Frazil Ice ak Anchor Ice Jam: Blokaasu duggu kuuraŋ ak mbënd yu gaaw ci sedd bi ci dex yu Sub-Zero¶

Sudee dex guy wal bu baax, ndox mu bari ci tundu, wala kanaal ñu ngi ci ngelaw lu leer te sedd ci hiver bi (typically below -6 to -15 degrees Celsius / 21 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit) balaa surfaasu glaas bu dëgër di forme, courant turbulent bi dafay tere ndox mi gelé nekk crust bu dalal ci kaw. Lu moy loolu, ngelaw li ak gaawaay yi dañuy yëngal kolon ndox mi yépp, seddal ndoxu dex gi tuuti ci suufu point de congélation bi war ba ci stade supercooled bu -0.01 to -0.1 degrees Celsius (31.98 to 31.82 degrees Fahrenheit). Ci ay simili yu néew, ay miliyaar ciy kristalu glaas yu ndaw, yu sew melni rasoir, ñu leen di woowe frazil ice dañuy nucleate ci benn yoon ci biir kolon ndox mu sedd lool. Ndax kristal frazil yu sedd lool yi duñu dëgër ci wàllu thermodynamique, dañuy kolle bu baax ("frazil active"): dañuy kolle bu baax ni siman bu nekk ci biir ndox ci lépp lu nekk ci suuf 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit), di laxas cobbles ak xeer yu dex yi suux ci kaw streambed ngir sos matelaa yu dëll, spongy yu ancre ice, di fatt ndoxu naan municipaal ak ay rack mbalitu hydroelectric ci ay simili, ak ëmb ci suufu tool glaas yi ci suufu ndox mi. Suñu tënk 50 ba 90 pursaa ci yaatuwaayu dex gi, frazil ak ancre glace yi mën nañu tax dex gi yéeg ba 2 ba 5 meetar (6.5 ba 16.5 pied) ci diir bu weesuwul 1 ba 4 waxtu ci suufu asamaan bu baxa bu leer nàññ. ci suufu dex gi vague de libération de jam de glace (jave) su benn barage de glace dalee ci saasi. Sudee ndoxu dex gi ci hiver bi tàmbali yéeg ci sa mbedd, ci suufu kër gi, wala ci wetu dex gi, wala su amee ku daanu ci ndoxu frazil bu laxasu, daw nga dem ci barab bu kawe ci saasi nga woo sa waa dëkk nimero paj mu jamp. Sooy dem ci barab bu wóor, xoolaat sunuy tegtal ci glaas bu frazil, jamm glaas ci dex, mbënd yuy tas, ak tsunami yu glaas, mbënd yu gaaw, taw ak ngalaw, ak hypothermie ak gelé.

Frazil ak mbënd glaas yu ancre yi wuute nañu ak mbënd yiy am ci pringtemps, yuy am ci bis yi tàng, frazil ak mbënd glaas yu ancre dañuy am ci guddi yi gëna sedd ak suba yi ci hiver bi, di génne ndox mu fees dell ak 500-kilogram (1,100-hocever) der bu tooy ak plomberie structurel dafay gelé solid ci ay simili.

Defal lii leegi¶

1. Rawal ci saasi tefesu dex yi, barabi mbënd yi, ak yooni tefesu dex gi sudee gis nga ay pañe yuy féey ("pancake ice"), nga dégg bruit buy yëy, wala nga seetlu ni dex gi di yéeg wala di wàcci ci saasi ci jamono yu amul zero. Bul xaar taw wala jam ak diggu sedd bi dafay yokk niveau ndox mi 1 ba 3 meetar (3.3 ba 10 pied) ci diir bu néew 60 simili. Yéeg ci saasi ba ci suuf si 5 ba 10 meetar (16 ba 33 pied) ci kaw màrku ndox mi.
2. BUL MUSAA dox ci kaw dex gu glaas, ci pañe dex, wala ci tefes gi, te bul musa jéema jaar ci biir dex gi. Frazil slush ("slob ice") dafay nuru banku neige bu dëgër buy muur dex gi, waaye amul benn stree. Su nit daanu ci paan frazil, slush bi am 1 ba 2 meetar ci yaatuwaayam dafay tëju ci saasi ci kaw boppam ni beton bu tooy, di tere ko féey, ba noppi di indi sedd bu metti ci saasi, di xëm ak di féey.
3. Sudee sa kër wala sa néeg mingi ci barabu mbënd ci hiver bi, ndox mi tàmbali yéeg ba ci sa fondation, tëj sa disjoncteur bu mag bi ak sa vanne fuur/chaudière LAATA ndox mi di dugg ci suufu kër gi, nga rawale ko. Ndoxu mbënd bu wuute ak ndox mi ci ete bi, 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) ndoxu mbënd mi fees dell ak frazil dafay gelé nekk ay bloku glaas yu dëgër ci biir néeg yi ak ci suuf ci ay waxtu, di yàq reservoir petroleum yi, di dagg tuyo gaz naturel yi, di tëj buntu yi ci biti.
4. **Sooy jëfandikoo benn admission ndox municipaal, pompu irigaasioŋ, wala turbine micro-hydroelectrique te nga gis ni jauge yi dañuy wàcci ci guddi gu leer, su-zero, BULEEN xaar ba debit bi yegg ci zero ngir liggéey.even bars spaced 5 to 10 centimeters apart) ci 15 ba 45 simili, xiif pompe jaaraleko ci cavitation ak daanu ay ekraŋ admission ci suufu fukki tonne pression hydrostatique. Aktiwiseel ci saasi elemen yiy tàngal mbalit mi, bubbler yi am air comprimé, wala cycle de flushing ci ginaaw, wala bypass/gaz biy jaar ci admission bi suko defee surface glace bi mën nekk tol isolant buy muur ci kaw dex gi.
5. Soo gisee dexu hiver bu jekki rek wàcci ci xóotaayu suuf, ba noppi wane xeer yu amul dara, yu am glaas ci kaw dex gi, wàcci ci dex gi nga yéeg ci tefes gi ci saasi. Dafay jekki rek ci dexu hiver biy wàcci, dafay tekki ni daa am frazil bu mag wala ancre bu am ay milioŋ yu bari yu am glaas yu nekk ci kaw. ndox. Su baraasu glaas bi daanu, vague surge turbulent glace-jam (3 to 6 meters / 10 to 20 feet high, toxu ci 5 to 10 meters per second) fees dell ak ay bloku glaas yuy yëy dina ñu bale kanal bu waw bi te kenn duko artu.
6. Woowal sa nimero urgence ci saasi su amee ku tëju ci ndoxu hiver buy yokk, ku tëju ci kaw glaas, wala ku dugg ci ndox mu liw. Woowal 911 ci Etats Unis ak Canada, 112 ci biir Union Européenne, 999 ci Royaume-Uni, 000 ci Australie, wala xool nimero paj mu jamp. Laaj ekip yu yam ci Swiftwater / Ice Rescue yu am yéere yu waw yu ñuy suul ci ndox mi ak ay traîneau yuy gonflage ngir mucc ci glaas.

Fisik ci dexu gox bu sedd bi: Seddal bu rëy, Nucléation Frazil, Ancre Glace, ak Barrage yuy Daw¶

Ngir xam naka la dex gu am ndox mu bariwul ci hiver bi mënee fees ci tefesam yi 4 meetar (13 pied) ci guddi gi, xoolal ñeenti anam yi glaas bu sedd lool di doxee ci dex gi:

====================================================================================
       FOUR-STAGE PROGRESSION OF FRAZIL ICE, ANCHOR ICE, AND HANGING DAMS
====================================================================================

   [ CLEAR SUB-ZERO NIGHT AIR: -10 to -25 C (14 to -13 F) + Wind ]
          ^   ^   ^  (Intense Radiative & Convective Heat Loss from Open Rapids)
  ~~~~~~~~|~~~|~~~|~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
   (1) SUPERCOOLING & ACTIVE FRAZIL NUCLEATION (Water Temp: -0.01 to -0.10 C)
       * Turbulent rapids mix supercooled surface water all the way to the bottom.
       * Billions of sticky 0.1 to 5 mm discoid frazil crystals form in suspension.
                                        |
                                        v
   (2) ANCHOR ICE GROWTH ON THE RIVERBED & INTAKE TRASH RACKS
       * Sticky active frazil adheres to cold submerged boulders & steel grates.
       * Riverbed rises by 0.5 to 1.5 m as spongy anchor-ice pillows coat the bottom.
                                        |
                                        v
   (3) PANCAKE ICE & DOWNSTREAM HANGING DAM FORMATION
       * Buoyant frazil flocs rise to form circular slush pans ("pancake ice").
       * Where river slows (pool, bridge pier, or intact ice cover), slush dives
         underneath the surface ice to build a 3-to-10-meter-thick HANGING DAM.
                                        |
                                        v
   (4) HYDRAULIC CHOKING & WINTER FLASH FLOOD (OR SUDDEN BREAKUP SURGE WAVE)
       * 70% to 90% of river channel cross-section is plugged by slush & anchor ice.
       * Upstream river stage surges 2 to 5 meters (6.5 to 16.5 feet) in hours.
====================================================================================

1. Lu tax ndox miy naaw di sedd lool ludul nekk xeetu glaas bu dall¶

Ci biir lak wala pond bu dal, ndox mi ci 4 degrees Celsius (39.2 degrees Fahrenheit) nekk ci densité bi gëna mag ba noppi di suux ci suufa suuf, may skim bu woyof ci kaw 0 C ndox mi dafay gaawa gelaase nekk surface buy wéy di muur glaas biy isoler lak bi ci ngelaw lu sedd li ci kaw. - Ci dex gu gëna gaaw 0.6 to 1.0 meters per second (2 to 3.3 feet per second), turbulent yi dañuy jaxase ndox mi ci kaw suuf si ak ndox mi ci suuf. - xóotaayu dex gi yépp dafay sedd ba 0.00 degrees Celsius ba noppi mu wàcci ci supercooling (-0.01 to -0.10 degrees Celsius). Ba ci benn wàll ci ñaar fukkeelu degre bu wàcci ci suufu zero, dex gi yépp dafay soppi def ko usine buy defar glaas, muy defar ba 10,000 ba 1,000,000 kristal frazil ci meetar kib ndox mi.

2. Anchor Ice: Lu tax glaas di màgg ci suufu dex¶

Daanaka glaas moo gëna néew dëgëraay ni ndox mu ndoxe (0.917 g/cm3 vs. 1.000 g/cm3) ak flotër ci kaw. naka la lall yu dëll yu glaas mëna forme ci suufu dex gu gaaw gi? - vortex turbulent yi dañuy yóbbaale kristal frazil yu kole, yu sedd lool ba ci suufu dex gi. - Su kristal yooyu broose ci kaw xeer yu suux yi, pavé yi, xeer yu mag yi, tànki pont yi, wala ñaxx yu bonn yi ci ndox mi, dañuy liw ci saasi ci kaw xeer wi. - Buñu ancree ci xeer yu diis yi ci kaw streambed, kristal yi dañuy màgg ci biti nekk ay plate yu yaatu yuy jaxasoo ak ay dome spongy yu ancre ice (0.3 to 1.5 meters / 1 to 5 feet thick) luy muur lëmu dex gi yépp, di yokk bu baax lëmu hydraulique bi (Manning's n), yéegal kawewaay bi war ci lëmu dex gi, ba noppi yokk ndox mi ci kaw. - Midday Solar Release Hazard: Su jant bu suba bi génnee, radiasioŋ jant bu gàtt bi dugg ci ndox mu leer mi ngir tàngal xeer yu ñuul yi ci benn degre, ay ektaari glaas yuy féey dañuy tàqaloo ci suufu dex gi ci saasi, daal di yéeg 50-kilogram bossivet ci suufu dex gi. armada slush buy mbëkk pond yi ak barage yi.

3. Barage yuy weer: Iceberg bi nekk ci biir ndox te kenn gisu ko¶

Sudee frazil slush ak pancake glace yiy féey yegg nañu ci barab bu gëna ndànk ci dex gi (lu melni boppu reservoir, dex gu bënn, delta, wala catu kaw gi ci tollu glaas bu am doole), dañuy bale slush bi ** ci suufu ** surface glace bi. - Layer ginaaw layer de frazil slush deposits ci suufu tool glaas, tabax iceberg inverted buy wàcci ñu koy woowe barrage buy tëdd bu mëna yegg 5 ba 15 meetar (16 ba 50 pied) ci yaatuwaay ba noppi dem ba ay kilometre yu bari ci kawewaay ci tunnel bi ndox ngir jaar ci.

Tablo buy méngale: Frazil buy gelé / Ancre Ice Jam vs. Diggu sedd bi / Pringtemps Breaking Ice Jam vs. Mbënd taw bu ubbeeku¶

Aar ndox yiy jaar ci kuuraŋ, usine yi ak ndox yi ci dëkk yi ci blokaasu Frazil¶

Ngir operatëri sàntraalu ndox munisipaal yi, sàntraalu kuuraŋ yiy daw ci dex yi, jël ndox mu seddal, ak sàntraalu pompu mbay mi/jën yi, xew-xewu glaas bu frazil bu amul benn njeexte mën na tëj ndox mi ci dëkk bi yépp wala mu dindi reso kuuraŋ bi ci diir bu néew 30 simili.

1. Lu tax Frazil dafay tëj ay entrée yu suux 10 Meters Ci suufu kaw suuf si¶

Operatër yi dañuy faral di xalaat ni suñu defee tuyo buy jël ndox ci suufu dex gi, mu am 5 ba 10 meetar (16 ba 33 pied) ci xóotaayu dex gi, loolu dina tax mu baña gelé. Ci jamonoy xew-xewu frazil, xóotaayu amul benn kaaraange: 1. Dugg bu am turbulent: Turbulence dex gi ak gaawaayu suction bu pompu admission bi dafay xëcc ndox mu sedd lool (-0.02 to -0.08 C) ak kristal frazil yu suspendu jubal ci biir bellmouth biy dugg ci ndox mi. 2. Nukléaasioŋu mbalit-rack asiye bu amul lenn: Baar-rack asiye bu amul lenn ludul am yoonale tàngoor bu rëy. Bi ndox mu sedd lool laalee weñ yi, kristal frazil yi dañuy souder seen bopp ci catu weñ bu nekk. 3. **Pont exponentiel (15 to 45 Minutes to Total Blockage): ** Bi frazil di laxas bar yi, bërëb bi diggante bar yi dafay gëna ndaw, loolu mooy gaawal gaawaayu ndox mi ci ubbite yi des, di joxe kristal frazil yu gëna bari ci segond bu nekk ba miir bu dëgër bu pontu glaas buy jàll ci mbalit mi. Buñu ko boole, suction bi ci pomp yi ci ginaaw kuuraŋ bi dafay defar différentiel bu mag ci presion hydrostatique (up to 5 to 10 meters of water head) lu mëna laxas ay taabalu mbalit asiye ci biir ba noppi yàq impellers pomp yi jaaraleko ci cavitation.

2. Juroom jéego yu jëm ci ingenieur ak liggéey ngir daan Blockage Frazil¶

1. Xool tàngooru ndox mi ci anam wu jaar yoon (+/- 0.005 C) Termometre: Termometre industriel (+/- 0.5 C njub) mënul gis supercooling. Su tàngooru ngelaw li wàccee -6 C (21 F) ci kaw ndox mu ubbeeku ak ndox miy dugg 0.05 C ak daanu, yëgle Àrtu Glaas Frazil.
2. Energize Trash-Rack Chauffage électrique LAATA Supercooling di tàmbali: Frazil biy dox du **tafu ci benn surface buñu tëye rek 0.1 to 0.5 degrees Celsius above freezing. Energise élément chauffage électrique resistif yi ci biir mbalit yu am lënd yi (dafay laaj lu tollu ci 2 to 5 kW per square meter 30 ba 60 simili balaa ndox mi di yegg 0.00 C (tàngoor ginaaw bi rack bi jota suul ci benn meetar glaas dafay faral di yeex).
3. Defal taabalu mbalit yi ay mbir yu dul laxasu bu baax (Polyethylene UHMW / Epoxies) wala nga dindi taabalu mbalit yu dëgër yi: Frazil dafay gëna laxasu 10 yoon ci weñ bu amul lenn ludul ci polymer yu amul wen, yu néew conductivite thermique wala fibre de verre. Ci frazil runs emergency fu tàngoor amul, yenn saa yi operatër yi dañuy yéeg wàll wi ci kaw ci mbalit mi ci biti 30 santimet ngir may skim ndox mu bypass ak wàcce pression bopp bi.
4. Def ay rido bubbler air comprimé ak recirculation ndox mu tàng: Injection air comprimé ci suufu taabalu mbalit mi dafay dindi mekanik biy dajale ay frazil yu yomba dagg ci bar yi, ci noonu muy recirculer tuuti ci pursàntaasu kondensatër bu tàng/ndox seddal (even +1 to +2 C) ci biir forebay biy dindi -0.05 C supercooling lëmm, soppi frazil buy kole ci slush bu amul benn loraange.
5. **Wàññil gaawaayu debit bi (< 0.3 to 0.5 m/s). Su amee xeetu glaas bu dall bu muur ndox mi, dafay tere tàngoor wiy dem ci asamaan bi ci guddi, suko defee mu tere sedd bu metti bi ci suuf. Gaz dellu ci diir bu gàtt turbine hydroélectrique wala dugal bois/acier buy féey boom glace ci kaw dex gi dafay yeexal gaawaayu surface bi ci suuf 0.5 m/s, may glaas pancake biy féey ñu boole gelaase nekk kaw buy muur.

Garab buy jël dogal ci Triage urgent¶

flowchart TD
    A["Klimaa bu amul dara (< -6 C / 21 F) ci kaw dex gu ubbeeku WALA taw bu gaaw ci sedd bi / taw ci kaw neige"] --> B{"Lan mooy loraange dex gi ci hiver bi?"}
    B -- "Ndox mi di yokk bu baax ci sedd bu suufe / Pancake slush chaine de remplissement" --> C["Rawaleel mbënd mi ak yooni wetu dex gi ci saasi ba ci suuf su kawe (+5-10 m): 2. Tëj kuuraŋ bu mag bi ci kër gi & vanne gaz/diw balaa ndox mi di dugg ci biir kër gi: 3. Bul musa dawal ci biir gelé"]
    B -- "Niveau dex gi dafa jekki rek wàcci & wane xeer yu amul lenn luñu ko defaree glaas" --> D["1. Glaas bu nekk ci kaw dex gi dafa fatt dex gi & mingi tëye benn miiru ndox: 2. Daw ci dex gi & yéeg ci tefes gi ci saasi: 3. Àrtu askan wi ci suufu dex gi jaaraleko ci 919 /1911"]
    B -- "Hydroelectric / ndox munisipaal dafay yokk" --> E["Taalal radiatëru rack mbalit mi, recirculation ndox mu tàng, ak bubbler air STAT: 2. Debit pompe gaz/turbine (< 0.5 m/s) ngir moytu rack bi daanu ci anam wu wuute ak surface bu wuute. lu weesu yamaleg jumtukaay"]
    B -- "Nit wala baayima dafa daanu ci biir frazil slush wala jam glaas buy daw" --> F["Woowal 911 / 112 / 999 ngir Swiftwater Ice Rescue (BUL MUSAA dem ci ndoxu frazil ak tànk): 2. Yeggal wala sànni buum bu diis, seel, wala buoy bu dëgër: yéere yu tooy ci biir kër, faj hypothermie"]

Ice-Jam bi ci suuf dafay génne ay vague surge ("Javes") ak ay shove glaas ("Ivu")¶

Bi jams frazil yiy gelé di tabax ci diir bu gàtt, vague yiy génne jam glaas (ñu koy woowe javes ci ingenieur hydraulique yi) bokk nañu ci vague mbënd yi gëna gaaw, gëna yàq ci kaw suuf si: 1. Nooy forme ay vague ci Ice-Jam: Mën na nekk barage frazil bu dëll buy tëdd ci diggu sedd bi, wala jam bu mekanik bu dagg ci ay dallu glaas yu dëgër, jam glaas dafay nekk barage buy jàll dex gi, di jàppale reservoir bu xóot bi ci kaw ndox mi (often 3 to 8 meters / 10 to 26 feet higher than the water level immediately downstream of the jam). 2. Dafa yàqu ci saasi: Barage beton bu am spillway wuute na ak barabu beton, jam glaas dafay yàqu bu baax sudee pression hydrostatique ak ndox miy yokk dañuy yëkkati baraasu glaas bi ci suufu dex gi. 3. Gaawaay (5 to 10 Meters Per Second / 18 to 36 km/h): Su konfit bi tasee, vague gravite bu gaaw bu ndox mi ak ay bloku glaas yu 1 ton di daw wàcci dex gi ak gaawaay bu 5 ba 10 meetar ci seconde (11 ba 22 mile ci waxtu), di gaawaay bu gëna gaaw bu nit mëna daw ci tefesu dex gu bari neige. 4. Shoreline Ice Shoves (Ice Ride-Up): Bi vague surge bi di wër dex gi, momentum bi dafay sànni ay dallu glaas yu mag ci wetu dex gi (10 to 50 meters inland), dagg garab yu màgget yi, dagg poto yi, ak dagg miir yi ci suufu kër yi nekk ci wetu dex gi.

Nimero Emergency Regional yi ak sistem yiy saytu glaas ci dex gi¶

• Etats Unis: Woowal 911 ngir rawale nit ñi ci saasi wala ñu xettali la ci glaas. Saytu ci jamono dëgg ni dex gi di tëb ci sedd bi ak Xam-xam yiñ joxe ci dex gi ndax glaas jaaraleko ci NOAA / Serwiisu Jaawu bu Réew mi (RFCs) ak U.S. Korpu larme bu Ingénieur yi ci gox yu sedd yi, Laboratuwaaru Gëstu ak Ingénieur (USACE CRREL) Base de done ci Jam Glaas.
• Kanada: Bësal 911. Centre yiy saytu dex yi ci gox yi (lu melni Reseau biy saytu glaas ci bassin dexu Alberta, Watch Dexu Brunswick bu Bees, Ontario MNRF, ak Québec MSP Vigilance) dañuy génne bis bu nekk àrtu ci mbënd miy gelé ak di tas.
• Royaume-Uni ak Irlande: Bësal 999 wala 112. Saytu ni dex yi tollu jaaraleko ci Kurelu Environmaa (Angleterre), SEPA (Ecosse), Koom-koomu Gaal, ak OPW (Irlande).
• Mbootaayu Ëroop, réew yu nordic ak alpes: Bësal 112. NVE (Direction des ressources et de l’eau et de l’énergie de Norvège, Ispatruljen), SMHI (Suède), SYKE (Finlande), ak buro meteo hydro-metéorologique yu Alpes ñoo yor seentu glaas ak frazil.
• Asie, Risi, Australie ak Nouvelle-Zélande: Bësal 119 (Japon, Corée du Sud), 110 / 119 (Chine, Dexu Yellow ak Dexu Heilongjiang/Dexu Amur, 112 (Russie EMERCOM), 000 (Australie), wala **Nouvelle-Zélande). nimero paj mu jamp.

Laaj yi ñuy faral di laaj¶

Ndax dex mën na fees ci diggu sedd bi tawwul te tàngoor wi tollu ci -15 C (5 F)?¶

Liy waral mbënd yiy gelé ci hiver mooy volume glaas bi ak friksioŋ hydraulique biy tënk chaine dex gi, te du taw yu bari. Su tàngooru ngelaw li wàccee ci suufu -6 ba -15 degre Celsius (21 ba 5 degre Fahrenheit) ci kaw ndox mu ubbeeku ci guddi gu leer, ndoxu dex gi dafay sedd tuuti ci suufu gelé (-0.01 ba -0.1 C) ba noppi defar ay miliyaar ciy glaas yuy kole. Kristal yooyu dañuy muur lëmu dex gi ak glaas bu yegg ba benn meetar, ba noppi ñu nekk ci suufu glaas yi ci suufu dex gi, ñu nekk ci biir ndox mi, ñu am 10 meetar ci yaatuwaayam. Ndax 70 ba 90 pursaa ci kanaal yi nekk ci biir ndox mi dañuy jekki rek muur ak glaas, ba ci dex giy wal bu baax ci hiver bi amul feneen fu mu mëna dem ludul ci kaw ak ci kaw tefes gi.

Lan moo waral ndoxu dex mën wàcci ba 0 degre Celsius (32 degre Fahrenheit) te du soppi nekk glaas bu dëgër?¶

Ci biir piscine bu dal, ndox mi ci kaw dafay sedd ba 0 degre Celsius ba noppi daal di gelé ci saasi mu nekk tolluwaayu glaas bu dall buy xàjjale ndox mi ci suuf. Ci dex gu gaaw giy naaw lu ëpp 0.6 ba 1.0 meetar ci seconde (2 ba 3.3 pied ci seconde), turbulence mekanik dafay wéy di jaxase ndox mi ci kaw suuf si wàcci ci suufu dex gi. Dex gi yépp dafay sedd lu weesu 0.00 degre Celsius mu dem ba nekk lu sedd lool (-0.01 ba -0.10 C). Doonte supercooling bi amul benn ci fukki degre yi, wàcci tàngoor wi tuuti moo waral nucleation explosive bu kristal glaas yu frazil yi suspendu ba tàngoor wi nëbbu biy génn ci gelé bi delloosi ndox mi ci 0.00 C.

Lu tax féeykat bu am doole mënul féey ci dex gu fees dell ak mbalit?¶

Frazil slush (ñu koy faral di woowe "slob ice" ci nord Canada ak Terre-Neuve) dafa am 1 ba 3 meetar ci yaatuwaayu kristalu glaas bu fees dell ak ndox ak slush pancake buy féey ci kaw suuf si. Du Newtonian, medium bu am viscosité bu rëy: amul benn doole bu mëna tëye diisaayu nit ku taxaw wala sled rescue, kon dangay dugg ci biir jubal ci sa baat, waaye daa dëll lool te diis lool ngir tàqaloo ak say loxo wala nga tàqaloo ak say tànk. Rax ci dolli, daanu ci -0.05 C slush dafay indi reflex gasp froid-shock budul bëgg ci diiru 2 seconde, moo waral inhalation ci saasi slurry glaas ba noppi nga féey sudee solul vest de sauvetage bu flote bu kawe te ñu takk la ci buum.

Lumuy tekki sudee dex giy wal ci hiver bi jekki saa rek daal di wàcci nekk xeer yu amul dara?¶

Sooy yéeg tundu, napp ci glaas, wala nga dëkk ci wetu dex ci hiver bi, nga gis ni ndox mi dafa jekki rek wàcci benn meetar wala lu ëpp, nga gis xeer yu tooy yu am glaas ci kaw dex gi, kon danga nekk ci jafe-jafe yu rëy. Dex yi duñu fay ni robinet; daanu bu gaaw ci dex giy wàcci ci sedd bi dafay tekki ni frazil bu rëy, ancre glace, wala jam glaas bu tass bi dafa jekki rek wedged ci kanal bi ci kaw, tëye dex gi yépp ci ginnàaw benn miiru glaas bu amul dal. Su barabu glaas bi tojee, te loolu mën na am ay simili wala ay waxtu ci ginnaaw, ap vague bu 3 ba 6 meetar ci kawewaay ak ay bloku glaas yuy yëy ("jave") dina daw ci suufu dex gi ci 18 ba 36 kilomeet ci waxtu. Yéeg ci tefes gi ci saasi.

Nan la barage hydroélectrique yi ak sàntraali ndox yi ci dëkk yi di def ngir moytu glaas frazil bi fatt seen grille admission yi ci biir ndox mi?¶

Glaas frazil biy aktif dafay nekk ci biir ndox mi rek, fekk ndox mi sedd na lool ci suufu 0.00 degre Celsius, te dafay gëna dëgër ci weñ yu sedd yi. Santraalu ndox yi ak gaaraasu kuuraŋ yi dañuy tere ndox mi fatt ci juróomi anam: tàngal barabu mbalit mi ak kuuraŋ wala ak vapër ci 0.2 ba 0.5 degre Celsius ngir kristal yi baña mëna lëkkaloo; recirculate tuuti ndox mu tàng ngir seddal forebay ngir dindi supercooling; laxas grilles ak polimeer polyethylene bu woyof; def ay rido bubbler air comprimé ngir yëngal slush bu loose; ak wàññi gaawaayu ndox mi ci kaw 0.5 meetar ci segond bu nekk ci jëfandikoo boom glaas yuy féey suko defee ñu am surface bu dëgër buy muur ndox mi ci ngelaw lu sedd li ci guddi gi.

Lan moo tax doo musa dawal oto wala kamioŋ ci biir ndox mu xóotul miy fees ci tali?¶

Dawal ci biir 15 ba 20 santimet (6 ba 8 pouce) ci ndoxu mbënd frazil ci hiver bi moo gëna am loraange ci ndoxu ete bi ndax ñatti sabab. Bi ci njëkk mooy, lëmu lëndëm gi dafay nëbb ay bloku glaas yu dëgër yu 200 kilogram yuy féey, yu mëna dagg tige de volant bi wala wedge ci suufu chassis bi, daal di yëkkati pëno yi ci trotoire bi. Ñaareel ba mooy 0 C frazil slush dafay wal ci rotor frein yu tàng yi, etrier yi, ak lien yi ci volant bi, daal di gelé nekk glaas bu dëgër ci diiru 60 seconde, daal di tëj pëno yi wala di dindi frein yi lëmm. Ñatteel ba mooy sudee motër bi dafa taxaw ci biir luy yokk bu baax, ndox mi dafay gelé ci buntu yi ak kaadar bi ci diir bu gàtt, daal di tëj ñi ci nekk ci biir cabine wen bu tàngoorul.

Boroom yi ak tegtali ofisel¶

• **NU. Corps d'ingénieurs de l'armée (USACE) Laboratoire de recherche et d'ingénierie des régions froides (CRREL, Etats Unis): ** Ingénieur et de conception: Manuel de l'ingénieur de glace (EM 1110-2-1612) (manuel fédéral définitif sur la physique de l'entréement des rivières supercoolées, nucléaire de glace frazil mbalit-rack tàngoor jëmmal, ak ice-jam mitigation mbënd).
• Administrasioŋ nasionaal buy saytu géej yi ak jawwu ji (NOAA) & Serwiisu Jaawu bu Réew mi (NWS, Etats Unis): Waajal Mbënd buy Gelé ak Dagg, Centre biy Xeexal Dex giy Xelal Glaas yi, ak Kaaraange ci Vague yuy Gelé.
• Environmaa bi ak Coppite Klimaa bi ci Canada (ECCC) & Konsilu Gëstu bu Réew mi ci Canada (NRC, Canada): Dexu glaas yi, loraange yi ci Frazil Slush, ak tegtali hydraulique yu Canada ngir seetlu mbënd yi ci sedd bi.
• Direction bi yor xéewali ndox ak energie ci Norvège (NVE, Norvège): Glaas bu Frazil, Glaas ancre, ak jëfandikoo ndox ci dex yu gaaw yi nekk ci suufu zero (Téere jëfandikoo Ispatruljen).
• Mbootayu Meteorologie ci Àdduna bi (OMS, International): Téere biy wax ni ñuy seentu ak artu ci mbënd (OMS-No. 1072), Hydrologie ci gox yu sedd yi ak sistem yiy teela artu.

Gid yu jëm ci loolu¶

• Glaas bu Frazil, dex guy jaxasoo, mbënd yuy tas, ak sunami yuy xëcc glaas
• Mbënd yu gaaw
• Mbënd yu bari yu am ci lak glacial ak rawale nit ñi ndax barage bi dafa yàqu
• Tàmpetu hiver
• Hipotermi ak gelé