Ụlọ Squat ụlọ agbahapụla ma ọ bụ àkwà mmiri dị n'okpuru n'okpuru ụkpụrụ ndakpọ, Iju Mmiri n'ime Ọwara mmiri ozuzo, na mgbapụ mmiri dị elu.¶

Ịchọ ebe mgbaba site na oke ihu igwe, oyi, ma ọ bụ okporo ụzọ na-ekpochapụ n'ime ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke mmiri ozuzo n'okpuru ala flood-control box culvert, dị ka ọwa subterranean n'okpuru Las Vegas, Phoenix, Los Angeles, San Antonio, Madrid, ma ọ bụ Tokyo), a ** ala-clearance osimiri àkwà mmiri n'okpuru ngafe (concrete abutment shelf, ma ọ bụ ** ọkụ mebiri emebi ma ọ bụ nke mmiri rere ure ụlọ gbahapụrụ (vacant factory, unreinforced masonry warehouse, or condemned house squat na-ekpughere ndị na-enweghị ụlọ, ndị na-eme nchọpụta obodo, na ndị ọrụ enyemaka na-anapụta mmadụ abụọ n'ime ihe egwu na-egbu ngwa ngwa na gburugburu ebe e wuru: ** (1) Ịdọ aka ná ntị efu n'okpuru Iju Mmiri Flash ** (where a thunderstorm 25 kilometers / 15 miles away in the mountains sends a 2-meter / 6.5-foot wall of water racing through a bone-dry underground tunnel at 25 to 40 km/h / 15 to 25 mph under a clear blue sky), na (2) Pancake na mberede ma ọ bụ V-Void Floor/Roof Collapse mgbe osisi osisi jupụtara na mmiri, nchara nchara, ma ọ bụ mgbidi brik na-enweghị ike gbasapụrụ.

Ọ bụrụ na ị nọ n'ime mmiri mmiri ozuzo dị n'okpuru ala, olulu igbe, ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-asachapụ ugbu a ma ị nụ mkpọtụ ụgbọ oloko dị anya, na-esi ísì mmiri ozone / ụwa na mberede, ma ọ bụ hụ na mmiri na-asọpụta n'ala na-atụgharị apịtị wee bilie ọbụna 2 centimeters (3/4 inch), ** tufuo ngwongwo niile dị arọ wee pụọ n'elu ma ọ bụ rịgoro n'elu ubube manhole kwụ ọtọ kacha nso n'ime sekọnd 60 **. Kpọọ nọmba mberede mpaghara gị (911 na United States na Canada, 112 gburugburu European Union, 999 na United Kingdom, 000 na Australia) site na nọmba mberede, na ndụmọdụ idei mmiri ọkụ, nlanarị enweghị ụlọ yana oke ihu igwe, mkpochapụ nke ịma ụlọikwuu, ibukọrọ ihe onwunwe na ikike ebe obibi, na enweghị ebe obibi na mberede: awa 48 mbụ na ebe nchekwa mberede.

Mee nke a ugbu a¶

1. ** Ọ bụrụ na ị nọ n'ime ọdọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ na-asa ihe siri ike wee nụ obere mkpọmkpọ ebe, nwee mmetụta ikuku dị jụụ na mberede, ma ọ bụ hụ ụfụfụ na-acha aja aja: Hapụ ngwa ngwa niile ngwa ngwa wee Sprint maka Portal dị nso ma ọ bụ kwụ ọtọ Manho.
2. Akwụsịla ịkwakọba akpa ihi ụra, ụlọikwuu, akpa azụ ma ọ bụ igwe kwụ otu ebe n'ime mmiri mmiri na-eju mmiri.6 inches) miri n'elu ala simenti slick, nke nwere mkpuchi algae na 3 to 5 meters per second (10 to 16 feet per second), ike na-adọkpụ hydrodynamic (half of water density multiplied by velocity squared and area) na-akụpụ ụkwụ onye toro eto n'okpuru ha ozugbo ma tụnye ha n'okpuru mmiri megide ahịhịa ahịhịa n'okpuru mmiri (bar screens).
3. Ọ bụrụ na ịnweghị ike ịfefe mmiri ahụ ogologo oge ruo n'ọnụ ọwara, ** gbagoro ozugbo : chọọ ** nchara nchara ma ọ bụ ubube nke nkedo tụba n'ime oghere igwe anwụrụ ọkụ kwụpụrụ n'akụkụ mita 90 ruo 150 ọ bụla.300 to 500 feet** N'akụkụ elu ụlọ nke ọwara, rịgoro n'elu okpueze nke ọkpọkọ isi, wee gbanye akpụkpọ ụkwụ gị wee laghachi na ogwe kwụ ọtọ (or push the street manhole cover up with your legs/shoulders, not your hands).
4. ** Ọ BỤRỤ na ejidere ya n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ọkụ (LEDGE)ABUTMENT SHELF) KA osimiri na-ebili n'okpuru gị: Rigo n'elu okporo ụzọ awara awara tupu mmiri erute na nkwonkwo ụkwụ gị (Never Wait Until Water Touches the Bridge Girders)**
5. Mgbe mmiri na-eju mmiri n'okpuru okporo ụzọ ma ọ bụ àkwà mmiri ụgbọ oloko, osisi na-ese n'elu mmiri na ndị na-ekpofu ihe na-adaba n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ma mepụta ** strainer dam **, na-eme ka mmiri dị n'okpuru akwa ahụ gbago elu ** 1.5 mita (5 feet) na nkeji 5 *** ka ị na-eke vortex na-egbu egbu (hydraulic boil) gburugburu ogidi ndị ahụ.
6. Kpochie mkpọda riprap konkịtị (at the 45-degree corner wing-walls of the bridge) gaa n'ubu awara awara dị elu ozugbo, fegharịa ọkụ ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke ma ọ bụ akwa visibiliti na-agafe okporo ụzọ, wee kpọọ 911 / 112 / 999 maka otu *Swiftwater / High-Angle Rope Rescue Team.
7. ** Ọ bụrụ na ị nọ n'ime ụlọ a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ wee nụ ụda mgbịrịgba/na-agbapụta, Hụ uzuzu plasta ka ọ na-ada site n'elu ụlọ, ma ọ bụ nwee mmetụta nke sag nke ala: pụọ site na Perimeter Masonry Stairwell (Never the Center of the Floor)**
8. Ihe mkpuchi ala osisi rere ure na nchara nchara nchara na-ada na ** etiti etiti nke mbụ **, na-adaba n'etiti ala ozugbo n'ime okpuru ulo (while the outer edges bolted into the thick exterior brick walls often remain hanging as triangular "Lean-To V-Voids").
9. Makuo ** brik na-ebu ibu mpụta ma ọ bụ mgbidi sink *** (or an enclosed corner masonry stairwell) ka ị na-apụ; Ọ bụrụ na irighiri ihe amalite ịda tupu ị rute n'ọnụ ụzọ, banye n'akụkụ ** kọlụm na-ebu ibu kwụ ọtọ, mgbidi steepụ steepụ, ma ọ bụ igwe nrụpụta siri ike *** (which creates a survivable void space) ma tụgharịa n'ime bọọlụ siri ike na-echebe isi na obi gị (never lie flat on your stomach where collapsing beams crush your ribcage preventing chest expansion).
10. ** Ọ BỤRỤ na-ebuba n'ime mmiri ide mmiri na-efe ọsọ ọsọ n'ime chanel ma ọ bụ osimiri: "Defensive Swiftwater Swimming Position" (On Your Back, Feet First Downstream, Toes Up, Sculling With Hands)**
11. Agbalịla ibili na mmiri idei mmiri na-akpụ akpụ n'ikpere ma ọ bụ n'úkwù: ma ọ bụrụ na akpụkpọ ụkwụ gị ga-adaba n'ime ụgbọ ịzụ ahịa miri emi, nkwonkwo ihe, ma ọ bụ stub rebar ("Foot Entrapment"), ike nke ugbu a na-apịaji gị ozugbo ihu n'okpuru mmiri ma jide gị n'ebe ahụ.
12. Were ụkwụ gị tụọ aka n'ụkwụ gị n'elu ** azụ (in front of you), ikpere na-ehulata ntakịrị, na mkpịsị ụkwụ n'elu elu** ya mere ọbụ ụkwụ gị na-agbapụ na nkume nkume na mgbidi dị ka ihe na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ, ma mee ka ahụ gị dị n'akụkụ ụgbọ mmiri ** 45-degree ** gaa n'akụkụ ụlọ akụ nwere akụkụ dị nso ma ọ bụ ọkwa nnapụta.

Osisi mkpebi: Usoro nlanarị ozugbo maka idei mmiri n'ọwara ọwara, mgbago n'okpuru ebili na squat daa.¶

flowchart TD
    A["Ihe nrụpụta ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ ihe mberede Iju mmiri na mmiri mmiri ozuzo, Bridge Underpass, ma ọ bụ squat agbahapụla"] --> B{"Kedu gburugburu ị nọ ugbu a?"}
    B -->|"1. Ọwara mmiri ozuzo n'okpuru ala, igbe igbe, ma ọ bụ ịsacha ihe"| C{"Mmiri ọ na-ebili ka ọ bụ ị na-anụ mkpọtụ mkpọtụ dị anya / na-enwe ikuku?"}
    C -->|"Ee: Mmiri na-ebili/anụ mkpọtụ"| D["Tụfuo ngwa niile ozugbo: ebula ụlọ ntu ma ọ bụ akpa (Ị nwere < 60 ruo 120 Sekọnd Tupu Knockdown Flow)"]
    D --> E{"Ọ bụ oghere ọwara mepere emepe / mgbidi gbadara agbagọ n'ime 100m n'elu elu/mịrị elu?"}
    E -->|"Ee"| F["Gbapụ n'ọnụ ọwara ma ọ bụ rịa mgbidi trapezoidal mkpọda site na iji ngere njikọ njikọ / Mgbasawanye"]
    E -->|"Mba (Mimi n'ime igbe dị n'okpuru ala)"| G["Rigo n'elu ubube CHIMNEY VERTICAL MANHOLE ozugbo: rịgoro n'elu Pipe okpueze, nkwado ndabere megide Shaft, Pound n'okporo ámá Manhole mkpuchi nwere ihe igwe & kpọọ 911/112"]
    B -->|"2. Bridge Underpass Ledge / Riverbank Encampment"| H["Mgbapụ gbapụrụ agbapụ site na 45-Degree Wing-Wall Riprap Slope to Upper Highway Ubu Tupu Mmiri erute na nkwonkwo ụkwụ; Kpọọ Swiftwater Rescue"]
    B -->|"3. Ụlọ a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ / oghere nkwakọba ihe Squat"| I{"Ulo ala na-agbaji, mgbidi na-ehulata ma ọ bụ n'uko ụlọ na-agbawa?"}
    I -->|"Ihe ịrịba ama ịdọ aka ná ntị tupu ọ daa"| J["Wepụ ngwa ngwa: Gagharịa n'akụkụ mgbidi na-ebu ibu nke mpụga (Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla gafere ogologo ala ala etiti)"]
    I -->|"Ejidere n'ime n'ime arụrụ arụ dara ada / tọrọ atọ na mkpọmkpọ ebe"| K["Makpu n'akụkụ mgbidi nkuku na-ebu ibu ma ọ bụ kọlụm arụrụ arụ dị arọ ('Triangle / Lean-To Void'); Na-ekpuchi ọnụ na uwe elu megide Silica/Asbestos ájá; Kpatụ ọkpọkọ ugboro 3 kwa sekọnd 60 ọ bụla"]

Ihe atụ nke mbụ: idei mmiri na-egbuke egbuke n'ọwara mmiri mmiri na-asọpụta n'okpuru ala na ọwa mmiri mmiri siri ike¶

N'obodo ndị dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ America (Las Vegas's 1,000 kilometers / 600 miles of underground flood tunnels managed by the Clark County Regional Flood Control District; Phoenix; Albuquerque; Los Angeles's concrete river channels; San Antonio; Austin; Dallas), Europe, na Eshia, puku kwuru puku mmadụ enweghị ụlọ na-agbaba n'ime ** mita 3 site na 4-mita (10-by-13-foot) Akwadoro igbe kọnti siri ike *** n'ihi na ha na-adị jụụ na okpomọkụ nke 45 Celsius C ma kpọọ nkụ maka ụbọchị 340 kwa afọ.

====================================================================================
     ANATOMY OF AN UNDERGROUND STORM-DRAIN FLASH FLOOD ("SURCHARGE PIPE FLOW")
====================================================================================

   [Street Level] ======[Cast-Iron Manhole Cover (50-110 kg)]======
                                    |     |  <-- VERTICAL MANHOLE CHIMNEY SHAFT
                                    |  H  |      - Steel ladder rungs on wall
                                    |  H  |      - SURVIVAL REFUGE: Climb up into
                                    |  H  |        this vertical chimney ABOVE the
   [Tunnel Ceiling] ----------------+  H  +----------------  tunnel ceiling before
      AIR SPACE VANISHES IN 3 MINS  |  H  |                  water fills the pipe.
   ........................................................  <-- Rising Flood Crest
         ---> 25 to 40 km/h (15-25 mph) Debris Wall --->          (Zero Air Pocket
   ========================================================       Once "Surcharged")
   [Slick Algae Concrete Floor: 15 cm (6 in) Fast Water Knocks an Adult Down]
====================================================================================

Ihe ịrịba ama ịdọ aka ná ntị mbụ nke 4 nke ọwara iju mmiri na-abịa.Even Under a Sunny Sky)¶

N'ihi na mmiri mmiri ozuzo na-anakọta mpụta mmiri si n'okporo ámá ndị e chara acha na ugwu 10 ruo 30km (kilomita 10 ruo 30)6 to 20 miles) n'elu ugwu, ị ga-anọkarị ** agaghị ahụ otu mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ nụ égbè eluigwe* n'ọnụ ụzọ ọwara tupu oke ide mmiri na-egbu egbu abịarute. Buru ihe n'isi ihe anọ a n'isi:

1. ** "Ikuku Piston" & Isi nke Ụwa Wet (3 to 8 Minutes Before the Water Wall):**
2. Dị ka mgbidi nke idei mmiri na-ejupụta n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ nke dị n'elu, ọ na-eme ka nnukwu sirinji na-ebugharị otu kọlụm nke ikuku na-ebugharị n'ihu ya gbadaa ọkpọkọ. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-eche na mberede ** na-aga n'ihu, dị jụụ, ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-efeda ọwara a ka na-ahụkarị** yana isi ** mmiri asphalt, ọwa mmiri gas na ozone, mmiri ide mmiri abanyelarị n'ime ọkpọkọ dị n'elu gị.
3. ** The Acoustic "Ụgbọ oloko ụgbọ oloko / ibu ụgbọ oloko" (1 to 4 Minutes Before Impact):**
4. Ọkpụkpọ igbe ihe na-eme ihe dị ka ihe na-eme mkpọtụ na-efegharị efegharị: mmiri na-akụda okwute, ụgbọ ịzụ ahịa, na osisi na-agbada n'ala ihe na-emepụta ** miri emi, na-ebili obere mkpọtụ mkpọtụ ** nke na-agbada n'ọwara nkeji nkeji tupu mmiri apụta.
5. ** "Dirty Trickle" & Mbili elu nke mkpọda/oke n'elu mgbidi (na mberede)30 to 90 Seconds Before the Crest):**
6. Lelee obere gọta na-erute obere etiti (invert channel) n'ala nke ọwara: ozugbo ahụ doro anya trickle tụgharịa ** chocolate-aja aja, ụfụfụ, ma ọ bụ na-ese n'elu siga butts na epupụta **, ma ọ bụ na ị na-ahụ ** narị narị ọchịcha, spiders, na oke na mberede na-awụlikwa elu n'akụkụ mgbidi dị n'akụkụ elu n'elu ụlọ **, isi iju mmiri bụ sekọnd n'azụ.
7. ** Otu esi agbapụ site na igwe anwụrụ ọkụ kwụ ọtọ mgbe ọwara ahụ jupụtara:**
8. Lelee elu ụlọ ka ị na-abanye n'ime mmiri mmiri ọ bụla ma ** gụọ nzọụkwụ gị na ubube oghere manhole kwụ ọtọ kacha nso ***.
9. Ọ bụrụ na ọnyà dị n'okpuru ala site na mmiri na-arị elu, rịgoro nrịgo nchara nchara ruo n'osimiri kwụ ọtọ dị warara dị n'okpuru okporo ámá.
10. ** Kpachara anya na Rusty Ladder Rungs:** Na-edobe mgbe niile ** ebe kọntaktị atọ ** ma tinye aka na ụkwụ gị ** gbanye n'akụkụ mpụta nke igwe nchara n'ebe ọ na-abanye na mgbidi sink *** (never in the middle of a corroded rung, where bending stress is highest and rusted steel snaps).
11. ** Otu esi emepe kilogram 70 (150-Pound) Ihe mkpuchi nke cast-Iron Street Manhole Si n'okpuru:** Anwala mgbe ọ bụla iji ogwe aka gbatịrị agbatị kwanye mkpuchi oghere n'isi gị. Na-arịgo elu nke ukwuu nke na ** ubu gị ma ọ bụ ọbụ ụkwụ nke akpụkpọ ụkwụ gị ** (mgbe ị na-akwado azụ gị n'ihu n'ihu mgbidi dị n'akụkụ osisi) nwere ike jiri ike ụkwụ / azụ gbagoo elu, ma ọ bụ mechie ọkpọkọ ígwè / crowbar site na abụọ ** 2.5-centimeter (1-inch) ghota oghere *** na mkpuchi nke nkedo ma felie akwa na-egbuke egbuke ma ọ bụ ọkụ ọkụ gbagoro n'okporo ụzọ ka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala na ndị na-agafe agafe hụ gị wee kpọọ 911.

Ihe atụ nke 2: Ihe ize ndụ ndakpọ ụlọ n'ime ụlọ ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ (Squats), ụlọ nkwakọba ihe, na ihe owuwu ọkụ¶

Maka ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi na-agbaba n'ime ụlọ ndị tọgbọrọ chakoo, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe gbahapụrụ agbahapụ, ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọkụ mebiri emebi, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile na-ebute ọdịda nke ụlọ site na ** mmiri na-abanye n'elu ụlọ na-asọpụta.which silently rots wooden floor joists over months) ma ọ bụ ** nnukwu mmiri ozuzo/oyi snow** na-agbakwunye iri puku metrik tọn dị arọ na trusses mebiri emebi.

Otu esi adị ndụ ma gosi ndị nnapụta ma ọ bụrụ na ọ tọrọ atọ n'okpuru mkpọmkpọ ebe ụlọ (USAR Void-Space Survival)¶

Ọ bụrụ na elu ụlọ ma ọ bụ ala a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ daa tupu ị pụta: 1. ** Chebe ụgbọ elu gị megide silica, plasta, na uzuzu asbestos (Seconds 1 to 30):** - Ndakpọ ihe arụrụ arụ na-eju ikuku na kpuru ìsì, na-ata ahụhụ *crystalline silica, ngwa ngwa lime kpụkọrọ akpụkọ, fiberglass, na uzuzu asbestos . Weta akwa akwa uwe elu ma ọ bụ jaket gị ozugbo n' imi na ọnụ gị breathe through 2 to 4 layers of cloth) na-emechikwa anya gị ruo mgbe uzuzu na-ada. 2. ** Adịla ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ ọkụ, match ma ọ bụ propane n'okpuru mkpọmkpọ ebe: - Ụlọ ndị dara ada na-enwekarị ọkpọkọ ikuku gas (or decaying organic/sewer pockets). Ịkụ ọkụ na-ebute mgbawa oghere ma na-eri obere akpa ikuku oxygen gị. Jiri ihuenyo ama ama ma ọ bụ tọọchị ikanam obere obere. 3. ** Jiri mba ụwa "3-Tap Acoustic Pipe Signal" (Do NOT Scream Continuously): - Iti mkpu n'ime uzuzu uzuzu na-eme ka ikuku oxygen gị gwụ, na-eme ka akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ gị dajụọ, wee banye n'ime otu mita nke sink. - Kama, buru otu mpempe ígwè, ọkpọkọ, ma ọ bụ nkume na ** bang 3 dị iche, taps rhythmic (TAP - TAP - TAP ... pause ... TAP - TAP - TAP) megide ọkpọkọ mmiri ígwè, ọkpọkọ radiator, ígwè I-beam, ma ọ bụ kọlụm kọlụm ** ọ bụla 60 sekọnd. Ụda ịma jijiji na-aga mita 50 na ọkpọkọ ígwè na-aga n'ihu ozugbo gaa ** FEMA / Ngalaba Ọkụ na-achọ na Nnapụta Obodo (USAR) Delsar seismic/acoustic ige sensọ ***, na mgbe ị nụrụ nkịta nnapụta ma ọ bụ olu n'elu, kwụsịtụ gị ọpịpị ka ị nụrụ oku ha na-enweta azụ na iwu.

Ihe atụ nke 3: Nchekwa oyi/oké ifufe kpo oku yana iwu carbon monoxide na squats na n'okpuru ụzọ¶

Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-agbaba n'ụlọ ndị gbahapụrụ agbahapụ, igbe igbe, na àkwà mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri na-anwụ n'oge oyi ọ bụla site na ** Carbon Monoxide (CO) nsi na ọkụ matraasi na-agba** karịa site na ndakpọ ụlọ: - Esurela unyi ọkụ, ọkụ pallet nkụ, gas generator, ma ọ bụ stovu ogige n'ime ụlọ a na-adịghị ahụ anya, okpuru ulo, ma ọ bụ ihe mgbawa:CO, na-ebute coma na-egbu egbu n'oge ụra n'ime nkeji 20 ruo 45. - ** Debe ụzọ ọpụpụ anụ ahụ nwere onwe abụọ doro anya (The Squat Fire Rule*** Ụlọ ndị nwere ohere jupụtara na kaadiboodu, matraasi na tarp na-ere ọkụ site n'otu ọnụ kandụl ruo ** mkpokọta ọkụ ọkụ (600°C / 1,100°F) n'okpuru 180 sekọnd ***. Ehila ụra n'ime ụlọ ebe a na-agbado windo nchara ma ọ bụ jiri plywood banye n'èzí ọ gwụla ma ị meghere ụzọ mgbapụ nke okpukpu ala nke abụọ ** tupu ị dinara ala.

Ihe atụ nke 4: Ihe ize ndụ hydraulic nke dị n'okpuru mmiri, ịrịgo riprap, na mmiri mmiri dị ala ("igwe mmiri na-eri") mgbanarị¶

Ndị na-ehi ụra siri ike na ndị na-apụ apụ na-ama ụlọikwuu na-ama ụlọikwuu na flat ** concrete bridge abutment shelf (bridge seat*** ozugbo n'okpuru okporo ụzọ gafere ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ọwa njem osimiri mepere emepe. Ọ bụ ezie na àkwà mmiri awara awara na-egbochi mmiri ozuzo kwụ ọtọ, ụzọ ụgbọ ala n'onwe ya na-anọdụ n'ime ** mgbochi ide mmiri nke arụpụtara ** nke osimiri ma ọ bụ ọwa mmiri:

1. ** Gịnị kpatara osimiri ji ebili ugboro abụọ ka ọ na-agba ọsọ n'okpuru àkwà mmiri (Venturi Constriction & Debris Strainer Dams):**
2. Ndị injinia na-eji mgbidi nku kọmpụta mee ka akụkụ mmiri ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ iji belata ogologo akwa mmiri ahụ. Mgbe oke mmiri ozuzo na-adaba na ọwa ahụ, mbelata ahụ na-eme ka mmiri ahụ mee ngwa ngwa ma kpokọta ya na kwụ ọtọ (backwater rise) ziri ezi megide olulu mmiri.
3. Nke ka njọ, ozugbo osisi mbụ a gbapụrụ agbapụ, ihe mkpofu na-ese n'elu mmiri, ma ọ bụ pallet osisi nwụdere n'akụkụ ụzọ gafere n'akụkụ àkwà mmiri ahụ, ihe mkpofu ọ bụla dị n'okpuru ala na-abanye n'osisi ahụ, na-ewu ụlọ siri ike ** Debris Dam ** n'ime nkeji na-akwado mmiri idei mmiri ruo n'akụkụ elu dị n'okpuru ebe a na-ama ụlọ ụlọikwuu.
4. ** Otu esi agbanarị mgbidi ọwa ihe dị nrịgo dị elu (Trapezoidal Flood Channels):**
5. Ọ bụrụ na ejidere gị n'ime ọwa mkpọda, 45-ogo ide mmiri mmiri ozuzo (such as the Los Angeles River, Las Vegas Wash, or San Antonio River flood tunnels) ebe algae na silt na-eme ka mmiri mmiri dị nro dị ka iko tee:
   • Agbalịla ịga ije kwụ ọtọ nke mmiri mmiri na-akpụ akpụ na akpụkpọ ụkwụ rọba dị mmiri: rịa n'ụkwụ anọ n'akụkụ ** oghere ịgbasa oghere kwụ ọtọ.spaced every 6 to 9 meters / 20 to 30 feet***, nke na-enye mkpịsị aka- na azụ-azụ, ma ọ bụ jide eriri mgbakasị ala nke ngere njikọ njikọ dị n'elu egbugbere ọnụ nke ọwa.
   • ** Nke "Backpack Throw-Bag" Nnapụta site na ụlọ akụ:** Ọ bụrụ na onye gị na ya na-ekpochapụ ọwa kọmpụta ma guzoro n'ụlọ akụ dị n'elu ha, ** etinyela ha n'azụ** (both of you will be swept away). Kama, wepụ ọkara uwe ndị ahụ dị arọ na akpa azu, kewaa mita 15 **50-foot) paracord nylon ma ọ bụ ụdọ tarp ** na njide akpa azụ (aka)leaving one sealed empty plastic 2-liter water bottle or closed sleeping pad inside the pack for buoyancy), jide ọdụ ọdụ nke eriri a fụchiri n'okwa mgbidi (never tied around your own wrist or waist), ma tụba akpa azu paaki na-ese n'elu mmiri nke enyi gị ka ha nwee ike makụọ mkpọ ahụ n'obi ha na pendulum-swing n'ime ụlọ akụ.
6. ** Na-agbanahụ Dam-isi dị ala ma ọ bụ nkwụsị nkwụsị nke igbe (The "Recirculating Hydraulic Boil"):**
7. Ebe ọwa mmiri mmiri nke dị n'okpuru ala na-awụpụ n'ime ebe a na-ekposa ihe (content).or where an urban river drops 1 to 3 meters over a concrete weir / low-head dam), mpempe mmiri nke na-ada ada na-adaba na ala wee tụgharịa azụ azụ n'elu, na-emepụta vortex igwe na-asagharị ** submerged (hydraulic jump / keeper hydraulic)** nke na-adọta ndị na-ese n'elu mmiri na-alaghachi na ákwà mgbochi mmiri na-adaba ugboro ugboro.
8. ** Ọ bụrụ na ejidere gị na hydraulic na-emegharịgharị n'ọnụ ọnụ: ** Ela n'iyi ** egbula ume gị na-agbalị igwu mmiri na-aga n'ihu n'elu obụpde na-aga azụ. Kama, ** (a) *** gbalịa ịrụ ọrụ ahụ gị n'akụkụ (laterally) n'akụkụ ihu nke weir na-aga n'ihu mgbidi nku angled ebe hydraulic na-agbaji, ma ọ bụ ** (b)** tinye n'ime bọọlụ, banye n'ala kọmpat ozugbo n'okpuru ákwà mgbochi na-ada ada ebe ** akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị ugbu a na-agbapụta n'okpuru mmiri **, ma kwapụ n'ala ala mgbada gafere ahịrị ụfụfụ ọcha tupu ọ pụta.

Chebe akwụkwọ NJ gị dị oke mkpa, kaadị EBT na ekwentị gị n'ime ogige nwere ike ide mmiri¶

Mgbe ị na-ebupụ mmiri mmiri idei mmiri ma ọ bụ squat na-ada n'ọchịchịrị, na-efunahụ akwụkwọ ikike ịnya ụgbọ ala gị, akwụkwọ ọmụmụ, kaadị Social Security, SNAP/EBT na ekwentị Lifeline n'ime ụlọ ntu idei mmiri na-eme ka mgbake ụlọ gị laghachi azụ n'ọnwa. Jiri kaadị **ID gị, kaadị EBT, karama ọgwụ na ekwentị na-ehi ụra kwa abalị n'ime akpa akọrọ mmiri na-enweghị mmiri.or double-zipped quart freezer Ziploc bags) ebibiri ozugbo na eriri eriri gị ma ọ bụ eyi n'ime obere akpa obi nke dị n'okpuru jaket gị ***, hapụghị ya n'ala ụlọ ntu.

Ederede enyemaka mbụ maka imikpu mmiri idei mmiri, hypothermia, na mmerụ ahụ¶

Mmiri idei mmiri na-asọpụta n'obodo ukwu bụ ofe na-egbu egbu nke raw Sanitary sewer tojubigara ókè (CSO), mmamịrị oke (Leptospira), mmanụ moto, agịga hypodermic, na mmiri na-asọ oyi. Onye ọ bụla ewepụtara n'ọwara idei mmiri ma ọ bụ ọwa mmiri ga-: (1) yipụsịa uwe mmiri ozugbo wee kechie ya na blanketị kpọrọ nkụ/Mylar iji gbochie ihe na-eme ** hypothermia (which strikes even in 20°C / 68°F water), ** (2)** jiri mmiri karama dị ọcha + ncha + na-ekpochapụ ihe niile na nchacha (nchacha niile)povidone-iodine) iji gbochie ** leptospirosis, tetanus, na * Vibrio * / * Aeromonas * ọrịa anụ ahụ dị nro **, na ** (3) ** gaa na ngalaba mberede ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọgwụ na-agwọ ọrịa n'okporo ámá ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri ọ bụla loro ma ọ bụ na-achọsi ike ("secondary pulmonary injury"). Inweta aka na enyemaka mbụ na nkuzi CPR sitere na Red Cross ma ọ bụ St John Ambulance na-akwado gị iji jikwaa mmiri mmiri na trauma tupu EMS abịarute.

Ihe mberede mpaghara, nnapụta mmiri ọsọ ọsọ, yana kọntaktị ebe nchekwa ihu igwe siri ike¶

• United States & Canada:
• Iju mmiri ọwara ozugbo, nnapụta mmiri mmiri, ma ọ bụ nbibi ụlọ: Kpọọ 911 ma kwuo nke ọma: "SWIFTWATER RESCUE NEEDED IN [STORM DRAIN / CHANNEL LOCATION]" ma ọ bụ "STRUCTURAL BUILDING COLLAPSE WITH PERSON TRAPPED AT [ADDRESS]" (so dispatch sends Technical Rescue / USAR and Swiftwater boats rather than a single patrol car).
• 24/7 Ebe nchekwa ihu igwe siri ike & nchụpụ Van Dispatch: Kpọọ 211 (ma ọ bụ 311 na NYC, Chicago, LA, SF, Toronto). N'oge elekere Iju Mmiri Flash, ịdọ aka ná ntị furu efu, ma ọ bụ akara ngosi Blue/Code Red, otu mgbasa ozi obodo (such as HELP of Southern Nevada's tunnel outreach team in Las Vegas, LAHSA ERT in Los Angeles, or DHS Outreach in NYC) na-enye ụgbọ njem mberede gaa n'ụlọ nkụ na-enweghị ihe mgbochi ID.
• United Kingdom & European Union:
• ** Ọkụ Mberede & Nzọpụta nka:** Kpọọ 999 (UK) ma ọ bụ 112 (EU).
• ** Ntuziaka ebe nchekwa ihe mberede nke siri ike: *** Na UK, kpọtụrụ StreetLink (thestreetlink.org.uk* ma ọ bụ kansụl ime obodo ** SWEP (Severe Weather Emergency Protocol*** oche ụlọ; na France, pịa 115 (SAMU Social 24/7 ahịrị ebe nchekwa mberede n'efu).
• Australia:
• Iju mmiri mberede / ndị uwe ojii / nnapụta ọkụ: Kpọọ 000; ** Ọrụ Mberede steeti (SES Iju mmiri na nnapụta):** Kpọọ 132 500.
• Maka nọmba mberede na mba 190, kpọtụrụ nọmba mberede.

Ajụjụ a na-ajụkarị¶

Kedu ka ọwara mmiri ozuzo nke dị n'okpuru ala ga-esi jupụta na mgbidi mmiri dị ụkwụ isii mgbe mmiri na-ezoghị n'èzí?¶

Ọwa mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na ọwa mmiri na-achịkwa mmiri na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nnukwu ọwara mmiri na-anakọta mmiri ozuzo n'okporo ụzọ awara awara na ugwu dị kilomita 15 ruo 30 (kilomita 10 ruo 20). Oke égbè eluigwe na-efe n'elu ugwu ndị dị anya na-eziga ọtụtụ nde lita mmiri na-agba ọsọ na-agbatu ọkpọkọ na-enweghị esemokwu na 25 ruo 40 km / h (15 ruo 25 mph), na-erute n'okpuru mbara igwe anwụ na-enweghị mmiri ozuzo mpaghara. Ọ bụrụ na ị nọ n'ọwara ma nwee mmetụta ikuku dị jụụ na mberede, na-esi ísì unyi, nụ ụda ụgbọ oloko dị ala, ma ọ bụ hụ ka ala ala ka ọ na-akpụ apịtị, tufuo ngwongwo niile wee pụọ ma ọ bụ rịgoro nrịgo elu kwụ ọtọ n'ime sekọnd 60.

Gịnị mere na m gaghị anwa ma ọlị ibili ma ọ bụ jee ije ma ọ bụrụ na mmiri idei mmiri na-akpụ akpụ n’ikpere kụdara m?¶

Ịkwaga mmiri dị naanị 15 centimeters (6 inch) miri nwere ike ịkụda onye toro eto n'ụkwụ ha, na ịgbalị itinye ụkwụ gị n'okpuru ikpere ma ọ bụ miri ngwa ngwa n'úkwù na-emepụta ihe egwu "Entrapment Ụkwụ" na-egbu egbu. Ọ bụrụ na akpụkpọ ụkwụ gị ma ọ bụ nkwonkwo ụkwụ gị na-ejide n'ime mmiri dị n'ime mmiri, stub rebar, nkwonkwo mgbasawanye ihe, ma ọ bụ ụgbọ ịzụ ahịa, nnukwu ike dị ugbu a na-akwada obi gị na isi gị ozugbo ihu n'okpuru mmiri wee tụdo gị n'ebe ahụ. Na-ese n'elu azụ gị mgbe niile ka ụkwụ gị na-atụ aka mgbada n'ihu gị na mkpịsị ụkwụ gị gbagoro nso n'elu ka ịpụpụ ihe mgbochi mgbe ị na-aga n'ogo 45 n'akụkụ ụlọ akụ.

Ebee ka ebe kacha dịrị nchebe ịkwaga ma ọ bụrụ na ụlọ a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ amalite ịgbawa ma ọ bụ daa mgbe m nọ n'ime?¶

N'ime ụlọ brik na osisi toro eto, ndị na-agba chaa chaa ma ọ bụ ndị na-ebufe ibu na-enye ohere mgbe niile n'etiti ime ụlọ ahụ, na-adaba n'etiti ala ahụ ozugbo n'ime okpuru ulo ebe akụkụ mpụta na-agbanye n'ime mgbidi dị elu na-adịgide adịgide dị ka angled "Lean-To V-Voids." Ngwa ngwa pụọ ​​n'ogo etiti ala wee makụọ mgbidi na-ebu mpụta, ọnụ ụzọ masonry agbachiela, ma ọ bụ steepụ nkuku mechiri emechi. Ọ bụrụ na mkpọmkpọ ebe amalite ịda tupu ị pụọ, banye n'akụkụ nkuku na-ebu ibu siri ike ma ọ bụ kọlụm arụrụ arụ dị arọ, gbanye n'ime bọọlụ siri ike iji chebe ọgịrịga gị, ma dọrọ uwe elu gị n'imi na ọnụ gị ka ọ ghara ibu uzuzu.

Gịnị mere o ji dị ize ndụ ibuli ogwe osisi dara ada n’ụkwụ mmadụ ma ọ bụrụ na a tụrụ ya ihe karịrị awa abụọ?¶

Mgbe mbadamba nkume dị arọ ma ọ bụ osisi osisi gbajiri ma tụnye ụkwụ ma ọ bụ pelvis mmadụ ruo ihe karịrị awa 1 ruo 2, mkpụrụ ndụ akwara nke agụụ oxygen na-agụ na-akụrisị wee jide ọkwa potassium, myoglobin, na acid na-egbu egbu n'ime ụkwụ ya. Ọ bụrụ na ndị nnapụta na mberede na-ewepụ osisi ahụ n'ụkwụ na-enweghị ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike, potassium ahụ tọrọ atọ na-agbaba n'obi ozugbo ma mee ka njide obi na-egbu egbu n'ime 60 sekọnd, ihe mberede ahụike a maara dị ka "Crush Syndrome" ma ọ bụ njide reperfusion. Ọ gwụla ma ọkụ ma ọ bụ ebili mmiri idei mmiri na-emegharị ozugbo, kpọọ 911 ma mee ka osisi ahụ guzosie ike ruo mgbe ndị ọrụ ahụike bịarutere inye mmiri IV na ọgwụ na-echebe obi tupu ebuli ya.

enyochara isi mmalite¶

• Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Mberede Federal (FEMA, United States): Ntuziaka na-achọ na nnapụta obodo (USAR) Ntuzi ọrụ ubi, Ụdị ndakpọ Ụdị, Sistemụ akara, na Shoring.
• Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Nchekwa Ọkụ nke Mba (NFPA, United States): NFPA 1006 na 1670 Standards for Technical Rescuer Professional Qualifications, Swiftwater Rescue, Low-Head Dam Mechanics, and Confined Space Hazards.
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) & National Weather Service (NWS, United States): Flash Iju Mmiri Mechanics na Urban Drainage Systems na Engineered Channel.
• Nchịkwa Ọkụ nke United States (USFA, United States): Nlekọta Mbụ Mberede maka Ọrịa Crush na Ntinye Ogologo Ogologo.
• Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (United Kingdom): Sistemụ ịdọ aka ná ntị ide mmiri, ihe egwu dị egwu, na nchekwa okporo ụzọ mmiri ime obodo.
• Ndị Ọchịchị Ọkụ na Ọrụ Mberede Ọstrelia (AFAC, Australia): Akwụkwọ ntuziaka na-arụ ọrụ nchọta na nnapụta na ime obodo.

Ntuziaka emetụtara¶

• Ịlanarị enweghị ụlọ yana oke ihu igwe
• Enweghị ebe obibi na mberede: awa 48 mbụ na ebe nchekwa mberede
• Mkpochapụ nke ogige, mweghara ihe onwunwe, na ikike ebe obibi
• Oke idei mmiri
• Nbibi na ndakpọ ihe owuwu