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Fa'asa'olotoina o fa'avevela faaniukilia, malutaga pa'u'u, ma le iodide potassium: physics e puipuia ai le gamma, 7-10 tulafono pala, ma le poloka o lauroid.

E eseese numera o fa'alavelave fa'afuase'i ile atunu'u. O lenei itulau e fa'aaoga ai le 911, le numera mo le Iunaite Setete ma Kanata. O le tele o isi atunuu e faʻaaoga le 112, 999, poʻo se isi numera. Su'e le numera mo lou atunuu.

Pe fa'aosoina e se fa'alavelave fa'aaniukilia fa'aaniukilia fa'afuase'i i totonu o lau 16-kilomita (10-maila) Fa'alavelave Fuafuaga Sone (EPZ), o se fa'asalalauga fa'asalalau fa'ale-aganu'u ("pomu palapala"), po'o se pa faaniukilia e mafua ai le pa'u o le leitio, o se fa'alavelave fa'afuase'i e mana'omia vave, fa'atatau i le fisiki. E le pei o se kesi kemikolo mamafa e fa'asa'olotoina, lea e goto ai ausa oona i lalo ifo o lalo, e ati i ** gamma radiation (γ)** fealua'i i laina sa'o e pei o le maualuga o le malosi o le X-ray ma pasi atu ma le le taumafai e ala i fa'alava o fale laupapa manifinifi ma u'amea ta'avale. O le taumafai e saofa'i i le alatele o lo'o lokaina i totonu o se ta'avale u'amea manifinifi a'o alu atu le pa'u o le alaleo po'o le ao pa'u i luga o le ulu e fa'aalia ai tagata o lo'o nofoia le fua aupito maualuga e mafai ona maua.

O le fa'aolaina o le fa'aolaina o le fale faaniukilia po'o le fa'alavelave fa'afuase'i o le leitio e fa'alagolago i tulafono e tolu o le fisiki fa'alesoifua maloloina: Shielding, Distance, ma Time (Get Inside, Stay Inside, Stay Tuned). E ala i le solomuli vave i le pito i lalo o le eleele po o le totonugalemu o se fale sima fogafale tele (lea e mitiia ai e le eleele mafiafia ma masonry le 90 pasene i le 99.5 pasene o ave gamma), tapuni ese le ea faʻainisinia e poloka ai vaega o le alpha ma le beta i luga o le ea, faʻatonu saʻo tausaga ** Potassium Iodide (KI)** pe a fa'amaonia e le au ofisa o le soifua maloloina lautele se iodine radioactive (I-131) fa'asa'oloto, fufuluina o le pefu pa'u mai lauulu e aunoa ma se fa'amalama lauulu, ma le fa'aaogaina o le 7:10 Rule of Fallout Deay, e mafai e aiga ona puipuia le ma'i fa'avevela ma le kanesa o le thyroid umi.

Fai nei loa

  1. Saili vave se talipupuni mamafa i totonu ma vili le fa'alavelave fa'afuase'i mo na'o manu'a e lamatia ai le ola. Alu i totonu ole fale piliki, sima, po'o lalo ole eleele pito lata ane i totonu ole 10 i le 15 minute ole lapata'iga leitio; pe afai e iai se tasi e ono lamatia ai le ola o le tino po o mu, valaau lau numera o faalavelave faafuasei (911 i le Iunaite Setete ma Kanata, 112 i le isi itu o le Iuni a Europa, 999 i Peretania, pe vaai uma numera fa'afuase'i).
  2. ** Alu i le tulimanu pito i lalo loloto po o le fogafale ogatotonu o se fale sima fogafale tele.** E le pei o kasa kemikolo mamafa e manaʻomia ai fogafale pito i luga, o le gamma radiation mai fafo e pa'ū i luga o le eleele ma taualuga e tatau ona poloka e ** mamafa mamafa (sima, eleele, piliki, ma vai)**; malutaga i se fogafale i lalo e mamao ese mai puipui i fafo, poʻo luga ole fogafale ogatotonu (a itiiti ifo ma le 3 fogafale i lalo ole taualuga ma luga aʻe o le fogafale lalo) o se fale masonry maualuga.
  3. Tape uma ili, masini HVAC, ma le ea fou i le taimi lava lena. Tape ogaumu tutotonu, ea malulu, fa'amalama AC, ma faleta'ele / umukuka ili ta'ele, ma tapuni afi afi ina ia mafai ona pefu leitio ma kasa iodine (I-131, Cs-137, Sr-90) e le susu i totonu; fai se manava N95/P100 pe mānava i se ie fa'apipi'i tele pe a maua i fafo ile pefu.
  4. Ta'ese ofu fafo ma fufulu lauulu i NA'O le shampoo, aua ne'i fa'aogaina le fufulu lauulu. Afai na e i fafo i le taimi o le fuga po'o le pa'u, aveese uma lavalava i fafo i le faitoto'a (lea e aveese vave ai le 90 pasene o le pefu fa'alaitio mai fafo), fa'amauina lavalava i taga palasitika ta'ilua e tu'u mamao mai le potu malu, ma ta'ele i le vai mafanafana ma fasimoli mālū; 'aua ne'i fa'aogaina le fa'ama'i lauulu po'o le lotion mo le tino, o lo'o i ai polotini cationic ma suau'u e fa'apipi'i tumau ai mea fa'aalaiti i le laulu ma po o le pa'u.
  5. ** Ave le potassium iodide (KI) NA'O pe a faatonuina e le pulega o le soifua maloloina lautele.** Potassium iodide (KI, 130 mg fua o tagata matutua) na'o le puipuia o se totoga e tasi, o le ** thyroid gland**, ma e na'o le tasi le isotope, Radioactive Iodine (I-131) fa'amatu'u mai i le taimi o se fa'alavelave faaniukilia po'o se fa'alavelave; 'aua ne'i ave le KI se'i vagana ua fa'amaonia e ofisa fa'afuase'i se I-131 pa'u, ma aua ne'i suitulaga i le umukuka masima iodia po'o le vai fa'ama'i ole Betadine.
  6. Nofo i totonu mo le itiiti ifo i le 24 i le 48 itula (faʻaaoga le 7:10 Tulafono) seʻia oʻo mai faʻatonuga aloaʻia. A maeʻa le faʻamatuʻuina o faʻamaʻi faaniukilia, e faʻaitiitia le malosi o le radiation i le taimi: mo ** taʻi 7 faʻaopoopoga i le taimi**, o le fua o le faʻavevela faʻamaʻi pa'ū e pa'ū i le factor o le 10 (i le 7 itula e 10% i le 10% o aso; 1%); ia fa'alogo pea se maa po'o le leitiō NOAA/AM/FM fa'amau mo alasi'i fa'amaonia.

Aisea e matua fa'asaina ai le fa'amama lauulu i le taimi e fa'amama ai le fa'avevela

O fa'ama'ulu lauulu, fa'a'ese'ese, gels o lauulu, ma lotion fa'asusu mo le tino o lo'o fa'atūina i fa'aputuga ammonium quaternary lelei, silikoni, ma suau'u ua mamanuina e fa'aofuina ai lauulu lauulu ma fusia i le keratin. I le taimi e fa'amama ai le leitio, o le fa'aogaina o le fa'aulu lauulu e fai e pei o le superglue kemikolo, lokaina vaega fa'aiti'iiti e pa'u'u i luga o lou ulu ma lau lauulu ina ia le mafai ona fufulu i le vai, e mafua ai le fa'aauauina o le beta ma le gamma irradiation o lou ulu ma lou ua. Fufulu sa'o lauulu i le fasimoli ipu po'o le shampoo fa'atosina e aunoa ma le fa'apipi'iina ("2-in-1" shampoos e tatau fo'i ona 'alofia).

La'au fa'ai'uga o le fa'aola faaniukilia

flowchart TD
    Start["Siren (10-Mile EPZ) po'o le Radiological Fallout Alert"] --> IncidentType{"O le a le ituaiga faʻasalalauga faʻafuaseʻi o loʻo galue?"}

    IncidentType -->|"Lapata'i La'au Faaniukilia Amata: Fa'atonu le Fa'asa'o A'o le'i Fa'asa'oloto Plume"| EvacRoute["Mulimuli i le Auala Fa'asa'o EPZ Fa'atonuina loa<br/>Tapuni fa'amalama o ta'avale, fa'a'a savili e toe fa'afo'i<br/>Aumai 72h Go-Bag, KI tablets, ma fagafao ile Reception Center"]
    IncidentType -->|"O lo'o fa'agasolo pea le fa'asa'olotoina o le Plume po'o le Lapataiga Fa'ato'aga Fa'aaniukilia"| GetInside["AGA I LOTO I totonu ole 10 i le 15 minute (Aua le nofonofo i Taavale Taavale)<br/>Tu'ua ta'avale/fale fafie mo Masonry mamafa po'o lalo ole eleele."]

    GetInside --> ChooseShield["Filifili Sone Talipupuni Afa-mafiafia aupito maualuga<br/>• Filifiliga Muamua: Suli pito i lalo loloto i lalo ole eleele (Tapu o le lalolagi 90% i le 99%)<br/>• Filifiliga Lona 2: Nofoaga tutotonu ole fale sima/piliki fogafale tele (Fogafale ogatotonu)<br/>• TITIU uma ili HVAC, iunite AC, ma ili fa'asu."]

    ChooseShield --> ExposedCheck{"Sa i fafo tagata nofoia po'o fagafao i le taimi o le pa'u/pefu?"}

    ExposedCheck -->|"Ioe"| Decon90["Fa'atino le Fa'amamaina ole Radiation i fafo:<br/>1. Aveese lavalava i fafo ile faitoto'a (Ave'ese le 90% o le fa'aleagaina)<br/>2. Ato fa'alua lavalava ma tu'u mamao mai le nofoaga malu<br/>3. Ta'ele ile vai mālūlū ma fasimoli/sampoo (leai se fa'amalama)"]
    ExposedCheck -->|"Leai"| KICheck{"Ua faatonuina e le ofisa o le soifua maloloina lau sone e ave le Potassium Iodide (KI)?"}

    Decon90 --> KICheck
    KICheck -->|"Ioe (Fa'amaonia le I-131 Fa'asalalauga)"| TakeKI["Fa'atonu tausaga-Sa'o Potassium Iodide (KI) Fuafua Ta'itasi Ta'itasi 24h<br/>Matutua: 130 mg | Tausaga 3-18: 65 mg | 1 mo-3 tausaga: 32 mg | Fanau mai-1 mo: 16 mg<br/>Fa'amuamua pepe, tamaiti, ma fafine ma'itaga/susu."]
    KICheck -->|"Leai"| StayTuned["Nofo i totonu La'ititi 24 i le 48 Itula (7:10 Tulafono Fa'aleagaina)<br/>Ta'u na'o mea'ai tu'ufaamaufa'ailogaina ma fagu/tane vai<br/>Va'ai ma'a NOAA/AM leitio mo le mata'ituina o auala e alu ese ai."]
    TakeKI --> StayTuned

Vaega 1: Malamalama i ituaiga e 3 o fa'avevela fa'a'ona ma sone faaniukilia

Ina ia puipuia lou aiga i taimi o faalavelave faafuasei, e tatau ona e iloa le eseesega o le External Irradiation (gamma ave o loo susulu i puipui e pei o se moliuila mai fafo) ma le Internal Contamination (na manava pe foloina ni mea ninii o le efuefu radioaktif o loo faaauau pea ona susulu atu lou totoga mai totonu i fafo).

Alfa, Beta, ma Gamma enisinia radiation

  1. Alpha Particles (α, Helium Nuclei, e.g., Plutonium-239, Americium-241, Polonium-210):
  2. ** Tulaga lamatia i fafo**: Toeititi lava leai. E mamafa vaega o le Alpha ma e na o le 2 i le 5 senitimita (1 i le 2 inisi) e feoa'i i le ea; e taofi atoa i se pepa e tasi po'o le pito i fafo o le pa'u o le tagata.
  3. Aiga i Totonu: Tino. Afai e manavaina le pefu e alu i le alafa'i i totonu o māmā, folo i vai leaga, pe olo i se manu'a matala, e tu'u sa'o atu le malosi fa'aioni'u tele i sela mucosal ola, ma mafua ai le ogaoga o manu'a fa'avevela i totonu ma le kanesa.
  4. Puipuiga: N95/P100 ufimata i fafo, tapuni le HVAC o le fale, 'ai na'o mea'ai ua fa'amaufa'ailogaina, ma ufiufi vaega matala i fusi e le susu.
  5. Pitikeli Beta (β, Electrons Saosaoa Maualuga, eg., Strontium-90, Iodine-131, Cesium-137):
  6. ** Tulaga lamatia i fafo**: Malaga i ni nai mita i le ea; e ati i totonu o le pa'u o le tagata, ma mafua ai le "Beta Burns" (pa'u fa'avevela tiga e pei o le mu tuga o le la po'o le ma'i ma'i vevela) pe a fa'ao'o sa'o le pefu pa'u i luga o le pa'u po'o lauulu mo le tele o itula.
  7. ** Tulaga Lamatia**: Maualuluga; pe a folo pe manava, Iodine-131 concentrates i le thyroid gland ma Strontium-90 e fa'atusaina le calcium e teu i totonu ole ga'o ponaivi o le tagata.
  8. Puipuiga: Aveese vave lavalava ua pisipisia, fufulu pa'u i le fasimoli ma vai, ma nofo i totonu i tua o puipui po o faamalama tioata.
  9. ** Gamma Ave (γ, High-Energy Photons, eg., Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, Fission Fallout)**:
  10. Aiga i fafo: Tino. O ave o le gamma e alu i le faitau selau o mita i luga o le ea i le saoasaoa o le malamalama ma ulu loloto i totonu o le tino atoa o le tagata, ma faaleagaina ai le gamma ponaivi ma sela o le manava. O puipui laupapa manifinifi, puipui mago, ma faitotoa o taavale e toetoe lava a leai se puipuiga.
  11. Puipuiga: Tapu Mafa'i Mass (sima mafiafia, eleele tumu, piliki, ta'ita'i, po'o vai) ma mamao mai taualuga i fafo ma mutia o lo'o to'a ai le pefu.

Fale malosi faaniukilia Sone Fuafuaga mo Faalavelave Tutupu (10-Mile vs. 50-Mile EPZ)

I totonu o le Iunaite Setete (faʻatonutonuina e le Nuclear Regulatory Commission [NRC] ma FEMA), Kanata (Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission [CNSC]), United Kingdom (Office for Nuclear Regulation [ONR]), ma faavaomalo (IAEA), pisinisi faaniukilia malosiaga faaniukilia o loo faagaoioia ni sone se lua o faalavelave faafuasei:

  • O le 16-Kilomita (10-Mile) Plume Exposure Pathway EPZ: Ua mamanuina e puipuia tagata mai fafo tuusa'o le gamma ma le manavaina o se pa'u uaea leitio. O tagata nofoia i totonu o le 16-kilomita (10-maila) radius e maua muamua le tufatufaina ** Potassium Iodide (KI)** papa, leitio fa'apitoa e fa'ailoa ai leo, ma fa'afanua o le vaega o lo'o fa'ailoga lanu.
  • O le 80-Kilomita (50-Mile) Ingestion Exposure Pathway EPZ: Ua mamanuina e puipuia ai le sapalai o mea'ai ma vai mai le pa'u o le leitio i aso ma vaiaso talu ona tatala (fa'asa le taumafaina o fualaau faisua laulaau i le lotoifale, susu susu susu, ma vai tatala).
  • ** Le 4 NRC Nuclear Emergency Classifications (Mai lalo ifo i le maualuga)**:
  • Faasilasilaga o Mea e le masani ai (NOUE): Fa'aletonu la'ititi la'au; leai se fa'amalolo; e leai se gaioiga lautele e manaʻomia.
  • Lapataiga: Fa'aleagaina le saogalemu o laau; suiga la'ititi la'ititi i luga ole nofoaga; 'au fa'alavelave fa'afuase'i tu'u i luga; e leai se gaioiga lautele e manaʻomia.
  • Site Area Emergency (SAE): Fa'aletonu tele o galuega mo le saogalemu o laau; e mafai ona tu'uina atu fa'avevela i totonu o tapula'a o le nofoaga feterale; e mafai ona tatagi leo leo i totonu o le 16-km (10-maila) EPZ e fa'alogo i fa'asalalauga Fa'afuase'i Alert System (EAS), ma sauni a'oga/falema'i mo le fa'agaioiga fa'aeteete.
  • Fa'alavelave Fa'afuase'i (Tulaga Maualuga): Fa'alilolilo tele po'o le liusuavai ma ono leiloa le fa'amaoni o le fa'amauina. E fa'aauau pea le leo o fa'aili a le malo; e faatonu vave e le pulega Shelt-in-Place po o vaega faapitoa Avacuation, ma faatonu tagata e ave le Potassium Iodide (KI) afai I-131 o lo'o iai.

Vaega 2: Gamma shielding physics ma le 7:10 Fallout Decay Rule

Afai o le pa faaniukilia po'o le malosi o le fa'atumauina o le ga'o e fa'amalo ai le pa'u o le leitio, o otaota fa'ama'i ma mea fa'amama e fa'aoso maualuga i le ea ma amata ona toe pa'u i le lalolagi e pei o le oneone po'o le lefulefu 10 i le 15 minute pe a uma le mea na tupu. Talu ai ona o le pa'u o lo'o ofuina ni mea fa'alava se lua i fafo atu o lou fale, le eleele/alaala faataamilo i le fale ma le le taualuga mafolafola sa'o i luga o lou ulu, o lau sini o le tu'u lea o le tele mamao faaletino ma mafiafia tele i le va o oe ma le taualuga ma le eleele i fafo pe a mafai.

afa-mafiafia (TVL / HVL) laulau fa'atusa puipui

I le fisiki fa'avevela, tasi le Afa-Mafia (Afa-Value Layer) o le mafiafia sa'o o se mea e mana'omia e tipi ai le malosi o le fa'avevela gamma o lo'o o'o mai i le ** afa (50% fa'aitiitiga)**. O le fa'aputuina le tele o afa-mafiafia e fa'aitiitia ai fa'avevela fa'atele (10 Halving-Thicknesses = 99.9% reduction):

Mea Puipui po'o le Nofoaga Faufale 1 Afa-Mafia (50% Fa'aitiitiga Gamma) 1 Sefulu-Mafia (90% Gamma Fa'aitiitiga) Fa'ailoga Fa'apitoa o le Puipuiga (PF) & Su'esu'ega o le Ola
I totonu o se Ta'avale pasese po'o se pasi Fa'atauva'a (pepa u'amea) Fa'atauva'a PF 1.1 i le 1.5 (Almost Zero Protection): Aua ne'i malu i totonu o se taavale; lafoai taavale ae ulufale i se fale mamafa po o lalo o le faletaavale.
1-Fogafale-Fai-Fai laupapa (Fogafale i lalo) ~ 28 cm (11 inisi) o laupapa malo ~ 91 cm (36 inisi) fafie PF 2 (Fa'aititia le fua ile 50%): Le lelei le talipupuni; e susulu sa'o ave gamma ile puipui mago ma fa'alava o le taualuga.
nofoa i lalo (lalo Vasega, Fale Fafie i Luga) 9 cm (3.6 inisi) o le eleele tumu 30 cm (12 inisi) o le eleele tumu PF 10 i le 20 (Fa'aiti'itia fua ile 90% i le 95%): Fa'ata'amilo i le eleele e pa'u ai le eleele; fa'aputu tusi mamafa, fagu vai, po'o le 'ele'ele fa'asaga i fa'alo/faamalama i luga e poloka ai ave o taualuga.
Sima/Masonry Commercial Basement po'o le Alalaulalo 6 cm (2.4 inisi) o sima malo 20 cm (8 inisi) o sima malo PF 50 i le 200+ (Fa'aiti'itia fua ile 98% i le 99.5%): Fa'aliga sili ona lelei; fola sima mafiafia pa'u i luga a'e poloka taualuga pa'u atoa.
Fogafale Ogatotonu o le 10+ Tala Sima Maualuga Maualuga (I totonu) 6 cm (2.4 inisi) sima i le fola o le fale 20 cm (8 inisi) sima PF 50 i le 100+ (Fa'aiti'itia fua ile 98% i le 99%): Nofo i totonu o alatele/faletaele a itiiti mai 3 fogafale i lalo o le taualuga pito i luga ma a itiiti ifo i le 2 i le 3 fogafale i luga a'e o le auala.
Suavai / Tusi Fa'aputuina / Poloka Sima (Fa'alelei Fa'alelei) 18 cm (7.2 inisi) vai / 9 cm (3.6 inisi) eleele 61 cm (24 inisi) vai PF 20 i le 50: Afai e leai se fogafale i lalo o lou fale, fau se "lua" fa'alelei i lalo o se laulau 'ai mamafa i le ogatotonu o le fale e fa'aputu i itu uma ma pito i luga ma pusa vai, pusa encyclopedia, pa'u piliki, po'o taga ipu palapala.

Fa'afefea ona fa'aoga le 7:10 Tulafono o Fallout Deay (Time)

O mea fa'atosina i fa'aaniukilia pa'u e matua'i fa'aleteleina i le taimi muamua ona e vave ona pala le isotopes e le mautu. O le mea e lelei ai, o le vave pala o lona uiga o le maualuga o le radiation i fafo e pa'ū tele i le 48 itula muamua e tusa ai ma le 7:10 Rule of Thumb:

Mo ta'i 7 fa'atupu fa'aopoopo i le taimi pe a uma le pa faaniukilia, o le fa'aitiitiga o le fua fa'avevela i fafo i fafo e fa'aitiitia i se vaega e 10.

  • I T + 1 Hour (Fa'asinoga pito i luga o le fa'asologa o fa'aletonu): 100% fua faatatau o fua (mo se fa'ata'ita'iga, ose fa'atama'ia vave. 1,000 Roentgens/hour [10 Sieverts/hour] fafo).
  • I T + 7 Hours (\(1 \taimi 7\)): Pa'ū le fua faatatau o fualaau i le 10x i le 10% (100 R/hr, mata'utia i fafo, nofo i totonu).
  • I T + 49 Hours (~2 Days) (\(7 \taimi 7\)): Fa'aitiitia le fua faatatau o le tui ile 100x ile 1% (10 R/hr, 99% o le malosi muamua o le gamma ua leai, faʻatagaina faʻavavevave faʻafuaseʻi faʻafuaseʻi i luga o alalaupapa mataʻituina).
  • I T + 343 Hours (~14 Days / 2 Weeks) (\(49 \taimi 7\)): Fa'aitiitia le fua faatatau o fualaau i le 1,000x i le 0.1% (1 R/hr).

Fa'ata'ita'i fa'aaoga: Aua ne'i tu'ua se fogafale i lalo po'o se fale sima i le taimi o le muamua 24 i le 48 itula e su'e ai se aiga po'o sapalai se'i vagana ua matua mu pe malepe lou fale. O le la'a i fafo mo na'o le 30 minute i le Itula 2 e mafai ona maua ai se fua fa'avevela maualuga maualuga nai lo le nofo i totonu o lou fogafale i lalo mo le isi lua vaiaso fa'atasi.

Vaega 3: Potassium Iodide (KI), Tu'u sa'o i le matua, masini, ma tala fa'amata'u

I le taimi o se faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi o le fale faaniukilia poʻo le paʻu faaniukilia, o se tasi o mea faʻamaʻi faʻamaʻi muamua na tuʻuina atu i totonu o le paluga o le Radioactive Iodine (Iodine-131 pe I-131). Pe a manava pe foloina e ala i le susu leaga poʻo le vai, I-131 e vave ona mitiia e le tagata ** thyroid gland ** (lea e faʻaaogaina iodine e faʻapipiʻi ai hormones metabolic), aemaise lava i pepe, tamaiti, ma le atinaʻeina o fetus, e oʻo atu ai i le faʻaleagaina o lauroid ma le kanesa o le thyroid tamaiti i tausaga mulimuli ane.

Fa'afefea le potassium Iodide (KI) galue (ma le mea e le faia)

  • Mechanism of Action (Thyroid Saturation): Inuina se fuala'au vaila'au o le fale mautu, e le fa'aeletonika Potassium Iodide (KI) lolovaia ma tutumu le lauroid gland i iodine mama mo 24 itula. Talu ai o le thyroid ua 100 pasene ua tumu, soʻo se leitio I-131 e te manava mulimuli ane e le mafai ona pipii i le thyroid ma e le afaina ai le alu ese i lau mimi.
  • Fa'amalama Taimi sili ona lelei: KI e sili ona aoga pe a ave ** 1 i le 6 itula AO LEʻI ** poʻo le ** vave pe a ** faʻaalia i se paluga iodine radioactive. Na ave 4 itula AFTER fa'aalia, e pa'ū le aoga ile tusa ma le 50 pasene; ave ** 24 itula AFTER ** se fa'aaliga tasi, KI ofo mai toetoe lava leai se aoga (ma e mafai moni lava ona fa'aumiumi le taofia o I-131 ua uma ona mitiia).
  • O le a KI E LE faia:
  • KI o le LE'O o se "fuai'au e tetee atu i le fa'avevela."
  • KI ofo mai se puipuiga malu mai fafo gamma radiation.
  • KI ofo mai le se puipuiga i so'o se totoga e ese mai i le thyroid gland.
  • KI ofo mai le zero puipuiga e faasaga i so'o se fa'aisotopa leitio e ese mai le Radioactive Iodine (e leai se mea e fa'afeagai ai Cesium-137, Strontium-90, Plutonium-239, Cobalt-60, pe Americium-241, uiga KI e leai se aoga i le tele o pisinisi "pomu palapala" faʻalavelave e le aʻafia ai le suauu faaniukilia).

FDA aloaia / WHO Potassium Iodide (KI) 24-itula dose laulau i tausaga

Pepa ole Potassium Iodide ua fa'amaonia e le FDA (e pei ole Iosat, ThyroSafe, po o le vai ThyroShield) e sau ile 130 mg po o le 65 mg sikoa papa'a (tutusa ma le 100 mg po o le 50 mg ole iodine elemene). Tu'u tasi le tui e tasi i le 24 itula na'o le fa'atulafonoina o le soifua maloloina lautele:

Vaitausaga & Vaega Fa'aletino Fa'amata'u ile Laui'i (cGy / rem) Aso uma KI Tulaga (mg) Numera o 130 mg Papamaa Numera o 65 mg Papamaa Tu'imomomo & Faafefiloi Faamatalaga mo Pepe/Taiti
Pepe fou mai le Fanau mai i le 1 Masina \(\ge 5\text{ cGy}\) (Fa'amuamua Sili) 16 mg (16.25 mg) ⅛ papalama ¼ papalama Tu'i le laulau i totonu o le pauta mama ma solo sa'o ile susu ole susu, susu, po'o le vai; fa'atonu na'o le tui e tasi (mata'i toto'a lauroid neonatal).
Pepe ma Tamaiti (1 Masina i le 3 Tausaga) \(\ge 5\text{ cGy}\) (Fa'amuamua Sili) 32 mg (32.5 mg) ¼ papalama ½ laulau Tu'i ma fa'afefiloi i totonu ole 1 sipuniti ole sipuni pipi, susu sukalati, fua fa'atatau, po'o le sau apu e ufiufi ai le tofo masima/metala.
Tamaiti (3 Tausaga i le 18 Tausaga) (i lalo ifo o le 68 kilokalama / 150 lbs) \(\ge 5\text{ cGy}\) (Fa'amuamua) 65 mg ½ laulau 1 laulau atoa O tupulaga talavou e mamafa 68 kilokalama (150 pauna) pe sili atu e tatau ona ave atoa le tagata matua 130 mg fua e tusa lava po o le a le matua.
Fina ma'itaga po'o Fa'asusu (Vatupulaga Uma) \(\ge 5\text{ cGy}\) (Fa'amuamua) 130 mg 1 laulau atoa *2 papa Puipuia uma lauroid tina ma fetal; toe fai tui e tatau ona fa'aitiitia se'i vagana ua le mafai ona aveese.
Matutua (18 i le 40 Tausaga) \(\ge 10\text{ cGy}\) (Fa'amuamua) 130 mg 1 laulau atoa *2 papa Fa'atasi i le 24 itula e pei ona fa'atonuina e le pulega o le soifua maloloina lautele se'ia uma le fa'amata'u.
Matutua ua silia ma le 40 tausaga le matutua \(\ge 500\text{ cGy}\) (5 Gy) 130 mg (Na'o le fua tele \(\ge 5\text{ Gy}\)) 1 laulau atoa *2 papa O tagata matutua i luga atu o le 40 e sili ona maualalo le lamatiaga o le olaola o le kanesa o louroid e mafua mai i le radiation ma le maualuga o le lamatiaga o KI-a'afiaga o le hyperthyroidism / fatu; masani KI e le fautuaina se'i vagana ua fa'amata'u le fa'amama atoatoa o lauroid (\(\ge 5\text{ Gy}\)).

Aua ne'i foloina le Betadine antiseptic, Lugol solution i ni matau'a fa'afuase'i, po'o ni ipu o masima laulau iodized.

I le taimi o fa'alavelave faaniukilia, o nofoaga e pulea ai mea oona o lo'o lolovaia i le soona fai mai tala fa'amata'u e lua: 1. Iodized Table Salt: O le masima laulau o lo'o i ai na'o nai micrograms o iodine (~45 mcg per gram). Ina ia maua se tasi 130 mg thyroid-blocking dose of potassium iodide, e tatau i le tagata ona foloina toetoe lava 3 kilokalama (6.6 pauna) o le masima laulau i le taimi e tasi, lea e mafua ai le fula o le faiʻai hypernatremic mataʻutia, faoa faamalosi, ma le puʻeina o le fatu ae leʻi umi ona puipuia le thyroid. 2. Topik Povidone-Iodine (Betadine): Aua ne'i inuina ni vaifofo fa'ama'i enaena enaena pe vali i luga o le pa'u e poloka ai le vevela; o lo'o i ai vaila'au o'ona ma fa'alavelave e le mafai ona so'ona e mafua ai le mu tuga o le manava ma le faaletonu o fatu.

Laasaga 4: La'asaga ta'i la'asaga fa'agata fa'avevela (Tagata, Fagafao, Mea'ai, ma Vai)

E le pei o vailaʻau faʻamaʻi namu e mitiia vave e ala i le paʻu o le paʻu e faʻaumatia i totonu o minute, o le pefu paʻu faʻaeleʻele o loʻo nofo i luga o le paʻu o le paʻu e le mafua ai le oona faʻafuaseʻi, e galue e pei o ni nai fatu o le oneone vevela susulu e faʻamalo beta ma gamma ave seia fufulu ese.

Lisi siaki fa'ama'i fa'aletagata ma aiga

  1. ** Aveese lavalava i fafo po'o totonu o le potu palapala (90% fa'aitiitiga)**:
  2. Aveese ma le faaeteete peleue, pulou, ofutino, ofuvae, totini, ma seevae e aunoa ma le luluina o le ie (o le luluina e tupu ai se ao pefu e mafai ona manava).
  3. Tuu le lavalava i totonu o se taga palasitika mamafa, nonoa, faamau i totonu o se taga lona lua, tusi i ai, ma teu i le tulimanu pito i tua o le faletaavale po o fafo e mamao ese mai nofoaga e nonofo ai tagata (tusa lava pe o le radioactive, tuu i le 5 i le 10 mita [16 i le 33 futu] le mamao i tua o le puipui e faaitiitia ai lona gamma dose i le latalata i le zero e ala i le Inverse Square Law of Distance).
  4. Ta'ele pe solo susū pa'u, lauulu, ma gaugau tino:
  5. Afai e maua le vai paipa (o le vai a le malo i totonu o paipa i lalo o le eleele e tumau pea le saogalemu e fufulu ai i itula muamua), taele mafanafana e faʻaaoga ai le fasimoli malu ma le shampoo masani e leai se conditioner.
  6. Fufulu lemu lauulu a'o punou i luma ina ia aua ne'i tafe atu le vai fufulu i ou mata ma lou gutu.
  7. Ia feula lemu lou isu, solo ou laumata ma laumata i se aano mama susu, ma solo lou taliga pito i fafo i fufusu susū e aveese ai le pefu.
  8. Afai ua tipi ese vai paipa: Fa'aaoga solo pepe susu, solo pepa susu, po'o se ie mama ua fa'asusu i fagu vai e solo lelei ai lauulu, foliga, ua, lima, ma le pa'u o lo'o aliali mai, ona fa'aofu lea o lavalava mama o lo'o teuina i totonu o se kapoti tapuni po'o se atigi pusa.
  9. Tulafono mo le saogalemu o taumafa ma vai i totonu o le malutaga:
  10. O le a le 100% SAFE e 'ai ma inu: So'o se mea'ai po'o se meainu sa i totonu o se apa fa'amau, fagu, fagu, tetrapak, taga pepa, po'o pusa pepa malo tapuni i totonu o le kapoti, faleoloa, po'o le pusaaisa. Matauina le eseesega taua tele o le tino: O ave gamma o lo'o ui atu i totonu o se apa supo po'o se fagu vai e le mafai ona fa'avevela le mea'ai po'o le vai (e pei lava o le X-ray faafoma'i e le susulu lou tino). Solo le pito i fafo o le apa po o le fagu i se ie susu susu a'o le'i tatalaina ina ne'i pa'u le pefu i totonu, ona 'ai lea ma inu ma le saogalemu.
  11. Faasao lau vai vevela ma tane vai faleese: O lau tane vai vevela o lo'o nofo ai o lo'o i ai 115 i le 300 lita (30 i le 80 kalone) vai mama, e le'i pisia o lo'o puipuia i totonu o se peleue u'amea, ma lou faleuila pito i luga tane fulū (e le o le ipu) o lo'o i ai le isi 6 i le 11 lita o vai mama (1. fa'aaoga vaila'au lanu moana fa'amama fa'amama). Tape le alavai i totonu o le auala tele i lou fale pe a tu'uina atu se fa'asilasilaga o le fa'aleagaina o le vai i luga o le alatele ina ia aua ne'i tafe atu vai fa'atanoa i fafo i lau tane vai vevela.
  12. O le a le LE SAFE e taumafaina: Mea'ai e le'i ufiufia o lo'o nofo i luga o fata, fua fa'ato'aga tatala, vine, laula'au lanumeamata, ma le susu o le vao. Manatua o vai paipa fa'apuna e LĒ aveesea ai ni mea fa'aalaiti, o le mea moni, o le fa'apuna e fa'aa'a ai le ausa mama ma fa'atumauina masima mamafa (Cs-137, Sr-90, I-131) i le vai o lo'o totoe (na'o le fa'a'ese'ese o le osmosis, fa'amama, po'o le fa'afesuia'i o le ion/fa'aogaina o le kaponi fa'amalosi e aveese ai le radionuclides ua solo).

Vaega 5: Iloaina o le Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) vs. popolega o le mafaufau.

I le taimi o faʻalavelave faʻafuaseʻi, o le fefe tele e masani ona mafua ai le nausea o le psychosomatic, hyperventilation, tachycardia, ma le tetete i tagata e leai ni faʻamaʻi faʻamalama. O le malamalama i le fa'asologa o taimi o le Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) e fesoasoani i le tu'ueseeseina o popolega mai manu'a moni fa'avevela faafoma'i:

  • Tulaga Fa'asagaga mo le ARS: Fa'ama'i Fa'ama'i Fa'ama'i Fa'ama'i e na'o le taimi e maua ai e se tagata se fa'atupu maualuga, e tu'ia tulaga o le tino atoa e sili atu. 0.7 to 1.0 Gray (70 to 100 rads / 700 to 1,000 millisieverts) i totonu o se taimi pu'upu'u (e tutusa ma le 100 abdominal CT su'ega uma i le taimi e tasi).
  • Taimi e Su'i (The Clinical Triage Clock):
  • Afai e amata pua'i se tagata i totonu o le 30 minute i le 2 itula ina ua uma se mea na tupu faaniukilia maualuga fa'amaonia (fa'atasi ma le fiva, manava manava, po'o le ulu), e ta'u mai ai se tui ogaoga o le tino atoa (> 2 to 4 Gray) e manaʻomia vave togafitiga faʻapitoa ile hematologic ile falemaʻi (togafitiga cytokine pei ole filgrastim/Neupogen e faʻaosofia ai le toe faʻaleleia o gaʻo ponaivi).
  • Afai e maua e se tagata le faafaufau vaivai po o le popole ma le leai se pua'i pe a uma le 4 i le 6 itula, pe sa malutia i totonu o le fale i fafo atu o le sone vave, o le Acute Radiation Syndrome e ono lamatia ai le ola.
  • Lipoti atu i le Community Reception Centre (CRC): A tatala e le pulega alalaupapa o le aveeseina, alu i le Community Reception Centre (CRC) (po o Emergency Reception Centre), lea e su'e ai e foma'i soifua maloloina lautele lou aiga mai le ulu e oo i tamatamaivae e faaaoga ai mata'itusi faitotoa ma panekeke Geiger-Mueller counters, fa'amaonia le decontamination, fa'amau lau geospatial dose iod therapy. faailoa mai.

Fesili e fai soo

Why should we go to an underground basement during a nuclear fallout alert when chemical gas guides say to go to the top floor?

Because chemical gases and nuclear radiation obey completely different physical laws. Most hazardous industrial gases (like chlorine or vinyl chloride) are heavy vapors that flow downhill and collect inside basements, whereas a wooden house upper floor blocks the gas if sealed with plastic. In contrast, nuclear fallout emits high-energy gamma rays that shine straight through wooden walls and roof shingles like X-rays. Because fallout dust coats your roof and the surrounding lawn, an underground basement places thick packed earth and concrete between you and the outdoor radiation, blocking 90 percent to 99 percent of gamma rays.

Why must you never use hair conditioner or "2-in-1" conditioning shampoo when washing off radioactive dust?

Hair conditioners and 2-in-1 moisturizing shampoos contain cationic (positively charged) polymers, quaternary ammonium compounds, and oils engineered to bind tightly to damaged keratin scales on human hair shafts. If you have microscopic radioactive fallout dust in your hair and apply conditioner, those conditioning polymers chemically glue and trap the radioactive particles onto your hair and scalp so water cannot rinse them out. Always wash with plain liquid dish soap, baby shampoo, or basic clarifying shampoo with zero conditioning agents.

Should I take Potassium Iodide (KI) pills right away during any radiation emergency or "dirty bomb" alert?

No, only take Potassium Iodide (KI) when public health or emergency management officials explicitly instruct your geographic zone to do so. KI is not a general anti-radiation shield; it only blocks a single radioactive element, Radioactive Iodine (I-131), from entering a single organ, your thyroid gland. Radioactive iodine is produced only inside nuclear power plant reactors and nuclear weapon explosions. An industrial radiological dispersal device ("dirty bomb") almost always uses Cesium-137, Cobalt-60, Ir-192, or Americium-241, against which Potassium Iodide provides zero protection while still carrying risks of allergic reaction or thyroid dysfunction.

If canned food or bottled water is exposed to gamma radiation during a nuclear event, does the food inside become radioactive?

No. Gamma rays passing through sealed cans, glass jars, or plastic water bottles do not make the food or water inside radioactive, just as getting a medical chest X-ray does not make your body radioactive. As long as the container remained tightly sealed so physical fallout dust could not fall inside, the food and water inside are 100 percent safe to consume. Simply wipe down the outside of the can, lid, or bottle with a damp soapy paper towel before opening it so surface dust does not transfer onto the contents.

Can I boil tap water to remove radioactive contamination after a nuclear release?

Never boil water to remove radiation. Boiling kills biological pathogens like bacteria and viruses, but radioactive elements are heavy chemical isotopes, they do not die when heated. In fact, boiling contaminated water evaporates pure water vapor into your kitchen air while concentrating the radioactive isotopes at an even higher density in the remaining pot of water. Instead, drink bottled water or tap the clean, uncontaminated water stored inside your home 150-to-300-liter (40-to-80-gallon) hot water heater tank after shutting off the main street water inlet valve.

What is the "7:10 Rule" of nuclear fallout, and how long do we have to stay inside our basement shelter?

The 7:10 Rule states that after a nuclear fallout event, for every 7-fold increase in time, the outdoor radiation dose rate drops by a factor of 10 due to the rapid decay of unstable short-lived isotopes. Compared to the radiation intensity at 1 hour after the burst (100 percent), at 7 hours the outdoor radiation drops to 10 percent, and at 49 hours (roughly 2 days) it drops to just 1 percent of its initial level. Because 99 percent of the intense gamma danger disappears within the first 48 hours, staying inside a basement or concrete shelter for the first 24 to 48 hours is the single most important life-saving action you can take.

Taiala fa'atatau

Punavai ua siaki

  • Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (United States): Radiation Faʻalavelave Faʻafuaseʻi: Ulufale i totonu, Tumau i totonu, Tumau Faʻalogo; Fa'amama mo Oe Lava ma Isi (Lapataiga mo le Fa'a'u'u Laulu); ma le Potassium Iodide (KI) Pepa Fa'amatalaga.
  • Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) ma le Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (United States): 10-Mile ma 50-Mile Fuafuaga Faʻalavelave Faʻafuaseʻi (EPZs), Laʻasaga Faʻavasegaina o Faʻalavelave Faʻafuaseʻi, ma Fuafuaga Taʻiala mo le Tali atu i se Faʻalavelave Faʻafuaseʻi (7: 10 Tulafono ma Faʻasagaga Puipuiga o Halving-Mafia).
  • Mea'ai ma Vailaau Fa'atonu (FDA) Nofoaga Autu mo Su'esu'ega ma Su'esu'ega Fa'asaina (Amerika): Ta'iala i le Potassium Iodide e fai ma Agent Blocking Thyroid i Fa'alavelave Fa'afuase'i Fa'afuase'i (Vaola ​​ma Fuafua Fuafuaga).
  • Matagaluega o le Soifua Maloloina ma Auaunaga Tagata Pulega mo Ta'iala Ta'iala ma Tali (ASPR) (United States): Radiation Emergency Medical Management (REMM): Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS) Time-to-Vomiting Triage and Community Reception Center (CRC) Protocols.
  • Faalapotopotoga o le Soifua Maloloina a le Lalolagi (WHO) ma le International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Iodine Thyroid Blocking: Taʻiala mo le Faʻaaogaina i Fuafuaga ma le Tali atu i Faʻalavelave Faʻafuaseʻi Faʻasalalau ma Faaniukilia.
  • UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) ma le Ofisa mo le Nuclear Regulation (ONR) (United Kingdom): Radiation Emergency Preparedness and Public Information Regulations (REPPIR) ma Stable Iodine Distribution Guidance.