Fashewar wuta, raunin fashewar hannu, da zubar da dud¶

Mabukaci da pyrotechnics na kasuwanci suna haɗa manyan fashe-fashe masu fashe-fashe, masu faɗakar da iska, masu launin ƙarfe mai nauyi, da tartsatsin ƙarfe masu zafi a cikin bututun kwali na hannu. A kowace shekara a lokacin bukukuwa da bukukuwa na kasa (kamar Sabuwar Shekara, Diwali, Sabuwar Lunar, Ranar 'Yancin Kai a ranar 4 ga Yuli, Ranar Bastille, da Guy Fawkes Night), dubban manya da yara suna fama da makanta na dindindin, fashewar kunnuwa, ƙonewar fuska na digiri na uku, da mummunan fashewar hannu. Ko da alama mara lahani na walƙiya na wayar hannu da aka ba wa yara ƙanana suna ƙone ta amfani da ma'aunin zafi-kamar magnesium, aluminum, ko haɗin ƙarfe a yanayin zafi tsakanin * 1,000 zuwa 1,600 digiri Celsius (1,800 da 3,000 digiri Fahrenheit)**, wanda ke da zafi isa ya narke gilashin, zinare, da aluminum kuma yana haifar da kumburin fata mai tsananin zafi.

Mafi tsanani har yanzu akwai harsashi na iska, harsashi na biki da za a sake lodi, gaisuwar M-80/kwata-kwata ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, da bama-bamai na gida waɗanda ke tashi da wuri a hannun mutum ko kai tsaye a gaban fuskarsu. Lokacin da 40-to-75-millimita (1.5-zuwa-3-inch) harsashi na iska ya fashe a cikin rufaffiyar hannu, babban girgizar girgizawa da fadada iskar gas yana haɓaka babban yatsan yatsa da yatsu da suka wuce iyakokin tsarin su, wanda ya haifar da classic ** "hannun fashewa"** rauni: babban yatsa da yanke sassauki, yanke katako na dijital, fashe fashe, fashe fashe na dijital. arteries. Sanin yadda ake sarrafa zubar da jini na hannun jijiya da adana lambobi masu tsattsauran ra'ayi akan kankara ba tare da daskare su ba, me yasa ba za ku taɓa shafa ko danna kan raunin ido na wuta ba, yadda ake sanyaya farin phosphorus da ƙonewar ƙarfe, da yadda ake jiƙa wasan wuta na "dud" da ba a so ba cikin aminci yana hana tawaya ta dindindin da mutuwa.

Yi wannan yanzu¶

1. Ai amfani da matsa lamba kai tsaye ko yawon shakatawa na kasuwanci nan da nan don mummunan rauni na fashewar wasan wuta na hannu. Danna tawul mai kauri na auduga mai kauri ko tawul mai tsaftar auduga da karfi akan hannun da ke zubar jini sannan ya daga hannu sama da matakin zuciya; idan jinin ja mai haske ya ci gaba da fitowa daga wuyan hannu ko hannun gaba, yi amfani da yawon shakatawa na kasuwanci mai tsawon santimita 5 zuwa 7 (2 zuwa 3 inci) sama da wuyan hannu ko gwiwar hannu kuma a kira lambar gaggawa ta gida (911 a Amurka da Kanada, 112 a cikin Tarayyar Turai, 999 a Burtaniya) ko duba. lambobin gaggawa.
2. Ajiye yanke yatsu ko yatsa a cikin gauze mai ɗanɗano a cikin jakar filastik da aka rufe akan ruwan ƙanƙara. Kada a taɓa sanya yatsun da aka yanke kai tsaye a kan ƙanƙara mara tushe ko nutsar da su kai tsaye cikin ruwa mai ruwa, wanda ya daskare ko kumbura magudanar jini kuma yana hana sake haɗawa da tiyata.
3. ** Garkuwa raunin ido na wuta tare da ƙoƙon kariya mai ƙarfi (kamar kasan kofin takarda) kuma KADA KA shafa ko shafa matsi danna bandeji a kan ido yana matse abubuwan ciki daga cikin cornea kuma yana haifar da makanta na dindindin.
4. Cool sparkler da gunpowder thermal zafi yana ƙonewa a ƙarƙashin ruwan famfo mai sanyi na tsawon mintuna 20. A hankali goge busasshen foda da farko, sa'annan ka riƙe hannun, ƙafa, ko fuskar da ta kone ƙarƙashin ruwan gudu mai sanyi (15 digiri Celsius / 59 Fahrenheit) na tsawon mintuna 20 na ci gaba; kada a shafa kankara, man shanu, man goge baki, ko man shafawa.
5. KADA KA taɓa tafiya zuwa, leƙa, ko yunƙurin haskaka wutan "dud" da ba daidai ba. Jinkirin hayaƙi a cikin tashar fis ko cajin foda mai baƙar fata yana tashe harsashin iska na iska minti 5 zuwa 15 bayan ya bayyana ya fita, yana dukan duk wanda ya jingina kan bututu a fuska.
6. ** A dakata a kalla minti 20 kafin ku kusanci wutan wuta, sannan a nutsar da ita gaba daya a cikin guga na ruwa da daddare.** Yi amfani da wutsiyoyi masu tsayi ko felu daga gefe (kada ku jingina kan ku a kan bututu) don sauke dud a cikin guga mai zurfi 20-gallon (5-gallon) na ruwa don haka foda da kuma yayyafa su sosai kafin a yayyafa su.

flowchart TD
    Start["Wuta ko Gaggawar Pyrotechnic"] --> Incident{"Wane irin gaggawa ne ya faru?"}
    Incident -->|"Fashewar Hannu / Yanke Yatsa"| HandBlast["1. Aiwatar da matsa lamba kai tsaye tare da tsabtataccen zane (ko yawon shakatawa idan jijiya spurting) <br/>2. Sanya yatsun da aka yanke a cikin gauze mai ɗanɗano -> hatimi a cikin jakar filastik -> sanya kan ruwan kankara <br/>3. Kira 911/112/999 don Cibiyar Cutar Hannu"]
    Incident -->|"Fashe Ido da tarkace, Tartsatsi, ko tsawa"| EyeHit["1. KADA KA shafa, kurkure da karfi, ko danna kan ƙwallon ido<br/>2. Tafi gindin takarda/kofin kumfa ko tsayayyen garkuwa akan kwas ɗin ido na ƙashi<br/>3. Rufe idanu biyu don dakatar da motsin tausayi da gaggawa zuwa ER"]
    Incident -->|"Sparkler ko Thermal Skin Burn"| BurnCare["1. Ki goge busasshen foda, a kwantar da ruwan famfo na tsawon mintuna 20.<br/>2. Cire zobe da agogon hannu da suka kone nan da nan<br/>3. Rufe sako-sako da fim ɗin abinci na filastik"]
    Incident -->|"Wutar Wuta da Bata Fashe ('Dud') akan Ƙasa"| DudSafe["1. Tsaya baya aƙalla mita 15 (ƙafa 50) na tsawon mintuna 20 cikakke<br/>2. KADA KA sake kunnawa ko duban bututun turmi<br/>3. A jiƙa gaba ɗaya a cikin guga na ruwa a cikin dare"]

Pyrotechnic hazard matrix: yanayin zafi, kimiyyar lissafi, da bayanan rauni¶

Fahimtar yanayin zafi da abubuwan fashewa na mabukaci daban-daban da nuna wasan wuta sun bayyana dalilin da yasa takamaiman raunuka ke faruwa da yadda likitocin gaggawa ke bi da su.

Yin maganin raunukan fashewar hannu da kuma yanke yatsa¶

Hannun ɗan adam shi ne ɓangaren jiki da aka fi samun rauni a fashewar wasan wuta. Lokacin da wuta, harsashi, ko kyandir na Roman ya fashe yayin da aka kama shi a cikin dabino, kumfa mai faɗaɗa yana tilasta babban yatsan yatsan yatsa a waje kuma yana ɗaga yatsu a baya yayin da yake tuƙi na carbonaceous soot da guntun kwali mai zurfi a cikin rami na carpal da sheaths.

1. Maganin zubar da jini na gaggawa akan hannun da ya fashe¶

1. Ai amfani da matsa lamba kai tsaye da dagawa: Ko da an busa yatsu da yawa ko kuma tafin tafin hannu ya rabu har zuwa farar ƙasusuwan metacarpal, mafi yawan zubar da jini na hannu yana fitowa ne daga gaɓoɓin jijiyoyi na dabino mai zurfi da zurfi, waɗanda galibi za a iya sarrafa su ta hanyar ** ƙarfi, ci gaba da matsa lamba kai tsaye ** ta amfani da wani kauri mai kauri na bakararre gauze ɗin da aka ɗora tare da tsaftataccen gauze ɗin gaba ɗaya. hannu sama da matakin zuciya.
2. Lokacin da za a yi amfani da yawon shakatawa na kasuwanci: Idan harsashin turmi ko fashewar bututu ya yanke radial ko jijiyar ulnar a wuyan hannu ko kuma ya haifar da yanke hannun hannu tare da jan jinin jijiya mai haske yana motsawa ba tare da katsewa ba ta hanyar suturar matsa lamba, shafa gilashin iska na kasuwanci ** yawon shakatawa 5 zuwa 7 centimeters sama da santimita 3 zuwa saman wuyan hannu. zubar jini yana tsayawa gaba daya; gani zubar jini mai tsanani da aikace-aikacen yawon shakatawa.
3. ** Cire duk zobe, agogon hannu, da mundaye daga hannun da suka ji rauni a cikin minti 2 na farko:** fashewa da rauni mai zafi yana haifar da kumburin ruwa mai yawa (edema) a cikin hannu da yatsunsu cikin mintuna 15. Kundin bikin aure na zinari ko titanium da aka bari akan yatsa mai fashewa ko kona yana juya zuwa yawon shakatawa na karfe mara jurewa wanda ke yanke kwararar jini kuma yana haifar da asarar gangrenous na wani yatsa mai ceto. Kashe zoben zamewa nan da nan ta amfani da sabulu ko ruwan sanyi, ko yanke su da abin yankan zobe.
4. Kada a yanke 'yan yatsu masu raɗaɗi' ko faɗuwar fata: Ko da an murƙushe yatsa, kodadde, kuma an haɗa shi da siririyar ɗigon fata mai tsawon millimita 3 ko kuma guda ɗaya (yanke yankewa), wannan ƙaramar gada takan ƙunshi jijiya mai mahimmanci ko jijiyar dijital wanda ke ba da izinin likitan hannu na microvascular don adana lambobi. A hankali jera yatsa mai raɗaɗi a cikin wurin hutawa na tsaka tsaki kusa da yatsun da ke kusa, kushin tsakanin yatsu tare da gauze mara kyau, sa'annan a raba hannun da wuyan hannu gaba ɗaya a kan allo mai ruɗi ko birgima.

2. Yadda ake adana yatsu ko yanki da aka yanke gaba ɗaya¶

Likitocin hannu na microvascular na iya samun nasarar sake dasa (sake haɗawa) manyan yatsa da yatsu, musamman a cikin yara da kuma lokacin da babban yatsan hannu ko lambobi masu yawa suka shiga, muddin an adana sassan da aka yanke da kyau yayin jigilar kaya:

1. Bincika wurin fashewa nan da nan tare da fitillu don gano duk sassan yatsa da aka yanke (musamman babban yatsan yatsa, wanda ke da kashi 40 na jimlar aikin hannu).
2. A wanke a hankali, kar a goge: Idan yatsa ya rufe da datti, ciyawa, ko sot gun foda, kurkure shi a hankali na ƴan daƙiƙa da salin salin al'ada ko tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Kada a taɓa goge ɗanyen nama da goga, kuma kada a taɓa zuba hydrogen peroxide, shafa barasa, ko aidin akan ɓangaren da aka yanke (wanda ke kashe jijiyoyin jini da jijiyoyin da suka fallasa ta hanyar sinadarai).
3. Yi amfani da 3-Layer "Damp Gauze -> Rufe Bag -> Ruwan Kankara" Hanyar:
4. Layer 1: Ku nannaɗe yatsan da aka yanke gabaɗaya a cikin gauze pads (ko tawul ɗin takarda mai tsafta) da sauƙi ** mai ɗanɗano** (damp, ba ɗigowa rigar) da salin salin ba ko tsaftataccen ruwan kwalba.
5. Layer 2: Sanya yatsan da aka nannade a cikin tsaftataccen ruwa mai tsaftar ruwa ** zip-top bag bag**, danna iskan da ya wuce waje, sannan a rufe zik din sosai. Yi wa jakar lakabi da sunan mara lafiya da lokacinsa.
6. Layer 3: Place that sealed plastic bag inside a second larger container, cooler, or outer plastic bag filled with a mixture of crushed ice and cold water (slush bath at roughly 4 degrees Celsius / 39 degrees Fahrenheit).

Ocular fireworks trauma: open globe injuries and corneal burns¶

Approximately 15 to 20 percent of all fireworks injuries strike the eyes, and a third of severe ocular fireworks injuries result in permanent legal blindness or surgical removal of the eye (enucleation). Fireworks injure the eye through three simultaneous mechanisms: blunt blast shockwave contusion (causing bleeding in the front chamber of the eye called hyphema, lens dislocation, and retinal detachment), high-velocity projectile perforation (cardboard plugs, plastic casing shards, or unburnt black-powder grains punching straight through the cornea or sclera), and extreme thermal/alkaline chemical burns from burning metallic sparks.

Step-by-step first aid for a fireworks eye injury¶

1. Recognize the signs of a ruptured or penetrated eyeball (open globe injury):
2. Visible blood pooling inside the colored iris area of the eye (hyphema).
3. A pupil that looks teardrop-shaped, peaked, or irregular instead of round, or brownish/black iris tissue protruding through a tear in the clear cornea.
4. Clear jelly-like fluid (vitreous humor) leaking from the eye, or the front of the eye looking flattened or deflated.
5. Severe eye pain accompanied by an immediate drop in vision (able to see only hand motion or light).
6. Strictly enforce the 4 "NEVERs" of ocular blast trauma:
7. NEVER rub, press on, or squeeze the injured eye. Even the slightest finger pressure on a perforated eyeball extrudes the iris, lens, and retina out through the wound, causing irreversible blindness.
8. NEVER attempt to pull out or tweeze out any cardboard splinter, wire, or firework fragment stuck in the eyeball.
9. NEVER forcefully flush or squirt tap water into an eye that has a suspected puncture, laceration, or blast rupture. (Only gentle saline irrigation is used if the injury is purely superficial dry powder dust on an intact eye without blast impact; when in doubt after a firework blast, do not irrigate; shield and go straight to the emergency room).
10. NEVER put eye drops, ointments, or aspirin in or give aspirin/ibuprofen by mouth (NSAIDs thin the blood and worsen intraocular bleeding/hyphema).
11. Apply a rigid protective eye shield resting on the facial bones:
12. If you do not have a military/medical rigid aluminum Fox eye shield in your first aid kit, take a disposable paper cup or Styrofoam coffee cup, cut the bottom 4 centimeters (1.5 inches) off the cup, and tape that rigid cup bottom over the injured eye so the rim rests entirely on the hard brow bone above and cheekbone below, without touching the eyelids or eyeball at all.
13. A pair of polycarbonate safety glasses or the person's regular eyeglasses worn over the eye also serves as a temporary protective shield.
14. Cover the UNINJURED eye as well (binocular patching):
15. Both human eyes move together synchronously (consensual conjugate eye movement). If the injured eye is covered with a cup but the patient is looking around rapidly with their good eye during the ambulance ride, the injured eyeball underneath the cup is also swiveling back and forth against embedded shrapnel.
16. Lightly cover the uninjured eye with a clean cloth or ask the patient to keep both eyes closed while guiding them by the arm, and keep their head elevated at a 30-to-45-degree angle during transport to an emergency room with an on-call ophthalmologist; see eye injuries.

Sparkler burns, gunpowder flash burns, and acoustic blast trauma¶

1. Cooling sparkler and flash-powder skin burns¶

Because handheld wire sparklers burn using metallic fuels (magnesium, aluminum, iron, or titanium) mixed with oxidizers, they continue burning even if dropped into grass or brushed against clothing, reaching 1,000 to 1,600 degrees Celsius (1,800 to 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit).

1. Extinguish burning clothing immediately: If a sparkler or Roman candle star ignites a child's shirt or synthetic dress, force them to the ground immediately (Stop, Drop, and Roll), smother the flames with a heavy cotton blanket or coat, or douse them with a bucket of water.
2. Brush off dry powder, then flush with cool running water for 20 minutes:
3. Gently brush away any loose dry firework powder or ash from the skin.
4. Immediately place the burned hand, foot, or face under cool running tap water (approximately 15 degrees Celsius / 59 degrees Fahrenheit) for a full 20 continuous minutes.
5. Why if white/yellow phosphorus is involved: In tropical and Latin American regions where illegal crackers contain white or yellow phosphorus, particles embedded in the skin emit white smoke with a garlic odor and spontaneously reignite whenever exposed to air. Keep the burned area continuously submerged in cool water or covered with dripping-wet saline gauze during transport so atmospheric oxygen cannot reach the phosphorus particles.
6. Cover loosely with plastic cling wrap: After 20 minutes of water cooling, lay a clean sheet of household plastic food wrap (cling film) loosely over the burn (never wrapped tightly around a limb) to keep air off the raw nerve endings; see burns first aid.

2. Ruptured eardrums (tympanic membrane perforation) from blast overpressure¶

A flash-powder salute or aerial shell exploding within 1 to 3 meters (3 to 10 feet) of a person's head generates an instantaneous acoustic overpressure wave exceeding 170 to 190 decibels (35 to 100 kilopascals / 5 to 15 psi), which is enough to shatter the tympanic membrane (eardrum) and dislocate the tiny middle-ear ossicle bones:

• Symptoms: Sudden deafening ringing in the ears (tinnitus), muffled hearing loss, sharp ear pain, dizziness/vertigo, and sometimes a trickle of bright red blood or clear fluid draining from the ear canal.
• First aid: Never put water, ear drops, oil, or cotton swabs inside the ear canal after a blast injury, as introducing non-sterile liquid through a torn eardrum into the middle ear cavity causes severe infection. Simply place a loose, dry sterile gauze pad over the outside of the ear to catch any drainage, instruct the patient not to blow their nose, and have an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) physician examine the ears.

3. Phosphorus firework ingestion poisoning in children¶

In parts of Latin America and Southeast Asia, small friction or percussion firecrackers (often shaped like small colorful candies or tablets called diablitos, totes, or martinicas) are manufactured with white/yellow phosphorus:

• Extreme lethality: Ingesting even a tiny fragment (1 milligram per kilogram of body weight) of white phosphorus causes burning mouth/stomach pain, vomiting that smells like garlic and glows faintly in the dark or emits white smoke (luminescent/smoking emesis), followed by a deceptive 24-hour "symptom-free" phase before catastrophic acute liver failure, kidney failure, and death ensue.
• Action: If a toddler puts any unburnt or spent firework in their mouth, never give milk or fatty foods (fats accelerate phosphorus absorption in the gut). Rinse their mouth out with water and rush them to a pediatric hospital emergency room immediately; see poisoning first aid.

Safe disposal of misfired "dud" fireworks and spent debris¶

Nearly a third of all fatal fireworks head injuries occur when an adult lights a reloadable mortar shell or multi-shot cake, nothing happens after the fuse burns down, and the person walks over and leans their face over the tube to see why it did not go off.

Step-by-step protocol for neutralizing a misfired firework¶

1. Establish a 15-meter (50-foot) exclusion perimeter and start a 20-minute timer: As soon as a lit firework fails to ignite or stops shooting halfway through its sequence, shout to all spectators to stay back and watch the clock for a full 20 minutes.
2. Douse from a distance first if a garden hose is available: After waiting 20 minutes, if you have a pressurized garden hose, spray water from a safe distance into the top of the misfired cake or tube before walking up to it.
3. Submerge completely in a deep bucket of water from the side:
4. Approach the firework keeping your head and upper body well to the side of the tube's aiming axis (never lean over the top).
5. Using long-handled barbecue tongs or a flat shovel, pick up the misfired firework (or the entire mortar tube if a live shell is stuck inside the bottom) and submerge it completely in a 20-liter (5-gallon) bucket filled to the brim with cold water.
6. Place a brick or stone on top of the floating cardboard firework so it stays 100 percent underwater overnight (for at least 12 to 24 hours). Water penetrates the cardboard casing and dissolves the potassium nitrate oxidizer in black powder, rendering it permanently unable to ignite.
7. Wrap in double plastic bags before placing in outdoor trash:
8. The next morning, remove the waterlogged firework from the bucket, wrap it tightly inside two layers of heavy plastic trash bags so the wet powder cannot dry out in the sun and become flammable again, and place it in your outdoor household solid waste bin (or call your local fire department non-emergency line if it is a large unexploded commercial display shell or illegal salute).
9. Never throw soaked or unexploded fireworks into a campfire, wood stove, or burn barrel, and never dump spent fireworks boxes directly into a plastic trash bin inside your garage on the night of the celebration; smoldering cardboard glue inside "spent" fireworks cakes is a leading cause of midnight house fires hours after the show ends.

Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi¶

Jagora masu alaƙa¶

• Burns: first aid and emergency treatment
• Eye injuries: chemical splashes, foreign objects, and trauma
• Severe bleeding and tourniquet application
• House fire safety and evacuation
• Poisoning: first aid and emergency care
• Coping with phobias and fear in emergencies

An duba tushe¶

• United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC, United States): Annual Fireworks Injury and Fatality Technical Reports and Safety Education Guidelines
• American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) and American Society of Surgery of the Hand (ASSH, United States): Clinical Management of Ocular Fireworks Trauma (Open Globe Protocol) and Pyrotechnic Blast Hand Injuries
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, United States): Code for Fireworks Display (NFPA 1123) and Code for the Manufacture, Transportation, Storage, and Retail Sales of Fireworks and Pyrotechnic Articles (NFPA 1124)
• Office for Product Safety and Standards (OPSS), National Health Service (NHS), and Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA, United Kingdom): Fireworks Safety Code, Sparkler Thermal Burn Treatment, and Misfire Disposal
• World Health Organization (WHO): Burn Prevention and Care Guidelines and Management of White Phosphorus Pyrotechnic Poisoning