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Impalement and embedded foreign object stabilization clinical first aid

Nødnumre varierer fra land til land. Denne siden bruker 911, nummeret for USA og Canada. Mange andre land bruker 112, 999 eller et annet nummer. Finn nummeret for ditt land.

An impalement injury occurs when a rigid elongated object (such as a knife blade, steel rebar rod, wooden fence post, tree branch, glass shard, arrow shaft, or pneumatic nail-gun fastener) pierces the body and remains embedded in the wound track. While the visual sight of a protruding object triggers a powerful instinctive urge in both the victim and bystanders to yank it out immediately, pulling out an impaled object in the field is one of the fastest ways to cause immediate fatal hemorrhage.

Inside the body, the shaft of an embedded object acts as an exact mechanical plug (internal tamponade), compressing the severed ends of high-pressure arteries, major veins, or cardiac chambers against surrounding tissue. At the same time, every millimeter of lateral wobble or rotational torque applied to the protruding handle outside the body magnifies into a wide, slicing arc at the deep tip inside the chest, abdomen, neck, or skull. Knowing the strict clinical rules for when an impaled object must never be touched, the two rare life-saving airway and CPR exceptions, and how to construct a rigid multi-layer bulky bolster or ring dressing that locks the object completely motionless during transport can mean the difference between survival and rapid exsanguination.

Gjør dette nå

  1. Leave the impaled object strictly in place and tell the victim not to grab or pull it. Whether it is a kitchen knife in the chest, a shard of glass in the neck, a piece of rebar through the thigh, or a framing nail in the knee, DO NOT pull it out and do not let the patient pull it out.
  2. Call your local emergency number immediately and request both Advanced Life Support (ALS) paramedics and Heavy Technical Rescue if the person is pinned to a fixed structure. Dial 911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom, 000 in Australia, or check the directory of nødnummer. Tell the dispatcher if fire rescue hydraulic cutters or saws are needed to free the victim from a fence, rebar grid, or machinery.
  3. Hold the protruding object steady with one hand while cutting away clothing around the entry wound. Never pull a shirt or trousers over an impaled object, as fabric snags the shaft and levers the internal tip through blood vessels. Use trauma shears or scissors to cut clothing completely away from the base of the object.
  4. Control external bleeding by pressing firmly with sterile gauze on the skin AROUND the base of the object, never pushing down on the object itself. Place gloved fingers and folded gauze pads on either side of the entry wound and apply steady downward pressure to the surrounding skin and underlying vessel without tilting or driving the impaled shaft deeper.
  5. Build a tall, rigid bulky stabilizer (doughnut ring pad, twin gauze rolls, or a taped protective cup) up to at least half the height of the protruding object. Stack rolled bandages, folded trauma dressings, or clean towels snugly against all sides of the shaft, then wrap roller gauze in a figure-of-eight pattern around the padding to lock the object against any side-to-side wobble.
  6. Keep the victim completely still, warm, and NPO (nothing by mouth) while monitoring for internal bleeding and shock. Do not give water, food, or oral medications. Keep the injured limb or torso immobilized during movement onto the ambulance stretcher, and check distal pulse, skin color, and breathing every 5 minutes.

Why pulling out an impaled knife, rebar rod, or glass shard causes instant fatal bleeding

When a sharp or blunt object slices through a major blood vessel (such as the aorta, vena cava, femoral artery, carotid artery, or portal vein) or penetrates the heart muscle, the physical bulk of the object fills the hole it just created. Coupled with the natural elastic recoil and spasm of the muscular arterial wall clamping tightly around the shaft, this internal tamponade often limits external bleeding to a deceptive trickle. The instant someone pulls the object out in the field, the plug vanishes, the compressed vessel springs open inside a deep body cavity where direct finger pressure cannot reach, and the victim can lose their entire circulating blood volume in 60 to 180 seconds. Impaled objects must only be removed in a hospital operating room after trauma surgeons have opened the cavity and placed vascular clamps above and below the injured vessel.

Emergency decision tree for impalement and embedded objects

flowchart TD
    Start["Victim with Impaled or Embedded Foreign Object"]
    StopPull["CRITICAL RULE: DO NOT PULL OUT THE OBJECT<br/>Manually steady object and call EMS + Fire Technical Rescue"]
    ExceptionCheck{"Does the Object Meet One of the Two Rare Removal Exceptions?<br/>1. Piercing the cheek with catastrophic airway bleeding<br/>2. Directly blocking chest compressions during Cardiac Arrest"}
    ExceptionCare["RARE CLINICAL EXCEPTION PROTOCOL<br/>- Cheek perforation blocking airway: carefully extract ONLY if needed to suction/pack oral bleeding and secure airway<br/>- Blocking CPR in confirmed cardiac arrest: remove or cut flush ONLY if required to perform life-saving chest compressions"]
    PinnedCheck{"Is the Victim Impaled onto a Fixed Immovable Structure?<br/>(Rebar in concrete, iron picket fence, tree trunk, machinery)"}
    TechRescue["PINNED CASUALTY / TECHNICAL EXTRICATION<br/>1. Manually support victim's full body weight so gravity cannot tear wound<br/>2. Wait for Fire Rescue to cut the structure AWAY from the body<br/>3. Cool metal with water and shield victim if saws/torches are used<br/>4. Leave a 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) stub attached to transport into OR"]
    LocationCheck{"Identify Anatomical Region of Free-Standing Impaled Object"}
    EyeGlobe["Eye / Orbit Impalement<br/>1. Zero pressure on eyeball<br/>2. Build tall gauze collar + tape paper cup over object<br/>3. Cover BOTH eyes to stop conjugate eye movement"]
    ChestNeckAbd["Neck, Chest, Abdomen, Pelvis, or Skull<br/>1. Press gauze AROUND base (never on skull fragments)<br/>2. Seal sucking chest wound around shaft with vented dressing<br/>3. Build twin-roll or doughnut stabilizer and monitor for shock"]
    Extremity["Limb / Extremity Impalement<br/>1. Press gauze around base to control bleeding<br/>2. Apply bulky bolster + splint entire limb joint-to-joint<br/>3. Check distal pulse, capillary refill, and nerve function"]

    Start --> StopPull
    StopPull --> ExceptionCheck
    ExceptionCheck -->|Yes: Airway Blocked or CPR Impossible| ExceptionCare
    ExceptionCheck -->|No: All Other Cases (99.9%)| PinnedCheck
    PinnedCheck -->|Yes: Pinned to Fence / Rebar / Post| TechRescue
    PinnedCheck -->|No: Object Mobile with Patient| LocationCheck
    LocationCheck -->|Eye or Orbit| EyeGlobe
    LocationCheck -->|Head, Neck, Chest, or Abdomen| ChestNeckAbd
    LocationCheck -->|Arm, Hand, Leg, or Foot| Extremity

Comparing anatomical impalement zones and specific stabilization hazards

The internal structures threatened by an embedded object and the exact way you apply stabilizing pressure depend entirely on the anatomical zone pierced.

Anatomical Zone Critical Internal Structures at Risk Specific Hemorrhage & Pressure Rule Stabilization Dressing Technique Special Clinical & Transport Considerations
Skull, Face, & Cranial Vault Brain parenchyma, dural venous sinuses (sagittal sinus), internal carotid artery NEVER apply firm downward pressure on the skull around the object if depressed skull fractures are present (risk of driving bone fragments into brain) Gentle ring pad or stacked loose gauze collars resting on intact bone far from the entry site; keep head elevated 30 degrees Watch for clear/pinkish cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak from nose or ears (never pack nose); anticipate seizures or rising intracranial pressure
Eye & Bony Orbit Globe (sclera, retina, vitreous), optic nerve, cavernous sinus, and anterior cranial fossa Zero pressure on the eyeball; never touch or push the protruding pencil, wire, or glass shard Stack thick gauze doughnuts around the bony orbital rim + tape a paper cup or tall plastic dome over the object; patch the UNINJURED eye too Covering the uninjured eye stops conjugate gaze movements that would otherwise whip the impaled eye side-to-side
Neck (Zones I, II, and III) Carotid arteries, internal jugular veins, trachea, larynx, esophagus, cervical spinal cord, vagus nerve Apply targeted digital pressure with a single gloved finger/gauze pad directly alongside the bleeding vessel without strangling the windpipe Stabiliser gjenstanden med klumpete gazeruller teipet til skulderen og kjeven; Vik ALDRI en periferisk bandasje hele veien rundt halsen Use an occlusive dressing at the base to prevent fatal venous air embolism into the jugular vein; manual cervical spine stabilization
Bryst (brysthule) Hjerte, perikardium, thorax aorta, vena cava, lunger, interkostale arterier Trykk rundt basen; hvis luft suger eller bobler rundt skaftet (åpen pneumothorax), forsegle gapet rundt basen med petroleumsgaze eller en ventilert brysttetning Twin bulky dressing rolls placed on either side of the blade/shaft, taped down while leaving one corner able to vent air if chest pressure rises Never tape an airtight dressing so tightly around a chest impalement that trapped air causes a tension pneumothorax; transport sitting or injured-side-down if stable
Mave, flanke og bekken Abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava, liver, spleen, mesenteric vessels, kidneys, hollow bowel Trykk rundt basen med sterile puter; hvis tarmslynger stikker ut langs gjenstanden (uttak), dekk den eksponerte tarmen med sterile saltvannsfuktede bandasjer Bred ringpute eller firesidig tømmerhyttestabel med traumebandasjer teipet sikkert over bukveggen Bøy pasientens knær litt (pute under knærne) for å slappe av spenningen i bukveggen; hold strengt NPO
Ekstremiteter (lår, legg, arm, hånd, fot) Femoral, popliteal, brachial, radial, and ulnar arteries; major peripheral nerve trunks Firm direct pressure immediately proximal and distal to the entry wound along the arterial axis; use a proximal tourniquet ONLY if life-threatening arterial bleeding cannot be stopped by base pressure Bulky bolster around the object PLUS full rigid splinting of the limb above and below the adjacent joints Selv om gjenstanden er stabilisert mot huden, vil bøying av kneet eller albuen bevege indre muskelmager mot den skarpe tuppen; skinne hele lemmen

Biomekanikken til intern tamponade og hendel-arm-faren

For å forstå hvorfor traumekirurger insisterer på omhyggelig prehospital stabilisering av hvert innebygd objekt, bør du vurdere de to mekaniske kreftene som virker på spissen av våpenet eller stangen inne i pasientens kropp:

1. Intern tamponade og elastisk karrekyl

Når en stiv sylinder (som en 12-millimeter / 0,5-tommers armeringsstang eller et 3-centimeter bredt knivblad) transfikserer en større blodåre eller et fast karorgan (som leveren, milten eller nyren), skjer tre ting samtidig for å bremse blødningen så lenge gjenstanden forblir i ro: * Mekanisk plugging: Det massive stålet eller treet opptar den nøyaktige tverrsnittsfeilen i karveggen. * Spasmer i vaskulær glatt muskel: Avkuttede eller strakte arterielle vegger inneholder sirkulære glatte muskelfibre som trekker seg sammen refleksivt rundt det fremmede skaftet. * Perivaskulært hematomtrykk: Blod som til å begynne med lekker inn i det tette fascierommet rundt karet koagulerer og presser seg tilbake mot utsiden av karveggen.

Hvis gjenstanden trekkes ut eller vrikker løs, svikter alle tre beskyttelsesbarrierene momentant: den mekaniske pluggen forsvinner, det revne karet gaper opp, og den beskyttende bløtvevsklumpen rives bort.

2. Fulcrum og lever-arm-effekten

Et spiddet objekt fungerer som en førsteklasses spak hvis omdreiningspunkt (pivotpunkt) sitter rett ved hudinngangssåret: * Anta at en trestav eller pil stikker 20 centimeter (8 tommer) utenfor brystet eller magen og trenger 10 centimeter (4 tommer) inn i kroppen. * Hvis den utstikkende ytre enden blir støtt under bårelasting eller slingrer med bare 4 centimeter (1,5 tommer) i ambulansen, svinger den skarpe innvendige tuppen over en 2 centimeter (0,8 tommer) bue inne i hjertet, lungen eller leveren, og fungerer som en vindusvisker laget av friskt barberstål som stadig skjærer blod og skjærer av blod. * Derfor krever stabilisering av en spiddet gjenstand låsing av skaftet minst halvveis opp i dens utstikkende lengde slik at omdreiningspunktet ikke kan svinge ved hudoverflaten.

De ENESTE to kliniske unntakene der en spiddet gjenstand kan fjernes

På tvers av International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR), American College of Surgeons Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) og Prehospital Trauma Life Support (PHTLS) retningslinjer, er det bare to sjeldne livstruende situasjoner der en prehospital responder har tillatelse til å fjerne eller kutte spyle en spiddet gjenstand før de når operasjonsrommet:

Unntak 1: En perforerende kinnspette som forårsaker katastrofal luftveisobstruksjon

Hvis en gjenstand stikker gjennom den myke, kjøttfulle veggen av kinnen (bukkalhulen) inn i munnen, forårsaker rask arteriell blødning direkte inn i halsen som ikke kan kontrolleres eller suges rundt objektet, og direkte hindrer redningsmannen i å holde luftveiene åpne (og objektet trenger ikke inn i den bakre, bakre delen av svelget): * En utdannet kliniker eller redningsmann kan forsiktig trekke ut gjenstanden fra kinnet kun hvis det er nødvendig for å pakke innsiden og utsiden av kinnveggen med gasbind og rydde luftveiene slik at pasienten ikke kveler på blod. * Omvendt, hvis et kinnspidd ikke aktivt oversvømmer luftveiene og pasienten kan puste og spytte eller suges på en sikker måte, eller hvis gjenstanden strekker seg dypt inn i den harde ganen, nakken eller skallebunnen, la den være på plass og stabilisere den utvendig.

Unntak 2: En gjenstand som direkte forhindrer livreddende HLR brystkompresjoner eller luftveisposisjonering ved bekreftet hjertestans

  • Fremre brystspitt ved hjertestans: Hvis en skadelidt ikke har puls og ikke puster (bekreftet hjertestans) og en gjenstand spiddet direkte i midten av brystbeinet (brystbenet) gjør det fysisk umulig å legge hendene på brystet for å utføre hjerte-lungeredning (HLR), og etterlater 0 prosent dødelighetsobjekt. Redningsmannskaper må enten kutte gjenstanden i flukt med brystveggen umiddelbart eller, hvis skjæreverktøy ikke er tilgjengelig, fjerne den slik at brystkompresjoner av høy kvalitet kan starte umiddelbart.
  • Rygg eller utsatt spidd som hindrer tilgang til luftveiene ved åndedretts-/hjertestans: Hvis et bevisstløs, apneisk, pulsløst offer festes med forsiden ned eller har en lang gjenstand som stikker ut fra øvre del av ryggen som forhindrer at de rulles opp på ryggen for å åpne luftveiene og utføre HLR, bør redningspersonell først forsøke å strekke dem på en teppe madrassen med en teppe madrass. ned mellom putene mens pasienten ligger på rygg; hvis det er umulig og pasienten dør av luftveisobstruksjon eller hjertestans, prioriteres forkorting eller fjerning av hindringen for å utføre gjenopplivning.

Fjern aldri bryst-, nakke- eller abdominal spidd på en pustende pasient med puls

HLR-unntaket gjelder bare når offeret allerede er i bekreftet hjertestans (reagerer ikke, puster ikke normalt, ingen puls) og objektet fysisk blokkerer hendene dine fra å komprimere brystbenet. Hvis en person med en kniv eller stang i brystet fortsatt puster eller har puls, trekk den aldri ut.

Trinn-for-trinn-teknikk: hvordan bygge en klumpete stabilisatorbandasje

Forsøk aldri å stabilisere en spiddet gjenstand ved å bare legge flate striper med teip over toppen av håndtaket som et telt; tape strekker seg og lar skaftet pendle frem og tilbake med hvert hjerteslag og veihump. Bruk i stedet en av tre strukturelle stabiliseringsteknikker avhengig av formen på objektet.

Metode 1: Twin-Roll Bolster (best for flate knivblad, glasskår og lange skaft)

  1. Tildel Partner 1 for å holde objektet urørlig: Partner 1 tar forsiktig tak i den utstikkende gjenstanden med hanskebelagte fingre for å forhindre at den vipper mens Partner 2 forbereder bandasjen.
  2. Påfør bunnputer med delt gasbind rundt hudinngangssåret: Ta to tykke sterile traumebandasjer eller stabler med 10 x 10 centimeter (4 x 4 tommer) gasbind. Skyv en stabel flatt på huden mot venstre side av bladet/skaftet og den andre stabelen flatt mot høyre side slik at de klemmer innføringssåret tett og kontrollerer blødningen.
  3. Plasser to stive voluminøse ruller ved siden av skaftet: Ta to store uåpnede ruller med gasbind, to sammenrullede crepebandasjer, to skumskinneblokker eller to tettrullede håndklær. Legg en rull parallelt mot hver side av den utstikkende gjenstanden (hviler på toppen av baseputene).
  4. Byggehøyde til minst 50 til 75 prosent av den utstikkende lengden: Hvis håndtaket stikker ut 12 centimeter (5 tommer), stable et andre lag med rullede bandasjer i en 90-graders vinkel ("tømmerhytte"-stil) til polstringen når minst 6 til 9 centimeter (2,5 til 3,5 tommer) oppover skaftet.
  5. Lås bolsteret på plass med rullegaze og tape på åttetall: Vikle bred rullegasbind eller elastisk bandasje tett rundt lemmet eller overkroppen, pass rundt og mellom de klumpete rullene uten å trykke nedover på toppen av den spiddede gjenstanden. Avslutt med å forankre rullene til huden med brede striper av medisinsk stofftape eller gaffatape. Først når bolsteret er bunnsolid slipper Partner 1 sakte hånden.

Metode 2: Ringputen for smultring (best for korte stumper, negler, torner og hodeskalle/øyeobjekter)

Når en innebygd gjenstand stikker bare 2 til 6 centimeter (1 til 2,5 tommer) over huden, eller når du må unngå å trykke i nærheten av en brukket hodeskalle eller øyeeple, konstruer en Doughnut Ring Pad: 1. Ta en smal trekantet bandasje foldet inn i en cravat, en lengde med rullegaze eller et rent oppvaskhåndkle. 2. Pakk den ene enden av bandasjen to eller tre ganger rundt de spredte fingrene på din egen hånd for å lage en sentral løkke hvis indre hull er litt bredere enn den spiddede gjenstanden. 3. Før den gjenværende halen av bandasjen gjentatte ganger gjennom det midtre hullet og rundt kanten, og trekk hver omslag tett til du har dannet en tett, fast stofftorus (smultring) 4 til 6 centimeter (1,5 til 2,5 tommer) tykk. 4. Senk forsiktig midthullet på smultringringen over den utstikkende gjenstanden slik at den polstrede kanten hviler på den friske huden som omgir såret uten å berøre selve gjenstanden, fyll deretter et eventuelt gap mellom den indre ringen og skaftet med myk fluffet gasbind og teip fast smultringen godt.

Metode 3: Beskyttelseskoppen/kjegleskjoldet (best for blyanter, ledninger eller nåler i øyet eller leddene)

  1. Omgi bunnen av gjenstanden med en myk donutring av gasbind som hviler på den benete kanten.
  2. Take a rigid paper drinking cup, foam cup, or plastic medicine cup tall enough that its bottom will clear the top tip of the impaled object by at least 2 centimeters (0.8 inches).
  3. If the object is too long for one cup, cut a small hole in the bottom of the cup, slide the cup gently over the shaft, pack fluffed gauze loosely between the cup and the shaft to stop vibration, and tape the wide rim of the cup firmly to the surrounding skin or bony orbit.

Managing a victim pinned to a fixed structure (Rebar, Fences, Trees)

Some of the most complex prehospital emergencies occur when a construction worker falls onto vertical concrete reinforcing bar (rebar), a child or pedestrian falls onto a spiked wrought-iron picket fence, or a driver is impaled by a wooden fence rail or tree branch piercing through a car windshield.

Why gravity is the immediate enemy

When a person is impaled on a fixed fence post or vertical rebar rod, gravity immediately pulls the weight of their body downward along the shaft, tearing the internal wound wider every second they hang or slump.

  1. Support the victim's full body weight immediately: Have two or three bystanders or rescuers step in immediately and hold the person's torso, hips, and legs up at the exact height and angle of impalement so zero body weight hangs on the impaled rod. Slide wooden cribbing blocks, a sturdy chair, a ladder, or stacked boards underneath the victim to take the strain off the rescuers' arms while waiting for fire rescue.
  2. Never lift the victim UP and OFF the fence or rebar: Even if the rebar rod is smooth or the fence spike looks short, lifting the victim off the spike in the field is functionally identical to pulling a knife out of the body and will trigger uncontrollable internal hemorrhage.
  3. Cut the structure AWAY from the victim, leaving a 10 to 15 centimeter (4 to 6 inch) stub: Fire and technical rescue teams will cut the fence post, tree branch, or rebar rod cleanly off the parent structure so the patient can be lifted onto the stretcher with the impaled segment still inside their body.

Critical rules when cutting metal rebar or iron fence spikes near a victim

If fire rescue or industrial responders must cut a metal rod or wooden beam attached to a casualty, four physical hazards must be controlled:

Cutting Tool Primary Hazard to the Impaled Victim Mandatory Protective Precautions
Hydraulic Cutters ("Jaws of Life" / Rebar Cutters) Violent mechanical "whip" and torque at the moment the hardened steel snaps, jarring the internal tip inside the patient's organs Gold standard tool when supported: two rescuers must clamp locking pliers (Vise-Grips) or hold the rod firmly between the cutter jaws and the patient's skin to absorb the snap shock
Rotary Abrasive Cutoff Saw (K12 / Angle Grinder) or Reciprocating Saw (Sawzall) High-frequency vibration oscillating the internal tip PLUS conductive heat transfer along the steel rod and showers of hot sparks Wrap a thick wet towel packed with ice or pour a continuous stream of cold water onto the metal rod between the saw blade and the victim's skin to stop thermal burns inside the wound; shield the patient with a fire-resistant salvage tarp
Manual Hacksaw Slow back-and-forth sawing motion pulls and pushes the rod inside the wound track Only use on thin aluminum, fiberglass, or wood when power hydraulic cutters are unavailable; clamp the shaft rigidly next to the skin with locking pliers held by a second rescuer
Oxy-Acetylene Cutting Torch or Plasma Cutter EXTREME DANGER: steel conducts 1,000+ degree Celsius heat directly into the victim's internal organs within seconds and ignites clothing/oxygen Avoid whenever hydraulic or mechanical cutters exist. If used as an absolute last resort on heavy structural steel, cut far from the body while drenching the intermediate shaft continuously with a fire hose

Special high-frequency embedded objects: Fishhooks, Nail Guns, and Taser Darts

Not every embedded object is a massive rebar rod; emergency clinicians and wilderness responders frequently encounter barbed fishhooks, pneumatic framing nails, and barbed conductive electrical weapon (Taser) probes.

1. Barbed Fishhooks

A fishhook has a curved shank ending in a sharp point and a backward-pointing barb designed to catch in flesh when pulled backward.

  • When you must NEVER remove a fishhook in the field:
  • The hook is embedded in or near the eyeball, eyelid, or bony orbit (shield with a paper cup and go immediately to an ophthalmologist).
  • The hook is embedded over a major artery or nerve (neck, radial/ulnar wrist, groin, antecubital fossa), inside a finger joint capsule or flexor tendon sheath, or beneath a fingernail.
  • It is a multi-pronged treble hook with more than one point buried or swinging dangerously close to the skin during manipulation.
  • How clinicians remove a simple superficial single-barbed skin hook:
  • The Advance-and-Cut Method (safest for deep or thick hooks): After numbing the skin and cleaning with antiseptic, the point and barb of the hook are pushed forward along the natural curve of the hook until the barbed tip pokes out through the skin surface; wire cutters then snip off the barbed tip, and the smooth barbless shank is backed effortlessly out the entry hole.
  • The String-Yank Method (for shallow hooks in fleshy skin): A loop of strong fishing line or umbilical tape is wrapped around the midpoint of the hook's curved bend while the rescuer presses the eye/shank of the hook flat down against the skin (which disengages the barb from the dermis), followed by a single brisk yank along the axis of the shank.

2. Pneumatic Nail-Gun Injuries

Modern pneumatic and cordless framing nailers fire 5 to 9 centimeter (2 to 3.5 inch) nails at velocities of up to 400 meters per second (1,300 feet per second). Crucially, construction nails are often ring-shanked (annularly threaded) or barbed with plastic/wire collation strips (collated nails) and coated in resin adhesives that melt on impact and glue the nail into bone.

  • First aid protocol for nail-gun injuries:
  • Aldri trekk ut en spikerpistolfeste med tang eller en klohammer på arbeidsstedet: Å trekke en piggtrådsamlet eller ringskaftspiker ut bakover river nerver, sener og blodårer fra hverandre og etterlater skitne trådmothaker og kobberbelagte harpiksfragmenter dypt inne i bein- eller leddrommet.
  • Behandle hver spikerpistolskade på brystet, hodet, nakken eller magen som et livstruende skuddtilsvarende traume: Over 25 prosent av hjertespikerskader går eller snakker i utgangspunktet før de utvikler plutselig dødelig hjertetamponade. Ring 911/112/999 umiddelbart.
  • For hand, finger, knee, or foot nail-gun punctures: Leave the nail untouched, build a small gauze doughnut or twin-roll bolster around the protruding nail head, splint the wrist or knee in the position found, and go to an emergency department for two-view radiographs (to check for bone transfixion, joint violation, and hidden wire barbs), surgical extraction, tetanus booster, and antibiotic coverage.

3. Ledde elektriske våpen (CEW / Taser) piggene sonder

Law enforcement Taser probes consist of a metal dart cylinder tipped with a 9-to-12-millimeter (0.35-to-0.47-inch) straightened barb. Probes embedded in the eye, face, neck, throat, female breast, groin/genitalia, or directly in bone or neurovascular bundles must be stabilized in place and removed in the hospital.

Remember to cover BOTH eyes when an object is impaled in one eye

If a child or worker has a pencil, wire, dart, or shard of glass impaled in their right eye, building a protective paper-cup shield over the injured right eye is only half the job. Because the human brainstem links both eyes together in conjugate gaze, every time the uninjured left eye darts left, right, up, or down to look at paramedics, the injured right eyeball rotates simultaneously by the exact same angle, grinding the retina and iris against the stationary impaled shaft. Gently cover the uninjured eye with a soft gauze pad or cloth while talking calmly to reassure the patient.

First aid stabilization prevents an impalement from becoming fatal before paramedics arrive, but hands-on trauma practice makes these skills automatic under pressure. Consider completing a certified first aid, Stop the Bleed, or wilderness trauma course through your national Red Cross or Red Crescent society, the American College of Surgeons, or St John Ambulance.

Ofte stilte spørsmål

Why is it so dangerous to pull out a knife, glass shard, or piece of rebar that is stuck in someone?

Inside the body, the solid shaft of an impaled knife, rod, or glass shard acts like a cork in a pressurized bottle, physically plugging the holes it just cut in major arteries, veins, or organs (a physiological effect called internal tamponade). At the same time, the muscular walls of injured blood vessels spasm tightly around the shaft to slow down bleeding. If you pull the object out outside of an operating room, two deadly things happen at once: the sharp edges slice through additional blood vessels and nerves on the way out, and the plugged arteries suddenly spring wide open deep inside the body where no one can reach them with finger pressure, causing fatal internal bleeding within minutes.

Are there ANY situations where you are supposed to pull out an impaled object before the ambulance arrives?

In emergency medicine guidelines worldwide, there are only two extremely rare exceptions. First, if an object pierces through the soft fleshy wall of the cheek into the mouth and causes uncontrollable bleeding directly into the throat that blocks the airway and prevents breathing, it may be carefully removed only if necessary to pack both sides of the cheek and keep the person from choking to death on blood. Second, if a victim is in confirmed cardiac arrest (unresponsive, not breathing, no pulse) and an object impaled in the center of the chest or back physically blocks rescuers from performing life-saving CPR chest compressions, the object must be cut flush or removed so CPR can begin immediately. In all other cases, leave the object strictly in place.

How do I stop severe bleeding from a wound when there is a knife or rod sticking right out of the middle of it?

Never push down on top of the impaled object itself. Instead, put on gloves, take two thick folded sterile gauze pads or clean cloths, and place them flat against the skin on either side of the object right where it enters the body (or wrap a split gauze pad around the base like a keyhole). Press firmly downward with your fingers on the skin and soft tissue immediately surrounding the shaft to compress the bleeding blood vessels against the underlying bone or muscle, while using your other hand to make sure the protruding object does not tilt or wobble.

Why do I have to cover BOTH of the victim's eyes if a pencil or shard of glass is only stuck in one eye?

Human eyes are neurologically wired in the brainstem to move together as a pair (a reflex called conjugate gaze). It is physically impossible for a person to look left or right with their good eye while keeping their injured eye still. If you shield only the injured eye and leave the uninjured eye uncovered, every time the frightened patient looks around at rescuers, their injured eyeball pivots underneath the shield, dragging delicate internal eye structures across the sharp tip of the impaled object. Covering the uninjured eye as well (while holding the patient's hand and explaining everything you are doing so they do not panic) keeps both eyeballs completely still.

What should we do if someone falls onto an iron fence or construction rebar and is pinned in place?

First, have bystanders immediately step in and support the person's full body weight with their hands, chairs, or wooden blocks so gravity does not pull their body further down the spike and tear internal organs. Never try to lift the person up and off the fence or rebar. Call your emergency number immediately and tell the dispatcher to send both an ambulance and Fire Technical Rescue with hydraulic cutters. Firefighters will stabilize the shaft, cool the metal if saws are used, and cut the fence post or rebar rod off at the base, leaving a short 10 to 15 centimeter (4 to 6 inch) section inside the patient to be removed safely by trauma surgeons in the operating room.

Can I just pull out a nail-gun nail from my hand or knee with pliers at the job site?

No, never pull out a pneumatic nail-gun fastener with pliers or a hammer at work. Framing nailers fire nails coated in heat-activated resin glue, and most collated nails have tiny barbed wire fragments attached to the shaft or ring-shanked threads that act like fishhooks inside tissue and bone. Pulling a nail out backward can rip nerves, tendons, and arteries or leave dirty wire pieces inside a joint space, causing septic arthritis. Stabilize the protruding nail head with a gauze doughnut pad, splint the joint, and go to an emergency department for X-rays and sterile surgical removal.

Kilder sjekket

  • American College of Surgeons (ACS, United States): Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Student Course Manual: Penetrating Trauma, Impalement Injuries, and Hemorrhage Control.
  • National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians (NAEMT, United States): Prehospital Trauma Life Support (PHTLS): Management of Impaled Objects and Technical Extrication.
  • International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR, International) & American Red Cross: First Aid and Resuscitation Guidelines: Severe Bleeding and Impaled Foreign Objects.
  • National Health Service (NHS, United Kingdom) & St John Ambulance (United Kingdom): First Aid Manual: Embedded Objects, Amputations, and Severe External Bleeding.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC / NIOSH, United States): Nail-Gun Safety and Clinical Management of High-Velocity Pneumatic Fastener Injuries.
  • Faculty of Pre-Hospital Care, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh (United Kingdom): Consensus Guidance on Prehospital Management of Thoracic and Abdominal Impalement.

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