Shucaaca nukliyeerka ee sii daaya, hoyga fallout, iyo potassium iodide: fiisigiska gaashaanka gamma, 7-10 qaanuunka suuska, iyo xannibaadda tayroodhka¶

Haddi uu kiciyo warshad tamarta nukliyeerka ee ganacsiga luminta shilalka qaboojinta ee 16-kilomitir (10-mile) Aagga Qorshaynta Degdegga ah (EPZ), dhacdo firdhiso shucaac warshadeed ("bam wasakh ah"), ama qarxinta nukliyeerka oo dhalinaysa shucaac sare oo shucaac ah, xaalad degdeg ah oo shucaac ah ayaa u baahan ficil fiisigis ku salaysan. Si ka duwan sii daynta gaasta kiimikaad ee culus, halkaasoo uumiga sunta ahi ku daataan saqafyo hoose oo hooseeya, oo gala ** shucaaca gamma (γ*** wuxuu ku socdaa xariiq toosan sida raajo tamar sare leh wuxuuna si dhib la'aan ah u dhex maraa saqafyada guri ee khafiifka ah iyo biraha baabuurta. Isku dayga in la fadhiisto taraafikada jid-weyn ee xidhan gudaha gaadhi bir ah oo khafiif ah halka tubi shucaac ah ama daruur soo dhac leh ay dhaafto dusha sare ay u soo bandhigto dadka degan qiyaasta shucaaca ee ugu badan ee suurtogalka ah.

Ka badbaadista sii daynta warshad tamarta nukliyeerka ama dhacdo fallaadho shucaac ah waxay ku tiirsan tahay saddexda sharci ee fiisigiska caafimaadka: ** gaashaanka ***, ** Fogaanta , iyo Waqti (Get Inside, Stay Inside, Stay Tuned). Adigoo isla markiiba dib ugu laabanaya dhulka hoostiisa hoose ee ugu hooseeya ama xarunta dhismo shub ah oo dabaqyo badan leh (halkaas oo dhulka cufan iyo dhogorta ay nuugaan 90 boqolkiiba ilaa 99.5 boqolkiiba fallaadhaha gamma), daminta hawo-mareenka si loo xannibo qaybaha alfa iyo beta hawada, maamulida da'da saxda ah ** Potassium Iodide (KI kaliya marka saraakiisha caafimaadka dadweynuhu ay xaqiijiyaan iodine shucaac ah (I-131) sii daynta, maydhista boodhka ka daadanaya timaha iyada oo aan lahayn timo qaboojiyaha, iyo codsanaya 7:10 Xeerka Dhicidda, qoysasku waxay ka hortagi karaan jirrooyinka shucaaca ba'an iyo kansarka qanjirka tayroodhka ee muddada dheer.

Hadda samee tan¶

1. **Raadi gaashaan adag oo gudaha ah oo degdeg ah una wac diritaanka degdega ah kaliya dhaawacyada nafta halis gelinaya Haddii qof uu qabo dhaawac jidheed oo nafta halis gelinaya ama gubanaya, wac lambarka degdegga ah ee degaankaaga (911 gudaha Maraykanka iyo Kanada, 112 guud ahaan Midowga Yurub, 999 gudaha Boqortooyada Ingiriiska, ama arag dhammaan nambarada degdega ah).
2. **Tag geesta hoose ee ugu hooseeysa ama dabaqa dhexe ee dhismo shub ah oo dabaqyo badan leh hoyga dhulka hoostiisa ee ka fog darbiyada dibadda, ama dabaqyada dhexe (ugu yaraan 3 dabaq oo saqafka ka hooseeya iyo dabaqa hoose ee ka sarreeya) ee dhismo dhisme sare ah.
3. ** Dami dhammaan marawaxadaha, nidaamyada HVAC, iyo qaadashada hawada cusub isla markiibaI-131, Cs-137, Sr-90) gudaha laguma nuugo; xidho qalabka neefsashada ee N95/P100 ama ka neefso maro lakabyo badan ah haddii lagu qabto dibadda boodhka.
4. **Dharka dibadda iska saar oo timaha ku maydh shaambo oo keliya, waligaa ha isticmaalin timo qaboojiyaha ** waligaa ha isticmaalin timo-daweeyaha ama kareemka jidhka ***, oo ka kooban borotiinno cationic ah iyo saliido si joogto ah ugu dhejiya walxaha shucaaca ee timaha iyo daloolada maqaarka.
5. ** Qaado Potassium Iodide (KIKaliya marka ay amraan maamulka caafimaadka dadweynaha.** Potassium iodide (KI, 130 mg qiyaasta qaangaarka) kaliya waxay ka ilaalisaa hal xubin, ** qanjirka thyroid , iyo kaliya hal isotope, ** Radioactive Iodine (I-131 la sii daayay inta lagu guda jiro shilka tamarta nukliyeerka ama dhacdo fission; ha qaadan KI ilaa ay saraakiisha xaalad degdeg ahi xaqiijiyaan I-131 bubi, oo waligaa ha beddelin jikada milix leh oo iodized ah ama dareeraha betadine jeermiska.
6. ** Joog gudaha ugu yaraan 24 ilaa 48 saacadood (ad codsanayso 7:10 Rule) ilaa amarrada rasmiga ahi yimaadaan hoos ilaa 1%); Ku hay raadiyaha NOAA/AM/FM batari ama gacan-fudud si aad u ilaaliso marinnada daadgureynta ee la hubiyay.

Shucaaca nukliyeerka ee tuubada iyo geed go'aanka hoyga dhicis¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Warshada Korontada Nukliyeerka Siren (10-Mile EPZ) ama Digniin Shucaac ah"] --> IncidentType{"Waa maxay nooca baahinta degdegga ah ee firfircoon?"}

    IncidentType -->|"Digniinta Dhirta Nukliyeerka ee Hore: Bixinta Taxadar ee La Dalbaday KA HOR INTA AAN LA SIDAYN DULSHADA"| EvacRoute["Isla markiiba Raac Waddada Bixinta ee loo qoondeeyay EPZ<br/> Xidh daaqadaha baabuurka, hawo-mareenada si ay dib ugu wareegaan<br/>Keen 72h Go-Boorsada, kiniiniyada KI, iyo xayawaanka rabaayada ah Xarunta Soo dhawaynta"]
    IncidentType -->|"Siideynta Plume Firfircoon ee Socota AMA Digniinta Burburka Nukliyeerka"| GetInside["GAL 10 ilaa 15 daqiiqo gudahood (Weligaa ha fadhiisan taraafikada)<br/>Baabuurta/daashyada alwaaxyada ah ka tag oo ku dheji dhismo culus ama dhulka hoostiisa"]

    GetInside --> ChooseShield["Dooro aaga gaashaameedka ugu badan ee kala badh dhumucda <br/>• Doorashada 1aad: geesta hoose ee dhulka hoostiisa hoose (Gaashaannada Dhulka 90% ilaa 99%) <br/>• Doorashada 2aad: Xudunta dhexe ee dhismaha dabaqyada badan ee shubka/buliga ah"]

    ChooseShield --> ExposedCheck{"Dadka degganaa ama xayawaanka rabaayada ah miyay bannaanka joogeen inta lagu jiro boodhka ama boodhka?"}

    ExposedCheck -->|"Haa"| Decon90["Fulin Sun-saaritaanka Shucaaca Dibadda:<br/>1. Ka saar dharka kore ee albaabka albaabka (Waxay ka saartaa 90% wasakhda)<br/>2. Dhar laba-bac ah iyo meel ka fog aagga hoyga<br/>3. Ku qubeyso biyo qandac ah & saabuun/shambo caadi ah"]
    ExposedCheck -->|"Maya"| KICheck{"Saraakiisha caafimaadka dadweynuhu miyay ku amreen aaggaaga inay qaataan Potassium Iodide (KI)?"}

    Decon90 --> KICheck
    KICheck -->|"Haa (la xaqiijiyay siidaynta I-131)"| TakeKI["Maamul da'da Saxda ah ee Potassium Iodide (KI) Qiyaasta Hal mar 24-kii saac<br/>Dadka: 130 mg | Da'da 3-18: 65 mg | 1 bilood-3 sano: 32 mg | Dhalashada-1 bilood: 16 mg<br/>Mudnaanta sii dhallaanka, carruurta, iyo haweenka uurka leh/naaska nuujinaya"]
    KICheck -->|"Maya"| StayTuned["Joog gudaha ugu yaraan 24 ilaa 48 saacadood (7:10 Xeerka Qulqulka)<br/>Isticmaal oo kaliya cunto qasacadaysan/ baakadaysan iyo biyo dhalada/taangiga ku jira"]
    TakeKI --> StayTuned

Marxaladda 1: Fahamka 3da nooc ee shucaaca ionizing iyo aagagga nukliyeerka¶

Si aad qoyskaaga u ilaaliso marka ay jirto xaalad shucaac ah, waa inaad kala saartaa Irradiation-ka dibadda ( fallaadhaha gamma ee ka iftiimaya gidaarada sida tooshka dibadda ka imanaya) iyo ** Wasakhda Gudaha** (Neefsashada ama liqidda qaybo yaryar oo shucaac ah oo shucaac ah oo sii wada inay xubnahaaga gudaha gudaha ka sii iftiimiyaan).

Alfa, Beta, iyo makaanikada shucaaca Gamma¶

1. ** Qaybaha Alfa (α, Helium Nuclei, tusaale, Plutonium-239, Americium-241, Polonium-210)**:
2. ** Khatarta Dibadda**: Ku dhawaad eber. Qaybaha alfa waa culus yihiin oo waxay ku socdaan kaliya 2 ilaa 5 sentimitir (1 ilaa 2 inji) hawada; waxaa si buuxda u joojiya hal xaashi ama lakabka sare ee dhintay ee maqaarka bini'aadamka**.
3. ** Khatar gudaha ah *: ** Aad u daran. Haddii boodhka alfa soo saaraya lagu neefsado sambabada, lagu liqo biyo wasakhaysan, ama lagu xoqo boog furan, waxay si toos ah tamar ionizing weyn u gelisaa unugyada xabkaha nool, taasoo keenta dhaawac shucaac gudaha ah oo daran iyo kansar.
4. ** Difaaca ***: N95/P100 maaskaro dibadda ah, daminta HVAC guriga, cunista oo keliya cunto xiran, iyo ku dabool jeexjeexyada furan faashado aan biyuhu lahayn.
5. ** Qaybaha beta (β, Xawaaraha sare ee Electrons, tusaale, Strontium-90, Iodine-131, Cesium-137)**:
6. ** Khatar Dibadeed ***: Wuxuu ku socdaalaa dhowr mitir hawada; waxa uu galaa lakabka jeermiska ee maqaarka bini'aadamka, taas oo keenta "Beta Burns" (maqaarka shucaaca xanuunka leh ee gubanaya oo u eg gubashada daran ee qorraxdu ama kulaylka finan) haddii boodhka soo dhacaya uu si toos ah ugu fadhiyo maqaarka qaawan ama timaha muddo saacado ah.
7. Khatarta Gudaha: Sare; haddii la liqo ama la nuugo, Iodine-131 xoogga saaray qanjirka tayroodh iyo Strontium-90 waxay ku daydaa kalsiyum si ay u dhigto gudaha dhuuxa lafta bini'aadmiga.
8. Difaac: Ka saara dharka wasakhaysan isla markiiba, ku maydh maqaarka saabuun iyo biyo, iyo inaad gudaha ku jirto gidaarada gadaashiisa ama daaqadaha muraayadaha.
9. ** Rays gammaγ, Sawir-qaadayaasha Tamarta Sare, tusaale, Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, Fallout Fission)**:
10. ** Khatarta Dibeda**: **Aad. Darbiyada alwaaxyada dhuuban, gidaarada qallalan, iyo albaabada baabuurka waxay bixiyaan ilaalo eber ah.
11. Difaac: Gashaantimo Culus (shamiitada dhumucda leh, dhulka la buuxiyay, leben, rasaasta, ama biyaha) iyo ** Fogaanshaha** saqafyada bannaanka iyo cawska halkaas oo boodh-soo-baxday ay degtay.

Warshada tamarta nukliyeerka Aaga Qorshaynta Degdegga ah (10-Mayl vs. 50-Mayl EPZ)¶

Gudaha Mareykanka (waxaa nidaamiya ** Guddiga Xakamaynta Nukliyeerka [NRC] *** iyo ** FEMA ), Kanada ( Guddiga Badbaadada Nukliyeerka Kanada [CNSC] ), Boqortooyada Ingiriiska (Xafiiska Xeer-ilaalinta Nukliyeerka [ONR]), iyo caalami ahaan ( IAEA **), dhirta tamarta nukliyeerka ee ganacsiga waxay ka shaqeysaa laba goobood oo degdeg ah:

• ** 16-Kilometer (10-Mayl) Jidka Soo-gaadhista Plume EPZ **: Loogu talagalay in laga ilaaliyo dadka deggan soo-gaadhista gamma-dibadeedka tooska ah iyo neefsashada tuubbada shucaaca hawada qaada. Dadka degan gudaha 16-kilomitir (10-mayl) raadis waxay helayaan horay loo qaybiyay Potassium Iodide (KI kaniiniyada, raadiyaha dhawaaqa digniinta gaarka ah, iyo maabka daadgureynta qaybta midabka midabka leh.
• ** 80-Kilmitir (50-Mayl) Jidka Soo-gaadhista Liidashada ee EPZ ***: Loogu talagalay in laga ilaaliyo sahayda cuntada iyo biyaha inay ka soo baxaan fallaadho shucaac ah maalmaha iyo toddobaadyada ka dambeeya sii-deynta (mamnuucidda isticmaalka khudradda caleenta deegaanka, caanaha caanaha ee daaqa lagu quudiyo, iyo biyaha korka furan).
• ** 4ta NRC Kala Soocida Degdegga ah ee Nukliyeerka (Laga bilaabo Kii Ugu Hooseeyey ilaa Kan Ugu Sarreeyo)**:
• ** Ogeysiiska Dhacdo Aan Caadi ahayn (NOUE) ***: cillad aan caadi ahayn oo dhirta yar; eber sii dayn; tallaabo dadweyne looma baahna.
• ** Digniin ***: Nabaad-guurka badbaadada dhirta; isbeddelka shucaaca yar ee goobta; shaqaalaha gurmadka ee heeganka la dhigay; tallaabo dadweyne looma baahna.
• ** Xaalada Degdega ah ee Goobta (SAE): Guuldarada wayn ee hawlaha badbaadada dhirta; sii daynta shucaaca suurtagalka ah ee lagu hayo xadka xadka goobta federaalka; Seeriga dadwaynaha ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka dhawaaqaan gudaha 16-km (10-mayl) EPZ si ay ula socdaan baahinta Nidaamka Digniinaha Degdegga ah (EAS), iyo dugsiyada/cisbitaallada waxay u diyaar garoobaan dhaqdhaqaaq taxaddar leh.
• ** Xaalad Degdeg ah oo Guud (Heerka ugu Sarreeya): Waxyeelo la taaban karo oo dhab ah ama dhow Seeriga dadweynuhu si joogto ah ayay u dhawaaqaan; Maamulka ayaa si degdeg ah u amraya Hoyga-Meel-guud ama qayb-gaar ah Bixin ***, waxayna farayaan dadka deegaanka inay qaataan ** Potassium Iodide (klzz:0050* haddii I-131 jooga.

Wajiga 2: Fiisigiska gaashaanka Gamma iyo 7:10 Xeerka Qurunka Fallout¶

Haddii qarxinta nukliyeerka ama jebinta reactor-ka daran ay sii deyso fal-dambiyeed shucaac ah, burburka burburay iyo alaabada fissionka ah ayaa sare loo qaadaa jawiga waxayna bilaabaan inay dib ugu soo dhacaan dhulka sida ciid wanaagsan ama dambas 10 ilaa 15 daqiiqo dhacdada ka dib. Sababtoo ah dhicisku wuxuu ku daboolaa laba sagxadood oo siman oo ka baxsan dhismahaaga, ** dhulka/dariiqa ku wareegsan dhismaha *** iyo ** saqafka fidsan si toos ah madaxaaga ***, hadafkaagu waa inaad dhigto inta badan ** masaafada jireed iyo cufan ** inta u dhaxaysa naftaada iyo saqafka iyo dhulka dibaddaba intii suurtogal ah.

Dhumucda kala badhTVL / HVL) gaashaanka miiska isbarbardhigga¶

Fiisigiska shucaaca, hal ** Kala badh-Qodhka (Lakabka-Qiimaha Kala badh)** waa dhumucda saxda ah ee shay loo baahan yahay si loo gooyo xoogga shucaaca gamma ee soo galaya ** nus (50% dhimis)**. Isku-dubbarididda dhumucda kala-badhka badan waxay si aad ah u yaraynaysaa shucaaca (10 Halving-Thicknesses = 99.9% reduction):

Sida loo dabaqo 7:10 Rule of Fallout Decay (Time)¶

Alaabooyinka fission ee ku dhaca burburka nukliyeerka ayaa marka hore si xoogan shucaac u leh sababtoo ah isotopes-ga gaaban ee aan xasilloonayn ayaa si degdeg ah u qudhuntaa. Nasiib wanaag, qudhunkaas degdega ah macnaheedu waa heerarka shucaaca bannaanka ayaa si aad ah hoos ugu dhacay 48 saacadood ee ugu horreeya sida waafaqsan 7:10 Xeerka Suulka:

** 7-laab oo kasta oo kordha waqtiga ka dib dillaaca nukliyeerka, heerka qiyaasta shucaaca ee dibadda ka dhaca ayaa hoos u dhacaysa 10.**

• ** At T + 1 Hour** (Tixraaca ugu sarreeya ee gunta hoose): 100% heerka qiyaasta (tusaale ahaan, mid isla markaaba dilaa ah 1,000 Roentgens/hour [10 Sieverts/hour] bannaanka).
• ** At T + 7 Hours** ($ 1 times 7$): Qiyaasta qiyaasta ayaa hoos u dhacday 10x ilaa 10% (100 R/hr, weli khatar dibadda ah, joog gudaha).
• ** At T + 49 Hours (~2 Days)** (\(7 \ times 7\)): Qiyaasta qiyaasta ayaa hoos u dhacday 100x ilaa 1% (10 R/hr, 99% xoojinta gammada bilawga ah way tagtay, taas oo u ogolaanaysa daadgureynta degdega ah ee kooban ee marinnada la kormeero).
• ** At T + 343 Hours (~14 Days / 2 Weeks)** ($ 49 times 7$): Heerka qiyaasta ayaa hoos u dhacay 1,000x ilaa 0.1% (1 R/hr).

** Qaadasho wax ku ool ah *: Weligaa ha ka tagin sariir hoose ama hoyga dhiciska la taaban karo inta lagu guda jiro ** 24ka ilaa 48 saacadood ee ugu horreeya si aad u raadiso qoys ama sahay ilaa dhismahaagu si firfircoon u gubanayo ama u dumayo. Ka bixida bannaanka 30 daqiiqo oo keliya inta lagu jiro Saacadda 2 waxay keeni kartaa wadarta guud ee shucaaca ka badan inaad ku jirto gudaha qolkaaga hoose labada toddobaad ee soo socda marka la isku daro.

Wajiga 3: Potassium Iodide (KI), Qiyaasta saxda ah ee da'da, habka, iyo khuraafaadka dilaaga ah¶

Inta lagu jiro shilka udub-dhexaadka ah ee warshadda tamarta nukliyeerka ama qaraxa nukliyeerka, mid ka mid ah isotopes-yada asaasiga ah ee lagu sii daayo tuubada waa ** Radioactive Iodine (Iodine-131 ama I-131)**. Marka lagu nuugo ama lagu liqo caano ama biyo wasakhaysan, I-131 waxaa si degdeg ah u nuugo bini'aadamka ** qanjirka tayroodhka *** (kaas oo isticmaala iodine si uu u soo saaro hormoonnada dheef-shiid kiimikaadka), gaar ahaan dhallaanka, carruurta, iyo koraya uurjiifka, taasoo keenta burburka tayroodh iyo kansarka carruurta ee qanjirka thyroid sanado ka dib.

Sida loo isticmaalo Potassium IodideKI) shaqeeya (iyo waxay AAN qaban)¶

• ** Farsamaynta Ficilka (Qalabka qanjirka thyroid) : Qaadashada qiyaasta daawada ee xasilloon, aan firfircoonayn ** Potassium Iodide (KI daadad iyo saturates qanjidhada thyroid leh iodine nadiif ah 24 saacadood. Sababtoo ah qanjirka 'thyroid' ayaa durba 100 boqolkiiba buuxa, shucaac kasta I-131 ka dib markaad neefsato kuma xidhi karto tayroodhka oo si dhib la'aan ah ayay kaadidaada uga soo baxaysaa.
• ** Daaqadda Wakhtiga Ugu Fiican : KI ayaa aad waxtar u leh marka la qaato 1 ilaa 6 saacadood KA HOR******* ama isla markiiba ka dib marka** la kulmo boob shucaac ah oo iodine ah. La qaatay 4 saacadood ka dib soo-gaadhis, waxtarku wuxuu hoos ugu dhacay qiyaastii 50 boqolkiiba; la qaatay 24 saacadood ka dib hal soo-gaadhis, KI waxay bixisaa faa'iido eber ah (oo dhab ahaantii waxay sii dheerayn kartaa sii-haynta I-131 mar hore la nuugay).
• **Waa maxay KI MA sameeyo ***:
• KI waa **MAYA *** kaniini guud oo ka hortagga shucaaca.
• KI waxay bixisaa ** ka ilaalin eber *** ka hortagga shucaaca gamma dibadda.
• KI waxay siisaa ** difaac eber *** xubin kasta oo aan ahayn qanjirka thyroid.
• KI waxay bixisaa * eber ka-hortagga isotope kasta oo shucaac ah oo aan ahayn Iodine Radioactive (waxba kama qabato Cesium-137, Strontium-90, Plutonium-239, Cobalt-60, ama Americium-241, macnaha KI waa wax aan faa'iido lahayn inta lagu jiro inta badan dhacdooyinka warshadaha "bam wasakh ah" oo aan ku lug lahayn shidaalka tamarta nukliyeerka).

FDA / WHO Potassium Iodide ee rasmiga ahKI) Shaxda qiyaasta 24-saac da' ahaan¶

Kiniinada Potassium Iodide ee aan farmashiyaha laga iibsan FDA-ay ogolaatay (sida Iosat, ThyroSafe, ama dareere ThyroShield) kaalay 130 mg ama 65 mg kaniini dhibco ah (oo u dhiganta 100 mg ama 50 mg ee iodine elemental). Qaado hal dose 24-kii saacba kaliya inta amarada rasmiga ah ee caafimaadka dadwaynuhu ay sii jiraan:

Wajiga 4: Tallaabo-tallaabo wasakhaynta shucaaca (Dadka, Xayawaanka, Cuntada, iyo Biyaha)¶

Si ka duwan maaddooyinka neerfaha ee dagaalka kiimikaad ee si degdeg ah uga dhex nuuga maqaarka saxda ah si ay u dilaan daqiiqado gudahood, boodhka fallaadhaha shucaaca ee ku fadhiya maqaarka saxda ah ma keeno sumoobid degdeg ah, waxay u dhaqantaa sida badarka yaryar ee ciid kulul oo dhalaalaya oo siidaaya beta iyo fallaadhaha gamma ilaa laga dhaqo.

Liiska hubinta wasakheynta shakhsi ahaaneed iyo qoyska¶

1. **Ka saar dharka sare ee dibadda ama qolka dhoobada ah (90% dhimis) ***:
2. Si taxadar leh uga siib jaakadaha, koofiyadaha, shaadhka, surwaalka, sharabaadada, iyo kabaha adoon ruxin marada (ruxdu waxay abuurtaa daruur boodh ah oo la neefsan karo).
3. Geli dharka gudaha bac culus, xidh, xidho, ku xidh bac labaad, ku calaamadee, oo ku kaydi cidhifka fog ee garaashka ama bannaanka ka durugsan meelaha ay dadku ku nool yihiin (xitaa haddii ay shucaac tahay, meel u jirta 5 ilaa 10 mitir (16 ilaa 33 cagood) gidaarka gadaashiisa waxay yaraynaysaa qiyaasta gammadeeda oo u dhow eber iyada oo loo marayo **Inverse Law.
4. ** Qubays ama qoyan tirtir maqaarka, timaha, iyo laablaabyada jidhka ***:
5. Haddii biyaha tuubada socda la heli karo (biyaha dawladda hoose ee gudaha tuubooyinka dhulka hoostiisa waxay ahaanayaan ammaan in lagu dhaqo saacadaha hore), ku maydh diirran adigoo isticmaalaya saabuun khafiif ah iyo ** shaambo cad oo aan lahayn qaboojiyaha**.
6. Si tartiib ah u maydh timaha intaad hore u tiirinayso si aanay biyuhu u raacin indhahaaga iyo afkaaga.
7. Si tartiib ah u dhufo sankaaga, ku masax daboolka indhahaaga iyo indhashareeraha unug nadiif ah oo qoyan, oo ku dhaq kanaalada dhegta ee dibadda suuf qoyan si aad uga saarto boodhka ku xanniban.
8. **Haddii biyaha qasabada la gooyo ***: Isticmaal masaxaha ilmaha qoyan, tuwaalada warqadda qoyan, ama maro nadiif ah oo lagu qooyay biyo dhalada ah si aad timaha, wejiga, qoorta, gacmaha iyo maqaarka bannaan u tirtirto si fiican, ka dibna xidho dhar nadiif ah oo ku kaydsan armaajo xiran ama khaanad.
9. ** Xeerarka badbaadada cuntada iyo biyaha ee hoyga dhexdiisa ***:
10. **Waa maxay 100% badbaado leh in la cuno oo la cabbo *: Cunto kasta ama cabitaan kasta oo ku dhex jiray ** qasac, dhalada, weel, tetrapak, boorso bireed, ama sanduuqa kartoonada ee xiran ** gudaha armaajo, maqaasiin, ama talaajad. U fiirso kala soocida jireed ee muhiimka ah: ** fallaadhaha gamma ee dhex mara daasad maraq ah ama dhalo biyo ah oo xidhan MA ka dhigayaan cuntada ama biyaha shucaac (sida raajada caafimaadku aanu jidhkaaga uga dhigin dhalaal). Ku masax bannaanka daasadda ama dhalada maro qoyan oo qoyan ka hor inta aanad furin si aanay boodhka dushiisa ugu dhicin gudaha, ka dib cun oo cab waxa ku jira si badbaado leh.
11. ** Keydso kuleyliyahaaga biyaha kulul iyo haanta suuliga *: Haanta kuleyliyaha biyaha kulul waxay haysaa ** 115 ilaa 300 litir (30 ilaa 80 gallon) biyo nadiif ah oo la cabi karo oo aan wasakhnayn oo lagu ilaalinayo jaakad bir ah, iyo haanta biyaha sare ee musqusha (ma aha baaquli) waxay haysaa 6 ilaa 11 litir oo kiimiko ah (1.5 ilaa 3 litir oo kiimiko ah) nadiifiyeyaasha la soo geliyo). Demi waalka weyn ee biyaha soo gala gurigaaga haddii ogaysiiska wasakheynta biyaha dusha sare ee degmada la soo saaro si aanay biyaha kaydka dibadda ugu qulqulin haanta biyaha kulul.
12. **Waa maxay AAN NABAD GELIN in la isticmaalo *: Cunto aan daboosho lahayn oo fadhida miiska miiska, wax soo saarka beerta furan, berry, cagaarka caleenta ah, iyo caanaha daaqa deegaanka. Ogsoonow in ** biyaha tuubada ee karkarinayaan aysan meesha ka saarayn isotopes-ka shucaaca ah, dhab ahaantii, karkarinta ayaa uumi saafi ah waxayna xooga saartaa cusbada shucaaca ee culus (Cs-137, Sr-90, I-131) biyaha soo haray (kaliya osmosis roga, distillation, ama ion-exchange/firfircoonida kaarboonka waxay ka saartaa kala dirida radionuclides).

Wajiga 5: Aqoonsiga Cudurka Shucaaca Ba'an (ARS) vs. walaac nafsi ah¶

Inta lagu jiro xaalad degdeg ah oo shucaac ah, cabsida xooggan waxay badanaa keentaa lallabbo nafsaani ah, hawo-qaadasho, tachycardia, iyo gariir dadka la kulmay iftiin eber ama dayacaad ah. Fahamka wakhtiga daawaynta ee Acute Shucaaca Syndrome (ARS) waxay caawisaa kala soocida welwelka iyo dhaawaca shucaaca caafimaadka ee runta ah:

• Qiyaas heersare ah oo loogu talagalay ARS: Cudurka Shucaaca Ba'an wuxuu yimaaddaa keliya marka qofku helo xaddi sare, oo gelisa ** qiyaasta jirka oo dhan oo ka badan 0.7 to 1.0 Gray (70 to 100 rads / 700 to 1,000 millisieverts)** muddo gaaban gudaheed (oo u dhiganta qiyaastii 100 CT scans oo caloosha ah hal mar).
• Waqtiga Matagga (Saacadda Kala-soocidda Caafimaadka):
• Haddii uu qofku matagayo ** 30 daqiiqo ilaa 2 saacadood gudahood** kadib dhacdo la xaqiijiyay soo-gaadhista nukliyeerka (oo ay weheliso qandho, shuban, ama madax-xanuun), waxay muujinaysaa qiyaasta jirka oo dhan oo daran.> 2 to 4 Gray) oo u baahan daryeel caafimaad oo degdeg ah oo khaas ah oo isbitaal ah (daaweynta cytokine sida filgrastim/Neupogen si loo kiciyo soo kabashada dhuuxa lafta).
• Haddii qofku la kulmo lallabbo khafiif ah ama walaac leh ** matag la'aan 4 ilaa 6 saacadood ka dib, ama lagu hoyday gudaha meel ka baxsan aagga qaraxa/aaga xudunta u ah, cudurka Shucaaca Ba'an ee nafta-halis gelisa aad ayay u badan tahay.
• ** Ka warbixinta Xarunta Soo Dhawaynta Bulshada (CRC): Marka ay masuuliyiintu furaan wadooyinka daadgureynta, u kaxee Xarunta Soo dhawaynta Bulshada (CRC) (ama Xarunta Soo dhawaynta Degdega ah), halkaas oo dhakhaatiirta caafimaadka dadwaynuhu ay sawiri doonaan qoyskaaga min madax ilaa cidhif iyaga oo isticmaalaya kormeerayaasha portal iyo canjeelada Geiger-Mueller counters, xaqiiji qiyaasta dib u soo celinta potassium-ka ama Prussian Blue decorporation therapy haddii lagu tilmaamo.

Su'aalaha soo noqnoqda¶

Tilmaamaha la xidhiidha¶

• Jiiditaanka tareen kiimiko ah iyo meel-gubood tuubo sun ah
• Shabaqyada gobolka oo dumay iyo mad madow
• Badbaadada biyaha iyo ogeysiisyada karkarinta
• Bac-raac iyo xirmo daad-gureynta 72-saac ah
• Xidhmada musiibada ee dhallaanka iyo socod baradka
• Nambarada degdega ah iyo diritaanka caalamiga ah

Ilaha la hubiyay¶

• Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Kahortagga Cudurrada (CDC) (Maraykanka): Xaalada Degdegga ah ee Shucaaca: Gudaha gal, Gudaha joog, La Soco; Wasakhaynta Naftaada iyo kuwa kale ( Digniinta qaboojiyaha timaha); iyo Potassium Iodide (KI) Xaashida Xaqiiqda.
• Guddiga Nidaaminta Nukliyeerka (NRC) iyo Hay'adda Maareynta Degdegga ah ee Federaalka (FEMA) (Mareykanka): * 10-Mayl iyo 50-Mayl Qorsheynta Degdegga ah ee Aagagga Qorshaynta (EPZs), Heerarka Kala Soocida Degdegga ah ee Nukliyeerka, iyo Hagidda Qorsheynta ee Jawaab-celinta Nukliyeerka
• Maamulka Cuntada iyo Dawooyinka (FDA) Xarunta Qiimaynta iyo Cilmi-baarista Maandooriyaha (Mareykanka): Hagidda Potassium Iodide sida Wakiilka xannibaya Thyroid ee Xaaladaha Degdegga ah ee Shucaaca (Miisaanka Qiyaasta Da'da iyo Miisaanka).
• Waaxda Caafimaadka iyo Adeegyada Aadanaha Maamulka Diyaarinta Istaraatiijiyadda iyo Jawaabta (ASPR) (Mareykanka): Maareynta Caafimaadka Degdegga ah ee Shucaaca (REMM): Cudurka Shucaaca Ba'an (ARS) Kala-soocidda Waqti-ilaa- Matag iyo Hab-maamuuska Xarunta Soo-dhaweynta Bulshada (CRC).
• Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka (WHO) iyo Hay'adda Caalamiga ah ee Tamarta Atoomikada (IAEA): * Xayiraadda Iodine Thyroid: Tilmaamaha Isticmaalka Qorshaynta iyo Ka-jawaabista Xaaladaha Degdegga ah ee Shucaaca iyo Nukliyeerka*.
• Hay'adda Ammaanka Caafimaadka UK (UKHSA) iyo Xafiiska Shuruucda Nukliyeerka (ONR) (United Kingdom): U Diyaargarowga Degdegga ah ee Shucaaca iyo Xeerarka Macluumaadka Dadweynaha (REPPIR) iyo Hagidda Qaybinta Iodine xasilloon.