Dipatuka dia nzembu ya nikleyere, tshisokomenu tshia dikuluka, ne potassium iodide: fisike wa gamma, mukenji wa dibola dia 7-10, ne dikuba dia tshifu¶

Nansha biobi bifumina ku njiwu ya dijimija dia mayi a mashika mu nzubu wenu wa 16-kilometre (10-mile) wa Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ), bualu bua ditangalaka dia bintu bia kuenza nabi mudimu ("bombe ya bukoya"), anyi dibutuka dia bintu bia nikleyere didi dipatuisha bintu bia radiation bia muulu muulu, njiwu ya bintu bia kuenza nabi mudimu idi ilomba bua kuenza malu ne lukasa. Bishilangane na dipatuka dia luya lukole lua tshimuma, mudi luya lua buanga lubuela mu nzubu ya muinshi mua buloba, lubuela mu gamma radiation (γ) udi wenda mu milongo milulame bu mudi nzembu ya X ya bukole bua bungi ne udi upitshila kakuyi lutatu mu nzubu wa mabaya ne mu tshiamu tshia mashinyi. Kuteta kusomba mu njila munene mu mashinyi a tshiamu tshitekete padi tshipepele tshia radiation anyi ditutu dia dikuluka dipita pa mutu didi diteka bantu badi mu mashinyi mu njiwu ya radiation mipite bungi idi kayiyi mikuba.

Kupanduka ku dipatuka dia tshiamu tshia nyukilia anyi ku dikuluka dia bintu bia nzembu bidi bilondeshila mikenji isatu ya malu a bukola bua mubidi: Dikuba, Ntanta, ne Dîba (Get Inside, Stay Inside, Stay Tuned). Pa kupingana diakamue mu nzubu wa muinshi mua buloba udi muinshi mua buloba anyi munkatshi mua nzubu wa bibambalu bia bungi (mudi buloba bukole ne mabue bikuata 90 pa lukama too ne ku 99,5 pa lukama ya mitoto ya gamma), kukanga luya lua mashinyi bua kupangisha bitupa bia alpha ne beta bidi mu lupepele, kufila Potasium Iide (Potasium IdeKI) anu padi bena mudimu ba malu a bukola bua mubidi bajadike ne: kudi iode wa radioactif (I-131) kupatula, kusukula lupuishi lua nsuki kakuyi tshintu tshia kulengeja natshi nsuki, ne kuenza mudimu ne 7:10 Mukenji wa Dibola dia nsuki, nzubu idi mua kuepuka disama dia radiation ne kansere ka mu tshiadi ka matuku a bungi.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

1. Keba diakamue bintu bia bungi bia kukuba nabi mu nzubu ne ubikile bena mudimu ba tshimpitshimpi anu bua mputa idi mua kukushipa. Buela mu nzubu wa muinshi mua buloba udi pabuipi ne nzubu wa mabue, wa beton anyi wa muinshi mua buloba mu minite 10 anyi 15 ya didimuija dia ku radiologie; Shi muntu udi na mputa ya ku mubidi idi mua kumushipa anyi udi ne kapia, udi mua kubikila ku nimero ya lukasa lukasa ya muaba unudi (911 mu États-Unis ne mu Canada, 112 mu Union européenne mujima, 999 mu Royaume-Uni, anyi tangila bionso nomba ya tshimpitshimpi).
2. Ndaku mu ditumba dia muinshi mua buloba anyi mu tshisasa tshia pankatshi tshia nzubu wa bisasa bia bungi. Bishilangane ne luya lukole ludi lulomba nzubu ya kuulu, nsese ya gamma idi ifumina pambelu idi misombe panshi ne pa mutu pa nzubu idi ne bua kuikala mikanga kudi tshintu tshikole (beton, buloba, mabue, ne mâyi); tshisokomenu mu nzubu wa muinshi mua buloba kule ne bimanu bia pambelu, anyi mu bibambalu bia pankatshi (nansha bisasa 3 kuinshi kua tshisasa ne pa mutu pa tshisasa tshia panshi) tshia nzubu mule wa mabue.
3. Kima bipese bionso bia kapia, biamu bia HVAC, ne bipese bia kapepe kimpe diakamue. Jima bipese bia kapia, biamu bia luya lukole, biamu bia AC bia ku madidishi, ne bipese bia kapepe bia mu nzubu wa kuowa mâyi anyi bia mu tshikuku, ne kanga bipese bia kapia bua lupuishi lua radioactif ne luya lua iode (I-131, Cs-137, Sr-90) kabena basuika munda mua nzubu to; Vuala tshiamu tshia N95/P100 anyi upuya mu tshilamba tshidi ne bitupa bia bungi pikala mukuate pambelu mu lupuishi.
4. Umbusha bilamba bia pambelu ne usukule nsuki anu ne shampoin, kuena ne bua kuenza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia kulengeja natshi nsuki to. Shi uvua pambelu mu tshikondo tshia nsuki anyi tshia nsuki tshidi tshipatuka, umbusha bilamba bionso bia pambelu ku tshibuelelu (tshidi tshiumusha diakamue 90 pa lukama ya lupuishi lua pambelu lua radioactif), kanga bilamba mu mifuku ibidi kule ne nzubu wa tshilala benyi ne tshiamu tshia kuowela natshi mâyi ne nsabanga/shampo; kuenza mudimu nansha kakese ne tshintu tshia kulengeja natshi nsuki anyi tshintu tshia kulengeja natshi mubidi, tshidi ne proteyine ya cationic ne mafuta adi alamakaja kashidi bintu bia radiation ku nsuki ne ku bipese bia dikoba.
5. Angata potassium iodide (KI) ANYI padibu balomba kudi bamfumu ba malu a bukola bua mubidi. Potassium iodide (KI, 130 mg ya bantu bakole) udi ulama anu tshitupa tshimue tshia mubidi, tshitupa tshia mubidi, ne anu ku isotope umuepele, Iodine wa radiation (I-131) mupatula mu tshikondo tshia tshipupu tshia tshiamu tshia nucleaire anyi tshienzedi tshia dikosoloka; kuena ne bua kuangata KI to, anu padi bena mudimu ba malu a tshimpitshimpi bajadike ne: I-131 plume, ne kuena mua kupingana pa muaba wa mukele wa mu tshikuku udi ne iode anyi tshintu tshia kuondopa natshi tshia Betadine.
6. Ikala munda munkatshi mua meba 24 too ne ku 48 (tumikila mikenji ya 7:10) too ne padi mikenji ya mbulamatadi ifika. Panyima pa dipatuka dia nsese ya nucleaire, bukole bua radiation budi bupueka bikole ne tshikondo: bua divulangana dia misangu 7 dia dîba, bungi bua radiation budi bupueka ne facteur wa 10 (mu mêba 10 udi 10% wa dîba tshipiminu tshia mêba 49 [matuku 2] tshidi tshipueka too ne ku 1%); ikala ne tshiamu tshia NOAA/AM/FM tshidi ne batterie anyi tshiamu tshia ku bianza tshilongolola bua kumanya miaba idibu mua kupatuka.

Mutshi wa mapangadika a radiation nucléaire ne tshisokomenu tshia dikuluka¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Siren wa nzubu wa nzembu wa nikleyere (10-Mile EPZ) anyi didimuija dia dikuluka dia bintu"] --> IncidentType{"Mmushindu kayi wa dimanyisha dia malu a tshimpitshimpi udi wenzeka?"}

    IncidentType -->|"Didimuija dia kumpala dia tshiapu tshia nucleaire: Badi balomba bua kupatuka mu nzubu KUMPALA kua dipatuka dia Plume"| EvacRoute["Londa njila wa EPZ udibu basungule bua kupatuka diakamue<br/>Fanga madidishi a mashinyi, teka miaba ya luya bua kupingana<br/>Lua ne 72h Go-Bag, tablette ya KI, ne nyama ya mu nzubu ku nzubu wa diakidila bantu"]
    IncidentType -->|"Dipatuka dia Plume didi dienda dienzeka ANYI Didimuija dia dikuluka dia nucleaire"| GetInside["BUELA MUNDA Mu minite 10 anyi 15 (Kusomba nansha kakese mu mashinyi)<br/>Lekela mashinyi/nzubu ya mabaya bua nzubu wa mabue anyi wa muinshi mua buloba"]

    GetInside --> ChooseShield["Sungula tshitupa tshia bunene bua tshitupa tshia bukubi<br/>• Disungula dia kumpala: Ditumba dia muinshi mua buloba dia muinshi mua buloba (Buloba budi bukuba 90% too ne ku 99%)<br/>• Disungula dibidi: Munkatshi mua nzubu wa bisasa bia bungi wa tshiamu tshia mitaku (mu nzubu ya munkatshi)<br/>• Jima biamu bionso bia HVA, ventilateur ne ventilateur"]

    ChooseShield --> ExposedCheck{"Bantu anyi nyama ya mu nzubu ivuaku pambelu mu tshikondo tshia lupuishi anyi?"}

    ExposedCheck -->|"Eyowa"| Decon90["Enza mudimu wa dilengeja dia bintu bia pambelu:<br/>1. Umbusha bilamba bia pambelu ku tshiibi (Umbusha 90% ya bukoya)<br/>2. Bilamba bia mu tshibombi bibidi ne muaba kule ne muaba wa tshisokomenu<br/>3. Kuowa mayi a luya ne nsabanga/shampou (KAKUYI BIDIMU)"]
    ExposedCheck -->|"Tòo"| KICheck{"Bamfumu ba malu a bukola bua mubidi mbalombe tshitupa tshienu bua kunua potassium iodide (KI) anyi?"}

    Decon90 --> KICheck
    KICheck -->|"Eyowa (Dipatuka dia I-131 dijadika)"| TakeKI["Ufila tshipiminu tshia potassium iodide (KI) tshidi tshikumbanyine bidimu bia muntu musangu umua kunyima kua mêba 24<br/>Bantu bakulumpe: 130 mg | Bidimu 3-18: 65 mg | 1 ngondo-3 tshidimu: 32 mg | Birth-1 mo: 16 mg<br/>Teka kumpala bana batekete, bana, ne bakaji badi ne difu/badi balela"]
    KICheck -->|"Tòo"| StayTuned["Ikala munda mua mêba 24 too ne ku 48 (7:10 Mukenji wa dibola)<br/>Dia anu biakudia bia mu bibombi ne mâyi a mu milondo/a mu tshibombi<br/>Tangila batterie wa NOAA/AM radio bua kumanya njila ya dipatuka idibu balonda"]
    TakeKI --> StayTuned

Tshitupa 1: Kujingulula mishindu isatu ya radiation ionisante ne zones nucléaires¶

Bua kukuba bena mu dîku diebe mu tshikondo tshia njiwu ya radiologie, udi ne bua kutapulula External Irradiation (mienji ya gamma idi ikenka mu bimanu bu mudi muendu wa toshete ufumina pambelu) ne Internal Contamination (kuela anyi kumina bintu bia lupuishi bia radiation bidi bitungunuka ne kukenkesha bitupa biebe bia munda bifumina munda too ne pambelu).

Alpha, Beta, ne Gamma radiation mechanics¶

1. Bitupa bia Alpha (α, Helium Nuclei, e.g., Plutonium-239, Americium-241, Polonium-210):
2. Njiwu ya pambelu: Pabuipi ne zero. Bitupa bia alpha bidi ne bujitu ne bidi bienda anu 2 too ne ku 5 santimetre (1 anyi 2 inches) mu lupepele; badi baimanyika bionso kudi dibeji dimue anyi tshitupa tshia pambelu tshia dikoba dia muntu.
3. Njiwu ya munda: Mikole. Shi lupuishi ludi lupatula alpha ludi lupuekeshibua mu mikolo, lumina mu mayi adi ne bukoya, anyi luela mu tshilonda tshidi tshiunzulula, ludi luteka bukole bua bungi bua ionization buludiludi mu selile ya mucose idi ne muoyo, lufila njiwu mikole ya radiation ya munda ne kansere.
4. Dikuba: Tshilamba tshia mpala tshia N95/P100 pambelu, kukanga HVAC wa ku nzubu, kudia anu biakudia bikanga, ne kubuikila miaba miunzuluke ne bilamba bidi kabiyi bibuela mâyi.
5. Beta Particles (β, High-Speed Electrons, e.g., Strontium-90, Iodine-131, Cesium-137):
6. Njiwu ya pambelu: Udi wenda metre makese mu lupepele; udi ubuela mu tshitupa tshia dikoba dia muntu, wenza "Beta Burns" (disama dia dikoba dia radiation didi difuanangane ne dikoba dikole dia munya anyi bipumbishi bia kapia) pikala lupuishi ludi lupatuka lusomba buludiludi pa dikoba anyi pa nsuki munkatshi mua mêba a bungi.
7. Njiwu ya munda: Mikole; shi udi mumina anyi mupuya, Iodine-131 bidi mu glande thyroïde ne Strontium-90 udi wibidilangana ne calcium bua kuikala munda mua mufuba wa muntu.
8. Dikuba: Kumbusha bilamba bidi ne bukoya diakamue, kusukula dikoba ne nsabanga ne mayi, ne kushala mu nzubu kunyima kua bimanu anyi madidishi a makala.
9. Gamma Rays (γ, High-Energy Photons, e.g., Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, Fission Fallout):
10. Njiwu ya pambelu: Mipite bungi. Mikenji ya gamma itu yenza nkama ya metre mu lupepele ne lubilu lua butoke ne ibuela munda menemene mu mubidi wa muntu mujima, inyangakaja mifuba ne selile ya mu tshifu. Bimanu bia mabaya bitekete, bimanu biume, ne biibi bia mashinyi kabiena bikuba nansha kakese.
11. Dikuba: Dikuba dia bujitu (beton munene, buloba buwule tente, mabue a nsongo, plomb, anyi mâyi) ne Ntanta ne nzubu ya pambelu ne peluze mudi lupuishi lua dikuluka lumane.

Miaba ya dilongolola dia malu a tshimpitshimpi (10-Mile vs. 50-Mile EPZ)¶

Mu États-Unis (udibu balombola kudi Nuclear Regulatory Commission [NRC] ne FEMA), Canada (Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission [CNSC]), Royaume-Uni (Office for Nuclear Regulation [ONR]), ne pa buloba bujima (IAEA), nzubu ya dienza dia nzembu ya nikleyere idi yenza mudimu mu bitupa bibidi bia njiwu:

• Njila wa 16-Kilometer (10-Mile) wa Plume Exposure Pathway EPZ: Mulongolola bua kukuba bena musoko ku dipeta dia gamma dia pambelu ne ku dipuekesha dia lupepele lua radiation. Bantu badi mu tshitupa tshia kilometre 16 (10-mile) badi bapeta Potassium Iodide (KI) tablette, radio ya pa buayi ya dimanyisha dia dîyi, ne karte ka dipatuka dia bantu mu tshitupa tshidi ne mekala.
• The 80-Kilometer (50-Mile) Ingestion Exposure Pathway EPZ: Muenza bua kukuba biakudia ne mayi ku bintu bidi bipatuka mu matuku ne mbingu idi ilonda dipatuka (kukandika didia dia mabeji a mu budimi, mabele a mu budimi, ne mayi a pa mutu pa buloba).
• Bintu 4 bia NRC bia njiwu ya tshimpitshimpi (kubangila ku tshia panshi too ne ku tshia kuulu):
• Dimanyisha dia bualu budi kabuyi bua pa tshibidilu (NOUE): Dinyanguka dikese dia mutshi; zero release; kakuena tshienzedi tshia patoke tshidi tshikengela to.
• Didimuija: Dinyanguka dia bukubi bua mitshi; dishintuluka dikese dia radiation pa muaba; bena mudimu ba tshimpitshimpi badi bateka pa muaba wa kuindila; kakuena tshienzedi tshia patoke tshidi tshikengela to.
• Site Area Emergency (SAE): Dipanga dinene dia midimu ya bukubi bua mitshi; dipatuka dia radiation didi mua kuikala dilama mu mikalu ya muaba wa mbulamatadi; Siren ya bantu bonso idi mua kudila munda mua 16-km (10-mile) EPZ bua kuteleja ngumu ya Emergency Alert System (EAS), ne tulasa/mpitadi idilongolola bua kuendakana.
• General Emergency (Highest Level): Dinyanguka dia munda dia bushuwa anyi dia pabuipi anyi dinyanguka ne dijimija dia bujalame bua tshintu tshidi tshilama. Sirène ya bantu bonso idi yumvuika misangu yonso; bamfumu badi bafila dîyi dia lukasa dia Kusokomena mu muaba kampanda anyi Dipatuka mu tshitupa kampanda, ne balomba bena musoko bua kunua Potassium Iodide (KI) pikala I-131 udiku.

Tshitupa 2: Gamma shielding physics ne 7:10 Fallout Decay Rule¶

Shi dibutuka dia nikleyere anyi dinyanguka dikole dia tshibuelelu tshia tshiamu tshia nzembu dipatula bintu bia radiation, bipese bia bintu ne bintu bia dibutuka bidi bienda muulu mu lupepele ne bituadija kukuluka pa buloba bu nsenga mikese anyi lupuishi minite 10 anyi 15 kunyima kua bualu abu. Bualu bua dibutuka didi dibuikila bintu bibidi bidi pambelu pa nzubu webe, panshi/njila udi munyunguluke nzubu ne tshisasa tshidi pa mutu pa mutu webe, tshipatshila tshiebe ntshia kuteka ntanta wa mubidi ne bujitu bua bungi pankatshi pebe ne tshisasa ne buloba bua pambelu.

Bunene bua tshitupa (TVL / HVL) mesa a difuanyikija dia bukubi¶

Mu fisike wa radiation, Halving-Thickness (Half-Value Layer) i bunene bulelela bua tshintu tshidi tshikengela bua kukepesha bukole bua radiation gamma mu tshitupa (50% reduction). Kuteka bipese bia bungi mu tshitupa tshimue kudi kukepesha radiation bikole (10 Halving-Thicknesses = 99.9% reduction):

Mushindu kayi wa kutumikila 7:10 Mukenji wa Dinyanguka dia Fallout (Time)¶

Bintu bidi bipatuka mu dibutuka dia nucleaire bidi ne bukole bua bungi ku ntuadijilu bualu isotope ya matuku makese idi kayiyi mishindame idi ibola lukasa. Diakalenga, dibola dia lukasa edi didi diumvuija ne: bungi bua radiation wa pambelu budi bupueka bikole mu mêba 48 a kumpala bilondeshile 7:10 Rule of Thumb:

Bua divulangana dionso dia misangu 7 dia dîba kunyima kua dibutuka dia nyukilia, bungi bua radiation wa pambelu budi bupueka ne tshitupa tshia 10.

• Ku T + 1 Hour (Reference peak fallout baseline): 100% dose rate (tshilejilu, tshidi tshishipa diakamue 1,000 Roentgens/hour [10 Sieverts/hour] pambelu).
• Ku T + 7 Hours (\(1 \times 7\)): Bungi bua manga budi bupueka misangu 10 too ne ku 10% (100 R/hr, udi anu ne njiwu pambelu, ikalayi munda).
• Ku T + 49 Hours (~2 Days) (\(7 \times 7\)): Bungi bua manga budi bupueka misangu 100 too ne ku 1% (10 R/hr, 99% ya bukole bua gamma bua ku ntuadijilu budi bujika, budi buenza bua bantu bapatuke mu tshimpitshimpi mu njila idibu balama).
• Ku T + 343 Hours (~14 Days / 2 Weeks) (\(49 \times 7\)): Bungi bua manga budi bupueka misangu 1,000 too ne ku 0.1% (1 R/hr).

Tshintu tshia kuangata: Kulekedi nansha kakese mu nzubu wa muinshi mua buloba anyi mu nzubu wa beton mu mêba 24 too ne ku 48 a kumpala bua kukeba bena mu dîku anyi bintu bia kuenza nabi mudimu to, anu padi nzubu webe muikale mu kapia anyi mukuluke. Kupatuka pambelu anu minite 30 mu dîba 2 kudi mua kufila dose wa radiation wa bungi kupita kuikala mu nzubu webe wa muinshi mua buloba mu mbingu ibidi idi ilonda.

Tshitupa 3: Potassium Iodide (KI), Difila dia manga dilelela bilondeshile bidimu, mushindu udiwu wenza mudimu ne malu a lufu¶

Mu tshikondo tshia njiwu ya mu tshiadi tshia nzembu anyi dibutuka dia nzembu ya nzembu, umue wa ku isotope ya kumpala idi mua kupatuka mu tshipepele udi Iode Radioactive (Iodine-131 anyi I-131). Padibu bapuekesha anyi bamina ku diambuluisha dia mabele anyi mâyi adi ne bukoya, I-131 udi ubuela lukasa kudi tshitupa tshia mubidi tshia muntu (tshidi tshienza mudimu ne iode bua kuenza hormone ya metabolisme), nangananga kudi bana batekete, bana, ne bana badi mu difu badi benda bakola, bifikisha ku dibutuka dia tshifu ne kansere ka tshifu tshia bana bidimu bia bungi pashishe.

Mushindu kayi udi potassium iodide (KI) udi wenza mudimu (ne tshidiye kayi wenza)¶

• Mushindu wa mudimu (Dikumbana dia tshifu): Kuangata dose wa manga wa Potassium Iodide (KI) udi uwuja ne uwuja tshitupa tshia mubidi tshidi ne iode mukezuke munkatshi mua mêba 24. Bu mudi tshifu tshikale tshiuwule tente 100 pa lukama, tshintu tshionso tshidi tshienza mudimu ne nzembu I-131 udi upuya pashishe kena mua kulamakaja ku tshifu ne udi upatuka mu mashi ebe kakuyi bualu bubi to.
• Tshikondo tshimpe: KI udi ne bukole bua bungi padibu bamuangata mêba 1 anyi 6 KUMPALA anyi diakamue panyima pa dipetangana ne tshintu tshidi ne iode wa radioactif. Padibu bamuangata mêba 4 PANYIMA pa dipetangana, bukole budi bupueka too ne ku 50 pa lukama; kuangata mêba 24 kunyima kua dimueneka dimue, KI udi ufila diakalenga nansha dikese (ne udi mua kukolesha dilama dia I-131 mumane kunua).
• Tshinyi KI KAYENA WENZA:
• KI KI "tshiamu tshia anti-radiation" tshia pa tshibidilu.
• KI udi ufila dikuba dia zero ku nzembu ya gamma ya pambelu.
• KI udi ufila dikuba dia zero ku tshitupa tshikuabu tshia mubidi pa kumbusha tshitupa tshia tshiadi.
• KI udi ufila dikuba dia zero ku isotope yonso wa radiation pa kumbusha Iode Radioactive (kawena wenza bualu nansha bumue kudi Cesium-137, Strontium-90, Plutonium-239, Cobalt-60, anyi Americium-241, diumvuija KI kena ne mushinga mu bikondo bia bungi bia "bombe ya bukoya" idi kayiyi itangila mafuta a tshiamu tshia nucleaire to).

FDA / WHO Potassium Iodide (KI) 24-hour dosage table by age¶

Ma tablete a Potassium Iodide adibu bapanyisha ku tshisalu adibu bitabe kudi FDA (bu mudi Iosat, ThyroSafe, anyi mâyi ThyroShield) bidi mu 130 mg anyi 65 mg bipese bia mabeji (bifuanangane ne 100 mg anyi 50 mg ya iode wa ntuadijilu). Ufile dose umua kunyima kua meba 24 anu padi mikenji ya malu a bukola bua mubidi ishala ne mudimu:

Tshitupa 4: Dilengeja dia radiation ku kakese ku kakese (Bantu, nyama ya ku nzubu, biakudia, ne mayi)¶

Bishilangane na bintu bia mvita bia tshimpitshimpi bidi bibuela lukasa mu dikoba dijima bua kushipa mu minite mikese, lupuishi lua radioactif ludi lusomba pa dikoba dijima kaluena lufikisha ku disama dia mubidi diakamue to, ludi luenza mudimu bu ntete mikese ya nsenga idi ikenka idi ipatula nsese ya beta ne ya gamma too ne padibu bayisukula.

Mulongo wa malu a dilengeja dia bukoya bua muntu nkayende ne bua dîku¶

1. Umbusha bilamba bia pambelu anyi mu nzubu wa bitotshi (dipuekesha dia 90%):
2. Umbusha bilamba, bifulu, bilamba, pantalo, masosete, ne bisabata bimpe kuyi unyunguluka tshilamba (kunyunguluka kudi kuenza ditutu dia lupuishi didi mua kupuyakana).
3. Teka bilamba munda mua tshibombi tshikole, utshisuike, utshisuike mu tshibombi tshibidi, utshifunde, ne utshilame mu ditumba dia kule dia nzubu wa mashinyi anyi pambelu kule ne miaba idi bantu basombele (nansha biobi bikale ne bintu bia radiation, ubiteke mutantshi wa metre 5 too ne ku 10 panyima pa tshimanu [16 anyi 33 feet] mutantshi wa tshimanu tshidi tshikepesha dose wende wa gama too ne pabuipi ne zero Mukenji wa ntanta**).
4. Kuowa mâyi anyi kukupula kikoba, nsuki, ne milonda ya mubidi:
5. Shi mayi a mu pompi adiku (mâyi a mu tshimenga adi munda mua milonda ya muinshi mua buloba adi ashala mimpe bua kuowa nawu mu mêba a ntuadijilu), wangate mâyi a kapia ne nsabanga mupepele ne shampoin wa patupu udi kayi ne tshintu tshia kulengeja natshi mubidi.
6. Sukula nsuki bitekete bitekete paudi muinamine kumpala bua mayi a kusukula kaayi apitshila mu mêsu ebe ne mukana muebe to.
7. Upuekesha mishiku yebe bitekete bitekete, ukupula bipese bia mêsu ne mishiku yebe ne tshilamba tshikezuke, ne upuekesha mishiku yebe ya pambelu ne tshilamba tshia butoke bua kumbusha lupuishi ludi lukuate.
8. Bikala mayi a mu pompi mapangile: Enza mudimu ne bilamba bia kusukula nabi bana, bilamba bia kusukuila nabi mabeji, anyi tshilamba tshikezuke tshitokesha ne mayi a mu milondo bua kusukula nsuki, mpala, nshingu, bianza ne dikoba didi dimueneka bimpe, pashishe uvuale bilamba bikezuke bidibu balame mu tshibuta tshikanga anyi mu tshibuta tshia bintu.
9. Mikenji ya bukubi bua biakudia ne mayi munda mua nzubu wa tshilala benyi:
10. Ntshinyi tshidi tshimpe 100% bua kudia ne kunua: Biakudia bionso anyi bia kunua bivua munda mua tshibombi tshikanga, mulondo, tshibombi, tetrapak, tshibombi tshia tshiamu, anyi kazubu ka karton kakanga munda mua tshibuta, tshilaminu tshia bintu, anyi frigo. Tangila dishilangana dia mubidi edi: mitoto ya gamma idi ipitshila mu tshibombi tshikanga tshia supu anyi mu mulondo wa mayi kayena yenza bua biakudia anyi mayi ikale ne radiation to (anu bu mudi rayon X wa luondapu kayi wenza bua mubidi webe ukenke). Sukula pambelu pa tshibombi anyi mulondo ne tshilamba tshitoke tshia savon kumpala kua kutshiunzulula bua lupuishi lua pa mutu kalukuluki munda, pashishe udia ne nua bintu bidimu bimpe.
11. Lama tshiamu tshieba tshia kuowela natshi mayi a kapia ne tshia tshina tshia kuowa mâyi: Tshina tshiebe tshia kuowela mâyi a kapia tshia mu nzubu tshidi ne 115 too ne ku 300 litre (30 too ne ku 80 gallons) ya mâyi a kunua adi kaayi ne bukoya adibu balame munda mua tshilamba tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku, ne tshina tshiebe tshia kuulu tshia kuowa mâyi tshia kuowa mâyi (ki n’tshibombi tshikuabu tshia 16 litre to) (1.5 to 3 gallons) ya mayi malenga (anu wewe kuyi muenze mudimu ne bintu bia kusukula nabi bia bule). Jima tshiamu tshia kubueja natshi mayi mu njila munene mu nzubu muebe pikala dimanyisha dia dinyanguka dia mayi a pa mutu pa tshimenga dipatuka bua mayi a pambelu kaafiki mu tshina tshieba tshia mayi a kapia to.
12. Ntshinyi tshidi katshiyi tshimpe bua kudia: Biakudia bidi kabiyi bibuikila bidi pa mesa, bintu bia mu budimi, bimuma bia muitu, bimuma bia muitu, ne mabele a mu madimi a muaba udibu basombele. Umanye ne: kuela mayi a mu pompi kaena umbusha isotope ya radioactif to, mu bulelela, kulamba kudi kujimija luya lukezuke ne kusangisha mishipa ya radioactif mikole (Cs-137, Sr-90, I-131) mu mayi adi mashale (anu reverse osmosis, distillation, anyi ion-exchange/activated carbon filtration udi umbusha radionuclides minyanguke).

Tshitupa 5: Kujingulula disama dia nsese ya dîba (ARS) ne tunyinganyinga tua mu lungenyi¶

Mu tshikondo tshia njiwu ya radiologie, buôwa bukole butu misangu ya bungi bufikisha ku disama dia mu lungenyi, dipuekesha dia luya lua bungi, dipanga dia muoyo, ne dikankamana munkatshi mua bantu bavua kabayi bapete radiation nansha mikese anyi mikese. Kumvua tshikondo tshia luondapu tshia Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) kudi kuambuluisha bua kutapulula tunyinganyinga ne disama dilelela dia radiation:

• Threshold Dose for ARS: Acute Radiation Syndrome udi wenzeka anu padi muntu upeta dose wa mubidi mujima udi upita 0.7 to 1.0 Gray (70 to 100 rads / 700 to 1,000 millisieverts) mu tshikondo tshipi (tshidi tshifuanangane ne bia CT 100 bia mu difu musangu umue).
• Tshikondo tshia kuela (Tshikondo tshia disungula dia mu lupitadi):
• Shi muntu ubangisha kupela mu minite 30 too ne ku meba 2 kunyima kua bualu bua nyukilia budi bujadikibua (budi buenda ne kapia, disama dia tshiadi anyi mutu), bidi bileja ne: udi ne disama dikole dia mubidi mujima (> 2 to 4 Gray) udi ulomba luondapu lua lukasa lua pa buadi lua mu lupitadi (buondapi bua cytokine bu mudi filgrastim/Neupogen bua kukolesha diondapangana dia mifuba).
• Shi muntu umvua disama dia tshiadi anyi tunyinganyinga ne kakuyi disama dia nsukadi kunyima kua mêba 4 to ne 6, anyi uvua musokome mu nzubu pambelu pa tshitupa tshia tshipupu tshia lukasa, disama dia radiation dikole didi mua kumushipa didi mua kuikala dikese.
• Kufila luapolo ku nzubu wa diakidila wa bena musoko (CRC): Padi bamfumu banzulula njila ya dipatuka dia bantu, ndaku ku Nzubu wa diakidila wa bena musoko (CRC) (anyi nzubu wa diakidila wa tshimpitshimpi) udibu basungule, muaba udi bamanyi ba malu a bukola bua mubidi mua kutangila bena mu dîku diebe kumbukila ku mutu too ne ku makasa ku diambuluisha dia biamu bia ku tshiibi ne biamu bia pancake bia Geiger-Muller, kujadika dilongolola diebe dia malu tshikandakanda tshia dose ya buloba, ne kupatula potassium iodide anyi Prussian Blue decorporation therapy pikalabi bikengela.

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Malu adi apetangana¶

• Dibutuka dia mashinyi a tshimpitshimpi ne tshisokomenu tshia bintu bidi ne buanga
• Dikuluka dia tshiamu tshia nzembu ne dijimina dia nzembu
• Mamanyisha a bukubi bua mayi ne a luya
• Go-bag ne tshibombi tshia dipatuka dia mêba 72
• Tshibombi tshia dipatuka dia bana ne bana batekete ne tshiamu tshia mudimu tshia dikenga
• Nomba ya tshimpitshimpi ne dituma dia matunga makuabu

Miaba mifumina¶

• Bibambalu bia diluisha ne dikuba dia masama (CDC) (États-Unis): Malu a tshimpitshimpi a radiation: Buela munda, ikala munda, ikala mutangile; Dilengeja dia bukoya bua wewe ne bakuabu (Didimuija dia tshintu tshia kulengeja natshi nsuki); ne Potassium Iodide (KI) Fact Sheet.
• Tshibambalu tshia dilombola dia malu a nyukilia (NRC) ne tshibambalu tshia dilombola dia malu a tshimpitshimpi (FEMA) (mu États-Unis): 10-Mile ne 50-Mile Emergency Planning Zones (EPZs), Nuclear Emergency Classification Levels, and Planning Guidance for Response to a Nuclear Detonation (7:10 Rule and Hiving Factor Hiving Factor.
• Tshibambalu tshia malu a biakudia ne manga (FDA) Tshibambalu tshia dikonkonona ne dikebulula dia manga (États-Unis): Bulombodi bua potassium iodide bu tshintu tshidi tshipangisha tshifu mu njiwu ya radiation (Tableau de dosage de l’âge et de poids).
• Tshibambalu tshia malu a bukola bua mubidi ne midimu ya bantu tshidi tshitangila malu a dilongolola ne diandamuna (ASPR) (États-Unis): Dilama dia malu a luondapu lua lukasa lua radiation (REMM): Disama dia Radiation Acute (ARS) Time-to-Vomiting Triage ne Community Reception Center (CRC) Protocols.
• Bulongolodi bua makanda a mubidi pa buloba bujima (OMS) ne tshibambalu tshia buloba bujima tshia malu a bukole bua atome (IAEA): Dipangisha dia tshiadi tshia iode: Mikenji ya kuenza nayi mudimu mu dilongolola ne diandamuna ku njiwu ya radiologie ne ya nucleaire.
• Tshibambalu tshia malu a bukola bua mubidi tshia mu UK (UKHSA) ne Biro bia malu a nyukilia (ONR) (Royaume-Uni): Malu adi atangila dilongolola dia malu a tshimpitshimpi ne a dimanyisha dia bantu (REPPIR) ne buludiki bua diabanya dia iodine.