Dibutula dia bintu ku mpukapuka, karte ka SD kadibu balongolole, ne dipingaja dia binjinjimbi¶

Kujingulula ne uvua mulongolole karte ka SD ka tshiamu tshia foto mu mushindu mubi, mupuekeshe bintu mu tshibombi tshia bintu anyi mu tshibombi tshia bintu bia bukoya pa tshiamu tshia mudimu tshia pambelu, anyi mupuekeshe tshitupa tshijima tshia foto ya dîku idi kayiyi mua kupingajibua, ntshilumbu tshikole tshia malu a tekiniki. Padibu bumbusha mukanda kampanda anyi padibu balongolola tshintu kampanda tshia kulamina bintu lukasa, tshiamu tshia mudimu katshiena tshijimija diakamue malu adi kaayi malelela adi munda mua tuzubu tua meji to. Pamutu pa nanku, udi umbusha tshimanyishilu tshia tshilaminu tshia mikanda ne udi uteka adrese ya tshitupa tshia meji bu "muaba wa tshianana" udiku bua kufunda pa mutu pawu. Nansha wewe mua kupeta 100 pa lukama ya bintu biebe anyi kubijimija bua kashidi bidi bilondeshila tshidi tshienzeka mu tusunsa 60 tua kumpala kunyima kua diumusha. Mu sekonde yonso, tshiamu tshidi tshishala tshiteka mu mushindu wa kubala ne kufunda, dilongolola dia tshiamu tshia mudimu tshia panyima, dishintakaja dia mikanda, dilama dia bintu bia mu tshikebelu, ne disangisha dia bintu bia bukoya bia Solid State Drive (SSD) (TRIM / UNMAP) udi mua kujikija kashidi bitupa bidi muinshi mua buloba.

Shi dijimija dia mpukapuka anyi dilongolola dia malu didi ditangila telemetrie wa luondapu, bijadiki bia mikenji bia tshibawu tshidi tshienzeka, anyi dinyanguka dia tshiamu tshia bukubi tshia muoyo, bikila nimero wa njiwu wa muaba unudi (911 mu États-Unis ne mu Canada, 112 mu matunga masanga a ku Mputu, 999 mu Royaume-Uni) anyi tangila mukanda wetu wa malu a pa buloba bujima nomba ya tshimpitshimpi kumpala kua kulenga tshiamu. Bua bilumbu bionso bia dijimija dia bintu bia bantu badi basumba bintu, bia foto, bia tulasa ne bia kumpanyi, imanyika mudimu wonso wa diske diakamue ne ulonde mudimu wa dilongolola dia bintu udi kuinshi eku.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

1. Patula diakamue karte ka SD, karte ka CFexpress, anyi disque dur USB: Shi udi anu mulongolole karte ka memorie ka tshiamu tshia foto anyi mufute bintu bidi pa disque dur wa USB wa pambelu, jima tshiamu tshia foto diakamue anyi umbusha tshiamu tshia USB tshia pambelu mu ordinatere. Kuangatshi "tshimfuanyi tshimue tshia diteta" bua kumona ni karte kadi kenza mudimu, ne kuanyishi Windows (chkdsk) anyi macOS (fsck_apfs) bua "kukonkonona ne kulongolola" tshiamu tshia mashinyi.
2. Wewe mufute bintu mu tshiamu tshia munda tshia ordinatere webe (C: drive anyi macOS Macintosh HD), umbusha nzembu anyi ujime nzembu ku bukole: Kukanga programe pa tshibidilu, kuangatshi programe wa dipingaja dia malu mu ordinatere udibu bakuate to, ne kutua pa "Shut Down" (udi ufunda gigabytes ya mikanda ya hibernation, registre ne sessions, udi ufunda mikanda yebe ya tshibuelelu ne log pa mabue). Ikala ne butone bua nzembu munkatshi mua tusunsa 5 to ne 10 too ne padi tshiamu tshijika tshijima, anyi umbusha tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia ku mesa pikalatshi katshiyi ne bateri.
3. Ela tshiamu tshia kukuba nabi kufunda pa karte ka SDHC/SDXC mu tshitupa tshia LOCK: Tangila ku muelelu wa ku dia bakaji dia karte ka SD ka 32 millimetre ku 24 millimetre (1,26 inch ku 0,94 inch) ne utute ka-tshintu kakese ka plastique panshi mutangile ku muelelu wa kuinshi (kule ne tshiamu tshia or) bua se: muntu nansha umue kayi mua kufunda .DS_Store, System Volume Information, anyi Spotlight index files paudi umubueja pashishe.
4. Umanye tshidi tshienzeja SSD TRIM kumpala kua kupingaja SSD wa munda: NVMe ne SATA Solid State Drives ya lelu idi yenza mudimu ku tshiamu tshia mudimu TRIM (ATA) anyi Deallocate (NVMe) udi ufila mêyi mu tusekonde anyi minite mikese ya dijimija anyi dilongolola dia mukanda. Padi tshiamu tshia SSD tshienza mudimu wa disangisha dia bintu bia bukoya pa mabeji adibu bakose, programe wa dienza dia bintu udi ubala anu zero (0x00). Kulama mudilu mujima kudi kupangisha microprocesseur wa munda wa SSD bua kujikija disangisha dia bintu bia panyima.
5. Longolola ordinatere wa pa buende, mukezuke ne tshiamu tshinene tshia kuya natshi: Kutekayi bintu bia kupingaja nabi bintu pa tshiamu tshivua tshijimije malu to, ne kupinganyi kabidi bintu bivuabu bapingaje mu tshiamu tshimue atshi pavuabu benda babala to. Wenza mudimu ne ordinatere muibidi (anyi enza mudimu ne ordinatere udi munyanguke ku tshiamu tshia Ubuntu Linux Live USB tshia pambelu) ne wela tshiamu tshia pambelu tshidi katshiyi ne tshintu tshidi ne bukole bua kulama bintu misangu ibidi kupita tshiamu tshidi tshinyanguke.
6. Enza tshimfuanyi tshia binaire tshia secteur par secteur (.img anyi .dd) kumpala kua kuenza mudimu ne tshintu tshionso tshia kupingaja natshi mikanda: Kumpala kua kuenza mudimu ne PhotoRec, R-Studio, DMDE, anyi UFS Explorer, enza mudimu ne ddrescue anyi HDDSuperClone bua kuenza clone wa tshitupa tshionso tshia karte ka SD anyi tshia dikalu mu tshimfuanyi tshimue tshia dikalu diebe dia kulama. Pashishe udi mua kuenza mudimu ne biamu bia bungi bia dipingaja nabi bintu bimpe ku tshimfuanyi kakuyi njiwu ya dinyanguka anyi difunda dia mpukapuka pa tshiamu tshia ntuadijilu.

Mutshi wa mapangadika: kusungula mushindu muimpe wa kupingaja bintu ku diambuluisha dia bintu bia kulama ne bia kulama nabi mikanda¶

Ingidija tshimfuanyi etshi tshia disungula dia malu a mikenji bua kumanya ni malu audi mufute adi mua kupingajibua ku diambuluisha dia dilongolola dia mesa a tshikandakanda, difunda dia tshiala tshia tshikandakanda tshia tshianana, anyi dikonkonona dia pa buadi dia tshitupa tshia bintu:

flowchart TD
    A["Dijimija dia mukanda ku mpukapuka anyi dipeta dia mushindu wa difunda"] --> B["Jima tshiamu diakamue anyi umbusha bintu bidi mua kumbushibua"]
    B --> C{"Ntshiamu kayi tshia kulama bintu tshidi tshinyanguka?"}
    C -->|"Camera SD / MicroSD / CFexpress / USB Flash"| D["Enza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia kulama nabi difunda anyi wenze mudimu ne tshiamu tshia USB tshidi tshikuba anu kubala"]
    C -->|"Disque dur wa pambelu anyi wa munda (HDD)"| E["Kakuena njiwu ya TRIM: Mushindu wa kupingaja bintu bia bungi pikala Zero New Writes muenzeke"]
    C -->|"SSD wa munda anyi wa pambelu / NVMe / Mac / Telefone wa meji"| F{"Ntshinyi tshia File System ne tshia OS tshivuabu benze natshi mudimu?"}
    F -->|"NTFS, APFS, nansha ext4 pa Internal NVMe/SATA SSD"| G["Njiwu mikole ya TRIM: Kutuadija ku diambuluisha dia Linux Live USB ne libata.force=noncqtrim"]
    F -->|"exFAT anyi FAT32 pa tshilaminu tshia USB tshia pa tshibidilu"| H["Njiwu ya TRIM ya pa tshibidilu anyi mikese: Mashinyi a bungi a USB kaena apita TRIM pa exFAT to"]
    F -->|"iOS / Android Internal Storage"| I["Hardware File-Based Encryption (FBE): Keys Destrued on Deletion, Check Cloud/Local Backups Immediately"]
    D --> J["Enza tshimfuanyi tshijima tshia bitstream (.img) ku diambuluisha dia GNU ddrescue pa tshiamu tshikuabu"]
    E --> J
    G --> J
    H --> J
    J --> K{"Bavuaku bafute mikanda nkayayi anyi Drive uvua mulongolola?"}
    K -->|"Dijimija dia muntu pa nkayende / Dilongolola dia lukasa (Metadata Intact)"| L["Enza mudimu wa dilongolola dia bintu bia meji (DMDE, R-Studio, UFS Explorer, TestDisk)"]
    K -->|"Tshibumba tshia mikanda tshifunda pa mutu / Tshiamu tshia foto tshidi mu mubidi"| M["Enza Raw File Signature Carving + Fragmented Video Rebuilder (PhotoRec, GoPro/MP4 Repair)"]

Tshikebelu tshia dijimija: HDD magnetic platters vs. SSD NAND flash ne Camera SD cards¶

Bua kuepuka dibutula dia bintu bidi mua kupingajibua, udi ne tshia kumvua mushindu udi mishindu mishilangane ya dilamina bintu yenza mudimu ne dijimija ne dilongolola dia bintu.

1. Ma diske makole a tshiamu (HDD) ne difunda dia tshiamu tshia nzembu (SMR)¶

Pa tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia nzembu (CMR) tshidi tshienda tshinyunguluka, dijimija dia mukanda anyi dienza dia "Quick Format" didi diangata tusunsa tukese tua bungi bualu mitu ya dibala/difunda idi anu ishintulula index wa tshilaminu tshinene, bu mudi $MFT (Master File Table) pa NTFS, Allocation Bitmap ne Catalog B-Tree pa HFS+/APFS, anyi File Allocation Table pa FAT32/exFAT. Dishintuluka dia tshipepele tshikole didi dileja JPEGs, PDFs, ne spreadsheets yebe idi ishala kayiyi milengejibue pa biamu bia cobalt-alloy too ne padi tshiamu tshia mudimu tshisungula bua kufunda mukanda mupiamupia pa Logical Block Addresses (LBAs) ayi.

Ino, ma hard disk a bungi a matuku etu aa adi ne bukole bua bungi (pa tshibidilu 2 terabytes too ne ku 5 terabytes mu 2.5-inch portable enclosures) adi enza mudimu ne Shingled Magnetic Recording (SMR) pamue ne tshitupa tshia munda tshia tshiamu tshia mudimu tshidibu babikila ne: Media Cache. Bimue bia ku biamu bia SMR bia matuku etu aa bidi bikuatshisha TRIM dîyi anu bu mudi SSD. Wewe mufute tshilaminu tshinene pa disque dur wa SMR udi ne TRIM ne mushiye kayi wenza mudimu munkatshi mua minite 20, tshiamu tshia munda tshia disque dur tshidi mua kulongolola bipese biende bia shingled ne kumbusha bua kashidi bitupa bidi kabiyi bimanyishibue bidi panyima. Kupatula tshiamu tshia mashinyi diakamue kudi kupangisha tshikondo etshi tshia mudimu wa munda.

2. Solid State Drives (SSD), NVMe, ne TRIM / Deallocate Dididishi dia dienza¶

Tshivulukilu tshia NAND tshidi munda mua SSD katshiena mua kufunda pa mutu pa malu adiku to. Kumpala kua tshiamu tshia flash tshia NAND kuitaba malu mapiamapia, tshitupa tshijima tshia flash (tshidi ne bunene bua 4 megabytes too ne ku 16 megabytes) tshidi ne bua kuanji kupitshila mu tshikondo tshia Program/Erase (P/E) cycle tshia nzembu. Shi SSD muindile too ne paudi ulama mukanda mupiamupia bua kumbusha bipese bia kale, lubilu lua difunda ludi mua kupueka.

Bua kulama SSDs lubilu, biamu bia mudimu bia matuku etu aa (Windows 7 too ne ku Windows 11, macOS 10.10+, ne Linux kernels ne fstrim anyi discard) tuma diakamue TRIM (SATA) anyi Dataset Management: Deallocate (NVMe) udi ufila dîyi kudi tshiamu tshia SSD dîba diudi umbusha bintu bia mu tshibombi tshia bintu bia kale anyi wenza mudimu wa lukasa:

1. Deterministic Read Zero after TRIM (DZAT / DRAT): Pabuipi ne NVMe ne SATA SSDs ya matuku etu aa idi ilomba Deterministic Zeroing kunyima kua TRIM. Milliseconde menemene udi tshiamu tshia SSD tshipeta TRIM dîyi dia mudimu bua bitupa bia bungi, tshitupa tshia munda tshia Flash Translation Layer (FTL) tshidi tshipatula adrese ya meji ayi mu mabeji a NAND.
2. Dipingana dia lukasa dia zero: Nansha kumpala kua dijimija dia bukole bua nzembu mu tuselile tua silicon, pikala programe kampanda (kusangisha ne ddrescue, PhotoRec, anyi R-Studio) udi ulomba SSD bua kubala bitupa abi ku diambuluisha dia meyi a SATA anyi NVMe, tshiamu tshia SSD tshidi tshiangata dilomba ne tshipingaja zero ya hexadecimal (00 00 00 00) kuyi nansha utangila biamu bia NAND bia ku mubidi.
3. Padi SSD Recovery Utshidi mua kuenzeka:
   • Bintu bia pambelu bia USB bidi kabiyi ne UASP/TRIM: Biamu bia kale bia USB 3.0 bidi bienza mudimu ne protocole wa kale wa BOT (Bulk-Only Transport) pamutu pa UASP (USB Attached SCSI Protocol) kabiena mua kukudimuna tshiamu tshia mudimu to TRIM mbila ku diambuluisha dia tshiamu tshia USB.
   • FAT32 ne exFAT Volumes on Certain OS Versions: Mu malu a kale, mishindu ya bungi ya dienza dia mudimu itu anu ituma automatique mu tshikondo tshia bushuwa TRIM mêyi adi pa biamu bia mudimu bia mu tshikandakanda (NTFS, APFS, ext4) ne kakapatula diakamue mu tshikondo tshilelela to TRIM pa bidi mua kumbushibua FAT32 anyi exFAT bitupa.
   • Kukosolola mesa a ditapulula (diskpart clean anyi dijimija dia tshitupa tshia mpukapuka) kakuyi dienza dia format: Dijimija dia tshitupa tshia tshitupa tshia GUID Partition Table (GPT) anyi Master Boot Record (MBR) misangu mikuabu didi dishiya bitupa bidi muinshi kabiyi bikosolola too ne padibu balongolola tshiamu tshipiatshipia tshia mikanda pa mutu patshi.

3. Dilongolola dia tshiamu tshia foto ne Sony / Canon / Nikon SD_ERASE Buteyi¶

Bantu badi bangata binjinjimbi ne badi bangata binjinjimbi batu misangu ya bungi bela meji ne: kuenza format wa karte ka SD, microSD anyi CFexpress munda mua tshiamu tshia foto tshia digitale kudi anu bu "Quick Format" mu ordinatere wa pa mesa. Nansha muvuabi nanku kukadi bidimu dikumi, biamu bia foto bia lelu bidi kabiyi ne lumuenu bidi bienza malu mushindu mushilangane bilondeshile muenji wabi:

Tshitupa 1: Dilama dia lukasa dia OS ne dipangisha dia difunda dia malu nkayadi¶

Kumpala kua wewe kuteta bua kupingaja mikanda mu tshiamu tshia munda anyi kulamakaja tshiamu tshia pambelu ku ordinatere, udi ne bua kujikija mishindu ya tshiamu tshia mudimu idi ifunda muaba udibu bumbushe mu musokoko.

1. Kupingaja bintu ku tshiamu tshia munda tshia Windows (C: Drive)¶

Shi uvua mufute tshilaminu tshia mushinga mu Windows Desktop, mikanda, anyi tshilaminu tshia bintu bia kuangatshila ne mupuekeshe bintu bia mu tshibombi tshia bintu bia kale:

1. Kutungunuki ne kuenza mudimu ne Windows pa tshiamu atshi: Nansha wewe mulekele Windows kayi wenza mudimu ku tshiamu tshia mudimu, bidi mua kukuanyishila SearchIndexer.exe, Windows Defender background scans, Chrome/Edge cache updates, Volume Shadow Copy rotation, ne Windows Pagefile (pagefile.sys) bua kufunda megabytes nkama ne nkama ku minite buludiludi pa bisumbu biebe bipiabipia.
2. Wewe kuyi mua kujima nzembu diakamue (tshilejilu, pa tshiamu tshia mudimu tshia kule tshidi katshiyi ne mushindu wa kufika), jika TRIM diakamue ku diambuluisha dia tshikebelu tshia dîyi dia mulombodi:
   • Fina Win + X, tuaku pa Terminal (Admin) anyi Command Prompt (Admin), ne wenze:

     fsutil behavior set DisableDeleteNotify 1
     

   • Ebi bidi bipangisha Windows bua kutuma bikuabu TRIM mamanyisha a NTFS ne ReFS volime, nansha mudibi kabiyi mua kupingaja TRIM mbila mituma tusekonde tukese kumpala.
3. Tangila ni Volume Shadow Copy (Previous Versions) udiku kale kumpala kua kujika (udi wangata masekonde 15):
   • Fina ku dia balume pa tshilaminu tshia bintu tshiudi mufute, tuaku pa Propriétés -> Previous Versions.
   • Anyi kunyema vssadmin list shadows mu tshikoso tshia dîyi dia mulombodi. Shi tshimfuanyi tshia mundidimbi tshidiku tshia lelu anyi malaba, udi mua kuela tshimfuanyi tshia mundidimbi atshi tshia kubala anu (mklink /d C:\ShadowRestore \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy1\) ne funda bintu biebe bidi kabiyi binyanguke buludiludi mu tshiamu tshia USB tshia pambelu.
4. Bikalaku kakuyi Shadow Copy, kanga bikole ne utuadije ku Linux Live USB: Enza Ubuntu anyi SystemRescue USB flash drive pa ordinatere mushilangane, enza PC udi munyanguke ku USB au mu Teta Ubuntu (Live RAM mode) kuyi muele disque dur wa munda rw, ne tshimfuanyi anyi upatule mikanda idi pambelu pa Windows.

2. Kupingaja bintu ku macOS System Drive (Apple Silicon M1/M2/M3/M4 & T2 Macs)¶

Ma ordinatere a matuku etu aa a Apple adi ne macOS pa APFS (Apple File System) adi ne ntatu ibidi mikole:

1. Aggressive APFS TRIM: macOS udi utuma TRIM udi ulomba diakamue paudi umbusha bintu bia mu tshina tshia bukoya mu Apple SSD ya munda.
2. Hardware FileVault / Secure Enclave Encryption: Pa Mac yonso idi ne Apple T2 chip anyi Apple Silicon (M1, M2, M3, M4), SSD wa munda udi ne hardware-encrypted pa tshibidilu ku diambuluisha dia tufungu tudibu basuike ku Secure Enclave, nansha mudi FileVault muikale "Off" mu Systems Settings.
   • **Dikonkonona dia lukasa 1: Bimfuanyi bia tshiamu tshia dîba tshia muaba udibu (tmutil). Kangula Terminal diakamue ne wenze:

     tmutil listlocalsnapshots /
     

     Wewe mumone bimfuanyi bifunda (bu mudi com.apple.TimeMachine.2026-10-31-091522.local), kangula tshilaminu muvua mukanda au ne utuadije programe wa Time Machine mu Applications bua kupingaja mukanda mu tusekonde tukese.
   • Immediate Check 2: Cloud Sync Trash Bins (iCloud Drive, OneDrive, Dropbox, Google Drive): Bualu macOS Desktop ne Documents folders misangu ya bungi batu bapetangana ne iCloud Drive, dijimija dia mukanda ku Mac Desktop webe didi dijimija ku diambuluisha dia iCloud sync pamutu pa kuikala anu muaba udibu. Kangula tshikebelu mu telefone webe anyi mu ordinatere mukuabu, ubuele mu icloud.com -> Drive -> Recently Deleted (kuinshi ku dia balume), mudibu balama mikanda mifuma mu matuku 30 kayiyi milengejibue kudi SSD wa muaba udibu basombele TRIM.

3. Kupangisha macOS ne Windows bua kunyanga karte ka SD anyi tshiamu tshia pambelu¶

Paudi ubueja karte ka SD ka tshiamu tshia foto anyi tshiamu tshia USB tshia pambelu mu ordinatere bua kupingaja mikanda, tshiamu tshia mudimu tshidi tshiteta diakamue bua kufunda mikanda ya metadata misokoka pa muji wa tshiamu (.DS_Store, .Spotlight-V100, .fseventsd, .Trashes pa macOS; System Volume Information ne $Recycle.Bin pa Windows). Malu makese aa adi afika anu ku ntuadijilu kua bitmap wa muaba udi kauyi ne tshintu, misangu ya bungi adi anyanga mitu ya mikanda iudi ukeba kupeta.

• Pa Linux (Mushindu mutambe buimpe wa malu a mikenji): Linux kena ufunda nkayende mikanda ya tshisokomenu to, wewe mupangishe diteka anyi muteke tshiamu tshia mudimu tshidi anu tshia kubala (ro,noload).
• Pa Windows (Enzeja Read-Only Disk Attribute ku diambuluisha dia DiskPart KUMPALA kua kubueja tshiamu, anyi wenze mudimu ne Registry WriteBlocker):
  • Kangula regedit.exe bu mulombodi, ndaku ku HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\StorageDevicePolicies (enza StorageDevicePolicies tshifungu pikalatshi katshiyiku), ne kuenza DWORD (32-bit) mushinga udi ne dina WriteProtect teka ku 1. Ela tshiamu tshieba tshia kubala natshi karte ka USB pashishe, ne Windows neangate bintu bionso bia USB bidibu mua kumbusha bu bintu bidi bikuba kudi tshiamu.
• Pa macOS (Mount via Disk Arbitrator): Teka ne utuadije tshiamu tshia mudimu tshia open-source Disk Arbitrator kumpala kua kuela tshiamu tshieba tshia kubala natshi karte ka SD anyi tshiamu tshia pambelu. Teka Disk Arbitrator ku Block Mounts anyi Mount Read-Only, nunku macOS kayi mua kufunda .DS_Store anyi Spotlight udi uleja tshitupa tshidi tshinyanguke.

Tshitupa 2: Kuenza tshimfuanyi tshia tshitupa ne tshitupa (ddrescue)¶

Kuena ne bua kuenza mudimu wa dipingaja dia mikanda buludiludi pa disque dur udi munyanguke, pa karte ka microSD kadi kanyanguke, anyi pa kopi umuepele wa tshitupa tshidibu balongolole to. Kuenza tshimfuanyi tshia binaire (.img anyi .dd) udi ujadika ne udi ne tshimfuanyi tshikole tshia tshitupa tshionso tshia tshitupa tshionso anu muvuatshi tshikondo tshiuvua mupatule tshiamu tshia mashinyi.

Dienza dia tshitupa ku tshitupa ne GNU ddrescue (Linux / macOS) anyi HDDSuperClone¶

1. Leja tshimanyinu tshia tshiamu tshiebe tshia karte anyi tshiamu tshieba:
   • Pa Linux, enza lsblk -o NAME,SIZE,MODEL,RO,FSTYPE,MOUNTPOINT kumpala ne panyima pa dibueja dia tshiamu tshia kubala natshi karte. Fuanyikijabi ne: karte kebe ka 64 gigabyte (59,6 gibibyte) kadi kamueneka bu /dev/sdc (enza bua ki muteka to; pikalaye muteka, enza sudo umount /dev/sdc1).
   • Pa macOS, enza diskutil list bua kupeta nomba wa diske (tshilejilu, /dev/disk4), pashishe umbusha volime yende kuyi upatula tshiamu: diskutil unmountDisk /dev/disk4.
2. Teka tshiamu tshiebe tshinene tshia kulama bintu: Fuanyikijabi ne: tshiamu tshiebe tshia pambelu tshia 2 terabyte tshidi tshiteka pa /mnt/backup (anyi /Volumes/BackupDrive pa macOS). Tangila ni udi ne muaba mukumbane bua kulama bukole buonso bua tshiamu tshia nzembu (karte ka SD ka 64 gigabyte kadi kapatula 64 gigabyte .img tshikandakanda, nansha biobi bikale anu 10 gigabytes ya foto idimu).
3. Kuenza ddrescue ne tshikandakanda tshia karte (tshikandakanda tshia malu):

   sudo ddrescue -d -r3 /dev/sdc /mnt/backup/sdcard_raw_clone.img /mnt/backup/sdcard_rescue.map
   

   • -d udi wenza mudimu ne dibuela dia buludiludi mu diske (kupita pa tshisokomenu tshia mabeji a kernel wa système d'exploitation bua kubala bimpe tshitupa; pa macOS enza mudimu /dev/rdisk4 pamutu pa -d).
   • -r3 udi wamba ddrescue bua kukopa bitupa bionso bidi ne makanda a mubidi mu dikalu dijima pa dipita dia kumpala dia lukasa, upuekeshe diakamue pa biamu bia flash bidi bienda bitekete anyi binyanguke bua karte kakuluki anyi kakanga, ne pashishe teta kabidi bitupa bibi too ne misangu 3 ku ndekelu.
   • sdcard_rescue.map udi ulama dienda diebe dilelela kunyima kua masekonde makese. Bikala tshiamu tshia kubala natshi USB tshipatuka anyi mudilu mujike, kuenza mudimu ne dîyi dia muomumue kudi kutuadija bimpe menemene kumbukila muaba uvuaye muimane kuyi ubala kabidi bitupa bivuabu bapandishe.
4. Wenza tshimfuanyi tshidi tshienza mudimu anyi uteke .img tshikandakanda tshia kubala anu: Musangu umua sdcard_raw_clone.img udi ujikija pa 100.00% rescued, umbusha karte kebe ka SD ne ukalame mu tshibuta tshikole. Neuenze mudimu webe wa dilengeja 100 pa lukama pa sdcard_raw_clone.img.

Tshitupa 3: Kuenza mudimu wa dipingaja dia mikanda (Dilongolola dia metadata dia meji ne dienza dia bintu bia tshianana)¶

Shi udi na tshibutshilu .img tshikandakanda (anyi tshiamu tshia mudimu tshidi tshipangisha bua kufunda), kudi mishindu ibidi mishilangane ya kupatula malu audi mufute. Udi ne tshia kuteta misangu yonso Mushindu A (Dilongolola dia tshilejelu tshia mikanda) kumpala kua kupingana ku Mushindu B (Difunda dia bimanyinu bia tshianana).

Tshitupa ku tshitupa 1: Kupingaja tshitupa tshijimija anyi tshitupa tshia ntuadijilu tshinyanguke ne TestDisk¶

Shi tshiamu tshieba tshia pambelu anyi karte ka SD kakuebeja mu tshimpitshimpi "Udi ne tshia kuenza format wa diske mu tshiamu tshia E: kumpala kua wewe kutshienza mudimu" anyi tshileja bu RAW / Unallocated mu Disk Management kunyima kua dipatuka kuyi mupatuke bimpe, mikanda yebe kayivua mijimijibue nansha kakese. Pamutu pa nanku, Master Boot Record (MBR), GUID Partition Table (GPT), anyi Boot Sector (BPB) uvua munyanguke.

1. Enza TestDisk pa tshiamu tshieba tshia tshimfuanyi:

   testdisk /mnt/backup/sdcard_raw_clone.img
   

2. Sungula Tungunuka -> kujadika mushindu wa mesa a dikosolola (Intel/PC bua karte ka MBR SD kadi muinshi mua 2 terabytes, anyi EFI GPT bua mashinyi manene a matuku etu aa).
3. Sungula Dikonkonona -> Dikeba dia lukasa.
4. TestDisk neakonkonone mitu ya bitupa bia tshilaminu (bu mudi tshitupa tshia NTFS tshia tshilaminu tshia automatique tshidi tshilama ku tshitupa tshia ndekelu tshia volime wa NTFS, anyi tshitupa tshia tshilaminu tshia FAT32 tshidi tshilama ku tshitupa 6).
5. Leja tshitupa tshiudi mupete ne ufina P (List Files). Wewe mumone diakamue tuzubu tuebe tuonso ne mikanda yebe mifunda bimpe munda mua dididishi dia terminal:
   • Kuedi nansha meji a kufunda kabidi mesa a ditapulula shi udi musue anu mikanda. Fina patupu pa C pa bipese biudi musue ne ubikope buludiludi mu tshilaminu tshieba tshia mudimu tshidi ne mêna a mikanda 100 pa lukama ne mishindu ya bipese.

Tshitupa ku tshitupa 2: Dikonkonona dia malu adi menzeke ku diambuluisha dia DMDE, R-Studio, anyi UFS Explorer¶

Pavuabu bafute mikanda ku diambuluisha dia Shift + Delete, mupatula mu tshibombi tshia bintu bia kale, anyi mukupula ku diambuluisha dia mushindu wa lukasa:

1. Kangula .img mukanda udi munda mua DMDE (mukanda wa tshianana udi upingaja mikanda mitue ku 4,000 ku tshienzedi tshionso tshia tshilaminu; bukenji buonso budi kabuyi ne mushinga mukole), R-Studio, anyi UFS Explorer Standard Recovery.
2. Tangila kumpala mutshi wa tshiamu tshia ordinatere udiku:
   • Pa NTFS, tshikandakanda tshionso tshidi ne 1,024-byte (1 kilobyte) mu Master File Table ($MFT). Nansha padibu bumbusha mukanda kampanda, udi $MFT tshitupa tshidi tshishala tshimanyishibua ne dibendele didi kadiyi dienza mudimu (0x00 pamutu pa 0x01) udi ne dina dia mukanda, ID wa tshilaminu tshia tatu, ne tshisumbu tshia ntuadijilu ne bule, too ne padi mukanda mupiamupia wenza mudimu kabidi ne $MFT tshitupa. Kabidi, mikanda mikese kupita ~700 bytes (bu mudi mifundu mikese, crypto keys, anyi scripts mikese) idi milamibua resident munda mua $MFT difunda nkayadi ne kaditu difunda pa mutu lukasa to.
   • Tangila mu $Root anyi Deleted / Found tshibuta tshia patupu tshienza mu masekonde 5 a kumpala a diunzulula dia tshitupa. Bikala mikanda yebe imueneka ne tshimanyinu tshikunze x anyi tshimanyishilu tshia bintu bia bukoya ne kuleja bunene buimpe, tshisungule ne tuaku pa Recover mu tshiamu tshieba tshia pa nkayebe diakamue.
3. Enza tshikebelu tshia volime mujima pikala mutu wa mukanda mufunda pa mutu:
   • Shi Quick Format mufunda pa mutu pa tshilaminu tshia miji anyi megabytes mikese ya kumpala ya $MFT, enza Full Volume Scan. Programe eu neakonkonone tshimfuanyi tshijima bua kupeta node ya index ya subdirectoire idi mishale (INDX buffers pa NTFS, subdirectory cluster chains pa FAT32/exFAT, nansha older transaction checkpoints pa APFS/ext4) ne kusangila metadata ya meji ne dimanya dia tshiala tshia mukanda.

Tshitupa ku tshitupa 3: Kuenza mudimu ne PhotoRec (Padi Metadata Mubutuka Bionso)¶

Padi tshibambalu tshia diabanya dia mikanda (FAT) anyi $MFT udi mujimijibua bionso kudi format, bimanyinu bia tshilaminu tshia malu bidi bimane, bishala anu bintu bia mu tshilaminu tshia bintu bidi kabiyi biangatshibue. PhotoRec (musangisha pamue ne TestDisk, wa tshianana, wa tshianana, ne udiku bua Windows, macOS, ne Linux) udi ne bukole bua kuenza mishindu ya mikanda mipite pa 480 (kusangisha ne Canon .CR2/.CR3, Sony .ARW, Nikon .NEF, Adobe .DNG/.PSD, .JPG, .PNG, .PDF, .DOCX/.XLSX zip containers, ne .SQLITE bibutshilu bia bintu):

1. Tuadija PhotoRec pa tshimfuanyi tshiebe tshia diske:

   photorec /mnt/backup/sdcard_raw_clone.img
   

2. Sungula tshitupa tshiudi musue (anyi Whole disk shi mesa a ditapulula avua majimijibua).
3. Kumpala kua kutuadija, ndaku ku [File Opt] kuinshi kua tshiamu:
   • Fina s bua kumbusha mishindu yonso ya mikanda 480 pikala uditatshisha anu bua mikanda kampanda (tshilejilu, tangila anu jpg, cr2/cr3, tif bua binjinjimbi bia tshianana, mov/mp4, ne zip/docx), udi wenza bua diondopangana dikale dia lukasa ne udi ukandika bitupa bia bukoya bidi kabiyi biakane.
4. Sungula [Options] -> kulama Keep corrupted files : No pa kumbusha dipingaja dia binjinjimbi bia binjinjimbi binyanguke.
5. Sungula [Search], sungula mushindu wa tshilaminu tshia mikanda [Other] (bua FAT/exFAT/NTFS/HFS+), ne usungula [Free] (wewe mufute anu mikanda idi mu tshitupa tshidi tshienza mudimu) anyi [Whole] (bikala tshitupa tshivua tshilongolola).
6. Sungula tshilaminu tshiudi uya mu tshiamu tshieba tshinene tshia kulama ne tuaku pa C bua kutuadija kusonga.
7. Disungula dia panyima pa dipingaja dia bintu bia PhotoRec: Bualu PhotoRec udi ulama mikanda bu f123456.jpg mu makumi a recup_dir bipese bia bintu, udi mua kulongolola foto yonso iudi mupete mu tshikezuke YYYY/MM-Month/ bipese bia bintu bidi ne mêna abu a tshimanyishilu tshia tshiamu tshia foto ku diambuluisha dia tshiamu tshia mudimu tshia tshianana ExifTool:

   exiftool "-Directory<DateTimeOriginal" -d "%Y/%Y-%m-%d" -r /mnt/backup/photorec_output/
   

Dilongolola dia pa buadi: binjinjimbi bia MP4/MOV (GoPro, DJI Drones, Sony, Canon)¶

Tshimue tshia ku bintu bidi bibungamija misangu ya bungi kunyima kua dienza mudimu ne PhotoRec anyi programe wa dipingaja dia mikanda pa karte ka foto kadibu balongolole nkupeta ne: 100 pa lukama ya bintu bidibu bapingaje .JPG ne .RAW binjinjimbi bidi biunzuluka bimpa, kadi tshionso tshidi tshipingana .MP4 anyi .MOV tshikandakanda tshia binjinjimbi tshidi tshibenga kuleja (bule bua 0:00 anyi tshiamu tshifiike).

Bua tshinyi programe wa Standard Recovery udi unyanga mavideo a biamu bia foto bia matuku etu aa¶

1. Interleaved Stream Recording: Biamu bia foto bia matuku etu aa (GoPro Hero series, DJI Air/Mavic/Mini drones, Insta360) ne biamu bia foto bidi kabiyi ne lumuenu kabiena bifunda nansha tshimue .MP4 tshikandakanda tshilondangana kubangila ku mbangilu too ne ku ndekelu. Padibu bangata binjinjimbi bia 4K anyi 5.3K, tshiamu tshia foto tshidi tshifunda musangu umue tshimfuanyi tshia mushinga mukole .MP4 stream, tshimuenekelu tshia low-resolution .LRV stream, tshilaminu tshia mêyi, ne metadata ya telemetry mu bisumbu bidi bishintuluka pa karte ka exFAT/FAT32 (tshilejilu: 4 megabytes ya video ya resolution wa bungi, milonda kudi 512 kilobytes ya .LRV tshikebelu, tshilonda kudi 4 megabytes ya binjinjimbi bia mushinga mukole).
2. Mujimine moov Atom in Unfinalized Recordings: Shi drone webe mukuluke mu mayi, batterie wa tshiamu tshieba tshia foto mufue munkatshi mua difunda, anyi karte ka SD kapatuke kumpala kua wewe kufina butone bua Stop Record, tshiamu tshia foto katshivua muanji kufunda to moov atom (tshimanyinu tshinene tshifunda ku ndekelu kua tshikandakanda tshia MP4/MOV tshidi tshileja biamu bia kubandila nabi muaba udi kazubu konso ka video ne tshitupa tshia dîyi).

Mushindu wa kulongolola kabidi mavideo a tshiamu tshia foto adi kaayi mua kubandishibua anyi adi manyanguke¶

1. Tshilumbu A: Tshinjinjimbi tshidi katshiyi tshijika kunyima kua dijimija dia bateri anyi dinyanguka (mukanda udiku pa karte, udi uleja bunene bua GB ya bungi, kena mua kupatuka to):
   • Bisumbu bidi bikumbane mu tshilaminu tshia mikanda, anu moov tshiena bualu tshia index katshienaku to.
   • Ingidija tshiamu tshia mudimu tshia tshianana, tshia tshianana untrunc (nangananga anthwlock/untrunc fourk) anyi recover_mp4 (slydiman). Kufila untrunc ne tshilejelu tshimue tshimpe, tshidi mua kunaya .MP4 mufunda ku tshiamu tshia foto tshia muomumue ne tshimuenekelu tshia muomumue ne tshitupa tshia foto, pamue ne tshiamu tshieba tshinyanguke .MP4:

     untrunc reference_working_video.MP4 corrupted_unfinalized_video.MP4
     

   • untrunc udi ubala malu adi mu codec (avcC/hvcC ne mishindu ya kuteleja) mu video wa mudimu, udi ubala H.264/H.265/HEVC NAL mu mukanda webe munyanguke, ne wenza tshintu tshipiatshipia moov atome mu masekonde.
2. Tshilumbu B: Karte ka SD kalongolola ne binjinjimbi bishilangane (GoPro, DJI, Sony, Canon):
   • Bualu bua FAT/exFAT cluster map uvua mujimijibua pavuabu bafunda, mufundi wa pa tshibidilu udi wangata ftyp/mdat mutu wa tshinjinjimbi tshieba tshia 4K ne pashishe udi ukopolola .LRV tangila bisumbu bia kumpala ne bisumbu bia bimfuanyi bikese bidi munkatshi mua tshikandakanda tshiebe tshia filme, binyanga sekonde yonso wa tshimfuanyi.
   • Pamutu pa biamu bia mudimu bia pa tshibidilu, enza scanner webe sdcard_raw_clone.img ku diambuluisha dia tshiamu tshia dilongolola dia video tshidi tshimanya dikosolola dia bintu tshidi tshimanya mishindu ya diabanya dia bintu bia mu tshiamu tshia foto, bu mudi SanDisk RescuePRO Deluxe (tshidi ne GoPro/drone fragmented video assembly algorithms), Klennet Carver, anyi Disk Drill 5+ (tshidi tshileja GoPro/I D Fgmented video fragmented tshimanyishilu tshia tshiala).

Dijimija dia binjinjimbi bia ku telefone ya bianza: iOS (iPhone) ne tshiamu tshia Android¶

Lungenyi lubi lua pa tshibidilu ne lua njiwu ndua se: udi mua kuela telefone wa lelu wa iPhone anyi wa Android mu tshiamu tshia ku bianza ku diambuluisha dia USB ne kuenza mudimu ne programe wa kale wa dienza dia diske (bu mudi Recuva anyi PhotoRec) mu tshilaminu tshia munda tshia telefone.

Bua tshinyi tshimfuanyi tshia kale katshiena mua kubala telefone ya matuku etu aa to¶

iPhone yonso katshia ku iPhone 3GS (ne biamu bionso bia iOS bia lelu) udi wenza mudimu ne Data Protection (File-Based Encryption) udi wenza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia AES tshidi tshienza mudimu pankatshi pa tshilaminu tshia flash ne tshilaminu tshinene tshia tshiamu. Bia muomumue, tshiamu tshionso tshia Android tshidibu batuma katshia ku Android 7.0+ (ne tshidi tshilomba katshia ku Android 10) tshidi tshienza mudimu ne File-Based Encryption (FBE) tshidi tshikuatshisha kudi tshiamu tshia Keystore/Titan M/Knox.

Pa mishindu yonso ibidi, foto yonso ne tshikandakanda tshionso tshidi mu tshilaminu tshia munda tshidi tshifunda ne tshifungu tshiatshi tshia pa buadi tshia tshikandakanda tshionso. Padibu bumbusha tshikandakanda kampanda mu tshiamu tshia telefone, telefone kena nansha dijinga ne kumbusha bipese bia foto bia megabyte ya bungi to; udi ubutula diakamue tshifungu tshia 256-bit tshia tshisokomenu tshia mu tshilaminu tshia metadata. Padiku kakuyi tshifungu etshi, bipese bia NAND bidi ne mutoyi wa mpukapuka udi kauyi mua kunyanguka. Nansha nzubu ya mudimu ya mbulamatadi ya ku mutu kayena mua "kukosa" binjinjimbi bidibu bumbushe bua kashidi mu flashe wa munda wa iPhone anyi Android wa matuku etu aa padibu bumbusha tshifungu tshia per-file to.

Njila milelela ya kupingaja foto ya telefone ya bianza mijimija¶

Bu mudi tshiamu tshia mudimu tshipangisha difunda dia bintu bia tshianana, dipingaja dia binjinjimbi bivuabu bafute mu iPhone anyi Android didi dilomba dipeta dia kopi kumpala kua tshikondo tshia dilama dia bintu tshijika anyi dipatula dia bintu bia mu tshilaminu tshia bintu:

1. Tangila album wa "Recently Deleted" udi pa tshiamu diakamue (30-Day Window):
   • iOS (iPhone / iPad): Kangula Photos -> upuekesha too ne ku Utilities -> fina Recently Deleted (udi dijinga ne Face ID / Touch ID / Passcode). Mafoto adi ashala apa matuku 30 kumpala kua dibutuka dia tshifungu tshia kashidi.
   • Android (Google Photos / Samsung Gallery): Kangula Google Photos -> Library / Collections -> Trash / Bin (udi mua kulama matuku 60 pikalaye mulama, matuku 30 pikala anu tshiamu). Tangila kabidi Samsung Gallery -> Menu (three lines) -> Trash (retained for 30 days), ne kangula Files by Google anyi My Files app -> Trash, udi ulama kazubu ka bintu bia matuku 30.
2. Biwikala mufute binjinjimbi bia "Recently Deleted" pa iPhone, Bikila bena mudimu ba Apple bua kupingaja bintu bia lukasa ku iCloud Server:
   • Bantu ba bungi kabatu bamanye ne: nansha wewe mumane kufina pa "Bumbusha ku biamu bionso" / "Bumbusha bintu bifuma ku dijimija" mu iCloud Photos, biamu bia mudimu bia Apple bidi bilama tshiamu tshia mudimu tshidibu bumbushe bua tshitupa tshîpi (pa tshibidilu too ne matuku 7 anyi 14 panyima pa dijimija dia kashidi).
   • Udi mua kubikila Apple Support diakamue ku telefone anyi ku chat, lomba bua kuyukila ne Senior Advisor, ne ubalombe bua kuenza iCloud Photo Library Server-Side Recovery pa konte webe wa Apple. Badi mua kushintulula misangu ya bungi tshintu tshidi tshipingaja foto ya iCloud idibu bumbushe matuku mashale aa mu album webe mu minite 15.
3. Kupingaja ku tshiamu tshia kale tshidi katshiyi tshienza mudimu pamue anyi tshilaminu tshia muaba tshidibu bafunde mu musokoko:
   • Airplane Mode Trick on Secondary iPad / Mac: Shi iPhone webe mufute tshintu kampanda mu iCloud, wangate iPad anyi MacBook webe kumpala kua yeye kubuela mu Wi-Fi (jima routeur wa Wi-Fi webe wa ku nzubu, umbusha tshiamu tshia nzembu kumpala pikala iPad mulale pa mesa ebe). Ela iPad mu tshisokomenu tshia nzembu, funda binjinjimbi bidiku ku diambuluisha dia tshiamu tshia USB anyi tshia AirDrop ku tshiamu tshikuabu kumpala kua iPad kupeta dîyi dia dijimija dia iCloud.
   • Tangila iCloud Backup vs. iCloud Photos: Shi uvua ne iCloud Photos mujimije (Settings -> [Your Name] -> iCloud -> Photos -> Off), Camera Roll webe udi munda mua iCloud Device Backup webe wa butuku. Ubwanya kusukula iPhone wa kale (anyi kuenza backup ne kupingaja iPhone webe wa mpindieu) ne kupingaja iCloud Backup wa butuku wa kumpala dîba diuvua mufute foto.
   • Tangila Local Finder / iTunes Backups mu ordinatere webe anyi Mac: Tangila ~/Library/Application Support/MobileSync/Backup/ pa macOS anyi %APPDATA%\Apple Computer\MobileSync\Backup\ pa Windows. Ubwanya kutangila ne kupatula mafoto mu bintu bia kale bia muaba uudi musombele kuyi ufunda pa mutu pa telefone webe ku diambuluisha dia iMazing anyi iBackup Viewer.
4. Tangila tshisokomenu tshia mesaje (WhatsApp, iMessage, Telegram, Signal):
   • Ukadiku mutumine muena dibaka nebe, mulunda webe anyi bena mu dîku diebe foto anyi filme uvuabu bafute au mesaje anyi? Ma appli a mesaje adi alama kopi ya bintu bia pa buabi munda mua sandbox yabu (Media/WhatsApp Images/Sent pa Android, nansha munda mua bintu bia kuyukila nabi mu iMessage). Nansha wewa mufute tshimfuanyi mu kazubu kebe ka tshiamu tshia foto ne mupuekeshe bintu mu tshina tshia bukoya, tshimfuanyi tshidi munda mua WhatsApp webe Sent tshilaminu anyi malu a kale a iMessage adi ashala kaayi mashintuluke.

Cloud drive ne enterprise accidental deletion recovery (Google Drive, OneDrive, Dropbox)¶

Padi tshilaminu tshijima tshia bantu tshijimina anyi tshifunda pa dibeji dia mu matutu (anyi padi ransomware anyi tshilema tshia dienza dia malu tshijimija mikanda ya muaba udibu basombele ne tshisangisha dijimija edi mu ditutu), dipingaja dia diske dia muaba udibu basombele ditu misangu ya bungi kadiyi ne mushinga bualu biamu bia mudimu ne bia bantu badi basumba bintu bidi ne malu a kale a mishindu ya bungi:

1. Microsoft OneDrive & SharePoint Online:
   • Tshintu tshia kumpala tshia bintu bia kale (onedrive.live.com): Udi ulama mikanda mijimija mu matuku 30 mu konte ya muntu nkayende ne matuku 93 mu konte ya mudimu/ya tulasa.
   • Tshintu tshibidi tshia disangisha dia bintu bia kale (Mudimu/Tshilongelu): Nansha muena mudimu anyi muena tshinyangu yeye mupatule tshintu tshinene tshia OneDrive Recycle Bin, tuaku pa tshimanyinu tshidi kuinshi kua dibeji dia Recycle Bin tshidibu bafunde ne: "Second-stage recycle bin", muaba udibu mua kupingaja bintu bidibu bumbushe mu matuku onso adi mashale a 3**.
   • Pingisha OneDrive webe (Point-in-Time Rollback): Bantu badi badifundishe ku Microsoft 365 badi mua kutua pa Settings (tshimanyinu tshia tshiamu) -> Options -> Restore your OneDrive, udi wenza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia histogramme tshidi tshimueneka bua kupingaja mukanda wonso, kushintulula dîna ne kujimija mu ditutu dionso bua kupingaja mu minite yonso ** Matuku 30**.
2. Google Drive & Google Workspace:
   • Google Drive Trash (drive.google.com/drive/trash): Udi ulama mikanda mijimija mu matuku 30.
   • Google Workspace Admin Post-Trash Recovery (25-Day Grace Window): Nansha padi muntu mumane kufina "Delete Forever" ne mumane kumbusha bintu biende bia mu Google Drive, mulombodi wa Google Workspace (anyi muntu nkayende udi ubikila Google Drive Support ku konte yende ya Google One) udi mua kunzulula Google Admin Console Oneadmin.google.com) -> Directory -> Users -> [Select User] -> More Options -> Restore Data, ne pingaja mikanda ya Google Drive ne mesaje a Gmail adibu bumbushe kashidi too ne ku matuku makuabu 25 panyima pa diumusha dia bintu bia bukoya.
3. Dropbox:
   • Mikanda mijimija (dropbox.com/deleted_files): Udi ulama mikanda ne tuzubu tudibu bumbushe mu matuku 30 pa plan ya Basic/Plus/Family, ne matuku 180 too ne ku tshidimu tshimue pa plan ya Professional/Business.
   • Dropbox Rewind (dropbox.com/rewind): Udi witaba bua kupingaja tshilaminu tshijima anyi konte mujima bua kupingaja dijimija dia bungi, dikoka ne dilekela dia mpukapuka, anyi malu a difunda.

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Miaba mifumina¶

• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, United States): Special Publication 800-88 Revision 1, Guidelines for Media Sanitization (ATA TRIM, NVMe Deallocate, and NAND Flash Translation Layer behavior) and Computer Forensics Tool Testing (CFTT) Program Disk Imaging Specifications (Magingcsrc.nist.gov).
• Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA, United States): Data Backup, Forensic Preservation, and Incident Handling Guidelines (cisa.gov).
• GNU Project / Antonio Diaz Diaz (International): Official GNU ddrescue Manual: Data Recovery Tool ne Block Device Mapfile Algorithms (gnu.org/software/ddrescue).
• CGSecurity / Christophe Grenier (International): TestDisk & PhotoRec Official Documentation: Partition Recovery and File Carving Signatures (cgsecurity.org).
• Bukubi bua Apple Platform (United States): FileVault, Data Protection Classes, Per-File Encryption Keys, ne APFS Trim Architecture pa Apple Silicon ne T2 Systems (support.apple.com/guide/security).
• Android Open Source Project (AOSP, International): File-Based Encryption (FBE) and Metadata Encryption Architecture (source.android.com/docs/security/features/encryption).
• SD Association (International): SD Specifications Part 1: Physical Layer Simplified Specification (Erase Commands CMD32, CMD33, CMD38 and Write-Protect Mechanical Switch) (sdcard.org).

Malu adi apetangana¶

• Dipanga dia disque dur ne dipingaja dia bintu
• Dilama dia bintu ku ordinatere: 3-2-1 mayele ne dilongolola dia malu mu tshipupu
• Ransomware ne malware
• Telefone munyanguke anyi munyanguke kudi mayi
• Dinyanguka dia tshiamu tshia Linux ne dilongolola dia GRUB
• Windows Blue Screen (BSOD) ne dilongolola dia tshibandilu