Ombro deslocado, rótula ou imobilização articular primeiros socorros clínicos¶
Os números de emergência variam de acordo com o país. Esta página usa 911, o número dos Estados Unidos e Canadá. Muitos outros países usam 112, 999 ou outro número. Encontre o número do seu país.
Uma luxação articular completa (luxação) ocorre quando uma força mecânica extrema rompe a cápsula articular fibrosa e os ligamentos de suporte, deixando as extremidades articulares de dois ossos completamente fora de contato uma com a outra. Uma luxação parcial (subluxação) deixa as superfícies articulares parcialmente tocadas, mas desalinhadas. Ao contrário de uma fratura óssea da diáfise média, em que a lesão ocorre em um cilindro reto de osso, uma luxação articular ocorre diretamente através dos túneis anatômicos apertados, onde as principais artérias e nervos periféricos cruzam de um segmento do membro para o próximo.
Como a cabeça do osso deslocada muitas vezes repousa diretamente contra um grande vaso sanguíneo ou tronco nervoso, combinada com fraturas articulares ocultas desconhecidas, tentar puxar, torcer ou "estalar" uma articulação deslocada de volta ao lugar no campo é um dos erros mais perigosos no tratamento de traumas. Saber como realizar uma verificação distal de circulação, sensação e motora (CSM) de 30 segundos, como distinguir uma verdadeira emergência vascular que ameaça o membro (como uma luxação da articulação do joelho ou luxação do quadril) de um deslizamento lateral da rótula e como imobilizar cada articulação deslocada estritamente na posição encontrada usando acolchoamento de travesseiro e tipoia protege tanto o membro quanto sua função nervosa permanente.
Faça isso agora¶
- Diga à pessoa lesionada para ficar completamente imóvel e apoiar o membro manualmente no ângulo exato em que o está segurando. Nunca tente endireitar um joelho, cotovelo ou quadril flexionado e deslocado e nunca tente empurrar um ombro deslocado abduzido contra a caixa torácica.
- **Nunca tente puxar, torcer ou "colocar" uma articulação deslocada de volta em seu encaixe. ** Até 25 a 40 por cento das luxações articulares apresentam uma fratura associada dentro do encaixe articular; puxar o membro sem raios X e relaxamento muscular pode conduzir bordas ósseas irregulares diretamente através das principais artérias e nervos.
- Verifique imediatamente a função circulatória, sensorial e motora (CSM) distal abaixo da articulação lesionada. Palpe o pulso radial no pulso (para lesões no ombro ou cotovelo) ou os pulsos dorsal do pé e tibial posterior no pé (para lesões no quadril, joelho ou tornozelo), pressione uma unha ou unha para confirmar o retorno do preenchimento capilar rosa dentro de 2 segundos e verifique a sensação da pele e o movimento do dedo ou do pé.
- Ligue para o número de emergência local imediatamente se a mão ou o pé abaixo da luxação estiver pálido, azul, frio, dormente ou sem pulso, ou se houver qualquer luxação aberta do quadril, joelho, cotovelo ou luxação aberta. Disque 911 nos Estados Unidos e Canadá, 112 na União Europeia, 999 no Reino Unido, 000 na Austrália ou verifique o diretório de números de emergência.
- Remova imediatamente todos os anéis, relógios, pulseiras, sapatos e mangas ou calças apertadas da extremidade lesionada. As luxações articulares desencadeiam hemartrose intra-articular rápida (sangramento no espaço articular) e inchaço venoso distal que pode transformar anéis ou botas em torniquetes isquêmicos em 20 minutos.
- Preencher o espaço vazio abaixo da articulação deformada e imobilizá-lo estritamente na posição encontrada e, em seguida, aplicar uma bolsa de gelo embrulhada em pano. Use toalhas enroladas, cobertores, um travesseiro ou uma tala SAM moldável dobrada para corresponder à deformidade exata, prenda-a acima e abaixo da articulação sem amarrar tiras diretamente sobre o osso saliente, mantenha o paciente NPO (nada por via oral) para sedação hospitalar e aplique uma bolsa fria por 15 a 20 minutos em um tempo.
Luxação verdadeira do joelho (tibiofemoral) vs. luxação da rótula (patelar): uma distinção entre vida e membros
Os espectadores freqüentemente dizem "joelho deslocado" quando querem dizer que a rótula (patela) escorregou para o lado externo do joelho. Embora uma luxação patelar lateral seja dolorosa, os vasos sanguíneos atrás do joelho permanecem intactos. Uma luxação verdadeira da articulação do joelho (tibiofemoral), onde a tíbia (tíbia) se separa completamente do osso da coxa (fêmur), é uma emergência vascular catastrófica: em 20 a 40 por cento das luxações verdadeiras do joelho, a artéria poplítea atrás do joelho é esticada, coagulada ou rompida, o que leva à amputação acima do joelho em mais de 80 por cento dos casos se o fluxo sanguíneo arterial não for restaurado cirurgicamente dentro de 6 a 8 horas. Mesmo que uma verdadeira luxação do joelho volte ao lugar por conta própria antes da chegada dos paramédicos, ainda requer transporte imediato do centro de trauma e angiotomografia computadorizada.
Árvore de decisão de emergência para luxações articulares e imobilização¶
flowchart TD
Start["Suspected Joint Dislocation (Visible Deformity, Locked Joint, Severe Pain)"]
Support["Manually Support Limb in Exact Position Found<br/>Remove all rings, watches, and footwear immediately"]
OpenCheck{"Is Bone Protruding Through Skin or Open Wound Over Joint?"}
OpenCare["OPEN JOINT DISLOCATION PROTOCOL<br/>1. Call Emergency Medical Services Immediately<br/>2. Control bleeding around bone; DO NOT push bone back in<br/>3. Cover with sterile saline-moistened gauze<br/>4. Splint in position found and keep patient NPO"]
CSMCheck{"Perform Distal CSM Check Below the Joint<br/>(Pulse, <2 sec Capillary Refill, Sensation, Finger/Toe Motion)"}
NoPulse["ISCHEMIC LIMB EMERGENCY (Cold, Pale, Blue, Pulseless, or Numb)<br/>1. Call EMS Priority 1 for Immediate Trauma Transport<br/>2. Support limb gently without kinking vessels further<br/>3. Re-check CSM every 5 minutes during transport"]
JointType{"Identify Specific Dislocated Joint (Pulse Present)"}
Shoulder["Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Dislocation<br/>(95% Anterior: arm held slightly out; 4% Posterior: locked internal)"]
ElbowWrist["Elbow, Wrist, or Finger Dislocation<br/>(Watch brachial artery and median/ulnar nerves)"]
HipKneeAnkle["Hip, True Knee, Patellar, or Ankle Dislocation"]
ShoulderSplint["Pillow-and-Sling Immobilization<br/>1. Tuck folded pillow/blanket into gap between elbow and ribs<br/>2. Apply broad arm sling + horizontal swathe (avoid pressing collarbone)<br/>3. Check axillary nerve ('regimental badge' patch) and radial pulse"]
ElbowSplint["Deformity-Matched Molded Splint<br/>1. Mold padded SAM/cardboard splint to exact bent angle of elbow<br/>2. Never force elbow to 90 degrees if stuck straight or hyperflexed<br/>3. Recheck radial pulse and hand sensation after tying straps"]
LowerSplint["Lower Extremity Immobilization<br/>1. Hip/Knee: Pad beneath knee with pillows/blankets on stretcher<br/>2. Ankle: Apply pillow splint or padded three-sided box splint<br/>3. Keep patient NPO for emergency procedural sedation"]
Start --> Support
Support --> OpenCheck
OpenCheck -->|Yes: Open Joint| OpenCare
OpenCheck -->|No: Closed Skin| CSMCheck
CSMCheck -->|Absent Pulse or Delayed Refill| NoPulse
CSMCheck -->|Pulse and Perfusion Intact| JointType
JointType -->|Shoulder| Shoulder
JointType -->|Elbow / Wrist / Finger| ElbowWrist
JointType -->|Hip / Knee / Patella / Ankle| HipKneeAnkle
Shoulder --> ShoulderSplint
ElbowWrist --> ElbowSplint
HipKneeAnkle --> LowerSplint
Comparando as principais luxações articulares anatômicas e suas armadilhas neurovasculares¶
Cada articulação importante do corpo tem uma direção específica na qual é mais comumente deslocada, produzindo uma postura clássica dos membros e ameaçando um nervo ou artéria específico que atravessa diretamente a cápsula articular.
| Articulação deslocada | Direção e mecanismo mais comum | Postura Clássica dos Membros e Deformidade Visual | Artéria Primária e Nervo em Risco Imediato | Método de tala de campo (na posição encontrada) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ombro (glenoumeral) | 95% Anterior: caia sobre um braço abduzido e girado externamente. 4% Posterior: choque elétrico, convulsão tônico-clônica ou golpe direto na frente do ombro |
Anterior: Acrômio em forma de "drapa" quadrado, braço mantido ligeiramente abduzido (longe das costelas) e girado externamente. Posterior: Braço travado firmemente contra a barriga em rotação interna; não consigo virar a palma para cima |
Nervo axilar (dormência sobre o deltóide externo adesivo "emblema regimental") e artéria axilar | Travesseiro e tipoia: coloque um travesseiro dobrado ou cobertor enrolado entre o braço e a caixa torácica e, em seguida, apoie-o com uma tipoia triangular e enfaixe-o |
| clavícula/articulação AC (acromioclavicular) e articulação SC (esternoclavicular) | Queda direta sobre a ponta do ombro ou forte impacto no peito | Articulação AC: Saliência visível na ponta externa da clavícula. Articulação SC Posterior: Extremidade interna da clavícula direcionada para trás na garganta (comprime traqueia, esôfago e grandes vasos) |
Luxação SC posterior: Traqueia, veia subclávia/braquiocefálica e aorta (verdadeira emergência de vias aéreas com risco de vida) | Tipoia de braço padrão que suporta o peso do cotovelo para cima; ligue para o EMS imediatamente se houver dificuldade para engolir, rouquidão ou falta de ar (SC posterior) |
| Cotovelo (Ulnoumeral) | 90% Posterior: cair sobre a mão estendida (FOOSH) com o cotovelo levemente flexionado | O antebraço parece encurtado; processo olécrano ósseo proeminente projetando-se acentuadamente para trás; cotovelo travado em aproximadamente 45 graus de flexão | Artéria braquial (risco de contratura isquêmica de Volkmann), nervo mediano e nervo ulnar | Tala moldável acolchoada (tala SAM ou papelão) dobrada no ângulo exato de 45 graus do cotovelo, fixada na parte superior do braço e antebraço |
| Subluxação da cabeça radial de crianças (“cotovelo da babá”) | Child aged 1 to 4 years lifted, swung, or pulled suddenly by the wrist or hand while forearm is pronated | No visible swelling or deformity; child refuses to use the arm, holding it slightly bent against their side with the palm turned downward (pronated) | Neurovascular bundle stays completely intact; annular ligament is merely trapped over radial head | Support arm comfortably in a simple sling or on a pillow; urgent clinic visit where a clinician performs gentle hyperpronation or supination-flexion reduction |
| Hip (Coxofemoral) | 90% Posterior: high-energy dashboard impact against bent knee in a car crash. 10% Anterior: forced abduction and external rotation |
Posterior: Leg is markedly shortened, flexed, adducted (crossed inward), and internally rotated (knee and toes point inward). Anterior: Leg is abducted and externally rotated |
Sciatic nerve (damaged in 10% to 20% of posterior hip dislocations, causing foot drop) and femoral head blood supply (avascular necrosis after 6 hours) | Blanket rolls and pillows wedged beneath and between the thighs on a rigid stretcher; 6-hour surgical window to prevent femoral head death |
| True Knee Joint (Tibiofemoral) | High-energy trauma, sports collision, or morbid obesity low-velocity stepping twist | Gross misalignment of shinbone relative to thighbone (or spontaneously reduced extremely unstable swollen knee) | Popliteal artery (20% to 40% tear/thrombosis rate) and common peroneal nerve (25% injury rate) | Immediate priority 1 EMS transport; pad behind knee with rolled towel and splint thigh-to-ankle; check pedal pulses every 5 minutes |
| Kneecap (Patellar) | Twisting on a planted foot while knee is slightly bent, or direct blow to inner kneecap | Kneecap visibly shifted to the outer (lateral) side of the knee; knee is stuck in a bent (flexed) position | Neurovascular bundle behind knee is completely spared | Pillow splint tucked underneath the bent knee to support it in flexion during transport to hospital |
| Ankle (Tibiotalar) | Severe inversion/eversion twist, almost always combined with malleolar fractures (fracture-dislocation) | Foot twisted sharply inward or outward; tense, shiny white ischemic skin stretched tightly over the protruding ankle bone | Posterior tibial artery, dorsalis pedis artery, and overlying skin necrosis (pressure necrosis within 1 to 2 hours) | Pillow splint wrapped around foot and lower leg and secured with bandages; immediate EMS transport for urgent reduction |
Why you must never try to "pop" a dislocated joint back in¶
In action movies and sideline sports myths, someone invariably grabs a dislocated arm or finger, yanks hard on it, and pops it back into place so the hero can keep going. In real clinical medicine, layperson attempts to reduce a dislocation without radiographs and analgesia frequently cause permanent disability:
- Up to 40 percent of dislocations contain hidden intra-articular fractures: When a shoulder, elbow, ankle, or finger dislocates, the impact frequently shears off a piece of the joint socket or bone head (for example, a greater tuberosity fracture or bony Bankart fracture in the shoulder, a coronoid process or radial head fracture in the elbow, or a malleolar fracture in the ankle). Yanking on the limb grinds sharp fracture fragments across articular cartilage and can convert a closed injury into an unstable comminuted fracture.
- Nerves and arteries can be looped around the displaced bone head: During a dislocation, the brachial artery, sciatic nerve, axillary nerve, or median nerve is often stretched taut over the neck of the displaced bone. Pulling or levering the bone forcefully without anatomical technique can trap the nerve or artery inside the joint space or shear the blood vessel wall (intimal tear), causing acute arterial thrombosis and limb loss.
- Violent protective muscle spasm defeats brute force: Within minutes of a dislocation, the large muscles crossing the joint (such as the deltoid, pectoralis major, quadriceps, or hamstrings) lock into an involuntary protective tetanic spasm. Trying to overpower spasming muscles in an awake, unmedicated person requires dangerous mechanical force that can snap the humerus shaft or tear the rotator cuff completely.
Step 1: Performing the Distal CSM (Circulation, Sensation, Motor) Check¶
Whenever you encounter a suspected dislocation or fracture, you must assess and record the Distal CSM status (also called PMS: Pulse, Motor, Sensation) before you apply a splint AND immediately after you tie the last splint strap. If a splint is tied too tightly or shifts the bone slightly, checking CSM afterward catches the problem immediately so you can loosen the straps.
How to check CSM in the Upper Extremity (Shoulder, Elbow, Forearm, Wrist)¶
| Assessment Step | What to Check | What a Normal Result Looks Like | O que um resultado anormal indica |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Circulação (Perfusão Distal) | 1. Palpe o pulso radial no lado do polegar na parte interna do pulso. 2. Aperte a ponta da unha por 5 segundos até que ela fique branca e depois solte (recarga capilar). 3. Sinta a temperatura da pele e verifique a cor dos dedos. |
Pulso radial forte; o leito ungueal fica rosa novamente em menos de 2 segundos; os dedos estão quentes e rosados. | Compressão da artéria axilar ou braquial: pulso radial ausente, enchimento capilar > 2 segundos ou dedos frios pálidos/azulados (EMS de prioridade imediata 1). |
| 2. Sensação (4 zonas nervosas principais) | Toque levemente (sem mover a junta): 1. Ombro externo (adesivo "Distintivo Regimental" sobre o deltóide lateral) 2. Almofada do dedo indicador 3. Almofada do dedo mínimo (mindinho) 4. Web space on the back of the thumb |
Patient feels light touch clearly and equally compared to the uninjured arm, without pins-and-needles tingling. | 1. Outer shoulder numb = Axillary nerve (classic in shoulder dislocation) 2. Index finger numb = Median nerve 3. Little finger numb = Ulnar nerve 4. Dorso do polegar dormente = Nervo radial |
| 3. Motor (3 verificações manuais distais) | Ask the patient to gently move ONLY their fingers: 1. Hitchhiker's thumbs-up (extend thumb) 2. OK sign (pinch thumb tip to index tip) 3. Spread fingers wide apart like a fan |
Patient can perform all three gentle finger movements without pain at the joint. | 1. Cannot do thumbs-up = Radial nerve 2. Cannot pinch OK sign = Median (AIN) nerve 3. Cannot spread fingers = Ulnar nerve |
Como verificar o CSM na extremidade inferior (quadril, joelho, patela, tornozelo)¶
| Assessment Step | What to Check | What a Normal Result Looks Like | O que um resultado anormal indica |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Circulação (Perfusão Distal) | 1. Palpe o pulso dorsal do pé (DP) na parte superior do mediopé e o pulso tibial posterior (PT) logo atrás do osso interno do tornozelo (maléolo medial). 2. Verifique a unha perfeita recarga capilar (<2 segundos), a cor da pele e o calor. |
Strong DP and PT pulses; toenail refills pink in under 2 seconds; foot is warm. | Popliteal or tibial artery occlusion: absent foot pulses, mottled/white/blue cold toes (Immediate Priority 1 EMS). |
| 2. Sensation (2 Major Nerve Zones) | Lightly touch: 1. Web space between the 1st (big) and 2nd toes on top of the foot 2. Sole (plantar surface) of the foot |
Clear, normal touch sensation without burning or numbness. | 1. Numb 1st-2nd toe web space = Deep peroneal nerve 2. Numb sole of foot = Tibial nerve (both are branches of the sciatic nerve) |
| 3. Motor (2 Distal Toe Checks) | Ask the patient to gently move ONLY their toes: 1. Pull big toe upward toward their nose (dorsiflexion) 2. Curl toes downward like pressing a gas pedal (plantarflexion) |
Smooth, symmetric toe motion. | 1. Cannot pull toes up (Foot Drop) = Common peroneal / sciatic nerve (classic in posterior hip and true knee dislocations) 2. Cannot curl toes down = Tibial nerve |
Step-by-step immobilization for specific dislocated joints¶
The golden rule of prehospital dislocation care is "Splint it in the position found by bringing the padding to the limb, never forcing the limb to the splint."
1. Dislocated Shoulder (Glenohumeral Joint)¶
Aproximadamente 95 por cento das luxações do ombro são luxações anteriores (a cabeça do úmero salta para fora da cavidade glenóide rasa e repousa abaixo do processo coracóide), enquanto 4% são luxações posteriores (desencadeadas por convulsões, choques elétricos ou um golpe na frente do ombro).
- Por que uma tipoia de braço plana padrão prejudica uma luxação anterior do ombro: Em uma luxação anterior, a cabeça do úmero deslocada trava o braço ligeiramente afastado da lateral do corpo (abduzido de 15 a 30 graus). Tentar empurrar o cotovelo da pessoa contra as costelas para caber em uma tipoia apertada padrão alavanca a cabeça do úmero contra a borda da glenóide e o nervo axilar, causando uma dor terrível.
- A técnica do travesseiro e tipoia (passo a passo):
- Faça com que o paciente sente-se ereto ou semi-reclinado enquanto um ajudante apoia o antebraço dobrado no ângulo exato em que o segura.
- Pegue um travesseiro macio, uma jaqueta de lã dobrada ou um cobertor enrolado grosso e coloque-o suavemente no espaço triangular aberto entre a parte interna do braço/cotovelo lesionado e a lateral da caixa torácica. Isso preenche o espaço morto para que o braço possa descansar em sua posição natural de abdução sem ser empurrado para dentro.
- Drape a large triangular bandage (arm sling) under the forearm and around the back of the neck, tying the knot to the side of the neck (never directly over the cervical spine bones) and placing soft padding under the neck strap.
- Tie a broad horizontal swathe bandage around the outside of the injured arm, over the pillow, and around the opposite side of the chest to stop the arm from swinging forward or backward during ambulance transport.
- Check the radial pulse and the "regimental badge" patch of skin over the outer deltoid muscle every 15 minutes.
2. Dislocated Kneecap (Lateral Patellar Dislocation) vs. True Knee Dislocation¶
Distinguishing these two knee injuries takes only a gentle visual inspection after slicing open the trouser leg:
- Lateral Patellar (Kneecap) Dislocation:
- How to recognize it: The person twisted their leg on a planted foot; the knee is locked in a partially bent (flexed) position, the front of the knee looks flat or concave, and the rounded kneecap is visibly sitting on the outer (lateral) side of the knee. Foot pulses and toe movement are completely normal.
- First aid protocol: Do not try to push the kneecap back across the joint, and do not force the bent knee straight. Have the person sit or lie down, slide a thick rolled pillow or folded blanket underneath the bent knee so the leg rests comfortably on the pillow without any muscle strain, wrap a loose bandage or straps around the pillow and leg to stabilize it, apply a cloth-wrapped ice pack over the side of the knee for 15 minutes, and transport to the hospital.
- True Knee Joint (Tibiofemoral) Dislocation:
- How to recognize it: The entire lower leg (tibia) is shifted forward, backward, or sideways off the end of the thighbone (femur), OR the person suffered a severe hyperextension/twisting knee injury that "popped out and popped back in" leaving a grossly unstable, rapidly ballooning knee.
- First aid protocol: Treat every suspected tibiofemoral dislocation as an immediate vascular emergency. Call 911/112/999 immediately, check the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial foot pulses, pad underneath the exact angle of the knee with rolled towels, immobilize from the upper thigh to the ankle using two padded board or SAM splints tied along the inner and outer sides of the leg, and arrange immediate hospital transport for a CT angiogram (CTA) or Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) check.
3. Dislocated Elbow (Ulnohumeral Joint) and Toddler's Nursemaid's Elbow¶
- Adult or older child Elbow Dislocation: Because the brachial artery runs inches in front of the elbow joint crease, an elbow dislocation can cut off blood flow to the forearm within minutes, leading to Volkmann ischemic contracture (permanent claw-like paralysis of the hand).
- Never bend or straighten a dislocated elbow: If the elbow is locked at a 45-degree angle or stuck nearly straight, leave it at that exact angle.
- Splinting: Take a malleable SAM splint or padded cardboard strip, bend it on your own uninjured arm to match the exact angle of the victim's deformed elbow, pad the inside generously with soft gauze, and secure it along the back or side of the upper arm and forearm using roller gauze. Never wrap tape tightly across the front crease of the elbow (the antecubital fossa), as swelling there will compress the brachial artery.
- Toddler's Nursemaid's Elbow (Radial Head Subluxation):
- How to recognize it: Occurs almost exclusively in children aged 1 to 4 years after an adult pulls up on the child's hand to stop a fall, swings them by the arms, or pulls their arm through a jacket sleeve. There is no swelling, no bruising, and no visible deformity, and the child is calm until someone tries to bend their elbow or turn their palm upward. The toddler holds the arm slightly bent against their tummy with the palm facing downward or inward.
- First aid protocol: Do not try to manipulate the toddler's arm at home (especially if the child actually fell onto the arm, which can cause a supracondylar elbow fracture that looks identical). Support the child's arm comfortably against their chest with a soft scarf sling and take them to an urgent care clinic or emergency department, where a clinician can reduce the slipped annular ligament in 3 seconds without sedation, after which the child typically reaches for a toy within 10 minutes.
4. Dislocated Hip (Posterior vs. Anterior)¶
A traumatic dislocation of the native hip joint requires tremendous kinetic energy (such as a motor vehicle collision, being struck as a pedestrian, or falling from a roof), whereas patients with an artificial total hip replacement (prosthesis) can dislocate their prosthetic hip simply by bending low to tie a shoe, crossing their legs, or sitting in a low chair.
- Time is bone (The 6-Hour Avascular Necrosis Window): In a native hip dislocation, the delicate retinacular arteries feeding the ball of the thighbone (femoral head) are kinked and stretched shut. If a dislocated native hip is not reduced in the hospital within 6 hours, the rate of avascular necrosis (osteonecrosis / bone death of the femoral head) jumps from roughly 5 percent to over 50 percent, destroying the hip joint permanently.
- First aid protocol: Call emergency medical services immediately. Keep the patient lying on their back on the floor or stretcher, slide thick rolled blankets and pillows underneath the bent, inwardly rotated knee and between the two thighs to support the leg in the exact posture found, check foot pulses and big-toe dorsiflexion (sciatic nerve check), and keep the patient strictly NPO (nothing by mouth) for hospital procedural sedation.
5. Dislocated Finger or Thumb (Interphalangeal / Metacarpophalangeal Joints)¶
Fingers frequently dislocate backward (dorsally) at the middle knuckle (PIP joint) when struck on the tip by a basketball, baseball, or football ("coach's finger").
- First aid protocol:
- Remove all rings from EVERY finger on the injured hand within the first 60 seconds: Even if only the ring finger is dislocated, swelling spreads across the back of the hand within minutes. If a ring is already tight, lubricate the finger heavily with soap, cooking oil, or window cleaner and wind dental floss or string distally-to-proximally if needed, or cut the ring off before ischemia sets in.
- Do NOT pull on a dislocated finger on the sports sideline: Many dorsal PIP dislocations involve an avulsion fracture of the volar plate or an entrapped tendon (boutonniere or complex MCP dislocation); pulling on the finger can buttonhole the bone head through the palmar ligaments so tightly that it can only be freed in the operating room.
- Splint in the position found: Place a small roll of gauze into the palm of the hand so the fingers rest in a natural curve, or mold a padded aluminum finger splint to match the exact bent angle of the dislocated finger, tape it gently (never circumferentially tight), elevate the hand above heart level on pillows, and apply a cool pack wrapped in a dry cloth.
The ischemic ankle skin emergency: why tense white skin over a dislocated ankle cannot wait
When an ankle suffers a severe fracture-dislocation, the displaced foot twists sharply to the side while the lower end of the shinbone (medial or lateral malleolus) pokes tightly against the inside of the thin ankle skin. Look closely at the skin stretched over that bony bump: if the skin appears blanched dead-white, taut, and shiny, the bone is cutting off microscopic dermal blood flow from the inside out. Within 60 to 120 minutes, that stretched white skin will undergo full-thickness pressure necrosis, sloughing off and turning a closed ankle injury into an infected open joint exposed to the air. Call emergency medical services immediately and alert the paramedics and triage nurse if the skin over a dislocated ankle is blanched white or tented.
Why you must keep the patient NPO (nothing to eat or drink)¶
Sempre que uma pessoa tiver um ombro, cotovelo, quadril, joelho ou tornozelo deslocados, não lhe dê comida, água, bebidas esportivas ou analgésicos orais para engolir com um copo de água enquanto espera pela ambulância ou dirige para o pronto-socorro:
- A redução de uma grande luxação articular no pronto-socorro requer sedação e analgesia intravenosa (usando medicamentos como propofol, cetamina, etomidato ou fentanil) para que o paciente não sinta dor e os poderosos músculos ao redor da articulação relaxem completamente.
- If the patient has recently drunk water or eaten food, deep sedation carries a risk of regurgitating stomach contents into the lungs (pulmonary aspiration), which can delay emergency room reduction or require an ultrasound-guided intra-articular nerve block instead.
As habilidades de primeiros socorros permitem proteger artérias e nervos vulneráveis após uma lesão nas articulações, mas a prática prática é inestimável. Considere fazer um curso certificado de primeiros socorros ou socorristas em áreas selvagens através da sociedade nacional da Cruz Vermelha ou do Crescente Vermelho, da St John Ambulance ou de um centro de treinamento médico de emergência local para praticar imobilização e verificações neurovasculares com um instrutor.
Perguntas frequentes¶
Why shouldn't I pop a dislocated shoulder or finger back into place right away while it is still numb?
Although people often believe popping a joint back in immediately on the sports field or trail is easy and safe, up to 25 to 40 percent of joint dislocations also have a hidden fracture inside the socket or bone head. Pulling, twisting, or levering a dislocated shoulder, elbow, or finger without an X-ray and proper muscle relaxation can grind sharp bone fragments into joint cartilage, tear the rotator cuff or volar plate ligaments, or trap a major nerve or artery (such as the axillary nerve or brachial artery) directly inside the joint socket, causing permanent paralysis or loss of blood flow. Always immobilize the joint in the position found and let a clinician reduce it safely after neurovascular checks and imaging.
What is the difference between a dislocated kneecap and a true dislocated knee?
A dislocated kneecap (patellar dislocation) happens when the small shield-shaped bone on the front of the knee slips onto the outer side of the joint, leaving the knee stuck slightly bent; while painful, it does not endanger the major blood vessels behind the knee. A true knee dislocation (tibiofemoral dislocation) happens when all the main ligaments inside the knee tear so completely that the shinbone (tibia) disconnects from the thighbone (femur). In 20 to 40 percent of true knee dislocations, the popliteal artery running directly behind the knee is torn or clotted shut, which causes amputation of the leg in over 80 percent of cases if surgical blood flow is not restored within 6 to 8 hours.
What does "splint in the position found" actually mean in practice?
When a joint is dislocated, the displaced head of the bone is mechanically wedged outside its normal socket, locking the arm or leg at an awkward bent or angled posture. Trying to straighten a bent dislocated elbow or knee, or trying to push a dislocated shoulder flat against the ribs so it fits into a regular straight splint, uses the long limb bone like a crowbar to crush the nerves and blood vessels stretched across the joint. Splinting in the position found means leaving the joint at the exact angle the victim is holding it, stuffing pillows, rolled towels, or folded blankets into the empty spaces around the deformity, and molding the splint around the limb rather than forcing the limb to fit the splint.
How can I tell if a dislocated shoulder has pinched the axillary nerve?
In a shoulder dislocation, the humeral head pops out of the socket right where the axillary nerve wraps around the surgical neck of the upper arm bone. You can check the sensory branch of the axillary nerve in 5 seconds without moving the patient's arm by lightly touching the round patch of skin over the outer side of the upper arm (over the lateral deltoid muscle, right where a military uniform has a shoulder patch, known clinically as the "regimental badge" area) and comparing it to the uninjured shoulder. If that patch of skin feels numb or tingles, tell the paramedics and emergency room physician immediately so they can document the axillary nerve status before and after reducing the shoulder.
Why can't I give someone with a dislocated shoulder or hip a glass of water or pain pills on the way to the hospital?
To put a dislocated shoulder, hip, elbow, or ankle gently back into its socket without tearing muscles or causing severe pain, emergency room doctors typically give the patient short-acting intravenous procedural sedation (putting the patient briefly to sleep so their spasming muscles relax completely). Having water or food in the stomach increases the risk of vomiting and inhaling stomach acid into the lungs (aspiration) while sedated. Keeping the patient strictly NPO (nothing by mouth) ensures the hospital team can sedate them and fix the joint as quickly and safely as possible.
My two-year-old toddler suddenly stopped using their arm after I lifted them up by the wrist, but nothing looks swollen. Is it dislocated?
This classic presentation in a child between 1 and 4 years old is almost certainly "nursemaid's elbow" (radial head subluxation). In toddlers, the ring-shaped ligament holding the radius bone at the elbow is still loose; a quick upward pull on an extended arm slips a tiny fold of that ligament into the joint. Because it is not a full bone dislocation, there is no swelling or deformity, and the child feels no pain as long as they hold their arm still against their side with the palm turned down. Do not try to twist the arm at home; support it gently in a sling and visit an urgent care or emergency clinic, where a doctor can slip the ligament back in seconds with a gentle rotation maneuver.
Fontes verificadas¶
- American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS, United States): Clinical Practice Guidelines and OrthoInfo Emergency Protocols for Shoulder, Elbow, Hip, Patellar, and Tibiofemoral Knee Dislocations.
- American College of Surgeons (ACS, United States): Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) Student Course Manual: Musculoskeletal Trauma, Extremity Immobilization, and Vascular Limb Threat Assessment.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) & NHS (United Kingdom): Fractures and Dislocations: Assessment, Splinting, and Emergency Management Guidelines.
- Wilderness Medical Society (WMS, United States): Clinical Practice Guidelines for Prehospital Musculoskeletal Immobilization and Joint Dislocations.
- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC, International) & American Red Cross: First Aid, Resuscitation, and Education Guidelines: Bone, Muscle, and Joint Injuries.