Fireworks explosions, hand blast injuries, and dud disposal¶

Nomer darurat beda-beda miturut negara. Kaca iki nggunakake 911, nomer kanggo Amerika Serikat lan Kanada. Akeh negara liya nggunakake 112, 999, utawa nomer liyane. Temokake nomer kanggo negara sampeyan.

Consumer and commercial pyrotechnics combine flash-powder high explosives, aerial propellants, heavy metal colorants, and white-hot metallic sparks into handheld cardboard tubes. Every year during national celebrations and festivals (such as New Year's Eve, Diwali, Lunar New Year, Independence Day on July 4^th, Bastille Day, and Guy Fawkes Night), thousands of adults and children suffer permanent blindness, ruptured eardrums, third-degree facial burns, and catastrophic hand blast amputations. Even seemingly harmless handheld wire sparklers given to toddlers burn using a thermite-like magnesium, aluminum, or iron composition at temperatures between 1,000 and 1,600 degrees Celsius (1,800 and 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit), which is hot enough to melt glass, gold, and aluminum and causes instantaneous full-thickness (third-degree) skin burns on contact.

More severe still are aerial mortar shells, reloadable festival shells, illegal M-80 / quarter-stick salutes, and homemade pipe bombs that detonate prematurely inside a person's grip or directly in front of their face. When a 40-to-75-millimeter (1.5-to-3-inch) aerial shell explodes in a closed hand, the supersonic shockwave and expanding gases hyperextend the thumb and fingers past their structural limits, resulting in the classic "blast hand" injury: thumb and finger amputations, split palm clefts, open metacarpal fractures, and shredded digital arteries. Knowing how to control arterial hand bleeding and preserve severed digits on ice without freezing them, why you must never rub or press on a fireworks eye injury, how to cool white phosphorus and metallic burns, and how to soak misfired "dud" fireworks safely prevents permanent disability and death.

Apa iki saiki¶

Apply direct pressure or a commercial tourniquet immediately for a severe fireworks hand blast injury. Press a thick stack of sterile gauze or a clean cotton towel firmly onto the bleeding hand and elevate the arm above heart level; if bright red blood continues spurting from the wrist or forearm, apply a commercial tourniquet 5 to 7 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) above the wrist or elbow and call your local emergency number (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom) or check nomer darurat.
Simpen driji utawa segmen jempol sing diamputasi ing kain kasa lembab ing jero kantong plastik sing disegel ing banyu es. Aja sijine driji sing dipotong langsung ing es sing kosong utawa langsung dicelupake ing banyu cair, sing bakal beku utawa swells pembuluh getih mikroskopis lan nyegah reattachment bedhah.
Shield a fireworks eye injury with a rigid protective cup (like the bottom of a paper cup) and NEVER rub or apply pressure. Fireworks eye trauma frequently involves a ruptured or perforated eyeball (open globe injury); pressing a bandage against the eye squeezes the internal contents out of the cornea and causes permanent blindness.
Sparkler lan bubuk mesiu sing kelangan kobong ing banyu kran sing adhem suwene 20 menit. Sikat alon-alon bubuk garing dhisik, banjur tahan tangan, sikil, utawa rai sing diobong ing banyu sing adhem (15 derajat Celsius / 59 derajat Fahrenheit) suwene 20 menit; aja nganggo es, mentega, odol, utawa salep.
** AJA mlaku munggah, Ndeleng mudhun menyang, utawa nyoba kanggo relighted misfired mercon "dud".** Tundha smoldering nang saluran sekring utawa ireng-powder angkat daya kerep njeblug cangkang mortir aerial 5 kanggo 15 menit sawise katon wis metu, striking sapa condong liwat tabung squares ing pasuryan.
Wait at least 20 minutes before approaching a misfired firework, then submerge it completely in a bucket of water overnight. Use long-handled tongs or a shovel from the side (never leaning your head over the tube) to drop the dud into a deep 20-liter (5-gallon) bucket of water so the powder core is thoroughly saturated and inert before disposal.

flowchart TD
    Start["Fireworks or Pyrotechnic Emergency"] --> Incident{"What type of emergency occurred?"}
    Incident -->|"Hand Blast / Finger Amputation"| HandBlast["1. Apply firm direct pressure with clean cloth (or tourniquet if arterial spurting)<br/>2. Wrap severed fingers in damp gauze -> seal in plastic bag -> place on ice water<br/>3. Call 911 / 112 / 999 for Hand Trauma Center"]
    Incident -->|"Eye Struck by Debris, Spark, or Blast"| EyeHit["1. DO NOT rub, rinse forcefully, or press on the eyeball<br/>2. Tape the bottom of a paper/foam cup or rigid shield over the bony eye socket<br/>3. Cover both eyes to stop sympathetic movement and rush to ER"]
    Incident -->|"Sparkler or Thermal Skin Burn"| BurnCare["1. Brush off dry powder, cool with running tap water for 20 full minutes<br/>2. Remove rings and watches from burned hand immediately<br/>3. Cover loosely with plastic cling film"]
    Incident -->|"Misfired Firework ('Dud') on Ground"| DudSafe["1. Stay back at least 15 meters (50 feet) for 20 full minutes<br/>2. NEVER relight or look down mortar tube<br/>3. Soak completely in a bucket of water overnight"]

Pyrotechnic hazard matrix: temperatures, blast physics, and injury profiles¶

Understanding the temperatures and explosive yields of different consumer and display fireworks explains why specific injuries occur and how emergency physicians treat them.

Firework Device Type	Burning Temperature / Explosive Mechanism	Primary Injury Patterns	Critical First Aid and Safety Rule
Handheld Wire or Wooden Sparklers	1,000 to 1,600 °C (1,800 to 3,000 °F): Oxidizer (potassium nitrate or barium nitrate) mixed with aluminum, magnesium, titanium, or iron filings	Deep full-thickness contact burns to toddlers' hands and bare feet (stepping on dropped hot wires); clothing ignition; corneal thermal burns from flying sparks	Never hand sparklers to children under age 5 to 7; keep a bucket of water next to users to drop spent red-hot wires into immediately
Reloadable Aerial Mortar Shells (Festival Balls / Artillery Shells)	Black-powder lift charge propels shell 40 m high, followed by flash-powder burst charge detonating at >1,500 m/s shockwave velocity	Catastrophic hand blast amputation (holding tube or relighting short fuse); fatal craniofacial blast trauma and ruptured globe when looking down a misfired mortar tube	Never hold an aerial mortar tube in your hand; never load a shell upside-down; never look over a mortar tube
Multi-Shot Aerial Cakes (Repeater Boxes)	10 to 200 fused mortar tubes glued into a square cardboard base firing sequentially every 1 to 2 seconds	Tip-over horizontal firing: Recoil from early shots tips the lightweight box onto its side on grass, firing subsequent exploding shells horizontally into the crowd at chest/face height	Always brace aerial cakes on flat pavement sandwiched between heavy concrete cinder blocks or bricks so the box cannot tip over
Bottle Rockets, Skyrockets, and Roman Candles	Black-powder rocket motor or sequential star ejection propelled along a wooden stabilizer stick or hand tube	High-velocity ocular impact: Erratic flight trajectories strike bystanders directly in the eye, causing hyphema, lens dislocation, retinal detachment, and globe rupture	Never shoot Roman candles or bottle rockets at people; never launch bottle rockets out of glass bottles (which shatter into shrapnel)
Flash-Powder Salutes (M-80s, Cherry Bombs, Quarter-Sticks, Firecrackers)	Confined potassium perchlorate and dark pyro-aluminum flash powder (detonates rather than deflagrates even with minimal confinement)	Blast hand hyperextension: Traumatic amputation of thumb and index/middle fingers, split palm, ruptured tympanic membranes (eardrums), and shrapnel wounds	Never hold any lit firecracker or salute in your hand; illegal salutes have waterproof fuses that burn internally without visible sparks
Yellow / White Phosphorus Fireworks ("diablo", "piccolo pete", or tropical crackers)	Contains toxic white/yellow phosphorus that auto-ignites in air and causes lethal hepatotoxicity / multi-organ failure if swallowed	Smoking chemical burns that reignite when exposed to air, plus fatal systemic poisoning if a child eats or licks unburnt fireworks paste	Keep phosphorus burns wet with water-soaked dressings so particles cannot reignite in air; rush any child who tastes a firework to the ICU immediately

Treating catastrophic hand blast injuries and finger amputations¶

The human hand is the most frequently injured body part in fireworks explosions. When a firecracker, mortar shell, or Roman candle explodes while grasped in the palm, the expanding gas bubble forces the thumb radially outward and hyperextends the fingers dorsally while driving carbonaceous soot and cardboard fragments deep into the carpal tunnel and tendon sheaths.

1. Immediate hemorrhage control on a blasted hand¶

Apply direct pressure and elevate: Even when multiple fingers are blown off or the palm is split open down to the white metacarpal bones, the majority of hand blast bleeding comes from the superficial and deep palmar arterial arches and digital arteries, which can usually be controlled by firm, continuous direct pressure using a thick stack of sterile gauze pads or a clean folded cotton towel held tightly over the entire hand while elevating the arm above the level of the heart.
When to use a commercial tourniquet: If a mortar shell or pipe bomb blast has severed the radial or ulnar artery at the wrist or caused a partial forearm amputation with bright red arterial blood spurting uncontrollably through the pressure dressing, apply a commercial windlass tourniquet 5 to 7 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) above the wrist or above the elbow and tighten until bleeding stops completely; see severe bleeding and tourniquet application.
Remove all rings, watches, and bracelets from the injured hand and wrist within the first 2 minutes: Blast and thermal trauma trigger massive fluid swelling (edema) across the hand and fingers within 15 minutes. A gold or titanium wedding band left on a blasted or burned finger turns into an unyielding steel tourniquet that cuts off blood flow and causes gangrenous loss of an otherwise salvageable finger. Slide rings off immediately using soap or cold water, or cut them off with a ring cutter.
Never cut off "dangling" fingers or skin flaps: Even if a finger is crushed, pale, and attached only by a thin 3-millimeter strip of skin or a single tendon (subtotal amputation), that tiny bridge often contains a critical dorsal vein or digital nerve that allows a microvascular hand surgeon to save the digit. Gently align the dangling finger in a neutral resting position next to the adjacent fingers, pad between the fingers with moist sterile gauze, and splint the whole hand and wrist on a padded board or rolled magazine.

2. How to preserve completely amputated fingers or thumb segments¶

Microvascular hand surgeons can successfully replant (reattach) severed thumbs and fingers, especially in children and when the thumb or multiple digits are involved, provided the amputated parts are preserved properly during transport:

Search the blast site immediately with flashlights to locate all severed finger segments (especially the thumb, which accounts for 40 percent of total hand function).
Rinse gently, never scrub: If the severed finger is covered in dirt, grass, or gunpowder soot, rinse it gently for a few seconds with sterile normal saline or clean bottled drinking water. Never scrub the raw tissue with a brush, and never pour hydrogen peroxide, rubbing alcohol, or iodine onto the severed part (which chemically kills the exposed blood vessels and nerves).
Use the 3-layer "Damp Gauze -> Sealed Plastic Bag -> Ice Water Bath" method:
Layer 1: Wrap the severed finger completely in sterile gauze pads (or a clean paper towel) lightly moistened (damp, not dripping wet) with sterile saline or clean bottled water.
Layer 2: Place the wrapped finger inside a clean, watertight zip-top plastic bag, press the excess air out, and seal the zipper tightly. Label the bag with the patient's name and time.
Layer 3: Place that sealed plastic bag inside a second larger container, cooler, or outer plastic bag filled with a mixture of crushed ice and cold water (slush bath at roughly 4 degrees Celsius / 39 degrees Fahrenheit).

Danger

Never place an amputated finger or thumb directly onto bare ice cubes, never pack it in dry ice, and never submerge the bare tissue directly in a cup of water or saline. Direct contact with ice freezes the cells and creates intracellular ice crystals (frostbite necrosis) that make surgical reattachment 100 percent impossible, while soaking bare tissue directly in water causes hypotonic cellular swelling and maceration.

Ocular fireworks trauma: open globe injuries and corneal burns¶

Approximately 15 to 20 percent of all fireworks injuries strike the eyes, and a third of severe ocular fireworks injuries result in permanent legal blindness or surgical removal of the eye (enucleation). Fireworks injure the eye through three simultaneous mechanisms: blunt blast shockwave contusion (causing bleeding in the front chamber of the eye called hyphema, lens dislocation, and retinal detachment), high-velocity projectile perforation (cardboard plugs, plastic casing shards, or unburnt black-powder grains punching straight through the cornea or sclera), and extreme thermal/alkaline chemical burns from burning metallic sparks.

Step-by-step first aid for a fireworks eye injury¶

Recognize the signs of a ruptured or penetrated eyeball (open globe injury):
Visible blood pooling inside the colored iris area of the eye (hyphema).
A pupil that looks teardrop-shaped, peaked, or irregular instead of round, or brownish/black iris tissue protruding through a tear in the clear cornea.
Clear jelly-like fluid (vitreous humor) leaking from the eye, or the front of the eye looking flattened or deflated.
Severe eye pain accompanied by an immediate drop in vision (able to see only hand motion or light).
Strictly enforce the 4 "NEVERs" of ocular blast trauma:
NEVER rub, press on, or squeeze the injured eye. Even the slightest finger pressure on a perforated eyeball extrudes the iris, lens, and retina out through the wound, causing irreversible blindness.
NEVER attempt to pull out or tweeze out any cardboard splinter, wire, or firework fragment stuck in the eyeball.
NEVER forcefully flush or squirt tap water into an eye that has a suspected puncture, laceration, or blast rupture. (Only gentle saline irrigation is used if the injury is purely superficial dry powder dust on an intact eye without blast impact; when in doubt after a firework blast, do not irrigate; shield and go straight to the emergency room).
NEVER put eye drops, ointments, or aspirin in or give aspirin/ibuprofen by mouth (NSAIDs thin the blood and worsen intraocular bleeding/hyphema).
Apply a rigid protective eye shield resting on the facial bones:
If you do not have a military/medical rigid aluminum Fox eye shield in your first aid kit, take a disposable paper cup or Styrofoam coffee cup, cut the bottom 4 centimeters (1.5 inches) off the cup, and tape that rigid cup bottom over the injured eye so the rim rests entirely on the hard brow bone above and cheekbone below, without touching the eyelids or eyeball at all.
A pair of polycarbonate safety glasses or the person's regular eyeglasses worn over the eye also serves as a temporary protective shield.
Cover the UNINJURED eye as well (binocular patching):
Both human eyes move together synchronously (consensual conjugate eye movement). If the injured eye is covered with a cup but the patient is looking around rapidly with their good eye during the ambulance ride, the injured eyeball underneath the cup is also swiveling back and forth against embedded shrapnel.
Lightly cover the uninjured eye with a clean cloth or ask the patient to keep both eyes closed while guiding them by the arm, and keep their head elevated at a 30-to-45-degree angle during transport to an emergency room with an on-call ophthalmologist; see eye injuries.

Sparkler burns, gunpowder flash burns, and acoustic blast trauma¶

1. Cooling sparkler and flash-powder skin burns¶

Because handheld wire sparklers burn using metallic fuels (magnesium, aluminum, iron, or titanium) mixed with oxidizers, they continue burning even if dropped into grass or brushed against clothing, reaching 1,000 to 1,600 degrees Celsius (1,800 to 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit).

Extinguish burning clothing immediately: If a sparkler or Roman candle star ignites a child's shirt or synthetic dress, force them to the ground immediately (Stop, Drop, and Roll), smother the flames with a heavy cotton blanket or coat, or douse them with a bucket of water.
Brush off dry powder, then flush with cool running water for 20 minutes:
Gently brush away any loose dry firework powder or ash from the skin.
Immediately place the burned hand, foot, or face under cool running tap water (approximately 15 degrees Celsius / 59 degrees Fahrenheit) for a full 20 continuous minutes.
Why if white/yellow phosphorus is involved: In tropical and Latin American regions where illegal crackers contain white or yellow phosphorus, particles embedded in the skin emit white smoke with a garlic odor and spontaneously reignite whenever exposed to air. Keep the burned area continuously submerged in cool water or covered with dripping-wet saline gauze during transport so atmospheric oxygen cannot reach the phosphorus particles.
Cover loosely with plastic cling wrap: After 20 minutes of water cooling, lay a clean sheet of household plastic food wrap (cling film) loosely over the burn (never wrapped tightly around a limb) to keep air off the raw nerve endings; see burns first aid.

2. Ruptured eardrums (tympanic membrane perforation) from blast overpressure¶

A flash-powder salute or aerial shell exploding within 1 to 3 meters (3 to 10 feet) of a person's head generates an instantaneous acoustic overpressure wave exceeding 170 to 190 decibels (35 to 100 kilopascals / 5 to 15 psi), which is enough to shatter the tympanic membrane (eardrum) and dislocate the tiny middle-ear ossicle bones:

Symptoms: Sudden deafening ringing in the ears (tinnitus), muffled hearing loss, sharp ear pain, dizziness/vertigo, and sometimes a trickle of bright red blood or clear fluid draining from the ear canal.
First aid: Never put water, ear drops, oil, or cotton swabs inside the ear canal after a blast injury, as introducing non-sterile liquid through a torn eardrum into the middle ear cavity causes severe infection. Simply place a loose, dry sterile gauze pad over the outside of the ear to catch any drainage, instruct the patient not to blow their nose, and have an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) physician examine the ears.

3. Phosphorus firework ingestion poisoning in children¶

In parts of Latin America and Southeast Asia, small friction or percussion firecrackers (often shaped like small colorful candies or tablets called diablitos, totes, or martinicas) are manufactured with white/yellow phosphorus:

Extreme lethality: Ingesting even a tiny fragment (1 milligram per kilogram of body weight) of white phosphorus causes burning mouth/stomach pain, vomiting that smells like garlic and glows faintly in the dark or emits white smoke (luminescent/smoking emesis), followed by a deceptive 24-hour "symptom-free" phase before catastrophic acute liver failure, kidney failure, and death ensue.
Action: If a toddler puts any unburnt or spent firework in their mouth, never give milk or fatty foods (fats accelerate phosphorus absorption in the gut). Rinse their mouth out with water and rush them to a pediatric hospital emergency room immediately; see poisoning first aid.

Safe disposal of misfired "dud" fireworks and spent debris¶

Nearly a third of all fatal fireworks head injuries occur when an adult lights a reloadable mortar shell or multi-shot cake, nothing happens after the fuse burns down, and the person walks over and leans their face over the tube to see why it did not go off.

Warning

Never approach a misfired firework ("dud") for at least 20 full minutes, never attempt to relight a shortened fuse, and never put your head or torso over the top of a mortar tube. Inside a misfired shell, a microscopic spark often smolders slowly through compacted black powder or cardboard baffling before suddenly hitting the main lift or burst charge minutes later, firing the shell upward at 150 kilometers per hour (93 miles per hour) directly into your skull.

Step-by-step protocol for neutralizing a misfired firework¶

Establish a 15-meter (50-foot) exclusion perimeter and start a 20-minute timer: As soon as a lit firework fails to ignite or stops shooting halfway through its sequence, shout to all spectators to stay back and watch the clock for a full 20 minutes.
Douse from a distance first if a garden hose is available: After waiting 20 minutes, if you have a pressurized garden hose, spray water from a safe distance into the top of the misfired cake or tube before walking up to it.
Submerge completely in a deep bucket of water from the side:
Approach the firework keeping your head and upper body well to the side of the tube's aiming axis (never lean over the top).
Using long-handled barbecue tongs or a flat shovel, pick up the misfired firework (or the entire mortar tube if a live shell is stuck inside the bottom) and submerge it completely in a 20-liter (5-gallon) bucket filled to the brim with cold water.
Place a brick or stone on top of the floating cardboard firework so it stays 100 percent underwater overnight (for at least 12 to 24 hours). Water penetrates the cardboard casing and dissolves the potassium nitrate oxidizer in black powder, rendering it permanently unable to ignite.
Wrap in double plastic bags before placing in outdoor trash:
The next morning, remove the waterlogged firework from the bucket, wrap it tightly inside two layers of heavy plastic trash bags so the wet powder cannot dry out in the sun and become flammable again, and place it in your outdoor household solid waste bin (or call your local fire department non-emergency line if it is a large unexploded commercial display shell or illegal salute).
Never throw soaked or unexploded fireworks into a campfire, wood stove, or burn barrel, and never dump spent fireworks boxes directly into a plastic trash bin inside your garage on the night of the celebration; smoldering cardboard glue inside "spent" fireworks cakes is a leading cause of midnight house fires hours after the show ends.

Tip

Before any holiday celebration where fireworks or sparklers may be used nearby, make sure your household first aid kit includes a rigid eye shield, sterile saline pods, non-stick burn dressings, plastic cling film, and a commercial tourniquet, and consider taking a certified first aid course from the Red Cross or St John Ambulance.

Pitakonan sing kerep ditakoni¶

Are handheld sparklers really dangerous enough to cause severe burns in young children?

Yes. According to the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and the UK Office for Product Safety and Standards, handheld sparklers are the single leading cause of fireworks-related emergency room injuries in children under age 5. While water boils at 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit) and wood burns at roughly 300 to 600 degrees Celsius, a wire sparkler burns using metallic magnesium, aluminum, or iron fuel at 1,000 to 1,600 degrees Celsius (1,800 to 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit). Touching the glowing tip or stepping barefoot onto a newly dropped wire sparkler causes an instantaneous third-degree (full-thickness) skin burn that often requires skin grafting.

Why should you never put an amputated finger directly onto ice after a fireworks blast?

Placing bare human tissue directly onto ice cubes (at 0 degrees Celsius or below) freezes the delicate skin and microscopic blood vessels, forming sharp intracellular ice crystals that rupture cell walls and cause irreversible frostbite tissue death. If a severed finger freezes solid, a microvascular hand surgeon cannot reattach it. Instead, always use the 3-layer method: wrap the severed finger in sterile gauze moistened with saline or clean water, seal it inside a dry watertight plastic zip-top bag, and place that sealed bag on top of a mixture of crushed ice and water so the tissue is cooled to roughly 4 degrees Celsius (39 degrees Fahrenheit) without ever freezing or getting waterlogged.

If firework debris or sparks fly into someone's eye, why shouldn't I press a bandage over the eye or try to rinse it out?

When a firework explodes near the face or launches a projectile into the eye, the shockwave or high-speed particle frequently tears or punctures the outer wall of the eyeball (an open globe injury). If you press a folded cloth against a ruptured eyeball, or pry the eyelids apart forcefully to pour water in, the mechanical pressure squeezes the internal gel (vitreous), iris, and lens out through the corneal tear, causing permanent blindness. Never touch or press on an eye injured by fireworks; tape the bottom of a paper cup or a rigid shield over the bony eye socket so nothing touches the eye, cover the other eye to reduce eye movement, and go straight to the nearest emergency room.

How long should you wait before approaching a firework that did not go off after you lit the fuse?

Fire safety authorities including the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA) advise waiting at least 20 full minutes before approaching any misfired firework ("dud"). When a fuse appears to go out, an invisible ember often continues smoldering very slowly through the paper core or compacted powder train inside the casing, and can suddenly detonate the main charge 5 to 15 minutes later. After waiting 20 minutes, never try to relight the dud; keep your head and body to the side of the tube and submerge the entire firework in a deep bucket of water overnight.

Why do so many garage and house fires start at 2:00 AM or 3:00 AM on the night after backyard fireworks?

Multi-shot fireworks cakes and mortar tubes are constructed from thick layers of tightly rolled cardboard laminated together with glue and clay plugs. After a firework finishes shooting, deep internal layers of cardboard and clay remain superheated and often harbor tiny glowing embers for 3 to 5 hours without producing visible smoke. When people sweep up spent fireworks shells and cardboard boxes right after the show and toss them into a plastic trash bin inside their garage or against the side of their house, the trapped heat ignites surrounding paper trash in the middle of the night. Always soak all spent fireworks debris in a bucket of water before putting it in the trash, and keep the trash bin away from buildings.

What should I do if my ears are ringing loudly and my hearing is muffled after a loud firework explodes nearby?

Loud ringing (tinnitus), muffled hearing, ear fullness, or sharp pain after a close firework blast indicates acute acoustic trauma and a possible perforated eardrum (ruptured tympanic membrane) or inner-ear cochlear hair cell injury. Do not put any ear drops, water, oil, or cotton swabs inside the ear canal, and avoid blowing your nose (which forces air pressure through the Eustachian tube out through the torn eardrum). Keep the ear completely dry and see an emergency physician or ENT specialist within 24 hours; early prescription corticosteroid treatment can significantly improve recovery from acute blast-induced sensorineural hearing loss.

Pandhuan sing gegandhengan¶

Sumber dicenthang¶

United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC, United States): Annual Fireworks Injury and Fatality Technical Reports and Safety Education Guidelines
American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) and American Society of Surgery of the Hand (ASSH, United States): Clinical Management of Ocular Fireworks Trauma (Open Globe Protocol) and Pyrotechnic Blast Hand Injuries
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, United States): Code for Fireworks Display (NFPA 1123) and Code for the Manufacture, Transportation, Storage, and Retail Sales of Fireworks and Pyrotechnic Articles (NFPA 1124)
Office for Product Safety and Standards (OPSS), National Health Service (NHS), and Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA, United Kingdom): Fireworks Safety Code, Sparkler Thermal Burn Treatment, and Misfire Disposal
World Health Organization (WHO): Burn Prevention and Care Guidelines and Management of White Phosphorus Pyrotechnic Poisoning