Åpne (sammensatte) brudd, eksponert benpleie og splinting¶
Nødnumre varierer fra land til land. Denne siden bruker 911, nummeret for USA og Canada. Mange andre land bruker 112, 999 eller et annet nummer. Finn nummeret for ditt land.
Et åpent brudd (historisk kalt et sammensatt brudd) oppstår når et brukket bein kommuniserer med det ytre miljøet gjennom et brudd i huden og underliggende bløtvev. Mens mange åpne brudd presenteres dramatisk med et hakket hvitt eller blodfarget benspyd som synlig stikker ut gjennom huden, eksisterer det også et åpent brudd når et beinfragment stikker ut i støtøyeblikket og umiddelbart glir tilbake under huden, og etterlater bare et lite, mørkt, sivende punkteringshull rett over bruddstedet.
Hvert åpent brudd er en tidskritisk ortopedisk kirurgisk nødsituasjon av tre årsaker: alvorlig ekstern og intern blødning, direkte bakteriell kontaminering av benmargshulen som fører til dyp beninfeksjon (osteomyelitt) og ikke-sammenføyning, og innklemming eller knekking av den tilstøtende store nervepulsåren. Å vite hvordan du kontrollerer blødninger uten å trykke direkte ned på et skarpt utstående benskår, hvorfor du aldri må forsøke å skyve en eksponert benende tilbake under huden, hvordan du beskytter eksponert bein fra å tørke ut med en steril saltvannsfuktet bandasje, og hvordan du utfører en distal Puls, Motor, og Sensation (PMS) sjekk av livstid for pasienten og etter splinting.
Gjør dette nå¶
- Call your local emergency number immediately and request Advanced Life Support (ALS) paramedics. Dial 911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom, 000 in Australia, or check the directory of nødnummer.
- Kontroller først livstruende ytre blødninger uten å trykke ned på det utstikkende beinet. Hvis det spruter eller renner knallrødt blod fra lemmet, påfør en kommersiell ankerspill turniquet 5 til 7 centimeter (2 til 3 tommer) over (proksimalt til) det åpne bruddstedet (aldri rett over et ledd). For jevn venøs eller benmargseffekt, trykk sterile gasbind godt mot kantene av såret rundt bunnen av beinet eller bygg en klumpete smørtring/tvillingrull-ringpute rundt det utstikkende beinet slik at du aldri sliper den skarpe beinenden inn i nerver og arterier.
- NEVER try to push a protruding bone fragment back inside the wound and NEVER scrub or pour antiseptics into the bone. Shoving a dirty bone end back beneath the skin drags soil, clothing fibers, and skin bacteria deep into the sterile medullary canal of the bone and risks slicing the adjacent artery or nerve in half.
- Cover the exposed bone and open wound with a large sterile dressing moistened with sterile normal saline (0.9% sodium chloride) or a clean dry sterile trauma pad. Keeping exposed bone cortex and periosteum covered with a sterile saline-dampened pad (topped with a dry outer bandage) prevents the living outer bone cells from drying out and dying while blocking airborne bacteria.
- Check distal circulation, sensation, and movement (the PMS check) below the fracture BEFORE and AFTER splinting. Gently feel for the distal pulse (radial pulse at the wrist or dorsalis pedis/posterior tibial pulse at the foot), check capillary refill and skin warmth/color in the fingers or toes, and ask if the person can feel light touch and wiggle their fingers or toes.
- Immobilize the limb in the exact position found by splinting the joint above and the joint below the fracture, and keep the patient strictly NPO (nothing by mouth) and warm. Only if the lower limb is grossly angled AND the foot or hand below the break is cold, pale/bluish, and completely pulseless, and paramedics are more than 15 to 30 minutes away, should a trained responder apply gentle longitudinal traction to align the limb enough to restore blood flow.
Why pushing exposed bone back inside the wound is a devastating mistake
The moment a fractured bone end pierces the skin, its sticky periosteal surface and hollow marrow cavity become coated with Staphylococcus and Streptococcus bacteria from the skin, soil clostridia, or threads of clothing. If a bystander or rescuer pulls on the limb or pushes the bone back under the skin at the accident scene, those bacteria are sucked deep into the dark, blood-filled interior of the muscle compartments and bone marrow, where standard surface washing cannot reach them. In the hospital, orthopedic trauma surgeons take the patient to a sterile operating room, mechanically debride the contaminated bone tips under anesthesia, and flush the open wound with 3 to 9 liters (0.8 to 2.4 gallons) of sterile saline before sliding the clean bone back into alignment. Leave protruding bone exactly where it is and cover it with a sterile dressing.
Emergency decision tree for open (compound) fractures¶
flowchart TD
Start["Suspected Limb Fracture with Bleeding Skin Wound or Visible Protruding Bone"]
CallEMS["Call Emergency Medical Services (ALS Paramedics) Immediately<br/>Put on nitrile gloves and cut clothing away to expose entire limb"]
BleedCheck{"Is There Life-Threatening Arterial Spurting<br/>or Uncontrolled Pouring Blood?"}
TourniquetStep["APPLY WINDLASS TOURNIQUET IMMEDIATELY<br/>1. Place tourniquet 5 to 7 cm (2 to 3 in) ABOVE the open fracture wound<br/> (Never directly over the broken bone or over the knee/elbow joint)<br/>2. Tighten windlass until bright red bleeding stops completely<br/>3. Write exact time of application on tourniquet strap"]
RingPadStep["CONTROL NON-ARTERIAL BLEEDING SAFELY<br/>1. DO NOT press directly down on top of protruding bone<br/>2. Press sterile gauze firmly around the soft-tissue edges beside the bone<br/>3. Build a bulky twin-roll or doughnut ring pad around protruding bone"]
WoundCover["DRESS THE EXPOSED BONE & OPEN WOUND<br/>1. DO NOT push bone back inside; DO NOT scrub wound<br/>2. If gross loose gravel sits on skin beside wound, gently rinse with sterile saline only<br/>3. Cover exposed bone with sterile saline-moistened gauze + dry outer pad<br/>4. Wrap bandage snugly around ring pad without pushing bone inward"]
PMSCheck1{"Perform First Distal Neurovascular (PMS) Check:<br/>Is the Hand/Foot Below the Break PULSELESS, Cold, and Pale/Blue?"}
PulselessCheck{"Is the Limb Severely Angled/Twisted AND<br/>Is EMS Transport > 15 to 30 Minutes Away?"}
GentleAlign["ISCHEMIC LIMB SALVAGE REALIGNMENT<br/>1. Support above and below fracture with both hands<br/>2. Apply smooth, gentle inline traction to untwist kinked artery<br/>3. STOP immediately if bone catches, severe resistance is felt, or bone starts retracting<br/>4. Re-check pulse immediately"]
SplintAsFound["SPLINT IN EXACT POSITION FOUND<br/>1. Pad all gaps generously with soft towels or clothing<br/>2. Immobilize the joint ABOVE and the joint BELOW the open fracture<br/>3. Leave fingers or toes exposed to monitor color and warmth"]
PMSCheck2["Perform Post-Splint PMS Check Every 10 to 15 Minutes<br/>Keep patient strictly NPO (nothing by mouth) and wrap in warm blankets"]
Start --> CallEMS
CallEMS --> BleedCheck
BleedCheck -->|Yes: Arterial / Massive Bleed| TourniquetStep
BleedCheck -->|No: Venous / Marrow Oozing| RingPadStep
TourniquetStep --> WoundCover
RingPadStep --> WoundCover
WoundCover --> PMSCheck1
PMSCheck1 -->|No: Pulse Present, Warm Pink Digits| SplintAsFound
PMSCheck1 -->|Yes: Pulseless, Pale, Cold Hand/Foot| PulselessCheck
PulselessCheck -->|Yes: Gross Angulation + Delayed EMS| GentleAlign
PulselessCheck -->|No: EMS Near or Bone Locked| SplintAsFound
GentleAlign --> SplintAsFound
SplintAsFound --> PMSCheck2
The Gustilo-Anderson classification of open fractures: Why even a tiny puncture wound over a break is an emergency¶
Many people assume an open fracture only happens when 5 centimeters (2 inches) of white bone sticks out of a leg. In reality, orthopedic surgeons classify open fractures using the Gustilo-Anderson grading system into three major tiers, and Type I is the one most frequently missed by laypeople:
| Gustilo-Anderson Grade | Skin Wound Size & Mechanism | Underlying Soft Tissue & Bone Damage | Infection Risk (Without Prompt IV Antibiotics) | Key First Aid & Triage Takeaway |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type I Open Fracture ("The Poke-Out and Slip-Back" Break) | Skin wound < 1 centimeter (0.4 inches), typically a clean-looking puncture hole from the inside out where a sharp bone tip poked through the skin at impact and popped back inside | Minimal muscle bruising; simple transverse or short oblique bone break | 0% to 2% (rises sharply if ignored as a "simple scratch") | Never dismiss a small bleeding puncture hole over a broken shin, wrist, or ankle as a surface scrape. Treat every skin break over a fracture as an open fracture requiring IV antibiotics within 60 to 180 minutes |
| Type II Open Fracture | Skin laceration 1 to 10 centimeters (0.4 to 4 inches) long without extensive tissue flaps or avulsions | Moderate muscle crushing and periosteal stripping; moderate bacterial contamination | 2% to 7% | Cover with sterile saline-moistened dressing; control peripheral bleeding; immobilize joint above and below |
| Type IIIA Open Fracture | Wound > 10 centimeters (4 inches) or high-energy trauma (motor vehicle crash, fall from height) regardless of wound size | Severe muscle crushing and comminuted (shattered) bone, but enough soft tissue remains to cover the bone at surgery | 5% to 10% | High risk of hidden blood loss and kompartment syndrom; priority 1 trauma transport |
| Type IIIB Open Fracture | Wound > 10 centimeters (4 inches) with massive soft-tissue loss and stripped, exposed bone | Periosteum (living outer skin of the bone) is stripped off; bone stays exposed and requires surgical rotational muscle flap coverage; heavy contamination (soil, farmyard, water) | 10% to 50% | Keep exposed bone moist with sterile saline gauze so stripped cortical bone does not desiccate and die; never apply dry cotton or harsh antiseptics |
| Type IIIC Open Fracture | Any open fracture accompanied by a major arterial vascular injury requiring surgical repair to save the limb | Transected or occluded popliteal, femoral, tibial, or brachial artery; severe limb ischemia (cold, pale, pulseless foot or hand) | 25% to 50% (amputation rate reaches 25% to 90% if revascularization takes > 6 hours) | Time-critical limb-salvage emergency ("The 6-Hour Warm Ischemia Window"). Control arterial hemorrhage with tourniquet if spurting, or gently untwist gross kinking if pulseless and protocol permits |
Anatomy and pathophysiology of an open bone injury¶
1. Why broken bones bleed so heavily (even without cutting a named artery)¶
Laypeople often forget that living human bone is not dry white chalk; it is a highly vascular organ supplied by high-flow nutrient arteries that enter the bone shaft and branch through a rich network of sinusoids inside the red and yellow bone marrow (medullary canal). * When a large long bone snaps open, blood pours out of both torn ends of the medullary canal as well as the shredded periosteum and surrounding muscle beds. * Even in a closed fracture, internal blood loss into the surrounding compartment is massive, and in an open fracture, blood loss often doubles because external skin tamponade is lost:
| Fractured Bone | Typical Internal/External Blood Loss (Adult) | Percentage of Total Adult Blood Volume (5 Liters) | Shock Risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pelvic Ring Fracture | 1,500 to 5,000 milliliters (3 to 10 pints) | 30% to 100% | Immediately life-threatening (can cause fatal exsanguination on its own) |
| Femur (Thighbone) Shaft Fracture | 1,000 to 2,000 milliliters (2 to 4 pints) | 20% to 40% | High (a bilateral femur fracture easily causes fatal hemorrhagic shock) |
| Tibia / Fibula (Lower Leg) Fracture | 500 to 1,000 milliliters (1 to 2 pints) | 10% to 20% | Moderate (severe if open or paired with other injuries) |
| Humerus (Upper Arm) Fracture | 500 to 750 milliliters (1 to 1.5 pints) | 10% to 15% | Moderate |
| Radius / Ulna (Forearm) Fracture | 250 to 500 milliliters (0.5 to 1 pint) | 5% to 10% | Low-to-moderate unless radial/ulnar artery is lacerated |
2. Why the Periosteum and Cortical Bone must be kept moist¶
Every living bone is wrapped in a tough, vascular fibrous membrane called the periosteum, which carries the osteoprogenitor stem cells and microscopic blood vessels that heal fractures. * When a bone end protrudes through the skin into dry air, wind, or sun, the delicate periosteum and outer Haversian canals of the cortical bone desiccate (dry out) within 20 to 30 minutes. * Once cortical bone dries out, the osteocytes in that outer layer die (cortical osteonecrosis), turning the living bone tip into a dead piece of biological ivory (a sequestrum) that bacteria colonize easily and that the body cannot heal without surgical bone resection and grafting. * Covering exposed bone promptly with sterile gauze moistened with sterile 0.9% normal saline (or clean potable water if sterile saline is unavailable) preserves osteocyte viability until the patient reaches the operating room.
3. The "Golden 1-to-3-Hour Window" for Intravenous Antibiotics¶
Kliniske ortopediske studier viser at den viktigste medisinske faktoren for å forebygge kronisk osteomyelitt (dyp beininfeksjon) etter et åpent brudd er hvor raskt intravenøs bredspektret antibiotika når bruddhematomet. * When IV cefazolin (plus gram-negative coverage for Grade III or penicillin/metronidazole for farmyard/soil clostridial contamination) is started within 60 minutes (and no later than 3 hours) of injury, deep bone infection rates drop by more than 60 percent. * Det er grunnen til at selv et åpent brudd av grad I som ser mindre ut (et lite 5-millimeters blødende hull over en brukket ankel eller håndledd) må umiddelbart til akuttmottaket på sykehus med ambulanse i stedet for å vente til neste morgen.
Trinn-for-steg-teknikk: Håndtering av et åpent brudd i felten¶
Step 1: Expose the entire limb safely¶
- Put on medical nitrile gloves.
- Cut clothing away with trauma shears or scissors: Never try to pull a pant leg or tight jacket sleeve off over a broken limb. Pulling clothing drags dirty fabric across the exposed bone and levers the jagged fracture ends against the adjacent artery and nerve. Cut straight up the seam of the trouser leg or sleeve to expose the entire limb from the hip/shoulder down to the toes/fingers.
- Remove rings, watches, bracelets, and shoes immediately (if safe): Swelling travels rapidly down an injured arm or leg. A wedding ring or wristwatch left on a fractured arm becomes an unyielding metal tourniquet within 30 minutes, causing finger necrosis. Slip rings and watches off immediately before the fingers swell.
Step 2: Control bleeding around protruding bone (The Ring-Pad & Tourniquet Protocol)¶
- If there is life-threatening arterial bleeding (bright red blood spurting with each heartbeat or rapidly pooling on the ground):
- Do not waste time trying to press delicately around a bone shard while a femoral, popliteal, or brachial artery bleeds out.
- Immediately apply a commercial windlass tourniquet (such as a CAT or SOFTT-W) 5 to 7 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) proximal (above/closer to the heart) to the open fracture wound.
- Key Tourniquet Placement Rule for Fractures: Never strap a tourniquet directly on top of the protruding bone or directly over the fracture site (where tightening the strap would grind the broken bone ends into the artery), and never place it directly over the knee or elbow joint. If the open fracture is in the lower leg (tibia) and very close to the knee, place the tourniquet right above the knee on the lower thigh. Tighten the windlass until bright red bleeding stops completely, lock the clip, and write the time on the strap.
- If there is steady venous or bone-marrow bleeding without arterial spurting:
- Never press flat down on top of a protruding bone tip.
- Instead, place sterile gauze pads around the edges of the skin wound right at the base of the bone and press firmly against the soft tissue beside the bone.
- Build a Twin-Roll or Doughnut Ring Pad (exactly like stabilizing an impaled object): take two thick rolls of roller gauze (or fold a triangular bandage or clean towel into a thick ring) and place them on either side of the protruding bone so they rise higher than the tip of the bone. This ring pad protects the bone tip from getting bumped or pushed inward when you wrap the outer dressing.
Step 3: Wound contamination rules and the Moist-Plus-Dry Dressing¶
- What if dirt, grass, or gravel is stuck to the protruding bone?
- Do not scrub, pick at, or brush the bone with gauze or fingers. Mechanical scrubbing strips the fragile periosteum and pushes dirt deeper into the porous cancellous bone marrow.
- If you have a bottle or bag of sterile 0.9% normal saline (or clean potable bottled drinking water), you may gently pour a low-pressure stream over the wound to float away gross loose gravel or mud before laying your dressing on top.
- Never pour hydrogen peroxide, rubbing alcohol, povidone-iodine (Betadine), chlorhexidine, or household soap into an open fracture. These antiseptics are toxic to osteoblasts and muscle cells and destroy the tissue's natural resistance to infection.
- Apply the Two-Layer Open Fracture Dressing:
- Layer 1 (Over the Bone): Lay a thick sterile gauze pad moistened with sterile normal saline gently over the exposed bone and open wound. (If you have no sterile saline, use a clean dry sterile non-adherent trauma dressing; never use fluffy cotton balls or paper tissues that shed lint into the bone.)
- Layer 2 (Outer Protective Cover): Place a thick dry sterile abdominal (ABD) pad or multi-trauma dressing over the moist inner pad and the surrounding ring pad, then wrap roller gauze snugly around the limb to hold the dressing in place without pushing the bone inward.
Step 4: How to perform the Distal Neurovascular (PMS / CMS) Check¶
Every time you assess a fracture (before you touch or splint it, immediately after you tie the splint, and every 10 to 15 minutes until paramedics take over), you must check and document the PMS triad (Pulse/Perfusion, Motor function, and Sensation) in the hand or foot below the break.
| Neurovascular Component | Upper Extremity Check (Broken Arm, Elbow, or Wrist) | Lower Extremity Check (Broken Thigh, Knee, Shin, or Ankle) | Warning Sign of Neurovascular Compromise |
|---|---|---|---|
| P = Pulse & Perfusion (Arterial Blood Supply) | 1. Feel the Radial Pulse on the thumb side of the wrist. 2. Check Capillary Refill by pressing a fingernail bed until white and releasing (normal color returns in < 2 seconds). 3. Check finger warmth and pink color. |
1. Feel the Dorsalis Pedis Pulse on the top arch of the foot AND the Posterior Tibial Pulse behind the inner ankle bone (medial malleolus). 2. Check toe capillary refill (< 2 seconds), warmth, and color. |
Absent distal pulse, capillary refill > 2 to 3 seconds, or fingers/toes that are pale, waxy white, mottled blue, or ice-cold compared to the uninjured limb. |
| M = motorisk funksjon (perifer nerve intakt) | - Radial nerve: Be pasienten gi en "Tommel opp" eller strekk håndleddet/fingrene oppover (sjekk for håndleddsfall). - Mediannerve: Be pasienten om å lage et "OK"-tegn som klyper tommelspissen til indeksspissen. - Ulnar nerve: Be pasienten spre fingrene vidt fra hverandre som en vifte. |
- Dyp peroneal (fibular) nerve: Be pasienten dra stortåen og foten oppover mot nesen (dorsalfleksjon; se etter fotfall). - Tibialisnerve: Be pasienten presse foten og tærne nedover som å tråkke på en gasspedal (plantarfleksjon). |
Manglende evne til å trekke foten opp (peroneal nerveparese, vanlig ved kne-/fibulabrudd) eller manglende evne til å forlenge håndleddet/tommelen (radial nerveparese, vanlig ved brudd på humerus midt på skaftet). |
| S = Sensation (sensorisk nerve intakt) | Berør lett (uten å se) nettrommet på baksiden av tommelen (radialnerven), puten på pekefingeren (mediannerven) og puten på lillefingeren (ulnarnerven). | Berør lett det første nettområdet mellom stortåen og den andre tåen (dyp peroneal nerve), toppen av foten (overfladisk peroneal) og fotsålen (tibial nerve). | Nummenhet, "nåler og nåler" (parestesi), eller fullstendig tap av følelse i en bestemt nervesone. |
Trinn 5: Skinne et åpent brudd på en sikker måte (og når du skal justere et pulsløst lem)¶
- Gylden regel for åpen bruddskinne: Splint lemmen i den nøyaktige posisjonen som er funnet når en distal puls er tilstede.
- Prøv aldri å rette ut et vinklet åpent brudd bare for å få det til å passe pent inn i en rett brettskinne. Å rette opp et åpent brudd trekker den forurensede beinenden tilbake under huden.
- Bruk i stedet støpbare skinner (som en polstret SAM formbar aluminiumskinne, vakuumskinne, puteskinne eller brettede tepper/papp) støpt for å matche vinkelen på lemmet, og putt alle hulrom sjenerøst med myke håndklær eller klær.
- Immobiliser leddet OVER og leddet UNDER bruddet: For et åpent leggbrudd (tibia) må skinnen immobilisere både ankelen og kneet. For et åpent underarmsbrudd, immobiliser både håndleddet og albuen.
- Knyt aldri en skinnestropp direkte over det åpne bruddsåret eller utstikkende bein. Knyt stropper over og under sårbandasjen, og la tuppen av fingrene eller tærne være synlige slik at du kan sjekke PMS hvert 10. minutt.
- Det eneste unntaket: Hva om hånden eller foten under pausen er helt PULSLØS, kald og blek/blå?
- Noen ganger kan et alvorlig ankelbrudd-dislokasjon, tibialskaftbrudd eller suprakondylært albuebrudd vri seg i en 90-graders vinkel og knekker hovedpulsåren som en bøyd hageslange, og truer med rask død av foten eller hånden og sprengning av den stramme strakte hudklaffen.
- Hvis EMS ambulansepersonell bare er 5 til 10 minutter unna: La lemmen stå på puter og la ankommende ALS-ambulansepersonell administrere intravenøs analgesi og utføre skånsom inline-justering.
- Hvis det distale lemmet er helt pulsløst, blekt og kaldt OG du er på et avsidesliggende sted eller EMS-transport er forsinket (> 15 til 30 minutter): Internasjonale traumeretningslinjer (ATLS, PHTLS, Wilderness Medical Society, UK NICE) godkjenner ett skånsomt forsøk på langsgående inline trekkraftjustering for å fjerne knekken på arterien:
- Få én person til å stabilisere lemmet over bruddet mens du holder lemmet under bruddet med begge hender.
- Påfør jevn, skånsom, jevn inline trekkraft (trekk forsiktig langs den lange aksen av beinet) mens du sakte løsner det grovt vridde lemmen tilbake mot en mer naturlig anatomisk linje.
- STOPP UMIDDELBART hvis du føler mekanisk beinmotstand/låsing, hvis smerten blir uutholdelig, eller hvis du ser en utstående benende som begynner å gli tilbake under huden.
- Splint i den posisjonen og sjekk den distale pulsen på nytt umiddelbart. (Hvis en puls var tilstede før du tok på deg en skinne, og forsvant etter du har bundet skinnen, løsne skinnestroppene umiddelbart.)
Trinn 6: Hva om et løst stykke bein har falt helt ut av såret på bakken?¶
Ved høyenergi åpne knuste brudd (skudd, motorsykkelulykker eller industrimaskineri), kan et helt løsrevet fragment av kortikalt bein ligge på fortauet eller klærne ved siden av offeret. * Kast aldri et løsrevet benstykke, og prøv aldri å stappe det inn i såret igjen. * Akkurat som å bevare en avkuttet finger i en traumatisk amputasjon, pakk inn det løsnede beinfragmentet i sterilt gasbind fuktet med sterilt saltvann, forsegl det i en ren vanntett plastpose, oppbevar det kjølig (på en kald pakke adskilt av en tøybarriere slik at den ikke fryser), og gi den direkte til ambulansepersonell slik at ortopediske kirurger kan inspisere defekten eller bruke den til beintransplantasjon.
Rask, steril behandling av et åpent brudd forhindrer livslang funksjonshemming og beininfeksjon. Vurder å ta et sertifisert førstehjelps-, Stop the Bleed- eller villmarks førstehjelpskurs gjennom ditt nasjonale Røde Kors eller Røde Halvmåne-samfunn, St John Ambulance eller American College of Surgeons.
Ofte stilte spørsmål¶
If I only see a tiny 5-millimeter bleeding hole in the skin over a broken shin or ankle, with no bone sticking out, is it still an open fracture?
Yes. Orthopedic surgeons call this an 'inside-out' Grade I open fracture, and it is the most commonly missed orthopedic emergency. At the split second of impact when the ankle or shin broke, the razor-sharp tip of the broken bone poked out through the skin from the inside and then immediately snapped back underneath the skin as the leg came to rest, sucking skin bacteria and clothing fibers straight into the bone marrow. Any cut, puncture hole, or deep scrape located over a suspected broken bone must be treated as a true open fracture: cover it with a sterile dressing, immobilize the limb, and get to a hospital immediately so intravenous antibiotics can be started within the golden 1-to-3-hour window.
Why shouldn't I try to straighten an open fracture or push the sticking-out bone back under the skin?
Once a broken bone pokes through the skin, the exposed bone tip is instantly contaminated with bacteria from the skin, clothing, or dirt. If you pull on the limb or push the bone back inside, you drag those bacteria deep into the dark interior of the bone marrow and muscle compartments where they cause osteomyelitis, a devastating bone infection that can lead to amputation. In addition, the jagged edges of a broken bone sit millimeters away from major arteries and nerves; moving the bone blindly without anesthesia can slice a major artery open. Always leave protruding bone where it is, pad around it with a bulky ring dressing, cover it with sterile saline-moistened gauze, and splint the limb in the position found unless the foot or hand is completely pulseless and emergency help is far away.
How do I stop heavy bleeding from an open fracture without pressing down on the broken bone?
First, look at the blood flow. If bright red blood is spurting with every heartbeat or pooling rapidly on the ground from a torn major artery, immediately place a commercial windlass tourniquet 5 to 7 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) above the open fracture wound (closer to the torso, never directly over the broken bone or over a joint) and tighten it until bleeding stops. If the bleeding is a steady dark red ooze from the skin edges and bone marrow, place sterile gauze pads on the soft tissue right beside the base of the protruding bone and press firmly around the perimeter without pushing on the bone itself, then build a thick ring or twin-roll pad around the bone before wrapping your bandage.
What does 'check PMS before and after splinting' mean, and what should I do if the pulse disappears after I tie a splint?
PMS stands for Pulse, Motor function, and Sensation below the fracture site. Before and after you put on a splint, you must check that blood and nerve signals are still reaching the hand or foot: feel for the wrist or foot pulse and check that fingernails or toenails turn pink within 2 seconds after being pressed (Pulse), ask the person to wiggle their fingers or toes (Motor), and lightly touch their fingers or toes to make sure they aren't numb (Sensation). If the hand or foot had a pulse and warm pink skin before you applied the splint, and suddenly turns pale, cold, numb, or loses its pulse after you tie the splint straps, your splint is too tight or has pinched an artery: unfasten and loosen the splint straps immediately and recheck the pulse.
Kilder sjekket¶
- American College of Surgeons (ACS, USA): Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Studentkurshåndbok: Muskuloskeletale traumer, åpne frakturer og nevrovaskulær vurdering.
- British Orthopedic Association (BOA) og British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons (BAPRAS, Storbritannia): BOAST Guidelines: Audit Standards for Trauma: Open Fractures.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE, Storbritannia): Retningslinje NG37: Frakturer (komplekse): Vurdering og håndtering av åpne brudd i prehospitale og sykehusinnstillinger.
- American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) & Orthopedic Trauma Association (OTA, USA): Klinisk praksisretningslinje for forebygging av kirurgisk infeksjon etter større ekstremitetstraumer.
- Wilderness Medical Society (WMS, USA): Kliniske retningslinjer for grunnleggende behandling av åpne og vinklede brudd i strenge omgivelser.