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Fireworks explosions, hand blast injuries, and dud disposal

Emergency numbers differ by country. This page uses 911, the number for the United States and Canada. Many other countries use 112, 999, or another number. Find the number for your country.

Consumer and commercial pyrotechnics combine flash-powder high explosives, aerial propellants, heavy metal colorants, and white-hot metallic sparks into handheld cardboard tubes. Every year during national celebrations and festivals (such as New Year's Eve, Diwali, Lunar New Year, Independence Day on July 4th, Bastille Day, and Guy Fawkes Night), thousands of adults and children suffer permanent blindness, ruptured eardrums, third-degree facial burns, and catastrophic hand blast amputations. Even seemingly harmless handheld wire sparklers given to toddlers burn using a thermite-like magnesium, aluminum, or iron composition at temperatures between 1,000 and 1,600 degrees Celsius (1,800 and 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit), which is hot enough to melt glass, gold, and aluminum and causes instantaneous full-thickness (third-degree) skin burns on contact.

More severe still are aerial mortar shells, reloadable festival shells, illegal M-80 / quarter-stick salutes, and homemade pipe bombs that detonate prematurely inside a person's grip or directly in front of their face. When a 40-to-75-millimeter (1.5-to-3-inch) aerial shell explodes in a closed hand, the supersonic shockwave and expanding gases hyperextend the thumb and fingers past their structural limits, resulting in the classic "blast hand" injury: thumb and finger amputations, split palm clefts, open metacarpal fractures, and shredded digital arteries. Knowing how to control arterial hand bleeding and preserve severed digits on ice without freezing them, why you must never rub or press on a fireworks eye injury, how to cool white phosphorus and metallic burns, and how to soak misfired "dud" fireworks safely prevents permanent disability and death.

Etsa sena hona joale

  1. Apply direct pressure or a commercial tourniquet immediately for a severe fireworks hand blast injury. Press a thick stack of sterile gauze or a clean cotton towel firmly onto the bleeding hand and elevate the arm above heart level; if bright red blood continues spurting from the wrist or forearm, apply a commercial tourniquet 5 to 7 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) above the wrist or elbow and call your local emergency number (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom) or check dinomoro tsa tshohanyetso.
  2. *Boloka menoana e khaotsoeng kapa likaroloana tsa menoana e motona ka lesela le mongobo ka har'a mokotla oa polasetiki o koetsoeng o behiloeng holim'a metsi a leqhoa. Le ka mohla u se ke ua beha menoana e khaotsoeng ka ho toba holim'a leqhoa kapa ho e kenya ka ho toba ka metsing a metsi, a hoama kapa a ruruhe methapo ea mali e sa bonahaleng ebe e thibela ho khutlisetsoa hoa opereishene.
  3. Sireletsa leqeba la leihlo la li-fireworks ka kopi e thata e sireletsang (joaloka bokatlase ba kopi ea pampiri) 'me LE KA mohla u se ke ua itlotsa kapa ua kenya khatello. Leqeba la mahlo la li-fireworks hangata le kenyelletsa thaka ea leihlo e phatlohileng kapa e phatlohileng (ho lemala ha lefatše le bulehileng); ho petetsa bandage kgahlanong le leihlo ho pepeta dikahare tse ka hare ho cornea mme ho baka bofofu bo sa feleng.
  4. Sehlaseli se pholileng le mocheso oa sethunya se chesa tlas'a metsi a pompong a pholileng ka metsotso e 20 e tletseng. Ka bonolo Hlatsoa phofo e ommeng pele, ebe u tšoara letsoho le chesitsoeng, leoto kapa sefahleho tlas'a metsi a pholileng a phallang (15 degrees Celsius / 59 degrees Fahrenheit) metsotso e 20 e sa khaotseng; le ka mohla u se ke ua tlotsa leqhoa, botoro, sesepa sa meno, kapa litlolo.
  5. NEVER walk up to, peek down into, or attempt to relight a misfired "dud" firework. Delayed smoldering inside the fuse channel or black-powder lift charge frequently detonates an aerial mortar shell 5 to 15 minutes after it appears to have gone out, striking anyone leaning over the tube squarely in the face.
  6. Ema bonyane metsotso e 20 pele u atamela mollo o tsoileng matsoho, ebe u o qoelisa ka ho feletseng ka nkhong ea metsi ka bosiu bo le bong. Sebelisa maoatla a tšoarang nako e telele kapa kharafu e ka thōko (o seke oa inamisa hlooho holim'a tšupu) ho akhela lets'oao ka har'a bakete e tebileng ea lilithara tse 20 (lithara tse 5) hore phofshoana e tsoe pele 'me e tsoe ka ho feletseng.
flowchart TD
    Start["Li-fireworks kapa Pyrotechnic Emergency"] --> Incident{"What type of emergency occurred?"}
    Incident -->|"Ho phatloha ha letsoho/ Ho kgaolwa ha Monoana"| HandBlast["1. Kenya khatello e tiileng e tobileng ka lesela le hloekileng (kapa tourniquet haeba arterial spurting)<br/>2. Koahela menoana e khaotsoeng ka gauze e mongobo -> tiiso ka mokotleng oa polasetiki -> beha holim'a metsi a leqhoa <br/>3. Letsetsa 911/112/999 bakeng sa Setsi sa Matšoenyeho a Matsoho"]
    Incident -->|"Leihlo le Otloa ke Maloanlahla, Spark, kapa Ho phatloha"| EyeHit["1. DO NOT rub, rinse forcefully, or press on the eyeball<br/>2. Tape the bottom of a paper/foam cup or rigid shield over the bony eye socket<br/>3. Cover both eyes to stop sympathetic movement and rush to ER"]
    Incident -->|"Sparkler or Thermal Skin Burn"| BurnCare["1. Brush off dry powder, cool with running tap water for 20 full minutes<br/>2. Remove rings and watches from burned hand immediately<br/>3. Cover loosely with plastic cling film"]
    Incident -->|"Misfired Firework ('Dud') fatše"| DudSafe["1. Stay back at least 15 meters (50 feet) for 20 full minutes<br/>2. NEVER relight or look down mortar tube<br/>3. Soak completely in a bucket of water overnight"]

Pyrotechnic hazard matrix: temperatures, blast physics, and injury profiles

Understanding the temperatures and explosive yields of different consumer and display fireworks explains why specific injuries occur and how emergency physicians treat them.

Firework Device Type Burning Temperature / Explosive Mechanism Primary Injury Patterns Critical First Aid and Safety Rule
Handheld Wire or Wooden Sparklers 1,000 to 1,600 °C (1,800 to 3,000 °F): Oxidizer (potassium nitrate or barium nitrate) mixed with aluminum, magnesium, titanium, or iron filings Deep full-thickness contact burns to toddlers' hands and bare feet (stepping on dropped hot wires); clothing ignition; corneal thermal burns from flying sparks Never hand sparklers to children under age 5 to 7; keep a bucket of water next to users to drop spent red-hot wires into immediately
Reloadable Aerial Mortar Shells (Festival Balls / Artillery Shells) Black-powder lift charge propels shell 40 m high, followed by flash-powder burst charge detonating at >1,500 m/s shockwave velocity Catastrophic hand blast amputation (holding tube or relighting short fuse); fatal craniofacial blast trauma and ruptured globe when looking down a misfired mortar tube Never hold an aerial mortar tube in your hand; never load a shell upside-down; never look over a mortar tube
Multi-Shot Aerial Cakes (Repeater Boxes) 10 to 200 fused mortar tubes glued into a square cardboard base firing sequentially every 1 to 2 seconds Tip-over horizontal firing: Recoil from early shots tips the lightweight box onto its side on grass, firing subsequent exploding shells horizontally into the crowd at chest/face height Always brace aerial cakes on flat pavement sandwiched between heavy concrete cinder blocks or bricks so the box cannot tip over
Bottle Rockets, Skyrockets, and Roman Candles Black-powder rocket motor or sequential star ejection propelled along a wooden stabilizer stick or hand tube High-velocity ocular impact: Erratic flight trajectories strike bystanders directly in the eye, causing hyphema, lens dislocation, retinal detachment, and globe rupture Never shoot Roman candles or bottle rockets at people; never launch bottle rockets out of glass bottles (which shatter into shrapnel)
Flash-Powder Salutes (M-80s, Cherry Bombs, Quarter-Sticks, Firecrackers) Confined potassium perchlorate and dark pyro-aluminum flash powder (detonates rather than deflagrates even with minimal confinement) Blast hand hyperextension: Traumatic amputation of thumb and index/middle fingers, split palm, ruptured tympanic membranes (eardrums), and shrapnel wounds Le ka mohla u se ke ua tšoara firecracker kapa salute letsohong la hao; litumeliso tse seng molaong li na le li-fuse tse sa keneleng metsi tse tukang ka hare ntle le litlhase tse bonahalang
Li-fireworks tse Yellow / White Phosphorus ("diablo", "piccolo pete", kapa li-crackers tsa tropike) E na le chefo phosphorus e tšoeu/e mosehla e itshubelang moeeng 'me e baka lefu le bolaeang la hepatotoxicity / ho se sebetse ha litho tse ngata ha e ka metsoa. Ho chesoa ke lik'hemik'hale tse tsubang tse tukang ha li le moeeng, hammoho le fatal systemic poisoning ha ngoana a e-ja kapa a nyeka li-fireworks tse sa chesoang. Boloka phosphorus e chesa e le metsi ka liaparo tse nang le metsi e le hore likaroloana li se ke tsa busa moeeng; potlakisetsang ngoana ofe kapa ofe ea latsoang li-firework ho ICU hang-hang

Ho phekola likotsi tse mpe tsa ho phatloha ha letsoho le ho khaoloa ha menoana

Letsoho la motho ke karolo ea 'mele e lemalang khafetsa ha ho qhoma lithunya. Ha firecracker, khetla ea seretse, kapa kerese ea Roma e phatloha ha e ntse e ts'oaroa ka seatleng, bubble ea khase e ntseng e atoloha e qobella monoana o motona ka ntle 'me o phahamisa menoana ka mokokotlo ha o ntse o khanna likhechana tsa carbonaceous le likhechana tsa khateboto ka har'a kotopo ea carpal le likhetla tsa tendon.

1. Ho laola ho tsoa ha mali hang-hang letsohong le phatlohileng

  1. ** Kenya khatello e tobileng 'me u phahamise:** Esita le ha menoana e mengata e butsoe kapa letsoho le arotsoe ho ea masapong a tšoeu a metacarpal, boholo ba letsoho le tsoang maling le tsoa ka holim'a lesela le tebileng la palema le methapo ea methapo, eo hangata e ka laoloang ke ** khatello e tiileng, e tsoelang pele e tobileng ** ho sebelisa stack e teteaneng ea lesela le hloekisitsoeng ka letsoho kapa lesela le hloekisitsoeng ka letsoho. ho phahamisa letsoho ka hodimo ho boemo ba pelo.
  2. Nako ea ho sebelisa sebaka sa khoebo: Haeba khetla ea seretse kapa ho phatloha ha bomo ea phaephe ho khaolitse mothapo oa radial kapa ulnar letsohong kapa ho bakile hore letsoho le khaoloe ka bofubelu bo khanyang ba mali a phallang ka mokhoa o sa laoleheng ka har'a khatello ea khatello, sebelisa windlass ea khoebo tourniquet ea 5 ho isa ho 7 ho ea holimo ho lisenthimithara tse 2 kapa ka holim'a letsoho. setsoe le ho tiisa ho fihlela mali a khaotsa ka ho feletseng; bona ho tsoa mali ho matla le kopo ea tourniquet.
  3. Tlosa lireng tsohle, lioache le lipetja letsohong le letsoho le lemetseng nakong ea metsotso e 2 ea pele: Ho phatloha ho baka ho ruruha ho hoholo ha mokelikeli (edema) letsohong le menoana nakong ea metsotso e 15. Sehlopha sa lenyalo sa khauta kapa sa titanium se setseng monoaneng o phatlohileng kapa o cheleng se fetoha tšubuhlellano ea tšepe e sa thekeseleng e fokotsang phallo ea mali le ho baka tahlehelo ea leqeba la monoana o ka pholosoang. Tlosa mehele hang-hang u sebelisa sesepa kapa metsi a batang, kapa u li khaole ka sekhechana sa lesale.
  4. Never cut off "dangling" fingers or skin flaps: Even if a finger is crushed, pale, and attached only by a thin 3-millimeter strip of skin or a single tendon (subtotal amputation), that tiny bridge often contains a critical dorsal vein or digital nerve that allows a microvascular hand surgeon to save the digit. Gently align the dangling finger in a neutral resting position next to the adjacent fingers, pad between the fingers with moist sterile gauze, and splint the whole hand and wrist on a padded board or rolled magazine.

2. Mokhoa oa ho boloka menoana e khaotsoeng ka ho felletseng kapa likarolo tsa menoana e metona

Microvascular hand surgeons can successfully replant (reattach) severed thumbs and fingers, especially in children and when the thumb or multiple digits are involved, provided the amputated parts are preserved properly during transport:

  1. Search the blast site immediately with flashlights to locate all severed finger segments (especially the thumb, which accounts for 40 percent of total hand function).
  2. Rinse gently, never scrub: If the severed finger is covered in dirt, grass, or gunpowder soot, rinse it gently for a few seconds with sterile normal saline or clean bottled drinking water. Never scrub the raw tissue with a brush, and never pour hydrogen peroxide, rubbing alcohol, or iodine onto the severed part (which chemically kills the exposed blood vessels and nerves).
  3. Use the 3-layer "Damp Gauze -> Sealed Plastic Bag -> Ice Water Bath" method:
  4. Layer 1: Wrap the severed finger completely in sterile gauze pads (or a clean paper towel) lightly moistened (damp, not dripping wet) with sterile saline or clean bottled water.
  5. Layer 2: Place the wrapped finger inside a clean, watertight zip-top plastic bag, press the excess air out, and seal the zipper tightly. Label the bag with the patient's name and time.
  6. Layer 3: Place that sealed plastic bag inside a second larger container, cooler, or outer plastic bag filled with a mixture of crushed ice and cold water (slush bath at roughly 4 degrees Celsius / 39 degrees Fahrenheit).

Danger

Never place an amputated finger or thumb directly onto bare ice cubes, never pack it in dry ice, and never submerge the bare tissue directly in a cup of water or saline. Direct contact with ice freezes the cells and creates intracellular ice crystals (frostbite necrosis) that make surgical reattachment 100 percent impossible, while soaking bare tissue directly in water causes hypotonic cellular swelling and maceration.

Ocular fireworks trauma: open globe injuries and corneal burns

Approximately 15 to 20 percent of all fireworks injuries strike the eyes, and a third of severe ocular fireworks injuries result in permanent legal blindness or surgical removal of the eye (enucleation). Fireworks injure the eye through three simultaneous mechanisms: blunt blast shockwave contusion (causing bleeding in the front chamber of the eye called hyphema, lens dislocation, and retinal detachment), high-velocity projectile perforation (cardboard plugs, plastic casing shards, or unburnt black-powder grains punching straight through the cornea or sclera), and extreme thermal/alkaline chemical burns from burning metallic sparks.

Step-by-step first aid for a fireworks eye injury

  1. Recognize the signs of a ruptured or penetrated eyeball (open globe injury):
  2. Visible blood pooling inside the colored iris area of the eye (hyphema).
  3. A pupil that looks teardrop-shaped, peaked, or irregular instead of round, or brownish/black iris tissue protruding through a tear in the clear cornea.
  4. Clear jelly-like fluid (vitreous humor) leaking from the eye, or the front of the eye looking flattened or deflated.
  5. Severe eye pain accompanied by an immediate drop in vision (able to see only hand motion or light).
  6. Strictly enforce the 4 "NEVERs" of ocular blast trauma:
  7. NEVER rub, press on, or squeeze the injured eye. Even the slightest finger pressure on a perforated eyeball extrudes the iris, lens, and retina out through the wound, causing irreversible blindness.
  8. NEVER attempt to pull out or tweeze out any cardboard splinter, wire, or firework fragment stuck in the eyeball.
  9. NEVER forcefully flush or squirt tap water into an eye that has a suspected puncture, laceration, or blast rupture. (Only gentle saline irrigation is used if the injury is purely superficial dry powder dust on an intact eye without blast impact; when in doubt after a firework blast, do not irrigate; shield and go straight to the emergency room).
  10. NEVER put eye drops, ointments, or aspirin in or give aspirin/ibuprofen by mouth (NSAIDs thin the blood and worsen intraocular bleeding/hyphema).
  11. Apply a rigid protective eye shield resting on the facial bones:
  12. If you do not have a military/medical rigid aluminum Fox eye shield in your first aid kit, take a disposable paper cup or Styrofoam coffee cup, cut the bottom 4 centimeters (1.5 inches) off the cup, and tape that rigid cup bottom over the injured eye so the rim rests entirely on the hard brow bone above and cheekbone below, without touching the eyelids or eyeball at all.
  13. A pair of polycarbonate safety glasses or the person's regular eyeglasses worn over the eye also serves as a temporary protective shield.
  14. Cover the UNINJURED eye as well (binocular patching):
  15. Both human eyes move together synchronously (consensual conjugate eye movement). If the injured eye is covered with a cup but the patient is looking around rapidly with their good eye during the ambulance ride, the injured eyeball underneath the cup is also swiveling back and forth against embedded shrapnel.
  16. Lightly cover the uninjured eye with a clean cloth or ask the patient to keep both eyes closed while guiding them by the arm, and keep their head elevated at a 30-to-45-degree angle during transport to an emergency room with an on-call ophthalmologist; see eye injuries.

Sparkler burns, gunpowder flash burns, and acoustic blast trauma

1. Cooling sparkler and flash-powder skin burns

Because handheld wire sparklers burn using metallic fuels (magnesium, aluminum, iron, or titanium) mixed with oxidizers, they continue burning even if dropped into grass or brushed against clothing, reaching 1,000 to 1,600 degrees Celsius (1,800 to 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit).

  1. Extinguish burning clothing immediately: If a sparkler or Roman candle star ignites a child's shirt or synthetic dress, force them to the ground immediately (Stop, Drop, and Roll), smother the flames with a heavy cotton blanket or coat, or douse them with a bucket of water.
  2. Brush off dry powder, then flush with cool running water for 20 minutes:
  3. Gently brush away any loose dry firework powder or ash from the skin.
  4. Immediately place the burned hand, foot, or face under cool running tap water (approximately 15 degrees Celsius / 59 degrees Fahrenheit) for a full 20 continuous minutes.
  5. Why if white/yellow phosphorus is involved: In tropical and Latin American regions where illegal crackers contain white or yellow phosphorus, particles embedded in the skin emit white smoke with a garlic odor and spontaneously reignite whenever exposed to air. Keep the burned area continuously submerged in cool water or covered with dripping-wet saline gauze during transport so atmospheric oxygen cannot reach the phosphorus particles.
  6. Cover loosely with plastic cling wrap: After 20 minutes of water cooling, lay a clean sheet of household plastic food wrap (cling film) loosely over the burn (never wrapped tightly around a limb) to keep air off the raw nerve endings; see burns first aid.

2. Ruptured eardrums (tympanic membrane perforation) from blast overpressure

Salute ea phofshoana kapa khetla ea sefofane e phatlohang ka har'a limithara tse 1 ho isa ho tse 3 (maoto a 3 ho isa ho a 10) ea hlooho ea motho e hlahisa leqhubu la hang-hang la acoustic overpressure le fetang 170 ho ea ho 190 decibels (35 ho 100 kilopascals / 5 ho 15 psi), e lekaneng ho pshatla lesela le thipa. masapo a tsebe e bohareng:

  • Matšoao: Ho thiba litsebe ka tšohanyetso ho thibang litsebe (tinnitus), ho se utloe ho sa utloahaleng hantle, ho utloa bohloko ha tsebe, ho tsekela, ho tsekela ka linako tse ling mali a bofubelu bo khanyang kapa mokelikeli o hlakileng o tsoang ka kanaleng ea tsebe.
  • Thuso ea pele: Le ka mohla u se ke ua kenya metsi, marotholi a tsebe, oli, kapa li-swabs tsa k'hothone ka har'a kanale ea tsebe ka mor'a kotsi e phatlohileng, kaha ho kenya mokelikeli o sa hloekang ka lehare la tsebe le ka hare ho lekoti le bohareng la tsebe ho baka tšoaetso e matla. Beha feela lesela le hlephileng, le omeletseng le omeletseng ka ntle ho tsebe ho tšoara metsi leha e le afe, laela mokuli ** hore a se ke a letsa nko **, 'me a be le tsebe, nko le 'metso (ENT) ngaka e hlahloba litsebe.

3. Phosphorus firework ho kenya chefo ho bana

Likarolong tse ling tsa Latin America le Asia Boroa-bochabela, li-firecrackers tse nyenyane tsa likhohlano kapa li-percussion (hangata li bōpehile joaloka lipompong tse mebala-bala kapa matlapa a bitsoang diablitos, totes, kapa martinicas) li entsoe ka ** phosphorus e tšoeu / e mosehla **:

  • ** Ho bolaea ho feteletseng: ** Ho noa esita le sekhechana se senyenyane (milligram e le 'ngoe ka k'hilograma ea boima ba' mele) ea phosphorus e tšoeu e baka bohloko bo tukang molomong / mpeng, ho hlatsa ho nkhang hamonate joaloka konofolo 'me ho khanya ka mokhoa o fokolang lefifing kapa ho ntša mosi o mosoeu (luminescent / smoking emesis), e lateloa ke mohato o thetsang oa 24-mcaphic pele ho lihora tse 24 tsa "lipio" tse sa sebetseng. ho hlōleha, ’me lefu** lia latela.
  • Ketso: Haeba ngoana a kenya li-firework leha e le life tse sa chesoang kapa tse sebelisitsoeng ka hanong, le ka mohla u se ke ua fana ka lebese kapa lijo tse mafura (mafura a potlakisa ho monya phosphorus ka maleng). Hlatsoa melomo ea bona ka metsi 'me u ba potlakisetse phaposing ea tšohanyetso ea sepetlele sa bana hang-hang; bona ho chefo thuso ea pele.

Ho lahloa ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng ha li-firework tsa "dud" tse senyehileng le lithōle tse sebelisitsoeng

Hoo e ka bang karolo ea boraro ea likotsi tsohle tsa hlooho tse bolaeang li etsahala ha motho e moholo a khantša khetla ea seretse se ka kenngoa kapa kaka e nang le lithunya tse ngata, ha ho letho le etsahalang ka mor'a hore fuse e chese, 'me motho o tsamaea a itšetlehile ka sefahleho sa hae holim'a tube ho bona hore na ke hobane'ng ha e sa tima.

Warning

Le ka mohla u se ke ua atamela mollo o sa sebetseng hantle ("dud") bonyane metsotso e 20 e tletseng, le ka mohla u se ke ua leka ho khantša fuse e khutsufalitsoeng, 'me u se ke ua beha hlooho kapa setopo sa hau holim'a tube ea seretse. Ka har'a khetla e sa thunngoeng hantle, tlhase e nyenyane hangata e kubella butle ka har'a phofo e ntšo e kopaneng kapa khateboto e ferekana pele e otla ka tšohanyetso kapa e phatloha metsotso e seng mekae hamorao, e thunya khetla holimo ka lebelo la lik'hilomithara tse 150 ka hora (lik'hilomithara tse 93 ka hora) ka kotloloho ho lehata la hau.

Protocol ea mohato ka mohato bakeng sa ho fokotsa mollo o sa sebetseng hantle

  1. Theha sebaka sa sebaka sa 15-metres (maoto a 50) 'me u qale sebali sa nako ea metsotso e 20: Hang ha mollo oa mollo o hloleha ho hotetsa kapa o emisa ho thunya bohareng ba tatellano ea ona, hoeletsa bashebelli bohle hore ba sale morao 'me ba shebe oache nako e telele metsotso e 20.
  2. Tlosa hose u le hole pele haeba hose ea jareteng e le teng: Kamora ho ema metsotso e 20, haeba u na le phaepe ea jareteng e hatelitsoeng, fafatsa metsi ho tloha bohole bo bolokehileng ka holim'a kuku e sa sebetsoang hantle pele u ea ho eona.
  3. Noela ka ho feletseng ka nkhong e tebileng ea metsi ho tloha lehlakoreng:
  4. Atamela li-firework ho boloka hlooho ea hau le 'mele oa hao o ka holimo hantle lehlakoreng la axis e lebisitsoeng ea tube (le ka mohla u se ke ua itšetleha ka holimo).
  5. U sebelisa lithaole tsa barbecue tse tšoaretsoeng nako e telele kapa kharafu e sephara, nka li-firework tse sa sebetseng hantle (kapa seretse kaofela ha khetla e phelang e khomaretsoe ka tlase) ebe u e kenya ka ho feletseng ka nkhong ea **20-lithara (5-gallon) e tletseng metsi a batang **.
  6. Beha setene kapa lejoe holim'a li-firework tsa khateboto e phaphametseng e le hore li lule ** karolo ea 100 lekholong ka tlas'a metsi bosiu bo le bong (bonyane lihora tse 12 ho isa ho tse 24) **. Metsi a kenella ka har'a casing ea khateboto ebe a qhaqha potassium nitrate oxidizer ka phofo e ntšo, e leng se etsang hore e se ke ea khona ho hotetsa ka ho sa feleng.
  7. Kopa ka mekotla ea polasetiki e habeli pele u tšela lithōle tsa ka ntle:
  8. Hoseng ho hlahlamang, tlosa mollo o tletseng metsi ka nkhong, o e phuthele ka thata ka hare ** mekhahlelo e 'meli ea mekotla e boima ea polasetiki ** e le hore phofo e metsi e se ke ea omella letsatsing ebe e chesa hape, ebe u e beha ka tlung ea hau ea ka ntle ea lithōle tse tiileng (kapa letsetsa lefapha la mollo la lehae la hau mohala oa tšohanyetso haeba e le khetla e kholo e sa phatlohang ea khoebo kapa salute e seng molaong).
  9. **Le ka mohla u se ke ua lahlela li-fireworks tse kolobisitsoeng kapa tse sa phatlohang mollong oa mollo, setofong sa patsi, kapa ka moqomong o tukang **, hape le ka mohla u se ke ua lahlela mabokose a litima-mollo tse sebelisitsoeng ka ho toba ka moqomong oa lithōle oa polasetiki ka har'a karache ea hau bosiung ba mokete; sekhomaretsi sa khateboto se kubellang ka har'a likuku tse "sehiloeng" tsa li-fireworks ke sesosa se ka sehloohong sa khitla mello ea matlo lihora tse 'maloa ka mor'a hore lenaneo le fele.

Tip

Pele ho mokete ofe kapa ofe oa matsatsi a phomolo moo ho ka sebelisoang li-firework kapa sparklers haufi le moo, etsa bonnete ba hore setsi sa thuso ea pele sa lelapa la hau se na le thebe e thata ea mahlo, li-pods tsa letsoai tse sa hloekang, liaparo tse sa cheleng, filimi ea polasetiki le leeto la khoebo, 'me u nahane ka ho nka thupelo ea thuso ea pele e tiisitsoeng ho tsoa ho Red Cross kapa St John Ambulance.

Lipotso tse botsoang khafetsa

Na li-sparklers tse tšoaroang ka letsoho li hlile li kotsi hoo li ka bakang cheso e mpe haholo baneng ba banyenyane?

Ee. Ho ea ka United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) le UK Office for Product Safety and Standards, li-sparklers tse tšoaroang ka letsoho ke sesosa se le seng se ka sehloohong sa likotsi tse amanang le li-fireworks tse amanang le kamore ea tšohanyetso ho bana ba ka tlaase ho lilemo tse 5. Ha metsi a bela ka likhato tse 100 tsa Celsius (212 likhato tsa Fahrenheit) le patsi e chesa hoo e ka bang 300 ho isa ho 600 ea tšepe, magnesium luminum e chesa ka tšepe. kapa mafura a tšepe a likhato tse 1 000 ho ea ho tse 1 600 tsa Celsius (1 800 ho ea ho 3 000 degrees Fahrenheit). Ho ama ntlha e benyang kapa ho hata o sa roala lieta holim'a terata e sa tsoa oela ho baka ho chesoa ha letlalo la tekanyo ea boraro (botenya bo felletseng) hoo hangata ho hlokang ho hlophisoa ha letlalo.

Ke hobane'ng ha u sa lokela ho beha monoana o khaotsoeng ka ho toba holim'a leqhoa ka mor'a ho phatloha ha li-fireworks?

Ho beha lisele tsa motho tse hlobotseng ka holim'a leqhoa ka ho toba (ka likhato tse 0 tsa Celsius kapa ka tlaase) ho homisa letlalo le boreleli le methapo ea mali e sa bonahaleng, ho etsa likristale tse bohale tsa leqhoa tse kenang ka har'a selikalikoe tse phunyeletsang mabota a lisele le ho baka lefu le sa fetoheng la serame. Haeba monoana o khaotsoeng o hoama, ngaka e buoang ea letsoho ea microvascular e ke ke ea o kopanya hape. Ho e-na le hoo, sebelisa mokhoa oa mekato e 3 kamehla: phuthela monoana o khaotsoeng ka lesela le hloekisitsoeng le kolobisitsoeng ka letsoai kapa metsi a hloekileng, le tiise ka har'a mokotla o ommeng o sa keneleng metsi oa zip-top, 'me u behe mokotla oo holim'a motsoako oa leqhoa le metsi a pshatlehileng hore lesela le pholisoe hoo e ka bang likhato tse 4 tsa Celsius (39 degrees Fahrenheit) ntle le ho hatseha.

Haeba litšila kapa litlhase li ka kena ka leihlong la motho e mong, ke hobane'ng ha ke sa lokela ho tlamisa ka holim'a leihlo kapa ke leke ho le hlatsoa?

Ha firework e phatloha haufi le sefahleho kapa e kenya projectile ka leihlong, leqhubu kapa karoloana ea lebelo le phahameng hangata e lla kapa e phunya lebota la ka ntle la leihlo (kotsi e bulehileng ea lefats'e). Haeba o hatella lesela le mennweng kgahlanong le thaka ya leihlo le phatlohileng, kapa o pshatla dintshi ka matla hore o tshele metsi, kgatello ya motjhini e pepeta gel e ka hare (vitreous), iris, le lense ho tswa ka cornea tahr, e baka bofofu bo sa feleng. Le ka mohla u se ke ua tšoara kapa ua hatella leihlo le lemetseng ka li-fireworks; tlanya bokatlase ba kopi ea pampiri kapa thebe e thata holim'a sokete ea mahlo e masapo hore ho se be letho le amang leihlo, koahela leihlo le leng ho fokotsa ho sisinyeha ha mahlo, 'me u ee ka ho toba phaposing e haufi ea tšohanyetso.

U lokela ho ema nako e kae pele u atamela firework e sa kang ea tima ka mor'a hore u bonese fuse?

Ba boholong ba tšireletso ea mollo ba kenyeletsang Mokhatlo oa Sechaba oa Tšireletso ea Mollo (NFPA) le Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA) ba eletsa ho ema bonyane metsotso e 20 e tletseng pele ba atamela mosebetsi leha e le ofe oa mollo o fosahetseng ("dud"). Ha fuse e bonahala e tima, hangata lesela le sa bonahaleng le tsoela pele ho kubella butle butle ka har'a mokokotlo oa pampiri kapa terene ea phofo e kopaneng ka har'a casing, 'me ka tšohanyetso e ka qhomisa tefiso e kholo metsotso e 5 ho isa ho e 15 hamorao. Kamora ho ema metsotso e 20, le ka mohla u se ke ua leka ho khantša dud; boloka hlooho ea hau le 'mele oa hau ka lehlakoreng la tube 'me u kenelle mollo oohle ka nkhong e tebileng ea metsi bosiung bo bong.

Hobaneng ha mello e mengata hakaale ea likarache le matlo e qala ka 2:00 AM kapa 3:00 AM bosiu ka mor'a li-fireworks tse ka morao?

Likuku tsa li-fireworks tse ngata-ngata le li-tubes tsa seretse li hahoa ka likarolo tse teteaneng tsa khateboto e tiisitsoeng e entsoeng ka laminated hammoho le sekhomaretsi le li-plug tsa letsopa. Ka mor'a hore mollo o qete ho thunya, likarolo tse tebileng tsa kateboto le letsopa li lula li futhumetse haholo 'me hangata li boloka malakabe a manyenyane ka lihora tse 3 ho isa ho tse 5 ntle le ho hlahisa mosi o bonahalang. Ha batho ba fiela likhetla tsa li-fireworks le mabokose a khateboto hang ka mor'a pontšo ebe ba li lahlela ka moqomong oa lithōle oa polasetiki ka karacheng ea bona kapa ka thōko ho ntlo ea bona, mocheso o koaletsoeng o hotetsa lithōle tsa pampiri har'a mpa ea bosiu. Lula ka linako tsohle li-fireworks tse setseng ka nkhong pele u li tšela ka har'a lithōle, 'me u boloke moqomo o le hole le meaho.

Ke lokela ho etsa'ng haeba litsebe tsa ka li lla haholo 'me litsebe tsa ka li sa utloahale hantle ka mor'a hore ho qhoma mollo o matla haufi le moo?

Ho lla ka lentsoe le phahameng (tinnitus), kutlo e sa utloahaleng, ho tlala litsebe, kapa bohloko bo boholo ka mor'a ho phatloha ho hoholo ha mollo ho bontša hore ho na le kotsi e matla ea acoustic le eardrum e ka 'nang ea e-ba le perforated eardrum (ruptured tympanic membrane) kapa kotsi e ka hare ea tsebe ea cochlear hair cell. Se ke oa kenya marotholi leha e le afe a litsebe, metsi, oli kapa k'hothone ka har'a kanale ea tsebe, 'me u qobe ho butsoela nko (e leng se qobellang khatello ea moea ho Eustachian ho tsoa ka eardrum e tabohileng). Boloka tsebe e omme ka ho feletseng 'me u bone ngaka ea tšohanyetso kapa setsebi sa ENT nakong ea lihora tsa 24; Phekolo ea pele ea kalafo ea corticosteroid e ka ntlafatsa haholo ho hlaphoheloa ho tsoa tahlehelong e matla ea kutlo e bakoang ke ho phatloha ho bakoang ke ho phatloha.

Litataiso tse amanang

Mehloli e hlahlobiloe

  • United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC, United States): Litlaleho tsa Selemo le Selemo tsa Kotsi ea Litima-mollo le Litlaleho le Litaelo tsa Thuto ea Tšireletseho.
  • American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) le American Society of Surgery of the Hand (ASSH, United States): Clinical Management of Ocular Fireworks Trauma (Open Globe Protocol) le Pyrotechnic Blast Hand Injuries
  • Mokhatlo oa Naha oa Tšireletso ea Mollo (NFPA, United States): Khoutu ea Pontšo ea Litima-mollo (NFPA 1123) le Khoutu bakeng sa Tlhahiso, Lipalangoang, Polokelo, le Thekiso ea Thekiso ea Litima-mollo le Lingoloa tsa Pyrotechnic (NFPA 1124)
  • Office for Product Safety and Standards (OPSS), National Health Service (NHS), le Royal Society for Thibelo ea Likotsi (RoSPA, United Kingdom): Fireworks Safety Code, Sparkler Thermal Burn Treatment, le Misfire Disposal
  • Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO): Thibelo le Tlhokomelo ea ho Chesa Tataiso le Taolo ea Chefo ea White Phosphorus Pyrotechnic