshilamba tshia mashinyi ne upuekesha nsenga idi mibuikila mu tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshia dibeji tshidibu balengeje, umbusha nsenga kule ne tshiamu tshia radiateur ne tshiamu tshia kupatula natshi luya (bisonsa bia mu tshipela ne tshiamu tshia kapia tshidibu bapuekesha ku tshiamu tshia catalytic convertisseur tshidi tshitemesha kapia ka mashinyi diakamue), ne kumbusha kapia too ne ku 100 125 kilopascals (15 to 18 PSI)** shi udi ne tshia kupatuka mu nsenga mipiamipia.

Tshipepele tshikole tshia mu tshipela ne tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi katshiyi tshimueneka¶

Wenza mudimu ne mutshi wa dipangadika dia kupanduka nansha wewe muikale kunyima kua dikalu mu njila munene wa mu tshipela, mukuate ku makasa mu mpata, anyi mu tshisokomenu munda mua nzubu wa mu tshipela.

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    Start["Tshipepele tshikole tshia nsenga / tshipepele tshikole tshia mu tshipela tshidi tshisemena:<br/>Simoom, Khamsin, Shamal, Haboob, anyi Karaburan"] --> LocationType{"Udi penyi<br/>padi tshimanu tshia nsenga tshikuma?"}

    LocationType -->|"1. KUENZA MOTO MU NJILA NANSHA MU MUSHINDU"| VehicleAction{"Udiku mua kupatuka mu njila munene uya ku<br/>nzubu kumpala kua yeye kututa anyi?"}

    VehicleAction -->|"NO: Bakuata mu njila mubulula"| PullAside["'KOKA KU LUSEKE, SHALA NE MUOYO' PROTOCOL:<br/>1. Ikala mupatuke mu njila (>= 15 too ne ku 30 m / 50 too ne ku 100 ft ku dia balume)<br/>2. Shintulula muaba wa kuimana, teka frein wa kuimanyika mashinyi, ne umbusha dikasa dia tshiamu tshia frein<br/>3. JIMA MIENDE YONSO YA PANJA (miendu ya kumpala, frein, ne njiwu)<br/>4. Kanga madidishi, teka A/C ku CIRCULATE, ne ikala mubuikila munda<br/>5. Shi Simoom udi ne kapia udi ujika A/C: Lamba tshilamba tshitoke pa mutu ne nua mayi"]

    VehicleAction -->|"EYOWA: Muaba muimpe wa kutekela mashinyi / Nzubu wa kumpala"| ExitSafe["Patuka mu njila diakamue, kuimanyika mashinyi mutangile kule ne lupepele<br/>(udi ulama tshilamba tshia kumpala ne tshiamu tshia nzembu ku nsenga), ne ubuele mu nzubu"]

    LocationType -->|"2. KUKUATA KU MAKASA MU TSHIYELU TSHIA"| FootAction["MUSHINDU WA MU BULOBA:<br/>1. Vwala manyanu makanga + N95 / 4-Layer Keffiyeh Scarf<br/>2. Buikila 100% ya dikoba dia patupu ne bilamba biunzulula (bikanga 50 C ya lupepele lua mu fulu)<br/>3. Enda muaba mule wa mabue kunyima kua dibue dikole anyi tshibandabanda<br/>4. KUENA tshisokomenu mu musulu muume (wadi/wash) anyi mu tshibandabanda tshikole<br/>5. Ikala ne nyima ku lupepele, usuike tshisumbu ne tshingoma, ne unyungulula nsenga kunyima kua minite 10 yonso"]

    LocationType -->|"3. MUNDA MU NZUBU NANSHA MU TSHIBULU"| IndoorAction["MUKANDA WA MU NZUBU / MU NTENTA:<br/>1. Kanga madidishi, biibi, ne miaba ya luya ne bilamba bia kuowa nabi mâyi anyi ne tshilamba tshia kuela nabi mâyi<br/>2. Kujima tshiamu tshia mashika tshia pambelu (biamu bia mashika bidi bipuekesha lupuishi munda)<br/>3. Shi udi mu ntenta mu tshikondo tshia >80 km/h tshipepele tshikole: Ela mitshi ya ntenta mishindame ku budisuile<br/> ne uyibuikile munda mua tshilamba tshilamakaja bua lupepele katshitshibula"]

Kufuanyikija bipupu binene 6 bia mu tshipela tshia buloba bujima ne bipupu bia nsenga¶

Bamanyi ba malu a mvula batu basungula lupepele lunene lua mu tshipela ne nsenga bilondeshile tshidi tshijula mvula, bunene bua bitupa bia mvula ne njiwu ya luya. Kumanya ni udi kumpala kua luya lua mashika Haboob anyi tshipepele tshikole tshia \(52^\circ\text{C}\) Simoom / Khamsin kudi kuleja mushindu wa kulama luya lua mubidi.

Dibuela dia muinshi mua buloba 1: Fizike wa tshipepele tshikole tshia nsenga (Bua tshinyi kuimana anyi kuinama kudi kushintulula tshidi tshikutapa)¶

Kujingulula mushindu udi lupepele lufila bintu bia mu tshipela bilondeshile bunene bua ntete kudi kumvuija mushindu wa kukuba mubidi webe, mêsu ebe ne mashinyi ebe: 1. Kuinshi kua 0 too ne ku 1.5 Metres (0 too ne ku 5 Feet) kudi "Muaba wa dibutuka dia nsenga" (Saltation ne Creep): - Malu malelela a nsenga ya quartz** (\(0.06\text{ to }2.0\text{ millimeters}\) mu diamètre) adi ne bujitu bua bungi bua kubandila muulu bu muishi. Pamutu pa nanku, lupepele ludi pa mutu pa \(35\text{ to }45\text{ km/h}\) (\(22\text{ to }28\text{ mph}\)) ludi lubandisha ntete ya nsenga mu njila wa nsongo udibu babikila ne: saltation munda mua bottom \(05\text{to {txt}{5\t}. metre}\) (\(1.5\text{ to }5\text{ feet}\)) pa mutu pa buloba. - Dîba dionso didi ntete ya quartz idi ipueka ipingana mu tshipela ku \(60\text{ km/h}\), idi ipatula ntete mikuabu ya nsenga ne itshibula bitupa bikese bia bulongo ne lupuishi lua dilongo (\(<60\text{ micrometers}\)). - Diumvuija dia malu: Pabuipi ne 90 pa lukama ya nsenga mikole, idi ikosa dikoba, idi ikosa mêsu idi yenda mu 1 metre (3.3 feet) wa buloba. Shi udi mua kubanda 2 too ne ku 3 metres (6.5 to 10 feet) pa mutu pa dibue dinene, pa tshisasa tshia mashinyi manene, anyi pa tshisasa tshibidi tshia nzubu, udi mua kunyema diakamue tshitupa tshia nsenga tshikole (nansha muudi anu mubuele mu ditutu dia lupuishi didi dibandila, \(1006 too ne ku lupuishi }3,000\text{ metre}\) muulu). Kadi, shi kakuena dibue dinene dia kubanda ne udi ne tshia kusomba panshi bua kuepuka dibutuka dia lupepele, udi musombe buludiludi munda mua tshitupa tshia bungi tshia mâyi a mukele ne udi ne bua kubuikila 100 pa lukama ya mutu webe, mêsu ebe ne mubidi webe munda mua tshilamba tshikole, tshilamba anyi tshilamba ne mukolo mutangile ku lupepele. 2. Triboelectric Static Electricity Charges (\(10,000+\text{ Volts}\)): - Padi miliyare ya nsenga ya quartz ne bitupa bia lupuishi bikuatangana mu lupepele lumuma (\(<10\%\) luya), dikokangana didi dibutula electrons pankatshi pa ntete minene ne mikese (triboelectric charging), bienza bua se nzembu ya nzembu mipite pa \(10\text{ too ne ku }100\text kilot{\)metre}. - Tshidi bualu ebu buenza mu budimi: Malu adi kaayi ne buloba, antenne ya tshiamu tshia radio, rotor ya ndeke ya helikoptere, ne mashinyi adi ne tshiamu tshia insulateur adi masombe pa nkata ya tshiamu tshia caoutchouc adi akolesha bintu bia njiwu bidi mua kufila bipupu bia nzembu, kutemesha luya lua mafuta wewe mutete bua kuela mafuta a esanse mu tshiamu tshia jerrycan mu tshikondo tshia nsenga, ne kujimija radio wa HF/HVF dimanyishangana ne mutoyi wa "precipitation static". Kuela mafuta mu mashinyi nansha kakese ne tshibombi tshia mafuta mu tshikondo tshia mvula wa nsenga, ne tenga tshiamu tshia mudimu panshi/tshiamu tshia mashinyi kumpala kua kutenga antenne ya tshiamu tshia mitaku.

Dibuela dia muinshi mua buloba 2: Kupanduka ku "Simoom" ne "Khamsin" (50°C+ convective fur physics)¶

Miyuki ya kale ya mu Sahara ne mu tshipela tshia bena Arabie itu misangu ya bungi ileja benyi bavua bafua mu Simoom bienze anu bu bavua bashipa kudi gaz. Malongesha a mubidi a matuku etu aa ne a luondapu lua mu tshipela (malonga bikole kudi tshilongelu tshia basalayi ba mu États-Unis tshia malu a luondapu lua muaba udibu basombele [USARIEM] ne bamanyi ba malu a mubidi ba mu Isalele/bena Arabe) mbajadike ne: "mushipa" wa Simoom udi disama dia luya lua bungi didi disangisha ne diuma dia njila wa luya:

Mushindu kayi wa kuepuka diuma dia njila wa luya ne dibuikila dia mutoyi mu tshipepele tshikole tshia nsenga¶

Paudi upuekesha kapepe ka \(50^\circ\text{C}\) (\(122^\circ\text{F}\)) ku luya lua \(5\%\) luule tente ne lupuishi lua mabue a mushinga mukole kupitshila ku mukana muudi kauyi mubuikila: 1. Lupepele lua kapia, luume lua mifuba ludi lujimija diakamue tshintu tshidi tshikuba ludimi luebe, tshia mu tshiadi, tshia mu tshiadi ne tshia mu tshiadi tshiebe. 2. Dilongo dimpe ne lupuishi lua tshisuku bidi bisambakana ne mate eba adi auma ne mutoyi wa mu tshiadi bua kuenza tshintu tshikole tshidi tshifuanangane ne simente kunyima kua nshingu webe ne mu mishiku yebe, bienza bua muntu ikale ne tshiji tshikole ne mupuya (mu malu a kale uvua mushipianganyi wa kumpala wa basalayi ne bimuna bavua kabayi ne mpala mu Karaburan ne mu Simoom). 3. Dilongolola: - Misangu yonso ikala upuyakana ku mpala webe (kuela mupuya nansha kakese ne mukana muunzulula) paudi munda mua tshilamba tshia 4-layer damp cotton head wrap (keffiyeh / shemagh / bandana) anyi N95 mask. - Ela tshilamba pa mukana ne mu mishiku ne mayi (anyi mu njiwu ya bungi ya kupanduka kakuyi mayi a kunua, ela pambelu pa tshilamba tshia kupuyakana ne mâyi adi kaayi ne buanga anyi mene ne mashi bua kuenza bua lupepele ludi lubuela lufike ku mashika ne lulengeje luya ludi lubuela kumpala kua lukuate mu mikolo yebe, ** *udi unua mashika a bungi, **udi unua bikole dipanga dia mfyo, kadi kutokesha tshilamba tshia pambelu/tshilamba tshia kupuyakana kudi kuenza mudimu ne kapia ka muinshi mua buloba kakuyi njiwu). - Nua mâyi makese kunyima kua minite 10 anyi 15 bua kulama tshitupa tshia mu nshingu tshikale tshitoke bua mishiku yebe ya mu njila wa luya ikale mua kumbusha lupuishi muulu.

Dibuela dia muinshi mua buloba 3: Dipanduka dia mashinyi ne didipatula dia panyima pa tshipepele tshikole mu nsenga mikole¶

Tshipepele tshikole tshia nsenga tshidi tshibunda mashinyi mu tshikondo tshia tshipepele tshikole ne diakamue panyima patshi padi bendeshi bateta bua kupatuka mu nsenga idi mibutuka:

1. Park Facing AWAY from the Wind (Mukila mu Wind):
2. Shi udi na kitatyi kya kuteka mashinyi eba nansha mashinyi manene pambelu pa njila kumeso kwa tshipepele tshikole tshia \(100\text{ km/h}\), leja tshiibi tshia panyima tshia mashinyi mu lupepele bua tshilamba tshia kumpala ne tshilamba tshia kumpala tshitangile ku lupepele.
3. Nsenga ya quartz idi ikuma ku \(100\text{ km/h}\) idi inyanguka tshilamba tshia kumpala tshia mashinyi too ne paditshi tshimueneka bu tshilamba tshia mu nzubu wa kuowa mâyi tshidi ne mashika (tshienza bua muntu kayi mua kumona padi dîba ditshitangila pashishe), tshidi tshimbusha peinture ku tshilamba tshia mashinyi, ne tshidi tshibueja bintu bikole mu tshilamba tshia kumpala tshia radiateur ne mu mapapa a condenseur wa A/C.
4. Kukandika Hydro-Lock wa Motere / Dust-Lock ("Kukanga Motere"):
5. Mu tshikondo tshia mvula wa nsenga mutantshi mule, nsenga mikese idi ibuela mu kazubu ka luya lua motere ne idi ikola pa dibeji dia tshiamu tshia kapepe ka motere too ne padi tshisefa tshijika 100 pa lukama (tshidi tshipangisha motere bua kapepe) anyi tshiseba tshia dibeji tshidi tshikuluka munda muinshi mua luya ne tshiela nsenga ya quartz mu tshiamu tshia turbochargeur ne tshibutula motere mu minite mikese.
6. Epuka dienza dia motere webe kayi ne bualu munkatshi mua mêba a bungi mu tshikondo tshia tshipepele tshikole tshia nsenga pa kumbusha padibi bikengela kuikala ne luya/luya lua mu nzubu bua kuepuka tshipupu tshia luya anyi tshia mashika tshidi mua kushipa muntu. Shi udi ne tshia kuenza mudimu ne motere bua A/C mu luya lua \(50^\circ\text{C}\), patuka ne budimu ku luseke lua lupepele kunyima kua minite 45 yonso (musuika ku tshiibi) bua kutangila ni nsenga ki mmubande bua kukanga tshiibi anyi kukanga tshibuelelu tshia radiateur, ne tuaku pa tshiamu tshia motere tshidi tshilengeja kapepe padi tshipepele tshijika.
7. Mushindu wa kuendesha mashinyi mu nsenga mikole kunyima kua tshipepele tshikole kuyi udikuma too ne ku mashinyi:
8. Mu tshikondo tshia mvula wa nsenga wa mêba 3, lupepele ludi luenza tshipepele tshikole tshidi tshinyunguluka nkata yebe idi mimane ne ludi luteka **\(30\text{ to }60\text{ centimètres}\) (\(1\text{ to }2\text{ feet}\)) ya nsenga mipepele idi mipuekeshibue kudi lupepele ** ne muinshi mua nkata yebe.
9. Kuena nansha kakese pa tshiamu tshia esanse ne kunyunguluja nkata yebe ku bukole bua nkata ya mu njila munene (\(220\text{ to }250\text{ kPa}\) [\(32\text{ to }36\text{ PSI}\)]): kunyungulula nkata ya mashinyi idi ne bukole bua bungi idi yenza mudimu bu biamu bia tshijengu bidi bikuata bululame mu sekonde 3 too ne padi mashinyi eba ajika muulu-munkatshi pa mutu pa nsenga.
10. Mushindu wa kupatula nsenga ya mu tshipela mu bitupa binayi:
    1. Kumbula kumpala: Umbusha nsenga idi mibuele kumpala ne kunyima kua nkata yonso inayi, ne umbusha nsenga yonso idi muinshi mua dishilangana dia mashinyi ne difu dia kazubu ka mashinyi.
    2. Kupuekesha kapepe mu nkata yonso inayi too ne ku \(100\text{ too ne ku }125\text{ kilopascals}\) (\(15\text{ to }18\text{ PSI}\)): Kupuekesha kapepe mu nkata yebe kudi kuvudija tshitupa tshia nkata (bule bua tshitupa tshia dikuma) ne 50 too ne ku 10 pa lukama, kuanyishila tshifulu tshia kuulu tshia kuulu nsenga bu tshilamba tshia neje pamutu pa kudina. (Endela bitekete bitekete, muinshi mua \(40\text{ km/h}\) [\(25\text{ mph}\)] kuyi unyunguluka bikole, too ne paudi ufika ku tshibandilu ne udi mua kupingaja luya).
    3. Wenza mudimu ne mabaya a kukoka nawu mashinyi, matadi a panshi a mashinyi, anyi broshe: Matadi a panshi a mashinyi a tshiamu tshia nshinga, bibandilu bia nsenga, mabue a nsenga, anyi broshe wa mu tshipela muinshi mua mushiku wa kumpala wa nkata ya mashinyi.
    4. Jima tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshikoka mashinyi (TCS): Tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshipuekesha bukole bua motere dîba didi dikalu dibuela mu nsenga, tshipangisha lubilu luebe; shintulula ku 4WD High/Low (anyi ujime TCS mu 2WD) ne wenze mudimu ne throttle mupepele, mushindame kuyi unyunguluka nkata.

Tshiamu tshia luondapu tshia panyima pa tshipepele tshikole tshia nsenga: Tshipupu tshia mu tshibandabanda (Coccidioides) ne dinyanguka dia mêsu¶

Nansha wewe mumane kupanduka ku tshipepele tshikole tshia nsenga, ikala utangila masama abidi adi mua kuenzeka mu mbingu 1 anyi 3 idi ilonda:

• Corneal Sand Foreign Bodies: Shi meso eba umvua bibi, umvua kanyinganyinga, anyi umvua butoke kunyima kua tshipepele tshikole, kuyikuate to. Koka tshitupa tshia kuulu tshia mêsu bitekete bitekete pa nsuki ya kuinshi paudi wenda usukula ne mâyi a mukele anyi mâyi a mu milondo mimpe munkatshi mua minite 15; shi disama nansha dipanga dia kumona dienda dikola, lomba munganga bua kutangila tshitupa tshia mêsu ne dikala dia fluorescein bua kumanya ni kudi ntete ya quartz; mona diambuluisha dia kumpala dia disama dia mêsu.
• Coccidioidomycosis ("Valley Fever") in the Americas: Ku Sud-Ouest kua États-Unis (Arizona, Californie's Central/Coachella/Antelope Valleys, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Texas) ne ku nord/central Mexique, buloba bua tshipela budi ne tshipupu tshikese tshia ***Coccidiotiside *Coccidiosis ****ii *Posses. Kuela mupuya umua wa mu lupepele mu tshikondo tshia tshipepele tshikole kudi mua kufikisha ku Valley Fever mbingu 1 anyi 3 pashishe (tshifu tshidi katshiyi tshijika, kapepe, tuishi tua butuku, ditshioka dikole, disama dia mu tshiadi, ne bipeta bikunze ku bikono bidibu babikila ne: erythema nodosum). Ambila munganga webe patoke ne: uvua mukuatshike mu tshipepele tshikole tshia mu tshipela bua yeye kuteta bua kumanya ni udi ne anticorps ya fungus pamutu pa kumumona bibi ne: udi ne disama dia pneumonie dia bactérie.
• Meningococal Meningitis in African Harmattan Belt: Mu Afrike wa ku Ouest ne wa ku Sud kua Sahara, bipupu bia lupuishi bia Harmattan biume bidi binyanga bimanu bia mu njila wa lupepele ne bidi bijula ​​disama dia meningitis dia bactérie; keba diambuluisha dia lukasa ku lupitadi bua kapia kakole ka tshimpitshimpi, mutu usama bikole, ne nshingu mukole.

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Bua tshinyi lupepele lua "Simoom" lua mu tshipela luvuabu babikila kale ne: "Lupepele lua buanga," ne ludi mua kukushipa mu dîba dimue anyi?¶

Muaku Simoom udi ufumina ku muji wa tshiena-Arabe samūm, udi umvuija "lupepele lua buanga," bualu benda bavua bakuatamu bavua misangu ya bungi bakuluka ne bafua lukasa ne dikoba dikunze ne kakuyi mputa ya pambelu, bivua bifikisha bantu ba kale ku ditaba ne: lupepele luvua ne lupepele lua buanga. Dimanya dia malu a mu tshipela dia matuku etu aa diakajadikila ne: Simoom kena ne buanga nansha bumue; kadi, i lupepele lukola too ne ku $48^\circ\text{C}$ too ne ku $54^\circ\text{C}$ ($118^\circ\text{F}$ too ne ku $129^\circ\text{F}$) ne luya lua muinshi mua 5 pa lukama. Bu mudi kapepe kafika ku $17^\circ\text{C}$ ($30^\circ\text{F}$) kapia kupita luya lua mubidi wa muntu ($37^\circ\text{C}$ [$98.6^\circ\text{F}$]), lupepele ludi luela mbila ludi luenza mudimu bu tshintu tshidi tshienza mudimu ne luya lukole ludi lupompa luya luonso ludi kaluyi lubuikila too ne ku 2 litre ya tuishi ku dîba, bidi mua kufikisha ku lufu lua luya ne diuma dia njila ya luya mu minite 60 too ne ku 90 pa kumbusha 100 pa lukama ya dikoba diebe ne njila ya luya idi mibuikila.

Bua tshinyi mbimpe kuvuala bilamba bia maboko male, pantalo mile, ne tshilamba tshia ku mutu mu tshilamba tshia nsenga tshia mu tshipela tshia \(48^\circ\text{C}\) (\(118^\circ\text{F}\)) pamutu pa bilamba bikese ne tshilamba tshia tshilamba?¶

Mu tshikondo tshia mashika tshia mu muvu wa été tshidi muinshi mua $35^\circ\text{C}$ ($95^\circ\text{F}$), dikoba didi kadiyi ne tshintu didi diambuluisha bua kulengeja mubidi webe bualu lupepele ludi lunyunguluke ludi ne mashika kupita dikoba diebe. Kadi, padi luya lua mu tshipela lupita $37^\circ\text{C}$ ($98.6^\circ\text{F}$) mu tshikondo tshia tshipepele tshikole tshia nsenga, dikoba didi kadiyi ne tshintu didi dipeta kapia ka bungi kadi kafumina ku dîba ne kapia kadi kafumina buludiludi ku lupepele lua kapia, eku bipepele biume bidi bipatuka mu dikoba bua lupepele ludi kaluyi luenda lukasa kumpala kua luya ludi lupatuka mashi ebe. Kuvuala bilamba bipepele, bia bule bujima ne tshilamba tshia ku mutu kudi kuenza bua kapepe ka $37^\circ\text{C}$ ku luseke lua dikoba diebe, kudi kupangisha $50^\circ\text{C}$ luya lua lupepele, kudi kupangisha bua kuosha ne nsenga ya quartz, ne kudi kukepesha dijimija diebe dia mâyi ku dîba too ne ku 50 pa lukama too ne ku 50 pa lukama.

Bua tshinyi kuena ne bua kunyemena mu musulu wa tshipela muume (wadi, wash, anyi arroyo) anyi ku nsongo ya nsenga mu tshikondo tshia mvula wa nsenga?¶

Misulu ya mu tshipela miume (wadis anyi washes) ne luseke lua lupepele lukole (slip-face) lua mikuna ya nsenga idi yenza mudimu bidi bikuata buloba mu tshikondo tshia tshipepele tshikole. Tshia kumpala, dipuekesha dia nsenga didi dipueka mu mayi adi panshi ne didisangisha mu mayi manene adi apita ku muelelu wa mâyi, eku mvula wa mabue udi ufila tshipepele tshikole tshia nsenga mutantshi wa kilometre 20 mu mikuna mua kutuma musangu umue tshimanu tshia mâyi a mvula wa tshimpitshimpi panshi mu tshina tshimue atshi. Tshibidi, mpala wa tshibandabanda tshinene tshia nsenga udi mu tshitupa tshia 34-degree tshia dikisha; bu mudi tshipepele tshikole tshia nsenga tshisangisha tone ya nsenga mipiamipia pa tshibandabanda tshia nsenga, tshibandabanda tshijima tshidi mua kukosa ne kukuluka mu tshimpitshimpi pa muntu yonso udi musokome ku nshindamenu watshi, tshimujiika ne muoyo. Misangu yonso ikala musokome pa buloba bukole, bubandile bua mabue ku luseke lua lupepele lua dibue dikole anyi mashinyi.

Mmunyi mudi kulekela kapepe kapatuka mu nkata yebe (kupatula kapepe too ne ku 15 PSI) kupatula mashinyi adi makole mu nsenga ya mu tshipela?¶

Ku bukole bua nkata ya mu njila munene (32 too ne ku 36 PSI / 220 too ne ku 250 kPa), nkata ya mashinyi itu mikole ne mikese, idi ifila bujitu buonso bua mashinyi pa tshitupa tshikese tshia bunene bua tshianza tshiebe bua nkata idi inyunguluka ikose buludiludi mu nsenga miunzuluke bu tshiamu tshia kukosa natshi pizza. Kupuekesha kapepe mu nkata yonso inayi too ne ku 15 too ne ku 18 PSI (100 too ne ku 125 kPa) kudi kuenza bua bimanu bia ku luseke bia tshiamu tshia nshinga bikale bipepele ne bilengeja tshitupa tshia kuinshi kua nkata panshi, bivuija bunene bua nkata misangu ibidi. Mona ne: kualabaja tshitupa tshia makasa kakuena kuenza bua tshiendedi tshikale tshinene ku luseke ne ku luseke to; pamutu pa nanku, bidi bienza bua tshitupa tshia nkata tshikale tshile misangu ibidi kumpala too ne panyima bu mudi tshibandilu tshia mu tshina anyi tshia snowshoe, tshikepesha bujitu bua panshi ku tshitupa bua mashinyi akuluke pa mutu pa nsenga.

Miaba mifumina¶

• World Meteorological Organization (WMO): Sand and Dust Storm Warning System and Assessment System (SDS-WAS) Compendium on Science and Technology for Sand and Dust Storms (Simoom, Khamsin, Shamal, Harmattan, and Karaburan Classifications).
• Tshibambalu tshia malu a mvula tshia ditunga (NWS / NOAA, États-Unis) ne Tshibambalu tshia malu a njila tshia mu Arizona (ADOT): "Pull Aside, Stay Alive" Highway Sand/Dust Storm Survival Campaign and Blowing Dust Warning Protocols.
• Tshibambalu tshia basalayi tshia mu États-Unis / Tshiluilu tshia mu diulu tshia mu États-Unis: FM 3-05.70 (FM 21-76) Mukanda wa dipanduka, nshapita wa 13: Mukanda wa dipanduka mu tshipela, bulongame bua luya lua mu tshipela, ne njiwu ya muaba udibu basombele.
• United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM): Physiology of Heat Balance and Sweat Evaporation Limits in Extreme Arid Environments (\(>45^\circ\text{C}\) Ambient Air).
• Bibambalu bia diluisha ne dikuba dia masama (CDC, États-Unis) ne bulongolodi bua malu a bukola bua mubidi pa buloba bujima (OMS): Coccidioidomycosis (tshipupu tshia mu tshibandabanda) kunyima kua bipupu bia lupuishi/nsenga ne dikuba dia meningitis wa meningococcal mu tshitupa tshia Harmattan.

Malu adi apetangana¶

• Bipupu bia lupuishi: bukubi bua njila minene ne bukubi bua mupuya
• Haboobs ne bimanu bia lupuishi lua mvula mukole
• Kapia kakole ne dipanduka dia mu tshipepele tshikole
• Disama dia luya: ditshioka dia luya ne diambuluisha dia kumpala dia luya
• Kujimina pambelu: tshipela ne muoyo wa tshipela