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Klinická první pomoc s vykloubeným ramenem, kolenní čéškou nebo imobilizací kloubu

Tísňová čísla se v jednotlivých zemích liší. Tato stránka používá 911, číslo pro Spojené státy a Kanadu. Mnoho dalších zemí používá číslo 112, 999 nebo jiné číslo. Najděte číslo pro vaši zemi.

Kompletní kloubní dislokace (luxace) nastane, když extrémní mechanická síla roztrhne vazivové kloubní pouzdro a podpůrné vazy, čímž dojde k úplnému vzájemnému kontaktu kloubních konců dvou kostí. Částečná dislokace (subluxace) způsobí, že se kloubní povrchy částečně dotýkají, ale nejsou vyrovnané. Na rozdíl od zlomeniny střední části kosti, kde zranění sedí v rovném válci kosti, dochází k dislokaci kloubu přímo skrz těsné anatomické tunely, kde hlavní tepny a periferní nervy přecházejí z jednoho segmentu končetiny do druhého.

Vzhledem k tomu, že posunutá kostní hlavice často spočívá přímo na hlavní krevní cévě nebo nervovém kmeni, v kombinaci s neznámými skrytými kloubními zlomeninami, pokus vytrhnout, zkroutit nebo „vyrazit“ vykloubený kloub zpět na místo v terénu je jednou z nejnebezpečnějších chyb v traumatické péči. Vědět, jak provést 30sekundovou kontrolu Circulation, Sensation, and Motor (CSM), jak rozlišit skutečnou vaskulární pohotovost ohrožující končetinu (jako je luxace kolenního kloubu nebo luxace kyčle) od laterálního sklouznutí čéšky a jak přísně znehybnit každý vykloubený kloub v nalezené poloze pomocí trvalé funkce polštáře a popruhu a jeho vycpávky chrání nervovou končetinu.

Udělejte to teď

  1. Tell the injured person to stay completely still and support their limb manually in the exact angle they are holding it. Never try to straighten a bent dislocated knee, elbow, or hip, and never try to push an abducted dislocated shoulder flat against the ribcage.
  2. Never attempt to pull, twist, or "pop" a dislocated joint back into its socket. Up to 25 to 40 percent of joint dislocations have an associated fracture inside the joint socket; pulling on the limb without X-rays and muscle relaxation can drive jagged bone edges directly through major arteries and nerves.
  3. Check distal Circulation, Sensation, and Motor (CSM) function below the injured joint immediately. Palpate the radial pulse at the wrist (for shoulder or elbow injuries) or the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses at the foot (for hip, knee, or ankle injuries), press a fingernail or toenail to confirm pink capillary refill returns within 2 seconds, and check skin sensation and finger or toe movement.
  4. Call your local emergency number immediately if the hand or foot below the dislocation is pale, blue, cold, numb, or pulseless, or for any hip, knee joint, elbow, or open dislocation. Dial 911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom, 000 in Australia, or check the directory of tísňová čísla.
  5. Remove all rings, watches, bracelets, shoes, and tight sleeves or trousers from the injured extremity immediately. Joint dislocations trigger rapid intra-articular hemarthrosis (bleeding into the joint space) and distal venous swelling that can turn rings or boots into ischemic tourniquets within 20 minutes.
  6. Pad the empty space beneath the deformed joint and splint it strictly in the position found, then apply a cloth-wrapped ice pack. Use rolled towels, blankets, a pillow, or a moldable SAM splint bent to match the exact deformity, secure it above and below the joint without tying straps directly over the protruding bone, keep the patient NPO (nothing by mouth) for hospital sedation, and apply a cool pack for 15 to 20 minutes at a time.

True knee dislocation (tibiofemoral) vs. kneecap dislocation (patellar): a life-and-limb distinction

Bystanders frequently say "dislocated knee" when they mean the kneecap (patella) has slipped to the outer side of the knee. While a lateral patellar dislocation is painful, the blood vessels behind the knee remain untouched. A true knee joint (tibiofemoral) dislocation, where the shinbone (tibia) tears completely away from the thighbone (femur), is a catastrophic vascular emergency: in 20 to 40 percent of true knee dislocations, the popliteal artery behind the knee is stretched, clotted, or torn, which leads to above-knee amputation in over 80 percent of cases if arterial blood flow is not surgically restored within 6 to 8 hours. Even if a true knee dislocation pops back into place on its own before paramedics arrive, it still requires immediate trauma center transport and CT angiography.

Emergency decision tree for joint dislocations and immobilization

flowchart TD
    Start["Suspected Joint Dislocation (Visible Deformity, Locked Joint, Severe Pain)"]
    Support["Manually Support Limb in Exact Position Found<br/>Remove all rings, watches, and footwear immediately"]
    OpenCheck{"Is Bone Protruding Through Skin or Open Wound Over Joint?"}
    OpenCare["OPEN JOINT DISLOCATION PROTOCOL<br/>1. Call Emergency Medical Services Immediately<br/>2. Control bleeding around bone; DO NOT push bone back in<br/>3. Cover with sterile saline-moistened gauze<br/>4. Splint in position found and keep patient NPO"]
    CSMCheck{"Perform Distal CSM Check Below the Joint<br/>(Pulse, <2 sec Capillary Refill, Sensation, Finger/Toe Motion)"}
    NoPulse["ISCHEMIC LIMB EMERGENCY (Cold, Pale, Blue, Pulseless, or Numb)<br/>1. Call EMS Priority 1 for Immediate Trauma Transport<br/>2. Support limb gently without kinking vessels further<br/>3. Re-check CSM every 5 minutes during transport"]
    JointType{"Identify Specific Dislocated Joint (Pulse Present)"}
    Shoulder["Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Dislocation<br/>(95% Anterior: arm held slightly out; 4% Posterior: locked internal)"]
    ElbowWrist["Elbow, Wrist, or Finger Dislocation<br/>(Watch brachial artery and median/ulnar nerves)"]
    HipKneeAnkle["Hip, True Knee, Patellar, or Ankle Dislocation"]
    ShoulderSplint["Pillow-and-Sling Immobilization<br/>1. Tuck folded pillow/blanket into gap between elbow and ribs<br/>2. Apply broad arm sling + horizontal swathe (avoid pressing collarbone)<br/>3. Check axillary nerve ('regimental badge' patch) and radial pulse"]
    ElbowSplint["Deformity-Matched Molded Splint<br/>1. Mold padded SAM/cardboard splint to exact bent angle of elbow<br/>2. Never force elbow to 90 degrees if stuck straight or hyperflexed<br/>3. Recheck radial pulse and hand sensation after tying straps"]
    LowerSplint["Lower Extremity Immobilization<br/>1. Hip/Knee: Pad beneath knee with pillows/blankets on stretcher<br/>2. Ankle: Apply pillow splint or padded three-sided box splint<br/>3. Keep patient NPO for emergency procedural sedation"]

    Start --> Support
    Support --> OpenCheck
    OpenCheck -->|Yes: Open Joint| OpenCare
    OpenCheck -->|No: Closed Skin| CSMCheck
    CSMCheck -->|Absent Pulse or Delayed Refill| NoPulse
    CSMCheck -->|Pulse and Perfusion Intact| JointType
    JointType -->|Shoulder| Shoulder
    JointType -->|Elbow / Wrist / Finger| ElbowWrist
    JointType -->|Hip / Knee / Patella / Ankle| HipKneeAnkle
    Shoulder --> ShoulderSplint
    ElbowWrist --> ElbowSplint
    HipKneeAnkle --> LowerSplint

Comparing major anatomical joint dislocations and their neurovascular traps

Every major joint in the body has a specific direction in which it most commonly dislocates, producing a classic limb posture and threatening a specific nerve or artery running directly across the joint capsule.

Dislocated Joint Most Common Direction & Mechanism Classic Limb Posture & Visual Deformity Primary Artery & Nerve at Immediate Risk Field Splinting Method (In Position Found)
Shoulder (Glenohumeral) 95% Anterior: fall onto an abducted, externally rotated arm.
4% Posterior: electric shock, tonic-clonic seizure, or direct blow to front of shoulder
Přední část: Čtvercový akromion „epaulet“, paže držená mírně unesená (směrem od žeber) a zvenčí otočená.
Zadní: Paže těsně přiléhající k břichu při vnitřní rotaci; nelze otočit dlaní nahoru
Axilární nerv (necitlivost nad zevním deltovým náplastí „plukovního odznaku“) a axilární tepna Polštář a prak: zaklínujte složený polštář nebo srolovanou přikrývku mezi paži a hrudní koš, poté podepřete trojúhelníkovým popruhem a sviňte
Collarbone / AC Joint (Acromioclavicular) & SC Joint (Sternoclavicular) Direct fall onto the point of the shoulder or heavy chest impact AC Joint: Visible step-off bump at outer tip of collarbone.
Posterior SC Joint: Inner end of collarbone driven backward into throat (compresses trachea, esophagus, and great vessels)
Posterior SC Dislocation: Trachea, subclavian/brachiocephalic vein, and aorta (true life-threatening airway emergency) Standard arm sling supporting elbow weight upward; call EMS immediately if any difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, or shortness of breath (posterior SC)
Elbow (Ulnohumeral) 90% Posterior: fall onto an outstretched hand (FOOSH) with elbow slightly flexed Forearm appears shortened; prominent bony olecranon process protruding sharply backward; elbow locked at roughly 45 degrees of flexion Brachial artery (risk of Volkmann ischemic contracture), median nerve, and ulnar nerve Padded moldable splint (SAM splint or cardboard) bent to the exact 45-degree angle of the elbow, secured to upper arm and forearm
Toddlers' Radial Head Subluxation ("Nursemaid's Elbow") Child aged 1 to 4 years lifted, swung, or pulled suddenly by the wrist or hand while forearm is pronated No visible swelling or deformity; child refuses to use the arm, holding it slightly bent against their side with the palm turned downward (pronated) Neurovascular bundle stays completely intact; annular ligament is merely trapped over radial head Support arm comfortably in a simple sling or on a pillow; urgent clinic visit where a clinician performs gentle hyperpronation or supination-flexion reduction
Hip (Coxofemoral) 90% Posterior: high-energy dashboard impact against bent knee in a car crash.
10% Anterior: forced abduction and external rotation
Posterior: Leg is markedly shortened, flexed, adducted (crossed inward), and internally rotated (knee and toes point inward).
Anterior: Leg is abducted and externally rotated
Sciatic nerve (damaged in 10% to 20% of posterior hip dislocations, causing foot drop) and femoral head blood supply (avascular necrosis after 6 hours) Blanket rolls and pillows wedged beneath and between the thighs on a rigid stretcher; 6-hour surgical window to prevent femoral head death
True Knee Joint (Tibiofemoral) High-energy trauma, sports collision, or morbid obesity low-velocity stepping twist Gross misalignment of shinbone relative to thighbone (or spontaneously reduced extremely unstable swollen knee) Popliteal artery (20% to 40% tear/thrombosis rate) and common peroneal nerve (25% injury rate) Immediate priority 1 EMS transport; pad behind knee with rolled towel and splint thigh-to-ankle; check pedal pulses every 5 minutes
Kneecap (Patellar) Twisting on a planted foot while knee is slightly bent, or direct blow to inner kneecap Kneecap visibly shifted to the outer (lateral) side of the knee; knee is stuck in a bent (flexed) position Neurovascular bundle behind knee is completely spared Dlaha na polštář zastrčená pod ohnutým kolenem, aby ho podpořila ve flexi během transportu do nemocnice
Kotek (tibiotalární) Závažné inverzní/everzní zkroucení, téměř vždy v kombinaci s malleolárními zlomeninami (fraktura-dislokace) Chodidlo ostře zkroucené dovnitř nebo ven; napjatá, lesklá bílá ischemická kůže těsně natažená přes vyčnívající hlezenní kost Zadní tibiální tepna, dorsalis pedis tepna a nekróza překrývající se kůže (tlaková nekróza během 1 až 2 hodin) polštářová dlaha omotaná kolem chodidla a bérce a zajištěná obvazy; okamžitá přeprava EMS pro naléhavé snížení

Proč se nikdy nesmíte pokoušet „vyskočit“ vykloubený kloub zpět

V akčních filmech a vedlejších sportovních mýtech někdo vždy uchopí vykloubenou paži nebo prst, silně za ně škubne a vrátí je zpět na místo, aby hrdina mohl pokračovat. Ve skutečné klinické medicíně pokusy laika redukovat dislokaci bez rentgenových snímků a analgezie často způsobují trvalou invaliditu:

  1. Až 40 procent luxací obsahuje skryté intraartikulární zlomeniny: Když se vykloubí rameno, loket, kotník nebo prst, náraz často uřízne kus kloubní jamky nebo kostní hlavice (například větší zlomenina tuberosity nebo bone Bankartova zlomenina v rameni, výběžek koronoidu nebo zlomenina hlavy radia a v kotníku, lokti nebo hlavici). Vyskočení na končetině drtí ostré úlomky zlomeniny napříč kloubní chrupavkou a může přeměnit uzavřené poranění na nestabilní tříštivou zlomeninu.
  2. Nervy a tepny mohou být obtočeny kolem posunuté kostní hlavice: Během dislokace jsou brachiální tepna, sedací nerv, axilární nerv nebo střední nerv často napnuté přes krk posunuté kosti. Násilné vytahování nebo vytahování kosti bez anatomické techniky může zachytit nerv nebo tepnu uvnitř kloubního prostoru nebo ustřihnout stěnu krevní cévy (natržení intimy), což způsobí akutní arteriální trombózu a ztrátu končetiny.
  3. Násilné ochranné svalové křeče porazí hrubou sílu: Během několika minut po vykloubení se velké svaly protínající kloub (jako je deltový sval, velký prsní sval, čtyřhlavý sval stehenní nebo hamstringy) uzamknou do nedobrovolné ochranné tetanické křeče. Snaha přemoci křečovité svaly u bdělého, neléčeného člověka vyžaduje nebezpečnou mechanickou sílu, která může zlomit dřík pažní kosti nebo úplně roztrhnout rotátorovou manžetu.

Krok 1: Provedení kontroly distálního CSM (cirkulace, vjem, motor).

Kdykoli se setkáte s podezřením na dislokaci nebo zlomeninu, musíte posoudit a zaznamenat Distální CSM stav (také nazývaný PMS: Pulse, Motor, Sensation) před aplikací dlahy A bezprostředně po uvázání posledního popruhu dlahy. Pokud je dlaha svázána příliš pevně nebo mírně posune kost, následná kontrola CSM problém okamžitě zachytí, abyste mohli popruhy uvolnit.

Jak zkontrolovat CSM na horní končetině (rameno, loket, předloktí, zápěstí)

Krok hodnocení Co zkontrolovat Jak vypadá normální výsledek Co naznačuje abnormální výsledek
1. Cirkulace (Distální perfuze) 1. Nahmatejte radiální pulz na palcové straně vnitřního zápěstí.
2. Stiskněte špičku nehtu po dobu 5 sekund, dokud nezbělá, a poté uvolněte (kapilární náplň).
3. Vnímejte teplotu pokožky a zkontrolujte barvu prstů.
Silný radiální puls; nehtové lůžko opět zrůžoví za méně než 2 sekundy; prsty jsou teplé a růžové. Komprese axilární nebo brachiální tepny: chybí radiální puls, kapilární náplň > 2 sekundy nebo bledé/modravé studené prsty (Okamžitá EMS priority 1).
2. Sensation (4 hlavní nervové zóny) Lehce se dotkněte (bez pohybu kloubu):
1. Vnější rameno (náplast „Regimental Badge“ přes boční deltový sval)
2. Vycpávka ukazováčku
3. Vložka malíčku
4. Webový prostor na zadní straně palce
Pacient cítí lehký dotek jasně a stejně jako na nezraněné paži, bez mravenčení. 1. Znecitlivění vnějšího ramene = Axilární nerv (klasické u vykloubení ramene)
2. Necitlivost ukazováčku = střední nerv
3. Necitlivý malíček = ulnární nerv
4. Necitlivost zadní části palce = Radiální nerv
3. Motor (3 distální ruční kontroly) Požádejte pacienta, aby jemně pohyboval POUZE prsty:
1. Stopařův palec nahoru (prodloužit palec)
2. Znak OK (stiskněte špičku palce ke špičce ukazováčku)
3. Roztáhněte prsty doširoka od sebe jako vějíř
Pacient může provádět všechny tři jemné pohyby prstů bez bolesti v kloubu. 1. Cannot do thumbs-up = Radial nerve
2. Cannot pinch OK sign = Median (AIN) nerve
3. Cannot spread fingers = Ulnar nerve

How to check CSM in the Lower Extremity (Hip, Knee, Patella, Ankle)

Krok hodnocení Co zkontrolovat Jak vypadá normální výsledek Co naznačuje abnormální výsledek
1. Cirkulace (Distální perfuze) 1. Palpate the dorsalis pedis (DP) pulse on top of the midfoot and the posterior tibial (PT) pulse just behind the inner ankle bone (medial malleolus).
2. Check great toenail capillary refill (< 2 seconds), skin color, and warmth.
Strong DP and PT pulses; toenail refills pink in under 2 seconds; foot is warm. Popliteal or tibial artery occlusion: absent foot pulses, mottled/white/blue cold toes (Immediate Priority 1 EMS).
2. Sensation (2 Major Nerve Zones) Lightly touch:
1. Web space between the 1st (big) and 2nd toes on top of the foot
2. Sole (plantar surface) of the foot
Clear, normal touch sensation without burning or numbness. 1. Numb 1st-2nd toe web space = Deep peroneal nerve
2. Numb sole of foot = Tibial nerve (both are branches of the sciatic nerve)
3. Motor (2 Distal Toe Checks) Ask the patient to gently move ONLY their toes:
1. Pull big toe upward toward their nose (dorsiflexion)
2. Curl toes downward like pressing a gas pedal (plantarflexion)
Smooth, symmetric toe motion. 1. Cannot pull toes up (Foot Drop) = Common peroneal / sciatic nerve (classic in posterior hip and true knee dislocations)
2. Cannot curl toes down = Tibial nerve

Step-by-step immobilization for specific dislocated joints

The golden rule of prehospital dislocation care is "Splint it in the position found by bringing the padding to the limb, never forcing the limb to the splint."

1. Dislocated Shoulder (Glenohumeral Joint)

Roughly 95 percent of shoulder dislocations are anterior dislocations (the head of the humerus pops forward out of the shallow glenoid socket and rests beneath the coracoid process), while 4 percent are posterior dislocations (triggered by seizures, electric shocks, or a blow to the front of the shoulder).

  • Why a standard flat arm sling hurts an anterior shoulder dislocation: In an anterior dislocation, the displaced humeral head locks the arm slightly away from the side of the body (abducted 15 to 30 degrees). Trying to push the person's elbow flat against their ribs to fit into a standard tight sling levers the humeral head against the glenoid rim and axillary nerve, causing excruciating pain.
  • The Pillow-and-Sling Technique (Step-by-Step):
  • Have the patient sit upright or semi-reclined while a helper supports their bent forearm in the exact angle they are holding it.
  • Take a soft bed pillow, folded fleece jacket, or thick rolled blanket and gently tuck it into the open triangular gap between the injured inner arm/elbow and the side of the ribcage. This fills the dead space so the arm can rest in its natural abducted position without being pushed inward.
  • Drape a large triangular bandage (arm sling) under the forearm and around the back of the neck, tying the knot to the side of the neck (never directly over the cervical spine bones) and placing soft padding under the neck strap.
  • Tie a broad horizontal swathe bandage around the outside of the injured arm, over the pillow, and around the opposite side of the chest to stop the arm from swinging forward or backward during ambulance transport.
  • Check the radial pulse and the "regimental badge" patch of skin over the outer deltoid muscle every 15 minutes.

2. Dislocated Kneecap (Lateral Patellar Dislocation) vs. True Knee Dislocation

Distinguishing these two knee injuries takes only a gentle visual inspection after slicing open the trouser leg:

  • Lateral Patellar (Kneecap) Dislocation:
  • How to recognize it: The person twisted their leg on a planted foot; the knee is locked in a partially bent (flexed) position, the front of the knee looks flat or concave, and the rounded kneecap is visibly sitting on the outer (lateral) side of the knee. Foot pulses and toe movement are completely normal.
  • First aid protocol: Do not try to push the kneecap back across the joint, and do not force the bent knee straight. Have the person sit or lie down, slide a thick rolled pillow or folded blanket underneath the bent knee so the leg rests comfortably on the pillow without any muscle strain, wrap a loose bandage or straps around the pillow and leg to stabilize it, apply a cloth-wrapped ice pack over the side of the knee for 15 minutes, and transport to the hospital.
  • True Knee Joint (Tibiofemoral) Dislocation:
  • How to recognize it: The entire lower leg (tibia) is shifted forward, backward, or sideways off the end of the thighbone (femur), OR the person suffered a severe hyperextension/twisting knee injury that "popped out and popped back in" leaving a grossly unstable, rapidly ballooning knee.
  • First aid protocol: Treat every suspected tibiofemoral dislocation as an immediate vascular emergency. Call 911/112/999 immediately, check the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial foot pulses, pad underneath the exact angle of the knee with rolled towels, immobilize from the upper thigh to the ankle using two padded board or SAM splints tied along the inner and outer sides of the leg, and arrange immediate hospital transport for a CT angiogram (CTA) or Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) check.

3. Dislocated Elbow (Ulnohumeral Joint) and Toddler's Nursemaid's Elbow

  • Adult or older child Elbow Dislocation: Because the brachial artery runs inches in front of the elbow joint crease, an elbow dislocation can cut off blood flow to the forearm within minutes, leading to Volkmann ischemic contracture (permanent claw-like paralysis of the hand).
  • Never bend or straighten a dislocated elbow: If the elbow is locked at a 45-degree angle or stuck nearly straight, leave it at that exact angle.
  • Splinting: Take a malleable SAM splint or padded cardboard strip, bend it on your own uninjured arm to match the exact angle of the victim's deformed elbow, pad the inside generously with soft gauze, and secure it along the back or side of the upper arm and forearm using roller gauze. Never wrap tape tightly across the front crease of the elbow (the antecubital fossa), as swelling there will compress the brachial artery.
  • Toddler's Nursemaid's Elbow (Radial Head Subluxation):
  • How to recognize it: Occurs almost exclusively in children aged 1 to 4 years after an adult pulls up on the child's hand to stop a fall, swings them by the arms, or pulls their arm through a jacket sleeve. There is no swelling, no bruising, and no visible deformity, and the child is calm until someone tries to bend their elbow or turn their palm upward. The toddler holds the arm slightly bent against their tummy with the palm facing downward or inward.
  • First aid protocol: Do not try to manipulate the toddler's arm at home (especially if the child actually fell onto the arm, which can cause a supracondylar elbow fracture that looks identical). Support the child's arm comfortably against their chest with a soft scarf sling and take them to an urgent care clinic or emergency department, where a clinician can reduce the slipped annular ligament in 3 seconds without sedation, after which the child typically reaches for a toy within 10 minutes.

4. Dislocated Hip (Posterior vs. Anterior)

A traumatic dislocation of the native hip joint requires tremendous kinetic energy (such as a motor vehicle collision, being struck as a pedestrian, or falling from a roof), whereas patients with an artificial total hip replacement (prosthesis) can dislocate their prosthetic hip simply by bending low to tie a shoe, crossing their legs, or sitting in a low chair.

  • Time is bone (The 6-Hour Avascular Necrosis Window): In a native hip dislocation, the delicate retinacular arteries feeding the ball of the thighbone (femoral head) are kinked and stretched shut. If a dislocated native hip is not reduced in the hospital within 6 hours, the rate of avascular necrosis (osteonecrosis / bone death of the femoral head) jumps from roughly 5 percent to over 50 percent, destroying the hip joint permanently.
  • First aid protocol: Call emergency medical services immediately. Keep the patient lying on their back on the floor or stretcher, slide thick rolled blankets and pillows underneath the bent, inwardly rotated knee and between the two thighs to support the leg in the exact posture found, check foot pulses and big-toe dorsiflexion (sciatic nerve check), and keep the patient strictly NPO (nothing by mouth) for hospital procedural sedation.

5. Dislocated Finger or Thumb (Interphalangeal / Metacarpophalangeal Joints)

Fingers frequently dislocate backward (dorsally) at the middle knuckle (PIP joint) when struck on the tip by a basketball, baseball, or football ("coach's finger").

  • First aid protocol:
  • Remove all rings from EVERY finger on the injured hand within the first 60 seconds: Even if only the ring finger is dislocated, swelling spreads across the back of the hand within minutes. If a ring is already tight, lubricate the finger heavily with soap, cooking oil, or window cleaner and wind dental floss or string distally-to-proximally if needed, or cut the ring off before ischemia sets in.
  • Do NOT pull on a dislocated finger on the sports sideline: Many dorsal PIP dislocations involve an avulsion fracture of the volar plate or an entrapped tendon (boutonniere or complex MCP dislocation); pulling on the finger can buttonhole the bone head through the palmar ligaments so tightly that it can only be freed in the operating room.
  • Dlaha v nalezené poloze: Umístěte malý váleček gázy do dlaně tak, aby prsty spočívaly v přirozené křivce, nebo vytvarujte polstrovanou hliníkovou prstovou dlahu tak, aby přesně odpovídala úhlu ohnutého vykloubeného prstu, jemně ji přilepte (nikdy ne těsně po obvodu), zvedněte ruku nad úroveň srdce na polštáře a přiložte chladný zábal zabalený do suché látky.

Nouzová situace ischemické kůže kotníku: proč napjatá bílá kůže na vykloubeném kotníku nemůže počkat

Když kotník utrpí závažnou zlomeninu-vykloubení, posunutá noha se prudce stáčí do strany, zatímco spodní konec holenní kosti (mediální nebo laterální kotník) se těsně přitiskne k vnitřku tenké kůže kotníku. Podívejte se pozorně na kůži nataženou přes ten kostnatý hrbolek: pokud kůže vypadá zbledla, mrtvě bílá, napnutá a lesklá, kost přerušuje mikroskopický dermální průtok krve zevnitř ven. Během 60 až 120 minut tato natažená bílá kůže podstoupí tlakovou nekrózu v plné tloušťce, odpadne a promění uzavřené poranění kotníku v infikovaný otevřený kloub vystavený vzduchu. Okamžitě zavolejte záchrannou službu a upozorněte záchranáře a třídící sestru, pokud kůže nad vykloubeným kotníkem zbledne do běla nebo napne.

Proč musíte pacienta držet NPO (nic k jídlu ani pití)

Kdykoli má člověk vykloubené rameno, loket, kyčel, koleno nebo kotník, nedávejte mu žádné jídlo, vodu, sportovní nápoje ani prášky proti bolesti úst, které by polykali se sklenicí vody při čekání na sanitku nebo při jízdě na pohotovost:

  • Snížení velké luxace kloubu na pohotovosti vyžaduje intravenózní procedurální sedaci a analgezii (pomocí léků, jako je propofol, ketamin, etomidát nebo fentanyl), takže pacient necítí žádnou bolest a silné svaly obklopující kloub se úplně uvolní.
  • Pokud pacient nedávno pil vodu nebo jedl jídlo, hluboká sedace s sebou nese riziko regurgitace žaludečního obsahu do plic (pulmonální aspirace), což může oddálit snížení pohotovosti nebo místo toho vyžadovat ultrazvukem řízenou intraartikulární nervovou blokádu.

Dovednosti první pomoci vám umožňují chránit zranitelné tepny a nervy po poranění kloubu, ale praktické cvičení je neocenitelné. Zvažte absolvování certifikovaného kurzu první pomoci nebo první reakce v divočině prostřednictvím vaší národní společnosti Červeného kříže nebo Červeného půlměsíce, Sanitky St John nebo místního pohotovostního zdravotnického školicího střediska, kde si s instruktorem procvičíte dlahovací a neurovaskulární kontroly.

Často kladené otázky

Why shouldn't I pop a dislocated shoulder or finger back into place right away while it is still numb?

Although people often believe popping a joint back in immediately on the sports field or trail is easy and safe, up to 25 to 40 percent of joint dislocations also have a hidden fracture inside the socket or bone head. Pulling, twisting, or levering a dislocated shoulder, elbow, or finger without an X-ray and proper muscle relaxation can grind sharp bone fragments into joint cartilage, tear the rotator cuff or volar plate ligaments, or trap a major nerve or artery (such as the axillary nerve or brachial artery) directly inside the joint socket, causing permanent paralysis or loss of blood flow. Always immobilize the joint in the position found and let a clinician reduce it safely after neurovascular checks and imaging.

What is the difference between a dislocated kneecap and a true dislocated knee?

A dislocated kneecap (patellar dislocation) happens when the small shield-shaped bone on the front of the knee slips onto the outer side of the joint, leaving the knee stuck slightly bent; while painful, it does not endanger the major blood vessels behind the knee. A true knee dislocation (tibiofemoral dislocation) happens when all the main ligaments inside the knee tear so completely that the shinbone (tibia) disconnects from the thighbone (femur). In 20 to 40 percent of true knee dislocations, the popliteal artery running directly behind the knee is torn or clotted shut, which causes amputation of the leg in over 80 percent of cases if surgical blood flow is not restored within 6 to 8 hours.

What does "splint in the position found" actually mean in practice?

When a joint is dislocated, the displaced head of the bone is mechanically wedged outside its normal socket, locking the arm or leg at an awkward bent or angled posture. Trying to straighten a bent dislocated elbow or knee, or trying to push a dislocated shoulder flat against the ribs so it fits into a regular straight splint, uses the long limb bone like a crowbar to crush the nerves and blood vessels stretched across the joint. Splinting in the position found means leaving the joint at the exact angle the victim is holding it, stuffing pillows, rolled towels, or folded blankets into the empty spaces around the deformity, and molding the splint around the limb rather than forcing the limb to fit the splint.

How can I tell if a dislocated shoulder has pinched the axillary nerve?

In a shoulder dislocation, the humeral head pops out of the socket right where the axillary nerve wraps around the surgical neck of the upper arm bone. You can check the sensory branch of the axillary nerve in 5 seconds without moving the patient's arm by lightly touching the round patch of skin over the outer side of the upper arm (over the lateral deltoid muscle, right where a military uniform has a shoulder patch, known clinically as the "regimental badge" area) and comparing it to the uninjured shoulder. If that patch of skin feels numb or tingles, tell the paramedics and emergency room physician immediately so they can document the axillary nerve status before and after reducing the shoulder.

Why can't I give someone with a dislocated shoulder or hip a glass of water or pain pills on the way to the hospital?

To put a dislocated shoulder, hip, elbow, or ankle gently back into its socket without tearing muscles or causing severe pain, emergency room doctors typically give the patient short-acting intravenous procedural sedation (putting the patient briefly to sleep so their spasming muscles relax completely). Having water or food in the stomach increases the risk of vomiting and inhaling stomach acid into the lungs (aspiration) while sedated. Keeping the patient strictly NPO (nothing by mouth) ensures the hospital team can sedate them and fix the joint as quickly and safely as possible.

My two-year-old toddler suddenly stopped using their arm after I lifted them up by the wrist, but nothing looks swollen. Is it dislocated?

This classic presentation in a child between 1 and 4 years old is almost certainly "nursemaid's elbow" (radial head subluxation). In toddlers, the ring-shaped ligament holding the radius bone at the elbow is still loose; a quick upward pull on an extended arm slips a tiny fold of that ligament into the joint. Because it is not a full bone dislocation, there is no swelling or deformity, and the child feels no pain as long as they hold their arm still against their side with the palm turned down. Do not try to twist the arm at home; support it gently in a sling and visit an urgent care or emergency clinic, where a doctor can slip the ligament back in seconds with a gentle rotation maneuver.

Zdroje zkontrolovány

  • Americká akademie ortopedických chirurgů (AAOS, Spojené státy americké): Pokyny pro klinickou praxi a nouzové protokoly OrthoInfo pro luxace ramene, lokte, kyčle, pately a tibiofemorálního kolena.
  • American College of Surgeons (ACS, Spojené státy americké): Příručka ke kurzu pro studenty pokročilého traumatického života (ATLS): Muskuloskeletální trauma, imobilizace končetin a hodnocení ohrožení cévních končetin.
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) & NHS (United Kingdom): Fractures and Dislocations: Assessment, Splinting, and Emergency Management Guidelines.
  • Wilderness Medical Society (WMS, United States): Clinical Practice Guidelines for Prehospital Musculoskeletal Immobilization and Joint Dislocations.
  • International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC, International) & American Red Cross: First Aid, Resuscitation, and Education Guidelines: Bone, Muscle, and Joint Injuries.

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