Tanning Bed Canopy Collapse, Stuck Timer Relay, and Severe UV Photokeratitis/Skin Burns¶

Commercial and residential horizontal tanning beds (clamshell sunbeds) combine a heavy 45 to 90 kilogram (100 to 200 pound) overhead lamp canopy held aloft by pressurized nitrogen gas struts with 24 to 52 high-output ultraviolet (UV) fluorescent tubes or high-pressure quartz facial lamps drawing 3,000 to 14,000 watts on a 240-volt or three-phase electrical circuit. Two sudden mechanical or electrical failures can turn a routine session into an acute medical and physical entrapment emergency: first, catastrophic gas-strut or torsion-spring failure, which drops the heavy upper canopy directly onto your chest and face; and second, contactor relay contact welding, where the digital timer counts down to 0:00 (or the red STOP button is pressed) yet the blinding UVA/UVB lamps remain locked at full power, baking an immobilized or sleeping user until they suffer second-degree full-body ultraviolet erythema burns and acute bilateral UV photokeratitis (corneal flash burns). Worse, panicking and shoving straight upward with bare hands or knees against a collapsed 3 to 5 millimeter (⅛ to 3/16 inch) clear acrylic lamp shield can snap the heat-embrittled plastic and drive your palms directly into exploding phosphor- and mercury-vapor glass tubes. If someone is trapped, burned, or injured in a tanning bed, call your local emergency numbers immediately, review our eye foreign object and UV flash burn guide, check our thermal and radiation burns first aid guide, and consult our broken glass laceration control guide.

Because almost every horizontal tanning bed is engineered with open, unobstructed arched end-gaps at the head and foot of the clamshell, you rarely need to bench-press a collapsed 80-kilogram canopy straight up. Sliding longitudinally out the open head or foot end keeps your hands and knees off the fragile acrylic shield and extracts you in seconds.

Do this now¶

1. If the overhead canopy drops onto you or will not lift: DO NOT push straight against the thin clear plastic lamp cover over the middle of the bulbs. The curved clear acrylic shield (PMMA / Plexiglas) covering the UV tubes is only 3 to 4 millimeters (⅛ inch) thick and becomes brittle from years of UV radiation and heat. Pushing hard against the center of the acrylic can crack the sheet and plunge your hands into live, hot glass fluorescent tubes containing mercury vapor.
2. Slide your body lengthwise out through the open U-shaped head end or foot end of the tanning bed. Even when a horizontal tanning bed canopy drops all the way down onto its safety stops or onto your torso, the head end and foot end of the clamshell have wide semicircular openings (25 to 40 centimeters / 10 to 16 inches high). If you need a few centimeters of chest clearance to wiggle backward or forward, press your palms ONLY against the rigid outer aluminum or thick molded fiberglass perimeter rim at the front edge of the canopy while wriggling toward the foot or head opening.
3. If the timer hits zero or you press STOP and the UV lamps stay ON: exit immediately and cut power at the wall disconnect or breaker panel. High-wattage tanning beds switch lamp current through a heavy electromagnetic contactor relay inside the bed base or wall box. When silver alloy relay contacts arc and weld themselves shut, neither the digital keypad button, the external salon T-Max wall timer, nor the mechanical backup timer can turn the bulbs off. Step out of the bed and pull the 240V wall plug, flip the wall-mounted AC disconnect switch, or turn off the double-pole circuit breaker in the electrical panel.
4. If you are trapped or dizzy inside a bed with welded-on lamps and cannot immediately slide out: cover your eyes and skin with your bath towel. Never open your bare eyes toward active tanning lamps even for a few seconds (UV-B and UV-A irradiance is 3 to 12 times stronger than midday tropical sun). Keep your FDA/CE-compliant UV Wink-Ease or goggles tightly over your orbits, fold your cotton bath towel over your face and chest to block UV photons, and slide out the end gap.
5. If an acrylic shield cracks and a fluorescent UV tube shatters: hold your breath, slide away from the broken glass, and leave the room fan running while evacuating. Each 1.8-meter (6-foot) tanning lamp contains 5 to 25 milligrams of elemental mercury vapor plus barium/strontium phosphor powder. Do not step on the glass shards barefoot; exit the room, close the door behind you, and treat deep glass cuts with direct pressure.
6. Begin immediate cool-water irrigation for red, burning skin and keep eyes closed with cool damp compresses if gritty pain starts 4 to 12 hours later. Ultraviolet erythema and UV corneal flash burns (photokeratitis) have a deceptive latent phase of 3 to 12 hours where skin and eyes feel merely warm at first before progressing to blistering skin burns, severe weeping edema, and excruciating corneal epithelial sloughing.

Decision tree: Tanning bed mechanical, electrical, and medical emergency triage¶

Use this flowchart to respond to a collapsed canopy, a welded-on UV lamp array, shattered mercury-vapor bulbs, or delayed post-exposure UV burns.

flowchart TD
    Start["Tanning Bed Emergency Event"] --> EventType{"What is happening right now?"}

    EventType -->|"A. Upper Canopy Collapsed or Won't Lift"| NoCenterPush["1. DO NOT push upward on thin clear acrylic over middle of lamps 2. Place palms ONLY on solid metal/fiberglass outer frame lip 3. Wriggle lengthwise out open Head or Foot end-gap"]

    EventType -->|"B. Timer at 0:00 or STOP Pressed, Lamps Stay ON"| WeldedRelay["WELDED CONTACTOR RELAY: Digital button cannot break welded high-amp contacts. 1. Exit bed immediately 2. Unplug heavy 240V NEMA cord or flip Wall Disconnect / 2-Pole Breaker OFF"]

    EventType -->|"C. Acrylic Shield Cracked & UV Bulb Shattered"| GlassMercury["MERCURY & GLASS HAZARD: 1. Do NOT push against broken tube 2. Slide out away from shards 3. Put shoes on before stepping on floor 4. Exit room, close door, ventilate for 30+ min"]

    EventType -->|"D. Post-Session Severe Sunburn or Eye Pain (3 to 12 Hours Later)"| ClinicalTriage{"Check skin blistering area and eye symptoms"}

    NoCenterPush --> PostCheck["Once out: Check if lamps are still running and inspect skin for heat/cuts"]
    WeldedRelay --> Lockout["Tag bed OUT OF SERVICE. Replace welded electromagnetic contactor before energizing"]

    ClinicalTriage -->|"Gritty eyes, tearing, extreme light sensitivity, eyelid spasm"| Photokeratitis["ACUTE UV PHOTOKERATITIS: 1. Remove contact lenses immediately 2. Do NOT rub eyes 3. Rest in dark room with cool damp cloth over closed lids 4. Urgent Ophthalmology / ER evaluation"]

    ClinicalTriage -->|"Blistering >10% body, severe chills, fever, vomiting, or purple edema"| BurnCenter["SEVERE FULL-BODY UV BURN: 1. Cool shower (20 C), no ice 2. Oral rehydration fluids 3. Go to Emergency Department / Burn Unit for IV fluids & pain control"]

Mechanical failure 1: Why tanning bed canopies collapse and how to escape without breaking the bulbs¶

A commercial horizontal sunbed canopy contains 16 to 32 six-foot fluorescent lamps, heavy aluminum reflectors, cooling fans, and sometimes 400-watt to 1,000-watt high-pressure quartz halogen facial tanners, bringing the total moving mass of the lid to 45 to 90 kilograms (100 to 200 pounds).

1. How the Canopy Support System Fails¶

Two different mechanical counterbalance systems hold a sunbed lid open and make it feel weightless during normal use: - Pressurized Nitrogen Gas Struts (Gas Springs): Most modern salon and residential beds use two or four high-pressure nitrogen gas cylinders (rated at 600 to 1,800 Newtons / 135 to 405 pounds-force each) mounted at the rear hinge pivots. Because heat from the lamps bakes the rubber rod seals at 50 to 70 degrees Celsius (122 to 158 degrees Fahrenheit), a gas strut seal can blow out suddenly, or lose pressure gradually during cold weather. When one strut blows, the remaining strut is instantly overloaded by 100 percent and collapses, slamming the canopy down onto the user. - Internal Coil Torsion Springs and Pivot Arms: Older residential beds (Wolff System, SunQuest, SunVision) use heavy coiled steel springs inside the end caps or rear hinge housings. Fatigue cracks in the cast-aluminum hinge knuckles or spring anchor pins cause the spring to snap with a loud gunshot-like bang, dropping the dead weight of the canopy.

2. Why Pushing on the Acrylic Shield Is a Dangerous Trap¶

Between your body and the glass UV lamps sits a curved transparent sheet of UV-transmitting polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) acrylic, typically 3.0 millimeters (⅛ inch) thick on the upper canopy and 4.5 to 6.0 millimeters (3/16 to ¼ inch) thick on the bottom bench. 1. UV Photodegradation and Embrittlement: After 1,000 to 3,000 hours of intense UV bombardment and thermal cycling, acrylic polymer chains cross-link and craze, losing up to 40 percent of their flexural impact strength. 2. Narrow Gap to the Glass Tubes: The air gap between the inner surface of the thin canopy acrylic and the fragile 1-millimeter-thick glass walls of the T12 fluorescent lamps is only 10 to 20 millimeters (0.4 to 0.8 inches). 3. What Happens When You Push the Center: If a trapped user panics and drives their palms, elbows, or knees upward into the middle of the clear plastic sheet to lift a 75-kilogram (165-pound) canopy, the brittle acrylic splits lengthwise and plunges their hands straight through the fluorescent tubes, severing wrist tendons and injecting toxic lamp phosphor into the wounds.

3. The Safe Longitudinal Slide-Out Technique¶

International safety standards (21 CFR 1040.20 in the US, IEC 60335-2-27 globally) require horizontal tanning beds to maintain mechanical stop bumpers or end clearances so the canopy cannot crush the thorax completely flat. 1. Locate the Rigid Outer Perimeter Frame: Move your hands outward to the heavy extruded aluminum or thick fiberglass handle lip running along the front outer edge of the canopy, or the solid plastic end-caps at the head and foot. Never push on the clear window area. 2. Tuck Your Chin and Arms Inward: Keep your elbows close to your ribs. 3. Slide Out the Head or Foot Arch: Wriggle your hips and shoulders lengthwise toward whichever end of the bed (head end or foot end) has the wider unobstructed floor clearance. Because the upper canopy is arched like a half-cylinder (tunnel geometry), the center of the arch above your head and ankles remains 25 to 40 centimeters (10 to 16 inches) high even when the front edge of the lid rests completely shut against the bottom bench. 4. If High-Pressure Facial Glass Filters Shatter Above Your Face: High-pressure facial tanning units inside the head of the canopy use 500-watt quartz mercury-vapor bulbs that operate at 600 to 800 degrees Celsius (1,112 to 1,472 degrees Fahrenheit) behind a blue/dichroic glass filter plate. If you hear the facial filter glass crack, immediately slide toward the FOOT end of the bed (away from the facial lamps) while keeping your towel over your head.

Electrical failure 2: Why tanning bed lamps stay ON after the timer hits zero ("Welded Contactor Relay")¶

One of the most alarming emergencies reported to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and CPSC occurs when the session timer counts down to 0:00, the user presses the STOP / OFF button on the interior control panel, and all 32 to 50 ultraviolet lamps remain blazing at 100 percent output.

1. The Engineering Cause: Electromagnetic Contactor Contact Welding¶

To understand why pressing the OFF button fails, look at how a tanning bed switches power: - The small touch-pad button inside the tanning bed and the wall-mounted salon timer (T-Max manager timer) carry only low-voltage control signals (5V to 24V DC/AC). They do not directly carry the 25 to 60 amps of 240-volt AC power feeding the lamp ballasts. - Instead, the low-voltage timer energizes the magnetic coil of a heavy electromagnetic power contactor (relay) inside the lower electronics tray or buck-boost transformer box. - Every time the bed turns on, the inductive ballast load or capacitor bank creates an inrush current spike of 150 to 300 amps, drawing a microscopic white-hot electric arc across the contactor's silver-cadmium-oxide contact pads. - Over thousands of cycles (or during a brownout voltage sag that makes the relay "chatter"), the molten silver contact pads spot-weld themselves permanently together. - The Result: When the session timer reaches 0:00, it cuts power to the relay's electromagnetic coil, but the spring cannot pull the welded silver power contacts apart. Even if the bed has a secondary backup timer wired to the same contactor coil, the lamps stay locked ON indefinitely until someone physically interrupts the 240-volt main supply upstream.

2. How to Cut Power to a Runaway Tanning Bed Immediately¶

If the lamps will not shut off when the timer expires: 1. Exit the Bed Immediately: Do not stay inside trying to tap or reset the digital display. 2. Pull the Heavy 240V Wall Plug or Flip the Wall Disconnect Switch: - Residential 120V or 240V Beds: Follow the thick black rubber power cord from the back of the tanning bed to the wall receptacle (NEMA 5-20, L6-20, or L6-30 twist-lock plug). Grip the plug body (for twist-lock plugs, twist counterclockwise 15 degrees first, then pull straight out). - Hardwired Commercial Salon Beds: Commercial beds are hardwired through flexible metal conduit to a metal HVAC-style disconnect box mounted on the wall of the tanning booth or directly to a dedicated breaker in the salon's electrical subpanel. Flip the wall disconnect lever down to OFF, or tell salon staff to flip the two-pole or three-pole circuit breaker in the main breaker panel. 3. Look for Smoke or Ballast Fires: - Older magnetic-ballast beds contain tar-filled choke transformers and oil-filled power factor capacitors, while modern electronic-ballast beds use high-frequency switching boards. If an internal ballast shorts out while a contactor is welded, thick acrid black smoke can pour out of the cooling vents within seconds. Evacuate the room and call 911 / 112 / 999.

Comparison: Tanning Bed Emergency Failure Modes and Immediate Actions¶

Medical first aid: Treating acute UV photokeratitis (corneal flash burns) and severe UV skin burns¶

Because commercial tanning beds emit UVA irradiance up to 10 to 15 times stronger than the midday summer sun alongside erythemogenic UVB radiation (and up to unfiltered UVC at 254 nm if a high-pressure quartz facial lamp's glass filter cracks), an entrapment or timer failure lasting 20 to 45 minutes delivers a massive radiation dose across nearly 100 percent of exposed skin and eyes.

1. Acute UV Photokeratitis ("Tanning Bed Welder's Flash")¶

Simply closing your bare eyelids inside a tanning bed without wearing opaque protective goggles (FDA 21 CFR 1040.20 / EN 170 compliant eyewear) does not protect your eyes: thin human eyelids transmit up to 10 to 25 percent of incident UV-A and long-wave UV-B radiation directly onto the cornea and lens.

• How It Presents (The 6-to-12-Hour Delay):
• Immediately after exiting the bed, vision usually seems normal.
• 4 to 12 hours later (typically waking the victim up at 2:00 AM), the UV-damaged superficial epithelial cells covering the cornea die and slough off simultaneously, exposing dense naked corneal pain fibers (fifth cranial / trigeminal nerve).
• Classic Symptoms: Excruciating "hot sand or broken glass in both eyes" sensation, uncontrollable tearing (epiphora), violent involuntary eyelid spasms (blepharospasm making it impossible to pry the eyelids open), blurred vision, red conjunctiva, and intense pain around any light (photophobia).
• Step-by-Step First Aid for UV Corneal Burns:
• Remove Contact Lenses Immediately: If you are wearing soft or rigid contact lenses, gently remove them right away before corneal edema traps the lens against the denuded epithelium. Do not wear contacts again until cleared by an ophthalmologist.
• Do NOT Rub Your Eyes: Rubbing strips away the remaining fragile regenerating epithelial sheet.
• Keep Both Eyes Closed and Rest in a Pitch-Dark Room: Voluntary immobilization of both eyelids prevents the upper tarsal conjunctiva from scraping across the raw cornea with every blink. Lay a clean washcloth soaked in cool tap water across your closed eyelids.
• Use Preservative-Free Lubricating Artificial Tears: Instill sterile preservative-free artificial tear drops or lubricating ophthalmic ointment every 1 to 2 hours to cushion the corneal surface.
• Take Oral Analgesics and Seek Urgent Ophthalmic Care: Oral anti-inflammatory pain relievers (if medically appropriate for the patient) help control ciliary muscle spasm while you arrange an urgent evaluation with an optometrist, ophthalmologist, or emergency department (who can check via fluorescein staining and prescribe prophylactic antibiotic ointment and short-acting cycloplegic drops).

2. Severe Total-Body Ultraviolet Erythema and Blistering Burns¶

When a timer relay welds shut or a user falls asleep in a bed with a bypassed timer, the resulting injury is a circumferential radiation burn covering 60 to 95 percent of Total Body Surface Area (TBSA): 1. Immediate Skin Cooling (First Hours): - Take a cool (not ice-cold) bath or gentle shower at 18 to 22 degrees Celsius (64 to 72 degrees Fahrenheit) for 15 to 20 minutes to draw radiant heat out of the dermis. - Because nearly the entire body surface is vasodilated, avoid packing the body in ice; massive cutaneous vasodilation destroys the body's ability to thermoregulate, causing paradoxically severe hypothermia and violent rigors (shivering) alongside skin burns. 2. Aggressive Oral and Intravenous Hydration: - Full-body UV erythema triggers massive capillary leak (third-spacing), pulling 2 to 5 liters of plasma fluid out of your bloodstream and into swollen subcutaneous tissue over the first 24 hours. - Start drinking cool water and balanced electrolyte oral rehydration solution immediately. 3. Skin Barrier Care: - Apply bland, fragrance-free water-based aloe vera gel or sterile aqueous moisturizing cream to intact red skin. - Never apply benzocaine/lidocaine sprays over large body areas (transdermal absorption across 70 percent TBSA of sunburned skin can cause life-threatening methemoglobinemia and local anesthetic systemic toxicity / seizures), and never apply butter, petroleum jelly, or heavy oils during the acute heat phase. - Do NOT pop or unroof blisters: Intact epidermis is the best sterile biological dressing. 4. Red Flags Requiring Immediate Hospital Burn Unit / ER Admission: - Call 911 / 112 / 999 or go to the nearest emergency department immediately if whole-body tanning bed overexposure produces: - Blistering across more than 10 percent of the body (or any blistering on the face, genitals, hands, or feet) - Severe shaking chills, fever above 38.5 degrees Celsius (101.3 degrees Fahrenheit), dizziness when standing (orthostatic hypotension), confusion, or persistent vomiting ("sun poisoning" / systemic SIRS response) - Tight, purple-red woody swelling of the lower legs and forearms

Safe cleanup protocol if a tanning lamp shatters (Mercury vapor hazard)¶

If a collapsed canopy or cracked bottom bench shatters one or more fluorescent UV tubes: 1. Evacuate People and Pets Immediately: Vaporized elemental mercury (Hg) is an invisible, odorless neurotoxin that vaporizes rapidly from a hot broken tanning tube. 2. Ventilate for 30+ Minutes: Turn OFF central air-conditioning or heating returns that recirculate air to the rest of the building, leave the tanning room's outbound exhaust fan ON (or open exterior windows), and close the interior door for at least 30 minutes. 3. NEVER Use a Vacuum Cleaner or Broom: Vacuuming shattered fluorescent tubes heats the mercury droplets in the motor exhaust and blasts an aerosolized cloud of mercury vapor throughout the room. 4. Scoop and Tape Cleanup: Wear nitrile or rubber gloves, scoop up large glass shards using two pieces of stiff cardboard, use sticky duct tape to pat up fine glass powder and white phosphor dust, wipe the acrylic tray with damp paper towels, and seal all debris inside a heavy glass jar with a metal lid or double zip-top plastic bags for hazardous waste disposal.

Regional emergency numbers and agency protocols¶

• United States and Canada:
• Emergency Medical & Rescue: Call 911.
• Federal Safety Standards: In the US, the FDA regulates sunlamps under 21 CFR 1040.20 and UL 482, mandating an accessible emergency shutoff control, compliant protective eyewear, and strict timer limits. Report welded relays, canopy collapses, or burns to FDA MedWatch (1-800-FDA-1088) and the CPSC (SaferProducts.gov). In Canada, tanning beds fall under Health Canada's Radiation Emitting Devices Regulations (REDR).
• United Kingdom:
• Emergency Medical & Rescue: Call 999 (or 112), or NHS 111 for urgent eye/burn triage.
• UK Legal Framework: Under the Sunbeds (Regulation) Act 2010 and HSE Guidance INDG209, commercial sunbed use under age 18 is prohibited, and beds must meet BS EN 60335-2-27 (0.3 W/m2 maximum irradiance) with emergency cut-offs.
• European Union:
• Emergency Medical & Rescue: Call 112.
• Technical Standard: Regulated under EN 60335-2-27 (0.3 W/m2 irradiance limit, dual timer fail-safe protection, and EN 170 UV eyewear).
• Australia and New Zealand:
• Emergency Medical & Rescue: Call 000 (Australia) or 111 (New Zealand).
• Commercial Solarium Ban: Commercial tanning beds are banned across all Australian states, though legacy residential units remain in private homes (AS/NZS 60335.2.27).
• India and Asia-Pacific:
• Emergency Numbers: Call 112 in India; 119 in Japan and South Korea; 995 in Singapore.

Frequently asked questions¶

Why did the tanning bed bulbs stay on even after the digital timer counted down to zero and I pushed the STOP button?¶

The digital timer and STOP button on a tanning bed only control a low-voltage signal (5V to 24V) sent to an electromagnetic contactor relay that switches the 240-volt, 30-to-60-amp ballast load. Over thousands of cycles, electrical arcing across the contactor's silver alloy pads can spot-weld the metal contacts together. Once welded, cutting the low-voltage timer signal cannot pull the fused high-voltage contacts apart, so the UV lamps stay ON until you unplug the heavy 240V wall cord or flip the wall disconnect switch or circuit breaker to OFF.

How do I get out of a horizontal tanning bed if the heavy top canopy falls down on me?¶

Never push straight upward with your hands or knees against the thin clear plastic (acrylic) window over the middle of the bulbs, because heat-aged acrylic can crack and send your hands into live glass mercury-vapor tubes. Instead, place your palms only on the rigid outer metal or fiberglass frame edge of the lid, tuck your elbows in, and wriggle your body lengthwise out through the wide U-shaped open gap at either the head end or the foot end of the bed.

Why do my eyes feel like they are full of sand and burning water 8 hours after using a tanning bed?¶

You are experiencing acute ultraviolet photokeratitis (a radiation flash burn of the corneas, identical to welder's flash). Even if you kept your eyelids shut without wearing FDA-compliant UV goggles, thin human eyelids allow 10 to 25 percent of UVA and UVB radiation to pass straight through onto the cornea. After a silent latent phase of 4 to 12 hours, the UV-damaged surface epithelial cells die and peel off all at once, exposing raw corneal nerve endings. Remove contact lenses immediately, do not rub your eyes, rest in a dark room with a cool damp cloth over closed lids, use preservative-free artificial tears, and see an eye doctor or emergency department promptly.

How long does it take for UV photokeratitis (corneal flash burns) from a tanning bed to heal?¶

Because the corneal epithelium regenerates rapidly, superficial UV photokeratitis usually begins improving within 24 hours and heals completely within 48 to 72 hours, provided you keep your eyes lubricated, avoid rubbing them, remove contact lenses immediately, and never use home topical anesthetic (numbing) drops. If a high-pressure facial lamp filter glass was broken or you have persistent vision loss, an ophthalmologist must check for deeper corneal or retinal damage.

Why should I never spray benzocaine sunburn spray all over my body after getting severely burned in a tanning bed?¶

When a tanning bed timer fails and causes a severe first- or second-degree UV burn across 60 to 90 percent of your skin surface, the damaged skin barrier becomes highly permeable and dermal blood vessels are maximally dilated. Spraying over-the-counter topical local anesthetics like 20 percent benzocaine or lidocaine across a huge surface area allows rapid absorption into your bloodstream, which can trigger life-threatening methemoglobinemia or systemic local anesthetic toxicity. Cool the skin with 20-degree-Celsius water, drink electrolyte fluids, and seek emergency medical care instead.

Is there a danger of mercury poisoning if a tanning bed bulb breaks while I am inside?¶

Each 1.8-meter (6-foot) fluorescent tanning lamp contains roughly 5 to 25 milligrams of elemental mercury along with phosphor powder. A single broken bulb will not cause acute fatal mercury poisoning if you slide out immediately, avoid stepping on the shards, leave the room exhaust fan running, and close the door for 30 minutes so the vapor dissipates. The primary immediate danger is deep glass lacerations, while the main mercury inhalation hazard occurs if someone mistakenly uses a household vacuum cleaner to clean up the broken bulb.

Related guides¶

• Eye foreign object, corneal abrasion, and welding/UV flash burns
• Thermal, scalding, and radiation burns first aid
• Fluorescent tube, CFL, and mercury breakage safe cleanup
• Glass table shatter, patio door walk-through, and laceration control
• Emergency numbers directory

Sources and official guidance¶

• United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA): 21 CFR 1040.20: Performance Standard for Sunlamp Products and Ultraviolet Lamps Intended for Use in Sunlamp Products (Timer Limits, Emergency Shutoff Controls, and Protective Eyewear Transmittance).
• International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) / CENELEC: IEC/EN 60335-2-27: Particular Requirements for Appliances for Skin Exposure to Optical Radiation (0.3 W/m2 Irradiance Limit and Dual Timer Fail-Safe Protection).
• United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive (HSE): Controlling Health Risks from the Use of UV Tanning Equipment (INDG209) and the Sunbeds (Regulation) Act 2010.
• American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO): Clinical Management of Acute Ultraviolet Photokeratitis (Corneal Flash Burns) and Hazards of Topical Anesthetic Abuse.
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Cleaning Up a Broken Fluorescent Lamp or Compact Fluorescent Bulb (Mercury Vapor Containment Protocol).